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Brown HA, Morris AL, Pudlo NA, Hopkins AE, Martens EC, Golob JL, Koropatkin NM. Acarbose Impairs Gut Bacteroides Growth by Targeting Intracellular GH97 Enzymes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.595031. [PMID: 38826241 PMCID: PMC11142093 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Acarbose is a type-2 diabetes medicine that inhibits dietary starch breakdown into glucose by inhibiting host amylase and glucosidase enzymes. Numerous gut species in the Bacteroides genus enzymatically break down starch and change in relative abundance within the gut microbiome in acarbose-treated individuals. To mechanistically explain this observation, we used two model starch-degrading Bacteroides, Bacteroides ovatus (Bo) and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt). Bt growth is severely impaired by acarbose whereas Bo growth is not. The Bacteroides use a starch utilization system (Sus) to grow on starch. We hypothesized that Bo and Bt Sus enzymes are differentially inhibited by acarbose. Instead, we discovered that although acarbose primarily targets the Sus periplasmic GH97 enzymes in both organisms, the drug affects starch processing at multiple other points. Acarbose competes for transport through the Sus beta-barrel proteins and binds to the Sus transcriptional regulators. Further, Bo expresses a non-Sus GH97 (BoGH97D) when grown in starch with acarbose. The Bt homolog, BtGH97H, is not expressed in the same conditions, nor can overexpression of BoGH97D complement the Bt growth inhibition in the presence of acarbose. This work informs us about unexpected complexities of Sus function and regulation in Bacteroides, including variation between related species. Further, this indicates that the gut microbiome may be a source of variable response to acarbose treatment for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley A. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adeline L. Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Pudlo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ashley E. Hopkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric C. Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Golob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole M. Koropatkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Nakamura S, Kurata R, Miyazaki T. Structural insights into α-(1→6)-linkage preference of GH97 glucodextranase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38661728 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 97 (GH97) comprises enzymes like anomer-inverting α-glucoside hydrolases (i.e., glucoamylase) and anomer-retaining α-galactosidases. In a soil bacterium, Flavobacterium johnsoniae, we previously identified a GH97 enzyme (FjGH97A) within the branched dextran utilization locus. It functions as an α-glucoside hydrolase, targeting α-(1→6)-glucosidic linkages in dextran and isomaltooligosaccharides (i.e., glucodextranase). FjGH97A exhibits a preference for α-(1→6)-glucoside linkages over α-(1→4)-linkages, while Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron glucoamylase SusB (with 69% sequence identity), which is involved in the starch utilization system, exhibits the highest specificity for α-(1→4)-glucosidic linkages. Here, we examined the crystal structures of FjGH97A in complexes with glucose, panose, or isomaltotriose, and analyzed the substrate preferences of its mutants to identify the amino acid residues that determine the substrate specificity for α-(1→4)- and α-(1→6)-glucosidic linkages. The overall structure of FjGH97A resembles other GH97 enzymes, with conserved catalytic residues similar to anomer-inverting GH97 enzymes. A comparison of active sites between FjGH97A and SusB revealed differences in amino acid residues at subsites +1 and +2 (specifically Ala195 and Ile378 in FjGH97A). Among the three mutants (A195S, I378F, and A195S-I378F), A195S and A195S-I378F exhibited increased activity toward α-(1→4)-glucoside bonds compared to α-(1→6)-glucoside bonds. This suggests that Ala195, located on the Gly184-Thr203 loop (named loop-N) conserved within the GH97 subgroup, including FjGH97A and SusB, holds significance in determining linkage specificity. The conservation of alanine in the active site of the GH97 enzymes, within the same gene cluster as the putative dextranase, indicates its crucial role in determining the specificity for α-(1→6)-glucoside linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
| | - Rikuya Kurata
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
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Mafa MS, Malgas S. Towards an understanding of the enzymatic degradation of complex plant mannan structures. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:302. [PMID: 37688610 PMCID: PMC10492685 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composed of a heterogeneous mixture of polysaccharides that require several different enzymes to degrade. These enzymes are important for a variety of biotechnological processes, from biofuel production to food processing. Several classical mannanolytic enzyme functions of glycoside hydrolases (GH), such as β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase activities, are helpful for efficient mannan hydrolysis. In this light, we bring three enzymes into the model of mannan degradation that have received little or no attention. By linking their three-dimensional structures and substrate specificities, we have predicted the interactions and cooperativity of these novel enzymes with classical mannanolytic enzymes for efficient mannan hydrolysis. The novel exo-β-1,4-mannobiohydrolases are indispensable for the production of mannobiose from the terminal ends of mannans, this product being the preferred product for short-chain mannooligosaccharides (MOS)-specific β-mannosidases. Second, the side-chain cleaving enzymes, acetyl mannan esterases (AcME), remove acetyl decorations on mannan that would have hindered backbone cleaving enzymes, while the backbone cleaving enzymes liberate MOS, which are preferred substrates of the debranching and sidechain cleaving enzymes. The nonhydrolytic expansins and swollenins disrupt the crystalline regions of the biomass, improving their accessibility for AcME and GH activities. Finally, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases have also been implicated in promoting the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass or mannan degradation by classical mannanolytic enzymes, possibly by disrupting adsorbed mannan residues. Modelling effective enzymatic mannan degradation has implications for improving the saccharification of biomass for the synthesis of value-added and upcycling of lignocellulosic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Stephen Mafa
