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Nik Kamarudin NAA, Mawang CI, Ahamad M. Direct Detection of Lyme Borrelia: Recent Advancement and Use of Aptamer Technology. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2818. [PMID: 37893191 PMCID: PMC10604176 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.), which is predominantly spread by ticks, is the cause of Lyme disease (LD), also known as Lyme borreliosis, one of the zoonotic diseases affecting people. In recent years, LD has become more prevalent worldwide, even in countries with no prior records. Currently, Lyme Borrelia detection is achieved through nucleic acid amplification, antigen detection, microscopy, and in vitro culture. Nevertheless, these methods lack sensitivity in the early phase of the disease and, thus, are unable to confirm active infection. This review briefly discusses the existing direct detection methods of LD. Furthermore, this review also introduces the use of aptamer technology integrated with biosensor platforms to detect the Borrelia antigen. This aptamer technology could be explored using other biosensor platforms targeting whole Borrelia cells or specific molecules to enhance Borrelia detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Kamarudin
- Acarology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Malaysia; (C.I.M.); (M.A.)
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2
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Das A, Ahmed Z, Xu L, Jia W. Assessment and verification of chemical inactivation of peste des petits ruminants virus by virus isolation following virus capture using Nanotrap magnetic virus particles. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0068923. [PMID: 37655907 PMCID: PMC10580900 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00689-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports development and optimization of a new method for the assessment and verification of the inactivation of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) by chemical agents, including Triton X-100 and commercially available viral lysis buffers. Virus inactivation was confirmed by virus isolation (VI) on Vero cells following capture of the potential residual viruses from treated samples using Nanotrap magnetic virus particles (NMVPs). Since chemical agents are cytotoxic, treated PPRV samples could not be used directly for VI on Vero cell monolayers; instead, they were diluted in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) to neutralize cytotoxicity and then subjected to virus capture using NMVPs. The NMVPs and the captured viruses were then clarified on a magnetic stand, reconstituted in EMEM, and inoculated onto Vero cells that were examined for cytopathic effect (CPE). No CPE was observed on cells inoculated with treated viruses captured by NMVPs; but CPE was observed on cells inoculated with untreated viruses, including those captured by NMVPs. For further verification, the supernatants of the VI cultures (treated or untreated) were subjected to RNA extraction and PPRV-specific real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). The cycle threshold values were undetectable for the supernatants of VI cultures inoculated with NMVPs reconstituted from treated PPRV but detectable for the supernatants of VI cultures inoculated with untreated PPRV or the NMVPs reconstituted from untreated PPRV, indicating complete inactivation of PPRV. This new method of verification of virus inactivation using NMVPs can be applied to other high impact viruses of agricultural or public health importance. IMPORTANCE Research including diagnosis on highly contagious viruses at the molecular level such as PCR and next-generation sequencing requires complete inactivation of the virus to ensure biosafety and biosecurity so that any accidental release of the virus does not compromise the safety of the susceptible population and the environment. In this work, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) was inactivated with chemical agents, and the virus inactivation was confirmed by virus isolation (VI) using Vero cells. Since the chemical agents are cytotoxic, inactivated virus (PPRV) was diluted 1:100 to neutralize cytotoxicity, and the residual viruses (if any) were captured using Nanotrap magnetic virus particles (NMVPs). The NMVPs and the captured viruses were subjected to VI. No CPE was observed, indicating complete inactivation, and the results were further supported by real-time RT-PCR. This new protocol to verify virus inactivation can be applicable to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh Das
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Reagents and Vaccine Services Section, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, USA
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Reagents and Vaccine Services Section, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, USA
| | - Lizhe Xu
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Reagents and Vaccine Services Section, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Reagents and Vaccine Services Section, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, USA
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Kellermann L, Gupta R. Photoactive hydrogels for pre-concentration, labelling, and controlled release of proteins. Analyst 2023; 148:4127-4137. [PMID: 37493470 PMCID: PMC10440800 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00811h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel hydrogel for pre-concentration, fluorescent labelling, and light-triggered release of proteins for detection of low abundance biomarkers. The hydrogel was a co-polymer of acrylamide/bisacrylamide and methacrylamide attached to fluorescein isothiocyanate via a light cleavable bond and a poly(ethylene glycol) spacer arm of molecular weight of 3400 g mol-1. Unlike previous work, proteins were captured by an irreversible chemical reaction rather than by non-covalent affinity binding or physical entrapment. Because the protein-reactive group was attached to fluorescein, which in turn was coupled to the hydrogel by a photocleavable bond, on release the protein was labelled with fluorescein. Our hydrogel offered a pre-concentration factor of up to 236 for a model protein, streptavidin. Each protein molecule was labelled with 85 fluorescein molecules, and 50% of the proteins in the hydrogel were released after UV exposure for ∼100 s. The proteins released from the hydrogel were captured in biotinylated microtitre plates and detected by fluorescence, allowing measurement of at least 0.01 ppm (or ∼166 pM) of protein in sample solutions. The reported hydrogel is promising for detection of low abundance proteins while being less laborious than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and less affected by changes in environmental conditions than label-free biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Kellermann
