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Calatayud DG, Lledos M, Casarsa F, Pascu SI. Functional Diversity in Radiolabeled Nanoceramics and Related Biomaterials for the Multimodal Imaging of Tumors. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2023; 3:389-417. [PMID: 37876497 PMCID: PMC10591303 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology advances have the potential to assist toward the earlier detection of diseases, giving increased accuracy for diagnosis and helping to personalize treatments, especially in the case of noncommunicative diseases (NCDs) such as cancer. The main advantage of nanoparticles, the scaffolds underpinning nanomedicine, is their potential to present multifunctionality: synthetic nanoplatforms for nanomedicines can be tailored to support a range of biomedical imaging modalities of relevance for clinical practice, such as, for example, optical imaging, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). A single nanoparticle has the potential to incorporate myriads of contrast agent units or imaging tracers, encapsulate, and/or be conjugated to different combinations of imaging tags, thus providing the means for multimodality diagnostic methods. These arrangements have been shown to provide significant improvements to the signal-to-noise ratios that may be obtained by molecular imaging techniques, for example, in PET diagnostic imaging with nanomaterials versus the cases when molecular species are involved as radiotracers. We surveyed some of the main discoveries in the simultaneous incorporation of nanoparticulate materials and imaging agents within highly kinetically stable radio-nanomaterials as potential tracers with (pre)clinical potential. Diversity in function and new developments toward synthesis, radiolabeling, and microscopy investigations are explored, and preclinical applications in molecular imaging are highlighted. The emphasis is on the biocompatible materials at the forefront of the main preclinical developments, e.g., nanoceramics and liposome-based constructs, which have driven the evolution of diagnostic radio-nanomedicines over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Calatayud
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Department
of Electroceramics, Instituto de Cerámica
y Vidrio, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Marina Lledos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Casarsa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia I. Pascu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Centre
of Therapeutic Innovations, University of
Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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2
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Oksel Karakus C, Bilgi E, Winkler DA. Biomedical nanomaterials: applications, toxicological concerns, and regulatory needs. Nanotoxicology 2020; 15:331-351. [PMID: 33337941 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1860265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cutting-edge technologies such as nano- and biotechnology have created an opportunity for re-engineering existing materials and generating new nano-scale products that can function beyond the limits of conventional ones. While the step change in the properties and functionalities of these new materials opens up new possibilities for a broad range of applications, it also calls for structural modifications to existing safety assessment processes that are primarily focused on bulk material properties. Decades after the need to modify existing risk management practices to include nano-specific behaviors and exposure pathways was recognized, relevant policies for evaluating, and controlling health risks of nano-enabled materials is still lacking. This review provides an overview of current progress in the field of nanobiotechnology rather than intentions and aspirations, summarizes long-recognized but still unresolved issues surrounding materials safety at the nanoscale, and discusses key barriers preventing generation and integration of reliable data in bio/nano-safety domain. Particular attention is given to nanostructured materials that are commonly used in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyup Bilgi
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - David A Winkler
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia.,Latrobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,CSIRO Data61, Pullenvale, Australia
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3
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Abd El-Mageed H. Zinc oxide nanoclusters and nanoparticles as a drug carrier for cisplatin and nedaplatin anti-cancer drugs, insights from DFT methods and MC simulation. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1842533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.R. Abd El-Mageed
- Micro-analysis and Environmental Research and Community Services Center, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt
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4
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El-Mageed HRA, Mustafa FM, Abdel-Latif MK. Boron nitride nanoclusters, nanoparticles and nanotubes as a drug carrier for isoniazid anti-tuberculosis drug, computational chemistry approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:226-235. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1814871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Abd El-Mageed
- Micro-analysis and environmental research and community services center, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef university, Beni-Suef City, Egypt
| | - F. M. Mustafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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5
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Han X, Xu K, Taratula O, Farsad K. Applications of nanoparticles in biomedical imaging. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:799-819. [PMID: 30603750 PMCID: PMC8112886 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07769j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An urgent need for early detection and diagnosis of diseases continuously pushes the advancements of imaging modalities and contrast agents. Current challenges remain for fast and detailed imaging of tissue microstructures and lesion characterization that could be achieved via development of nontoxic contrast agents with longer circulation time. Nanoparticle technology offers this possibility. Here, we review nanoparticle-based contrast agents employed in most common biomedical imaging modalities, including fluorescence imaging, MRI, CT, US, PET and SPECT, addressing their structure related features, advantages and limitations. Furthermore, their applications in each imaging modality are also reviewed using commonly studied examples. Future research will investigate multifunctional nanoplatforms to address safety, efficacy and theranostic capabilities. Nanoparticles as imaging contrast agents have promise to greatly benefit clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Han
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001 P. R. China.
