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Sotomayor-Gerding D, Troncoso JM, Pino A, Almendras F, Diaz MR. Assessing the Immune Response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) after the Oral Intake of Alginate-Encapsulated Piscirickettsia salmonis Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030450. [PMID: 32796725 PMCID: PMC7565443 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmon rickettsial septicaemia (SRS) is the infectious disease that produces the highest losses in the Chilean salmon industry. As a new strategy for the control of SRS outbreaks, in this study we evaluated the effect of alginate-encapsulated Piscirickettsia salmonis antigens (AEPSA) incorporated in the feed as an oral vaccine to induce the immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish were distributed into three vaccination groups (injectable, oral high dose, oral low dose). Feed intake and fish growth were recorded during the trial. The P. salmonis-specific IgM levels in blood plasma were measured by ELISA. Alginate microparticles containing the antigen were effectively incorporated in fish feed to produce the oral vaccine. Incorporation of AEPSA did not affect the palatability of the feed or the fish appetite. Furthermore, the oral vaccine did not have a negative effect on fish growth. Finally, the oral vaccine (high and low dose) produced an acquired immune response (IgM) similar to the injectable vaccine, generating a statistically significant increase in the IgM levels at 840-degree days for both experimental groups. These findings suggest that AEPSA incorporated in the feed can be an effective alternative to boost the immune response in Atlantic salmon (S. salar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sotomayor-Gerding
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence: (D.S.-G.); (M.R.D.); Tel.: +56-45-2744240 (D.S.-G.); +56-45-2744232 (M.R.D.)
| | | | - Alejandro Pino
- Anasac Chile S.A., Veterinary Division, Almirante Pastene 300, Providencia 7500534, Santiago, Chile;
| | | | - Mónica Rubilar Diaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence: (D.S.-G.); (M.R.D.); Tel.: +56-45-2744240 (D.S.-G.); +56-45-2744232 (M.R.D.)
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Gaafar AY, Yamashita H, Istiqomah I, Kawato Y, Ninomiya K, Younes A, Nakai T. Comparative immunohistological study on using capsaicin, piperine, and okadaic acid for the transepithelial passage of the inactivated viral and bacterial vaccines in fish. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:979-987. [PMID: 32282995 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The practical difficulty of parenteral application of fish vaccines against devastating fish diseases diverted the interest toward oral vaccination. Search for effective methods to enhance the oral uptake of viral and bacterial vaccines is continuing. The current research focus on a new role of mucosal fish vaccine adjuvants inducing the antigen uptake by enhancing vascularity or increasing intestinal permeability. Some inflammatory substances cause reversible pathology to the intestinal epithelium, which could be employed for the transepithelial passage of vaccine particles. The natural inflammatory substances used were capsaicin, piperine, and okadaic acid as 1 mg, 2 mg, and 1 μg/fish, respectively. Two inactivated vaccines were used as antigens to test the effect of these inflammatory substances in two different fish hosts. Tested vaccines were inactivated redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus vaccine in sevenband grouper (Epinephelus septemfasciatus) and inactivated Edwardsiella tarda vaccine in red sea bream (Pagrus major) fish models. The inflammatory substances and each vaccine were anally intubated to fish. Capsaicin proved to be effectively aiding the transepithelial passage of vaccine particles more than piperine, while okadaic acid had no detectable effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirofumi Yamashita
- Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ehime, Japan
| | - Indah Istiqomah
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yasuhiko Kawato
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Minamiise, Japan
| | - Kanae Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Abdelgayed Younes
- Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Toshihiro Nakai
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Olate VR, Nachtigall FM, Santos LS, Soto A, Araya M, Oyanedel S, Díaz V, Marchant V, Rios-Momberg M. Fast detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis in Salmo salar serum through MALDI-TOF-MS profiling. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:200-206. [PMID: 26956387 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is a pathogenic bacteria known as the aetiological agent of the salmonid rickettsial syndrome and causes a high mortality in farmed salmonid fishes. Detection of P. salmonis in farmed fishes is based mainly on molecular biology and immunohistochemistry techniques. These techniques are in most of the cases expensive and time consuming. In the search of new alternatives to detect the presence of P. salmonis in salmonid fishes, this work proposed the use of MALDI-TOF-MS to compare serum protein profiles from Salmo salar fish, including experimentally infected and non-infected fishes using principal component analysis (PCA). Samples were obtained from a controlled bioassay where S. salar was challenged with P. salmonis in a cohabitation model and classified according to the presence or absence of the bacteria by real time PCR analysis. MALDI spectra of the fish serum samples showed differences in its serum protein composition. These differences were corroborated with PCA analysis. The results demonstrated that the use of both MALDI-TOF-MS and PCA represents a useful tool to discriminate the fish status through the analysis of salmonid serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica R Olate