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Guérin M, Shawky M, Zedan A, Octave S, Avalle B, Maffucci I, Padiolleau-Lefèvre S. Lyme borreliosis diagnosis: state of the art of improvements and innovations. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:204. [PMID: 37528399 PMCID: PMC10392007 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With almost 700 000 estimated cases each year in the United States and Europe, Lyme borreliosis (LB), also called Lyme disease, is the most common tick-borne illness in the world. Transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes and caused by bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, LB occurs with various symptoms, such as erythema migrans, which is characteristic, whereas others involve blurred clinical features such as fatigue, headaches, arthralgia, and myalgia. The diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis, based on a standard two-tiered serology, is the subject of many debates and controversies, since it relies on an indirect approach which suffers from a low sensitivity depending on the stage of the disease. Above all, early detection of the disease raises some issues. Inappropriate diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis leads to therapeutic wandering, inducing potential chronic infection with a strong antibody response that fails to clear the infection. Early and proper detection of Lyme disease is essential to propose an adequate treatment to patients and avoid the persistence of the pathogen. This review presents the available tests, with an emphasis on the improvements of the current diagnosis, the innovative methods and ideas which, ultimately, will allow more precise detection of LB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Guérin
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique Et Cellulaire (GEC), CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203, Compiègne, France
| | - Marc Shawky
- Connaissance Organisation Et Systèmes TECHniques (COSTECH), EA 2223, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203, Compiègne, France
| | - Ahed Zedan
- Polyclinique Saint Côme, 7 Rue Jean Jacques Bernard, 60204, Compiègne, France
| | - Stéphane Octave
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique Et Cellulaire (GEC), CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203, Compiègne, France
| | - Bérangère Avalle
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique Et Cellulaire (GEC), CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203, Compiègne, France
| | - Irene Maffucci
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique Et Cellulaire (GEC), CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203, Compiègne, France
| | - Séverine Padiolleau-Lefèvre
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique Et Cellulaire (GEC), CNRS UMR 7025, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60203, Compiègne, France.
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Lim FBH, Lei T, Fernandez G, Lopez N, Chu AL, Valiente A, Nagesetti A, Nelson A, Schmidt K, Chang TC, Piloto O, Cheong I. A colorimetric chemical tongue detects and distinguishes between multiple analytes. Analyst 2022; 147:5283-5292. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The very photoinitiators used to polymerize hydrogels can react with analytes to produce distinctive colorimetric profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian Cheong
- Entopsis Inc., USA
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Steinberg HE, Bowman NM, Diestra A, Ferradas C, Russo P, Clark DE, Zhu D, Magni R, Malaga E, Diaz M, Pinedo-Cancino V, Ramal Asayag C, Calderón M, Carruthers VB, Liotta LA, Gilman RH, Luchini A. Detection of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV positive patients in urine with hydrogel nanoparticles. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009199. [PMID: 33651824 PMCID: PMC7954332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is challenging under the best clinical circumstances. The poor clinical sensitivity of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Toxoplasma in blood and CSF and the limited availability of molecular diagnostics and imaging technology leaves clinicians in resource-limited settings with few options other than empiric treatment. METHOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Here we describe proof of concept for a novel urine diagnostics for TE using Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide nanoparticles dyed with Reactive Blue-221 to concentrate antigens, substantially increasing the limit of detection. After nanoparticle-concentration, a standard western blotting technique with a monoclonal antibody was used for antigen detection. Limit of detection was 7.8pg/ml and 31.3pg/ml of T. gondii antigens GRA1 and SAG1, respectively. To characterize this diagnostic approach, 164 hospitalized HIV-infected patients with neurological symptoms compatible with TE were tested for 1) T. gondii serology (121/147, positive samples/total samples tested), 2) qPCR in cerebrospinal fluid (11/41), 3) qPCR in blood (10/112), and 4) urinary GRA1 (30/164) and SAG1 (12/164). GRA1 appears to be superior to SAG1 for detection of TE antigens in urine. Fifty-one HIV-infected, T. gondii seropositive but asymptomatic persons all tested negative by nanoparticle western blot and blood qPCR, suggesting the test has good specificity for TE for both GRA1 and SAG1. In a subgroup of 44 patients, urine samples were assayed with mass spectrometry parallel-reaction-monitoring (PRM) for the presence of T. gondii antigens. PRM identified antigens in 8 samples, 6 of which were concordant with the urine diagnostic. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCES Our results demonstrate nanoparticle technology's potential for a noninvasive diagnostic test for TE. Moving forward, GRA1 is a promising target for antigen based diagnostics for TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Steinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Natalie M. Bowman