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6
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Abstract
The development of novel nanoparticles consisting of both diagnostic and therapeutic components has increased over the past decade. These "theranostic" nanoparticles have been tailored toward one or more types of imaging modalities and have been developed for optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computed tomography, and nuclear imaging comprising both single-photon computed tomography and positron emission tomography. In this review, we focus on state-of-the-art theranostic nanoparticles that are capable of both delivering therapy and self-reporting/tracking disease through imaging. We discuss challenges and the opportunity to rapidly adjust treatment for individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zavaleta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dean Ho
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Xiong F, Huang S, Gu N. Magnetic nanoparticles: recent developments in drug delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:697-706. [PMID: 29370711 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1421961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured functional materials have demonstrated their great potentials in medical applications, attracting increasing attention because of the opportunities in cancer therapy and the treatment of other ailments. This article reviews the problems and recent advances in the development of magnetic NPs for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- a School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomsaterials and Devices , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Shengxin Huang
- a School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomsaterials and Devices , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Ning Gu
- a School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomsaterials and Devices , Southeast University , Nanjing , PR China
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8
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is that sphere of technology that involves the participation of biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering sciences. Nanoscale science defines the chemistry and physics of structures lying in the range of 1-100 nm. Among the nanosystems researched, magnetic nanosystems are highlighted due their unique ability, which enables their targeting to specific locations on application of an external magnetic field. The exhibited property of these magnetic nanosystems being super-paramagnetism, there is no retention of magnetic property on removal of the magnetic field, thus enabling a reversion of the targeting process. For effective utilization of these nanosystems, they should be reduced to nanosizes, layered with biocompatible entities, stabilized, and functionalized. In the chapter, synthesis and functionalization and stabilization are elucidated. The biomedical applications such as targeted delivery, MRI, magnetic hyperthermia, tissue engineering, gene delivery, magnetic immunotherapy, magnetic detoxification, and nanomagnetic actuation are discussed.