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Leonardo S Santos
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- División Nanobiotecnología, Fraunhofer Chile Research, Talca, Chile
| | - Alex Soto
- Instituto de Matemáticas y Física, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Macarena Araya
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Acuicultura, Fraunhofer Chile, Bahía Quillaipe, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Verónica Díaz
- Fundación Chile, Bahía Quillaipe, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Vanessa Marchant
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Acuicultura, Fraunhofer Chile, Bahía Quillaipe, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Mauricio Rios-Momberg
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Acuicultura, Fraunhofer Chile, Bahía Quillaipe, Puerto Montt, Chile
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Tobar I, Arancibia S, Torres C, Vera V, Soto P, Carrasco C, Alvarado M, Neira E, Arcos S, Tobar JA. Successive Oral Immunizations Against Piscirickettsia Salmonis and Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus are Required to Maintain a Long-Term Protection in Farmed Salmonids. Front Immunol 2015; 6:244. [PMID: 26074916 PMCID: PMC4445318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a growing demand to determine the protective status of vaccinated fish in order to prevent diseases outbreaks. A set of different parameters that include the infectious and immunological status of vaccinated salmonids from 622 Chilean farms were analyzed during 2011-2014. The aim of this study was to optimize the vaccination program of these centers through the determination of the protective state of vaccinated fish using oral immunizations. This state was determined from the association of the concentration of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the serum and the mortality rate of vaccinated fish. Salmonids were vaccinated with different commercial mono- or polyvalent vaccines against salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) and infectious salmon anemia (ISA), first by the intraperitoneal injection of oil-adjuvanted antigens and then by the stimulation of mucosal immunity using oral vaccines as a booster vaccination. The results showed that high levels of specific IgM antibodies were observed after injectable vaccination, reaching a maximum concentration at 600-800 degree-days. Similar levels of antibodies were observed when oral immunizations were administrated. The high concentration of antibodies [above 2750 ng/mL for ISA virus (ISAv) and 3500 ng/mL for SRS] was maintained for a period of 800 degree-days after each vaccination procedure. In this regard, oral immunizations maintained a long-term high concentration of anti-SRS and anti-ISAv specific IgM antibodies. When the concentration of antibodies decreased below 2000 pg/mL, a window of susceptibility to SRS infection was observed in the farm, suggesting a close association between antibody levels and fish protective status. These results demonstrated that, in the field, several oral immunizations are essential to uphold a high level of specific anti-pathogens antibodies and, therefore, the protective status during the whole productive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Tobar
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Arancibia
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Torres
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Vera
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Soto
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Carrasco
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Alvarado
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Neira
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Arcos
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A. Tobar
- Department of Research and Development, Virbac-Centrovet, Santiago, Chile
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Rozas M, Enríquez R. Piscirickettsiosis and Piscirickettsia salmonis in fish: a review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:163-88. [PMID: 24279295 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis is the aetiological agent of piscirickettsiosis a severe disease that has caused major economic losses in the aquaculture industry since its appearance in 1989. Recent reports of P. salmonis or P. salmonis-like organisms in new fish hosts and geographical regions have increased interest in the bacterium. Because this gram-negative bacterium is still poorly understood, many relevant aspects of its life cycle, virulence and pathogenesis must be investigated before prophylactic procedures can be properly designed. The development of effective control strategies for the disease has been limited due to a lack of knowledge about the biology, intracellular growth, transmission and virulence of the organism. Piscirickettsiosis has been difficult to control; the failure of antibiotic treatment is common, and currently used vaccines show variable long-term efficacy. This review summarizes the biology and characteristics of the bacterium, including its virulence; the infective strategy of P. salmonis for survival and evasion of the host immune response; the host immune response to invasion by this pathogen; and newly described features of the pathology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and transmission. Current approaches to the prevention of and treatment for piscirickettsiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rozas
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Pathovet Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
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