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea Diestra
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cusi Ferradas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Paul Russo
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Clark
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Deanna Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruben Magni
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Edith Malaga
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Monica Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Viviana Pinedo-Cancino
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonía, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Cesar Ramal Asayag
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Regional de Loreto, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Maritza Calderón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America
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Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is caused by a growing list of related, yet distinct, spirochetes with complex biology and sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms. It may result in a range of clinical manifestations involving different organ systems, and can lead to persistent sequelae in a subset of cases. The pathogenesis of Lyme borreliosis is incompletely understood, and laboratory diagnosis, the focus of this review, requires considerable understanding to interpret the results correctly. Direct detection of the infectious agent is usually not possible or practical, necessitating a continued reliance on serologic testing. Still, some important advances have been made in the area of diagnostics, and there are many promising ideas for future assay development. This review summarizes the state of the art in laboratory diagnostics for Lyme borreliosis, provides guidance in test selection and interpretation, and highlights future directions.
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Magni R, Almofee R, Yusuf S, Mueller C, Vuong N, Almosuli M, Hoang MT, Meade K, Sethi I, Mohammed N, Araujo R, McDonald TK, Marcelli P, Espina V, Kim B, Garritsen A, Green C, Russo P, Zhou W, Vaisman I, Petricoin EF, Hoadley D, Molestina RE, McIntyre H, Liotta LA, Luchini A. Evaluation of pathogen specific urinary peptides in tick-borne illnesses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19340. [PMID: 33168903 PMCID: PMC7653918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry enhanced by nanotechnology can achieve previously unattainable sensitivity for characterizing urinary pathogen-derived peptides. We utilized mass spectrometry enhanced by affinity hydrogel particles (analytical sensitivity = 2.5 pg/mL) to study tick pathogen-specific proteins shed in the urine of patients with (1) erythema migrans rash and acute symptoms, (2) post treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), and (3) clinical suspicion of tick-borne illnesses (TBI). Targeted pathogens were Borrelia, Babesia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Francisella, Powassan virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Colorado tick fever virus. Specificity was defined by 100% amino acid sequence identity with tick-borne pathogen proteins, evolutionary taxonomic verification for related pathogens, and no identity with human or other organisms. Using a cut off of two pathogen peptides, 9/10 acute Lyme Borreliosis patients resulted positive, while we identified zero false positive in 250 controls. Two or more pathogen peptides were identified in 40% of samples from PTLDS and TBI patients (categories 2 and 3 above, n = 59/148). Collectively, 279 distinct unique tick-borne pathogen derived peptides were identified. The number of pathogen specific peptides was directly correlated with presence or absence of symptoms reported by patients (ordinal regression pseudo-R2 = 0.392, p = 0.010). Enhanced mass spectrometry is a new tool for studying tick-borne pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Magni
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Raghad Almofee
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Sameen Yusuf
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Claudius Mueller
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Ngoc Vuong
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Mahmood Almosuli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Minh Thu Hoang
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Katherine Meade
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Ish Sethi
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Nuha Mohammed
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Robyn Araujo
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Teresa Kaza McDonald
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Paul Marcelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul Russo
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Iosif Vaisman
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Deborah Hoadley
- New England Institute for Lyme Disease and Tick-Borne Illness, Longmeadow, USA
| | | | | | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA.