- Carbohydrates and Enzymology Laboratory (CHEM-LAB), Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
| | - Samkelo Malgas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa
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Panwar D, Shubhashini A, Kapoor M. Complex alpha and beta mannan foraging by the human gut bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108166. [PMID: 37121556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota (HGM), a community of trillions of microbes, underscores its contribution by impacting many facets of host health and disease. In the HGM, Bacteroidota and Bacillota represent dominant bacterial phyla, which mainly rely on the glycans recalcitrant to host digestion to meet their energy requirements. Accordingly, the impact of dietary and host-derived glycans in the assembly and operation of these dominant microbial communities continues to be an area of active research. Among various glycans, mannans represent an integral component of the human diet. Apart from their health effects, the diverse and complex mannan structures bears molecular signatures that alter the expression of specific gene clusters in selected Bacteroidota and Bacillota species. Both the phyla possess variable and sophisticated loci of mannan recognition proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, transporters, and other metabolic proteins to sense, capture and utilize mannans as an energy source. The current review summarizes mannan structural diversity, and strategies adopted by select species of the HGM bacteria to forage mannans by focusing primarily on glycoside hydrolases and their effects on host health and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Panwar
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP 201 002, India
| | - A Shubhashini
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India
| | - Mukesh Kapoor
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP 201 002, India.
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Wu K, Zhai X, Chen H, Zheng J, Yu Z, Xu X, Huang J. The effect of barium and strontium on activity of glucoamylase QsGH97a from Qipengyuania seohaensis SW-135. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5840. [PMID: 37037863 PMCID: PMC10086023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), the enzymes that break glycosidic bonds, are ubiquitous in the ecosystem, where they perform a range of biological functions. As an interesting glycosidase family, Glycoside hydrolase family 97 (GH97) contains α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, and glucoamylase. Only ten members of GH97 have been characterized so far. It is critical to explore novel members to elucidate the catalytic mechanism and application potential of GH97 family. In this study, a novel glucoamylase QsGH97a from Qipengyuania seohaensis SW-135 was cloned and expressed in E. coli. Sequence analysis and NMR results show that QsGH97a is classified into GH97a, and adopts inverting mechanism. The biochemical characterization indicates that QsGH97a shows the optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 8.0. Ca2+ has little effect on the catalytic activity; however, the activity can be substantially increased by 8-13 folds in the presence of Ba2+ or Sr2+. Additionally, the metal content of QsGH97a assay showed a high proportion of Sr2+. The specific metal activity was initially revealed in glucoamylases, which is not found in other members. These results imply that QsGH97a not only is a new member of GH97, but also has potential for industrial applications. Our study reveals that Ba2+ or Sr2+ may be involved in the catalytic mechanism of glucoamylase, laying the groundwork for a more complete knowledge of GH97 and its possible industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijuan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xingyu Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinfeng Zheng
- Hunan Institute for Drug Control, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xuewei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Anisha GS. Molecular advances in microbial α-galactosidases: challenges and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:148. [PMID: 35773364 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase (α-D-galactosidase galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.22), is an industrially important enzyme that hydrolyzes the galactose residues in galactooligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The industrial production of α-galactosidase is currently insufficient owing to the high production cost, low production efficiency and low enzyme activity. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the worldwide research on molecular techniques to improve the production efficiency of microbial α-galactosidases. Cloning and overexpression of the gene sequences coding for α-galactosidases can not only increase the enzyme yield but can confer industrially beneficial characteristics to the enzyme protein. This review focuses on the molecular advances in the overexpression of α-galactosidases in bacterial and yeast/fungal expression systems. Recombinant α-galactosidases have improved biochemical and hydrolytic properties compared to their native counterparts. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce high yields of α-galactosidase can also assist in the production of value-added products. Developing new variants of α-galactosidases through directed evolution can yield enzymes with increased catalytic activity and altered regioselectivity. The bottlenecks in the recombinant production of α-galactosidases are also discussed. The knowledge about the hurdles in the overexpression of recombinant proteins illuminates the emerging possibilities of developing a successful microbial cell factory and widens the opportunities for the production of industrially beneficial α-galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Anisha GS. Microbial α-galactosidases: Efficient biocatalysts for bioprocess technology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126293. [PMID: 34752888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Galactomannans, abundantly present in plant biomass, can be used as renewable fermentation feedstock for biorefineries working for the production of bioethanol and other value-added products. The complete and efficient bioconversion of biomass to fermentable sugars for the generation of biofuels and other value-added products require the concerted action of accessory enzymes like α-galactosidases, which can work in cohesion with other carbohydrases in an enzyme cocktail. In the paper industry, α-galactosidases enhance the bleaching effect of endo-β-1,4-mannanases on softwood kraft pulp. Microbial α-galactosidases also find applications in the treatment of legume foods, recovery of sucrose from sugar beet syrup, improving the rheological properties of galactomannans, and synthesis of α-galactooligosaccharides to be used as functional food ingredients. Owing to their industrial applications, there is a surge in the research focused on α-galactosidases. The current review illustrates the diverse industrial applications of microbial α-galactosidases and their challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Lafond M, Tauzin AS, Bruel L, Laville E, Lombard V, Esque J, André I, Vidal N, Pompeo F, Quinson N, Perrier J, Fons M, Potocki-Veronese G, Giardina T. α-Galactosidase and Sucrose-Kinase Relationships in a Bi-functional AgaSK Enzyme Produced by the Human Gut Symbiont Ruminococcus gnavus E1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:579521. [PMID: 33281771 PMCID: PMC7688924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.579521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant α-galactosides belonging to the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and considered as prebiotics, are commonly degraded by α-galactosidases produced by the human gut microbiome. In this environment, the Ruminococcus gnavus E1 symbiont-well-known for various benefit-is able to produce an original RgAgaSK bifunctional enzyme. This enzyme contains an hydrolytic α-galactosidase domain linked to an ATP dependent extra-domain, specifically involved in the α-galactoside hydrolysis and the phosphorylation of the glucose, respectively. However, the multi-modular relationships between both catalytic domains remained hitherto unexplored and has been, consequently, herein investigated. Biochemical characterization of heterologously expressed enzymes either in full-form or in separated domains revealed similar kinetic parameters. These results were supported by molecular modeling studies performed on the whole enzyme in complex with different RFOs. Further enzymatic analysis associated with kinetic degradation of various substrates followed by high pressure anionic exchange chromatography revealed that catalytic efficiency decreased as the number of D-galactosyl moieties branched onto the oligosaccharide increased, suggesting a preference of RgAgaSK for RFO's short chains. A wide prevalence and abundance study on a human metagenomic library showed a high prevalence of the RgAgaSK encoding gene whatever the health status of the individuals. Finally, phylogeny and synteny studies suggested a limited spread by horizontal transfer of the clusters' containing RgAgaSK to only few species of Firmicutes, highlighting the importance of these undispersed tandem activities in the human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Lafond
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Laetitia Bruel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jérémy Esque
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Vidal
- Yelen Analytics, Aix-Marseille Université, ICR, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Quinson
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Josette Perrier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Fons
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IMM, BIP, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thierry Giardina
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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Shin YJ, Woo SH, Jeong HM, Kim JS, Ko DS, Jeong DW, Lee JH, Shim JH. Characterization of novel α-galactosidase in glycohydrolase family 97 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and its immobilization for industrial application. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:727-734. [PMID: 32092418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. thetaiotaomicron), which resides in the human intestinal tract, has a number of carbohydrate enzymes, including glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 97. Only a few GH 97 enzymes have been characterized to date. In this study, a novel α-galactosidase (Bt_3294) was cloned from B. thetaiotaomicron, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified using affinity chromatography. This novel enzyme showed optimal activity at 60 °C and pH 7.0. Enzyme activity was reduced by 94.4% and 95.7% in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+ and Fe2+, respectively. It is interesting that Bt_3294 specifically hydrolyzed shorter α-galactosyl oligosaccharides, such as melibiose and raffinose. The D-values of Bt_3294 at 40 °C and 50 °C were about 107 and 6 min, respectively. After immobilization of Bt_3294, the D-values at 40 °C and 50 °C were about 37.6 and 29.7 times higher than those of the free enzyme, respectively. As a practical application, the immobilized Bt_3294 was used to hydrolyze raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soy milk, decreasing the RFOs by 98.