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9
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Du J, Zhu W, Yang L, Wu C, Lin B, Wu J, Jin R, Shen T, Ai H. Reduction of polyethylenimine-coated iron oxide nanoparticles induced autophagy and cytotoxicity by lactosylation. Regen Biomater 2016; 3:223-9. [PMID: 27482464 PMCID: PMC4966295 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are excellent magnetic resonance contrast agents and surface engineering can expand their applications. When covered with amphiphilic alkyl-polyethyleneimine (PEI), the modified SPIO nanoparticles can be used as MRI visible gene/drug delivery carriers and cell tracking probes. However, the positively charged amines of PEI can also cause cytotoxicity and restricts their further applications. In this study, we used lactose to modify amphiphilic low molecular weight polyethylenimine (C12-PEI2K) at different lactosylation degree. It was found that the N-alkyl-PEI-lactobionic acid wrapped SPIO nanocomposites show better cell viability without compromising their labelling efficacy as well as MR imaging capability in RAW 264.7 cells, comparing to the unsubstituted ones. Besides, we found the PEI induced cell autophagy can be reduced via lactose modification, indicating the increased cell viability might rely on down-regulating autophagy. Thus, our findings provide a new approach to overcome the toxicity of PEI wrapped SPIO nanocomposites by lactose modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuju Du
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
| | - Wencheng Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China and
| | - Li Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
| | - Changqiang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials; School of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
| | - Jun Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
| | - Rongrong Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
| | - Taipeng Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
| | - Hua Ai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P.R. China
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10
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Prabha G, Raj V. Formation and characterization of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) - polyethyleneglycol (PEG) - polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles for loading and releasing 5-Fluorouracil drug. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:173-182. [PMID: 27133054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) - polyethyleneglycol (PEG) - polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG-PEI) were developed as drug carriers for drug delivery applications. The 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) was chosen as model drug molecule. The developed nanoparticles (Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG-PEI) were characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The average particles size range of 5-FU loaded Fe3O4-β-CD, Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG and Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG-PEI nanoparticles were from 151 to 300nm and zeta potential value of nanoparticles were from -43mV to -20mV as measured using Malvern Zetasizer. Finally, encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC) and in-vitro drug release performance of 5-FU drug loaded Fe3O4-β-CD, Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG and Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG-PEI nanoparticles was evaluated by UV-vis spectroscopy. In-vitro cytotoxicity tests investigated by MTT assay indicate that 5-FU loaded Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG-PEI nanoparticles were toxic to cancer cells and non-toxic to normal cells. The in-vitro release behavior of 5-FU from drug (5-FU) loaded Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG-PEI composite at different pH values and temperature was studied. It was found that 5-FU was released faster in pH 6.8 than in the acidic mediums (pH 1.2), and the released quantity was higher. Therefore, the newly prepared Fe3O4-β-CD-PEG-PEI carrier exhibits a promising potential capability for anticancer drug delivery in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prabha
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - V Raj
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu, India.
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11
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Bohara RA, Thorat ND, Pawar SH. Role of functionalization: strategies to explore potential nano-bio applications of magnetic nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to bridge the gap between magnetic nanoparticles for their nano bio applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shivaji H. Pawar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research
- D. Y. Patil University
- Kolhapur
- India
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12
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Aires A, Ocampo SM, Cabrera D, Cueva LDL, Salas G, Teran FJ, Cortajarena AL. BSA-coated magnetic nanoparticles for improved therapeutic properties. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6239-6247. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00833f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Albumin coating improves the stability of magnetic nanoparticles under physiological conditions, favoring their magnetic properties, cellular uptake, and chemotherapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aires
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC & IMDEA Nanociencia
| | - Sandra M. Ocampo
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - David Cabrera
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | | | - Gorka Salas