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Wechsler ME, Dang HKHJ, Dahlhauser SD, Simmonds SP, Reuther JF, Wyse JM, VandeWalle AN, Anslyn EV, Peppas NA. Nanogel receptors for high isoelectric point protein detection: influence of electrostatic and covalent polymer-protein interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6141-6144. [PMID: 32364214 PMCID: PMC7377432 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An aldehyde acrylate-based functional monomer was incorporated into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) nanogels for use as protein receptors. The aldehyde component forms dynamic imines with surface exposed lysine residues, while carboxylic acid/carboxylate moieties form electrostatic interactions with high isoelectric point proteins. Together, these interactions effect protein adsorption and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Wechsler
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Magni R, Luchini A, Liotta L, Molestina RE. Proteomic analysis reveals pathogen-derived biomarkers of acute babesiosis in erythrocytes, plasma, and urine of infected hamsters. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2227-2235. [PMID: 32435898 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Babesiosis among humans is on the rise in North America. Current diagnostic assays for the screening of babesiosis require blood collection by venipuncture, which is an invasive method. Urine on the other hand is a desirable biospecimen for biomarker analysis of Babesia microti infections because it can be collected periodically and non-invasively. Our group uses a new class of biomarker harvesting nanocage technology, which, when combined with mass spectrometry (MS), can determine the presence of parasite proteins shed in different bodily fluids of mammalian hosts, including urine. Using the hamster model of babesiosis, our nanoparticle-MS approach identified several B. microti proteins in erythrocytes, plasma, and urine samples. Surface and secreted antigens previously shown to elicit host immune responses against the parasite were particularly abundant in erythrocytes and plasma compared to other proteins. Two of these antigens, BmSA1 and BMR1_03g00947, showed different localization patterns by immunofluorescence of infected erythrocytes. Hamster urine samples from parasitemic animals harbored lower numbers of B. microti proteins compared to erythrocytes and plasma, with glycolytic enzymes, cytoskeletal components, and chaperones being the most frequently detected proteins. By applying novel nanoparticle-MS methods, a high level of analytical sensitivity can be achieved to detect multiple B. microti proteins in blood and urine. This is generally difficult to obtain with other techniques due to the masking of parasite biomarkers by the complex biomolecular matrix of bodily fluids from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Magni
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Robert E Molestina
- Protistology Laboratory, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA.
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Sereno D, Akhoundi M, Sayehmri K, Mirzaei A, Holzmuller P, Lejon V, Waleckx E. Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1684. [PMID: 32121441 PMCID: PMC7084391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they cause requires the sampling of body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) or organ biopsies (e.g., bone marrow, spleen), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, and Google. The information of each selected article (n = 333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on human African trypanosomiasis and an absence on animal trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigens for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swabs can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair/bristles showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristles for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sereno
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR MIVEGEC IRD, CNRS, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93000 Bobigny, France;
| | - Kourosh Sayehmri
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran;
| | - Asad Mirzaei
- Parasitology Department, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran;
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE “Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes”, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales «Dr Hideyo Noguchi», Universidad autònoma de yucatán, Merida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
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Caputo D, Caracciolo G. Nanoparticle-enabled blood tests for early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 470:191-196. [PMID: 31783084 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is often detected too late to allow adequate treatments with the result that patients are condemned to sufferings and early death. Most efforts have been therefore aimed at identifying sensitive PDAC biomarkers. Although biomarkers have numerous advantages, sample size, intra-individual variability, existence of several biases and confounding variables and cost of investigation make their clinical application challenging. In recent years, nanotechnology is providing new options for early cancer detection. Among recent discoveries, the concept is emerging that the protein corona, i.e. the layer of plasma proteins that surrounds nanomaterials in bodily fluids, is personalized. In particular, the protein corona of cancer patients is significantly different from that of healthy individuals. Herein, we review this concept with a particular focus on clinical relevance. We also discuss the recently developed nanoparticle-enabled blood (NEB) tests that demonstrated to be promising in discriminating PDAC patients from healthy volunteers by global change of the nanoparticle-protein corona. We conclude with a critical discussion of research perspectives aimed at further improving the prediction ability of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Caputo
- Department of Surgery, University Campus-Biomedico di Roma, Via Alvaro Del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Akhrymuk I, Lin SC, Sun M, Patnaik A, Lehman C, Altamura L, Minogue T, Lepene B, van Hoek ML, Kehn-Hall K. Magnetic Nanotrap Particles Preserve the Stability of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Blood for Laboratory Detection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:509. [PMID: 32064269 PMCID: PMC6999085 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the modern techniques used for identification of viral-induced disease are based on identification of viral antigens and/or nucleic acids in patient's blood. Diagnosis in the field or in remote locations can be challenging and alternatively samples are shipped to diagnostic labs for testing. Shipments must occur under controlled temperature conditions to prevent loss of sample integrity. We have tested the ability of magnetic Nanotrap® (NT) particles to improve stability and detection of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), viral capsid protein, and viral genomic RNA in whole human blood at elevated temperature and prolonged storage