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jeong Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hye Woo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dam-Seul Ko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Woon Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Shim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Bhatia S, Singh A, Batra N, Singh J. Microbial production and biotechnological applications of α-galactosidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1294-1313. [PMID: 31747573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase, (E.C. 3.2.1.22) is an exoglycosidase that target galactooligosaccharides such as raffinose, melibiose, stachyose and branched polysaccharides like galactomannans and galacto-glucomannans by catalysing the hydrolysis of α-1,6 linked terminal galactose residues. The enzyme has been isolated and characterized from microbial, plant and animal sources. This ubiquitous enzyme possesses physiological significance and immense industrial potential. Optimization of the growth conditions and efficient purification strategies can lead to a significant increase in the enzyme production. To boost commercial productivity, cloning of novel α-galactosidase genes and their heterologous expression in suitable host has gained popularity. Enzyme immobilization leads to its greater reutilization, superior thermostability, pH tolerance and increased activity. The enzyme is well explored in food industry in the removal of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soymilk and sugar crystallization process. It also improves animal feed quality and biomass processing. Applications of the enzyme is in the area of biomedicine includes therapeutic advances in treatment of Fabry disease, blood group conversion and removal of α-gal type immunogenic epitopes in xenotransplantation. With considerable biotechnological applications, this enzyme has been vastly commercialized and holds greater future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhinashi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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11
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Cui CH, Fu Y, Jeon BM, Kim SC, Im WT. Novel enzymatic elimination method for the chromatographic purification of ginsenoside Rb 3 in an isomeric mixture. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:784-789. [PMID: 33192121 PMCID: PMC7655484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The separation of isomeric compounds from a mixture is a recurring problem in chemistry and phytochemistry research. The purification of pharmacologically active ginsenoside Rb3 from ginseng extracts is limited by the co-existence of its isomer Rb2. The aim of the present study was to develop an enzymatic elimination-combined purification method to obtain pure Rb3 from a mixture of isomers. Methods To isolate Rb3 from the isomeric mixture, a simple enzymatic selective elimination method was used. A ginsenoside-transforming glycoside hydrolase (Bgp2) was employed to selectively hydrolyze Rb2 into ginsenoside Rd. Ginsenoside Rb3 was then efficiently separated from the mixture using a traditional chromatographic method. Results Chromatographic purification of Rb3 was achieved using this novel enzymatic elimination-combined method, with 58.6-times higher yield and 13.1% less time than those of the traditional chromatographic method, with a lower minimum column length for purification. The novelty of this study was the use of a recombinant glycosidase for the selective elimination of the isomer. The isolated ginsenoside Rb3 can be used in further pharmaceutical studies. Conclusions Herein, we demonstrated a novel enzymatic elimination-combined purification method for the chromatographic purification of ginsenoside Rb3. This method can also be applied to purify other isomeric glycoconjugates in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hao Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong City, Kyonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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Fujita K, Sasaki Y, Kitahara K. Degradation of plant arabinogalactan proteins by intestinal bacteria: characteristics and functions of the enzymes involved. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7451-7457. [PMID: 31384991 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are complex plant proteoglycans that function as dietary fiber utilized by human intestinal bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species. However, the degradative mechanism is unknown because of the complexity of sugar chains of AGPs as well as variation among plant species and organs. Recently, AGP degradative enzymes have been characterized in Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and functions of AGP degradative enzymes in human intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Fujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan. .,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yuki Sasaki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kanefumi Kitahara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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Sasaki Y, Togo N, Kitahara K, Fujita K. Characterization of a GH36 β-L-Arabinopyranosidase in Bifidobacterium adolescentis. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2018; 65:23-30. [PMID: 34354509 PMCID: PMC8056906 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2018_001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
β-L-Arabinopyranosidases are classified into the glycoside hydrolase family 27 (GH27) and GH97, but not into GH36. In this study, we first characterized the GH36 β-L-arabinopyranosidase BAD_1528 from Bifidobacterium adolescentis JCM1275. The recombinant BAD_1528 expressed in Escherichia coli had a hydrolytic activity toward p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-β-L-arabinopyranoside (Arap) and a weak activity toward pNP-α-D-galactopyranoside (Gal). The enzyme liberated L-arabinose efficiently not from any oligosaccharides or polysaccharides containing Arap-β1,3-linkages, but from the disaccharide Arap-β1,3-L-arabinose. However, we were unable to confirm the in vitro fermentability of Arap-β1,3-Ara in B. adolescentis strains. The enzyme also had a transglycosylation activity toward 1-alkanols and saccharides as acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sasaki
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Nami Togo
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kanefumi Kitahara
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
| | - Kiyotaka Fujita
- 1 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University
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