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC & IMDEA Nanociencia
| | - Francisco J. Teran
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC & IMDEA Nanociencia
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC & IMDEA Nanociencia
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13
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Schleich N, Danhier F, Préat V. Iron oxide-loaded nanotheranostics: Major obstacles to in vivo studies and clinical translation. J Control Release 2015; 198:35-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Wang Y, Cui H, Yang Y, Zhao X, Sun C, Chen W, Du W, Cui J. Mechanism Study of Gene Delivery and Expression in PK-15 Cells Using Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Gene Carriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of gene delivery and expression is one of the most important concerns raised by the development of gene delivery methods. Limited investigation is performed on how magnetic nanoparticles combine with DNA and deliver gene into mammalian cells. In this context, polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used as gene carriers for binding and condensing with plasmid DNA expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The morphology and structure of MNP–DNA complexes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We evidenced that large amounts of DNA wrapped around the surface of MNPs and that the MNPs were physically entrapped by the DNA arranged both horizontally and vertically. EGFP gene was successfully expressed under mediation of an external magnetic field which is necessary to efficiently target EGFP gene to the cells. Fluorescence from EGFP was separately detected in the cell cytoplasm and cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Street of Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haixin Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Street of Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Street of Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Changjiao Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Street of Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Street of Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Street of Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Street of Zhongguancun Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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15
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Do MA, Yoon GJ, Yeum JH, Han M, Chang Y, Choi JH. Polyethyleneimine-mediated synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with enhanced sensitivity in T 2 magnetic resonance imaging. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:752-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Zhao X, Cui H, Chen W, Wang Y, Cui B, Sun C, Meng Z, Liu G. Morphology, structure and function characterization of PEI modified magnetic nanoparticles gene delivery system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98919. [PMID: 24911360 PMCID: PMC4049641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified magnetic nanoparticles are used as non-viral gene carriers in biological applications. To achieve successful gene delivery, it is critical that nanoparticles effectually assemble with nucleic acids. However, relatively little work has been conducted on the assemble mechanisms between nanoparticles and DNA, and its effects on transfection efficiency. Using biophysical and biochemical characterization, along with Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we investigate the morphologies, assembling structures and gene delivering abilities of the PEI modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) gene delivery system. In this gene delivery system, MNP/DNA complexes are formed via binding of DNA onto the surface of MNPs. MNPs are favorable to not only increase DNA concentration but also prevent DNA degradation. Magnetofection experiments showed that MNPs has low cytotoxicity and introduces highly stable transfection in mammalian somatic cells. In addition, different binding ratios between MNPs and DNA result in various morphologies of MNP/DNA complexes and have an influence on transfection efficiency. Dose–response profile indicated that transfection efficiency positively correlate with MNP/DNA ratio. Furthermore, intracellular tracking demonstrate that MNPs move though the cell membranes, deliver and release exogenous DNA into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nano biological Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixin Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nano biological Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiao Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Meng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Xing R, Liu G, Zhu J, Hou Y, Chen X. Functional magnetic nanoparticles for non-viral gene delivery and MR imaging. Pharm Res 2013; 31:1377-89. [PMID: 24065595 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is becoming a promising strategy to treat various kinds of genetic and acquired diseases. However, the development of safe, efficient, and targetable gene delivery systems remains a major challenge in gene therapy. The unique material characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), including high surface area, facile surface modification, controllable size, and excellent magnetic properties, make them promising candidates for gene delivery. The engineered MNPs with modifiable functional surfaces and bioactive cores can result in several advantageous diagnostic and therapeutic properties including enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity, long permeation and retention in the circulatory system, specific delivery of therapeutic genes to target sites. In this review, the updated research on the preparation and surface modification of MNPs for gene delivery is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Xing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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18
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Jeon SL, Chae MK, Jang EJ, Lee C. Cleaved Iron Oxide Nanoparticles asT2Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Chemistry 2013; 19:4217-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Wan Q, Xie L, Gao L, Wang Z, Nan X, Lei H, Long X, Chen ZY, He CY, Liu G, Liu X, Qiu B. Self-assembled magnetic theranostic nanoparticles for highly sensitive MRI of minicircle DNA delivery. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:744-752. [PMID: 23224057 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32438e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a versatile gene vector, minicircle DNA (mcDNA) has a great potential for gene therapy. However, some serious challenges remain, such as to effectively deliver mcDNA into targeted cells/tissues and to non-invasively monitor the delivery of the mcDNA. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles have been extensively used for both drug/gene delivery and diagnosis. In this study, an MRI visible gene delivery system was developed with a core of SPIO nanocrystals and a shell of biodegradable stearic acid-modified low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (Stearic-LWPEI) via self-assembly. The Stearic-LWPEI-SPIO nanoparticles possess a controlled clustering structure, narrow size distribution and ultrasensitive imaging capacity. Furthermore, the nanoparticle can effectively bind with mcDNA and protect it from enzymatic degradation. In conclusion, the nanoparticle shows synergistic advantages in the effective transfection of mcDNA and non-invasive MRI of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Su H, Liu Y, Wang D, Wu C, Xia C, Gong Q, Song B, Ai H. Amphiphilic starlike dextran wrapped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle clsuters as effective magnetic resonance imaging probes. Biomaterials 2013; 34:1193-203. [PMID: 23168385 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Starlike polymers have been widely used in various fields, such as tissue engineering, imaging, gene and drug delivery because of their unique structures and properties. Dextran has long been used as a temporary plasma substitute because of its excellent biocompatibility. In this study, starlike polysaccharide with multiple dextran arms was designed and developed by attaching dextran to a β-cyclodextrin core through click chemistry. Next, starlike dextran was modified with aliphatic chains and these amphiphilic polymers can self-assemble into nanoscale micelles in water, and their critical micelle concentration values (3.7 × 10(-8) M) are much lower comparing to its linear analogs (1.7 × 10(-7) M), resulting in more stable nanostructures in aqueous environment. These micelles can encapsulate multiple superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and forming clustering particle nanostructures in water, and the resulting nanocomposites have a high T(2) relaxivity of 436.8 Fe mm(-1) s(-1) under a 1.5T clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Further, dual functional probes were developed by loading both superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and small molecule anticancer drug doxorubicin into polymeric micelles. Multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells MCF-7/Adr treated with these probes can be characterized under MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
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21
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Wang S, Kim G, Lee YEK, Hah HJ, Ethirajan M, Pandey RK, Kopelman R. Multifunctional biodegradable polyacrylamide nanocarriers for cancer theranostics--a "see and treat" strategy. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6843-51. [PMID: 22702416 PMCID: PMC3429656 DOI: 10.1021/nn301633m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the development of multifunctional nanocarriers, based on amine-functionalized biodegradable polyacrylamide nanoparticles (NPs), for cancer theranostics, including active tumor targeting, fluorescence imaging, and photodynamic therapy. The structural design involves adding primary amino groups and biodegradable cross-linkers during the NP polymerization, while incorporating photodynamic and fluorescent imaging agents into the NP matrix, and conjugating PEG and tumor-targeting ligands onto the surface of the NPs. The as-synthesized NPs are spherical, with an average diameter of 44 nm. An accelerated biodegradation study, using sodium hydroxide or porcine liver esterase, indicated a hydrogel polymer matrix chain collapse within several days. By using gel permeation chromatography, small molecules were detected, after the degradation. In vitro targeting studies on human breast cancer cells indicate that the targeted NPs can be transported efficiently into tumor cells. Incubating the multifunctional nanocarriers into cancer cells enabled strong fluorescence imaging. Irradiation of the photosensitizing drug, incorporated within the NPs, with light of a suitable wavelength, causes significant but selective damage to the impregnated tumor cells, but only inside the illuminated areas. Overall, the potential of polymeric-based NPs as biodegradable, multifunctional nanocarriers, for cancer theranostics, is demonstrated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Gwangseong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yong-Eun Koo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Hoe Jin Hah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | - Raoul Kopelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Corresponding author,
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22
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Lee YC, Chen DY, Dodd SJ, Bouraoud N, Koretsky AP, Krishnan KM. The use of silica coated MnO nanoparticles to control MRI relaxivity in response to specific physiological changes. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3560-7. [PMID: 22341582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MnO nanoparticles have been tested to engineer a delayed increase in MRI T(1) relaxivity caused by cellular uptake via endocytosis into acidic compartments. Various coatings on core-shell structured MnO nanoparticles were tested for those that had the lowest T(1) relaxivity at pH 7.4, a pH where MnO does not dissolve into Mn(2+) ions. The rate of dissolution and release of Mn(2+) of the different coated MnO particles as well as changes in T(1) relaxivity were measured at pH 5, a pH routinely obtained in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Of a number of coatings, silica coated MnO (MnO@SiO(2)) had the lowest relaxivity at pH 7.4 (0.29 mm(-1) sec(-1)). About one third of the MnO dissolved within 20 min and the T(1) relaxivity increased to that of free Mn(2+) (6.10 mm(-1) sec(-1)) after three days at pH 5. MRI of MnO@SiO(2) particles injected into the rat brain showed time-dependent signal changes consistent with the in vitro rates. Thalamocortical tract-tracing could be observed due to the released Mn(2+). Intravenous infusion of MnO@SiO(2) particles showed little enhancement in any tissue except gallbladder. The gallbladder enhancement was interpreted to be due to endocytosis by liver cells and excretion of Mn(2+) ions into the gallbladder. The MnO@SiO(2) core-shell nanoparticles show the best potential for delaying the release of MRI contrast until endocytosis into low pH compartments activate MRI contrast. The delayed enhancement may have benefits for targeting MRI contrast to specific cells and surface receptors that are known to be recycled by endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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23
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Tresilwised N, Pithayanukul P, Holm PS, Schillinger U, Plank C, Mykhaylyk O. Effects of nanoparticle coatings on the activity of oncolytic adenovirus-magnetic nanoparticle complexes. Biomaterials 2011; 33:256-69. [PMID: 21978891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limitations to adenovirus infectivity can be overcome by association with magnetic nanoparticles and enforced infection by magnetic field influence. Here we examined three core-shell-type iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles differing in their surface coatings, particle sizes and magnetic properties for their ability to enhance the oncolytic potency of adenovirus Ad520 and to stabilize it against the inhibitory effects of serum or a neutralizing antibody. It was found that the physicochemical properties of magnetic nanoparticles are critical determinants of the properties which govern the oncolytic productivities of their complexes with Ad520. Although high serum concentration during infection or a neutralizing antibody had strong inhibitory influence on the uptake or oncolytic productivity of the naked virus, one particle type was identified which conferred high protection against both inhibitory factors while enhancing the oncolytic productivity of the internalized virus. This particle type equipped with a silica coating and adsorbed polyethylenimine, displaying a high magnetic moment and high saturation magnetization, mediated a 50% reduction of tumor growth rate versus control upon intratumoral injection of its complex with Ad520 and magnetic field influence, whereas Ad520 alone was inefficient. The correlations between physical properties of the magnetic particles or virus complexes and oncolytic potency are described herein.
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Abstract
Employing theranostic nanoparticles, which combine both therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities in one dose, has promise to propel the biomedical field toward personalized medicine. This review presents an overview of different theranostic strategies developed for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, with an emphasis on cancer. Herein, therapeutic strategies such as nucleic acid delivery, chemotherapy, hyperthermia (photothermal ablation), photodynamic, and radiation therapy are combined with one or more imaging functionalities for both in vitro and in vivo studies. Different imaging probes, such as MRI contrast agents (T(1) and T(2) agents), fluorescent markers (organic dyes and inorganic quantum dots), and nuclear imaging agents (PET/SPECT agents), can be decorated onto therapeutic agents or therapeutic delivery vehicles in order to facilitate their imaging and, in so doing, gain information about the trafficking pathway, kinetics of delivery, and therapeutic efficacy; several such strategies are outlined. The creative approaches being developed for these classes of therapies and imaging modalities are discussed, and the recent developments in this field along with examples of technologies that hold promise for the future of cancer medicine are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha S Kelkar
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular and Interfaces Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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25
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Wu Y, Song M, Xin Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li S, Gu N. Ultra-small particles of iron oxide as peroxidase for immunohistochemical detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:225703. [PMID: 21454943 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/22/225703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) modified ultra-small particles of iron oxide (USPIO) were synthesized through a two-step process. The first step: oleic acid (OA) capped Fe(3)O(4) (OA-USPIO) were synthesized by a novel oxidation coprecipitation method in H(2)O/DMSO mixing system, where DMSO acts as an oxidant simultaneously. The second step: OA was replaced by DMSA to obtain water-soluble nanoparticles. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, FTIR, TGA, VSM, DLS, EDS and UV-vis. Hydrodynamic sizes and Peroxidase-like catalytic activity of the nanoparticles were investigated. The hydrodynamic sizes of the nanoparticles (around 24.4 nm) were well suited to developing stable nanoprobes for bio-detection. The kinetic studies were performed to quantitatively evaluate the catalytic ability of the peroxidase-like nanoparticles. The calculated kinetic parameters indicated that the DMSA-USPIO possesses high catalytic activity. Based on the high activity, immunohistochemical experiments were established: using low-cost nanoparticles as the enzyme instead of expensive HRP, Nimotuzumab was conjugated onto the surface of the nanoparticles to construct a kind of ultra-small nanoprobe which was employed to detect epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) over-expressed on the membrane of esophageal cancer cell. The proper sizes of the probes and the result of membranous immunohistochemical staining suggest that the probes can be served as a useful diagnostic reagent for bio-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhang L, Xue H, Gao C, Carr L, Wang J, Chu B, Jiang S. Imaging and cell targeting characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles modified by a functionalizable zwitterionic polymer with adhesive 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine linkages. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6582-8. [PMID: 20541254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) modified by a zwitterionic polymer (pCBMA-DOPA(2)) containing one poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (pCBMA) chain and two 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (DOPA) residue groups were developed. Results showed that MNPs modified by pCBMA were not only stable in complex media, but also provided abundant functional groups for ligand immobilization. The pCBMA-DOPA(2) MNPs had a hydrodynamic particle size of about 130 nm, a strong saturation magnetization of 110.2 emu/g Fe and a high transverse relaxivity of 428 mM(-1)s(-1). Long-term stability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 10% NaCl solution was achieved for over six months. Compared to MNPs coated with dextran, pCBMA-DOPA(2) MNPs presented better stability in 100% human blood serum at 37 degrees C. Macrophage cell uptake studies revealed that the uptake ratio of pCBMA-DOPA(2) MNPs was much lower than that of dextran MNPs. Furthermore, quantitative analysis results showed that after pCBMA-DOPA(2) MNPs were conjugated with a targeting RGD peptide, uptake by human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) was notably increased, which was further visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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27
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Veiseh O, Gunn JW, Zhang M. Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:284-304. [PMID: 19909778 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1056] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a class of non-invasive imaging agents that have been developed for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. These MNPs have traditionally been used for disease imaging via passive targeting, but recent advances have opened the door to cellular-specific targeting, drug delivery, and multi-modal imaging by these nanoparticles. As more elaborate MNPs are envisioned, adherence to proper design criteria (e.g. size, coating, molecular functionalization) becomes even more essential. This review summarizes the design parameters that affect MNP performance in vivo, including the physicochemical properties and nanoparticle surface modifications, such as MNP coating and targeting ligand functionalizations that can enhance MNP management of biological barriers. A careful review of the chemistries used to modify the surfaces of MNPs is also given, with attention paid to optimizing the activity of bound ligands while maintaining favorable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Veiseh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2120, USA
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28
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Wan F, Tang Z, He W, Chu B. A chemistry/physics pathway with nanofibrous scaffolds for gene delivery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12379-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c002515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Chen AM, Zhang M, Wei D, Stueber D, Taratula O, Minko T, He H. Co-delivery of doxorubicin and Bcl-2 siRNA by mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in multidrug-resistant cancer cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2673-7. [PMID: 19780069 PMCID: PMC2833276 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07102 (USA), Fax: (+1) 973-353-1264
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA), Fax: (+1) 732-445-3134
| | | | - Dirk Stueber
- Pharmaceutical Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065
| | - Oleh Taratula
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07102 (USA), Fax: (+1) 973-353-1264
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA), Fax: (+1) 732-445-3134
| | - Huixin He
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07102 (USA), Fax: (+1) 973-353-1264
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30
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Prostate cancer targeted MRI nanoprobe based on superparamagnetic iron oxide and copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) and polyethyleneimin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Grigsby CL, Leong KW. Balancing protection and release of DNA: tools to address a bottleneck of non-viral gene delivery. J R Soc Interface 2009; 7 Suppl 1:S67-82. [PMID: 19734186 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering polymeric gene-delivery vectors to release an intact DNA payload at the optimal time and subcellular compartment remains a formidable challenge. An ideal vector would provide total protection of complexed DNA from degradation prior to releasing it efficiently near or within the nucleus of a target cell. While optimization of polymer properties, such as molecular weight and charge density, has proved largely inadequate in addressing this challenge, applying polymeric carriers that respond to temperature, light, pH and redox environment to trigger a switch from a tight, protective complex to a more relaxed interaction favouring release at the appropriate time and place has shown promise. Currently, a paucity of gene carriers able to satisfy the contrary requirements of adequate DNA protection and efficient release contributes to the slow progression of non-viral gene therapy towards clinical translation. This review highlights the promising carrier designs that may achieve an optimal balance of DNA protection and release. It also discusses the imaging techniques and three-dimensional in vitro models that can help study these two barriers in the non-viral gene transfer process. Ultimately, efficacious non-viral gene therapy will depend on the combination of intelligent material design, innovative imaging techniques and sophisticated in vitro model systems to facilitate the rational design of polymeric gene-delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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32
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De Leon-Rodriguez LM, Lubag AJM, Malloy CR, Martinez GV, Gillies RJ, Sherry AD. Responsive MRI agents for sensing metabolism in vivo. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:948-57. [PMID: 19265438 DOI: 10.1021/ar800237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has inherent advantages in safety, three-dimensional output, and clinical relevance when compared with optical and radiotracer imaging methods. However, MRI contrast agents are inherently less sensitive than agents used in other imaging modalities primarily because MRI agents are detected indirectly by changes in either the water proton relaxation rates (T(1), T(2), and T(*)(2)) or water proton intensities (chemical exchange saturation transfer and paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer, CEST and PARACEST). Consequently, the detection limit of an MRI agent is determined by the characteristics of the background water signal; by contrast, optical and radiotracer-based methods permit direct detection of the agent itself. By virtue of responding to background water (which reflects bulk cell properties), however, MRI contrast agents have considerable advantages in "metabolic" imaging, that is, spatially resolving tissue variations in pH, redox state, oxygenation, or metabolite levels. In this Account, we begin by examining sensitivity limits in targeted contrast agents and then address contrast agents that respond to a physiological change; these responsive agents are effective metabolic imaging sensors. The sensitivity requirements for a metabolic imaging agent are quite different from those for a targeted Gd(3+)-based T(1) agent (for example, sensing cell receptors). Targeted Gd(3+) agents must have either an extraordinarily high water proton relaxivity (r(1)) or multiple Gd(3+) complexes clustered together at the target site on a polymer platform or nanoparticle assembly. Metabolic MRI agents differ in that the high relaxivity requirement, although helpful, is eased because these agents respond to bulk properties of tissues rather than low concentrations of a specific biological target. For optimal sensing, metabolic imaging agents should display a large change in relaxivity (deltar(1)) in response to the physiological or metabolic parameter of interest. Metabolic imaging agents have only recently begun to appear in the literature and only a few have been demonstrated in vivo. MRI maps of absolute tissue pH have been obtained with Gd(3+)-based T(1) sensors. The requirement of an independent measure of agent concentration in tissues complicates these experiments, but if qualitative changes in tissue pH are acceptable, then these agents can be quite useful. In this review, we describe examples of imaging extracellular pH in brain tumors, ischemic hearts, and pancreatic islets with Gd(3+)-based pH sensors and discuss the potential of CEST and PARACEST agents as metabolic imaging sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Craig R. Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center
- Department of Radiology
- Department of Internal Medicine
- VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas 75216
| | - Gary V. Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - A. Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center
- Department of Radiology
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75083
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Chen G, Chen W, Wu Z, Yuan R, Li H, Gao J, Shuai X. MRI-visible polymeric vector bearing CD3 single chain antibody for gene delivery to T cells for immunosuppression. Biomaterials 2009; 30:1962-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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