conditions. NT particles have previously been shown to capture and enrich multiple pathogens including respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, coronavirus, and Rift Valley fever virus. Our study indicates that samples incubated with NT particles had detectable levels of infectious VEEV in blood equal to or greater than samples without NT treatment across all temperatures. Viral RNA detection was increased in the presence of NT particles at later time points (72 h) and higher temperature (40°C) conditions. Likewise, detection of VEEV capsid protein was enhanced in the presence of NT particles up to 72 h at 40°C. Finally, we intranasally infected C3H mice with TC-83, the live attenuated vaccine strain of VEEV, and demonstrated that NT particles could substantially increase the detection of VEEV capsid in infected blood incubated up to 72 h at 40°C. Samples without NT particles had undetectable capsid protein levels. Taken together, our data demonstrate the ability of NT particles to preserve and enable detection of VEEV in human and mouse blood samples over time and at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Akhrymuk
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Mei Sun
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Caitlin Lehman
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Louis Altamura
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Minogue
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ben Lepene
- Ceres Nanosciences, Inc., Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Monique L van Hoek
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
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Magni R, Luchini A, Liotta L, Molestina RE. Analysis of the Babesia microti proteome in infected red blood cells by a combination of nanotechnology and mass spectrometry. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:139-144. [PMID: 30391228 PMCID: PMC10548858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics of Babesia microti has lagged behind other apicomplexans despite recent genome and transcriptome studies. Here, we used a combination of nanotechnology and mass spectrometry to provide a proteomic profile of B. microti acute infection. We identified ∼500 parasite proteins in blood with functions such as transport, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, proteolysis, DNA and RNA metabolism, signaling, translation, lipid biosynthesis, and motility and invasion. We also identified surface antigens with roles in the immune response to the parasite. This first evaluation of the B. microti proteome in erythrocytes provides information for the study of intracellular survival and development of diagnostic tools using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Magni
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Robert E Molestina
- Protistology Laboratory, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. As the most prevalent vector-borne disease in the USA, LD affects 300,000 human cases each year. LD is caused by inoculation of the bacterial spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, from an infected tick. If not treated quickly and completely, the bacteria disseminate from the tick's biting site into multiple organs including the joints, heart, and brain. Thus, the best outcome from medical intervention can be expected with early detection and treatment with antibiotics, prior to multi-organ dissemination. In the absence of a characteristic rash, LD is diagnosed using serological testing involving enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by western blotting, which is collectively known as the two-tier algorithm. These assays detect host antibodies against the bacteria, but are hampered by low sensitivity, which can miss early LD cases. This review discusses the application of some current assays for diagnosing LD clinically, thus providing a foundation for exploring newer techniques being developed in the laboratory for more sensitive detection of early LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Chou
- Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, NY SUNY Downstate Medical School and SUNY Polytechnic Institute
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- University in Ithaca, NY and postdoctoral training from Tufts University in Boston, MA
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Conti A, Luchini A, Benassi MS, Magagnoli G, Pierini M, Piccinni-Leopardi M, Quattrini I, Pollino S, Picci P, Liotta LA, Pazzaglia L. Circulating Candidate Biomarkers in Giant Cell Tumors of Bone. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1800041. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Conti
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory; IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; George Mason University; Manassas VA USA
| | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory; IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - Giovanna Magagnoli
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory; IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - Michela Pierini
- Chemotherapy Unit; IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | | | - Irene Quattrini
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory; IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - Serena Pollino
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory; IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory; IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; George Mason University; Manassas VA USA
| | - Laura Pazzaglia
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory; IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; Bologna Italy
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Kim B, Araujo R, Howard M, Magni R, Liotta LA, Luchini A. Affinity enrichment for mass spectrometry: improving the yield of low abundance biomarkers. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018. [PMID: 29542338 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1450631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass spectrometry (MS) is the premier tool for discovering novel disease-associated protein biomarkers. Unfortunately, when applied to complex body fluid samples, MS has poor sensitivity for the detection of low abundance biomarkers (≪10 ng/mL), derived directly from the diseased tissue cells or pathogens. Areas covered: Herein we discuss the strengths and drawbacks of technologies used to concentrate low abundance analytes in body fluids, with the aim to improve the effective sensitivity for MS discovery. Solvent removal by dry-down or dialysis, and immune-depletion of high abundance serum or plasma proteins, is shown to have disadvantages compared to positive selection of the candidate biomarkers by affinity enrichment. A theoretical analysis of affinity enrichment reveals that the yield for low abundance biomarkers is a direct function of the binding affinity (Association/Dissociation rates) used for biomarker capture. In addition, a high affinity capture pre processing step can effectively dissociate the candidate biomarker from partitioning with high abundance proteins such as albumin. Expert commentary: Properly designed high affinity capture materials can enrich the yield of low abundance (0.1-10 picograms/mL) candidate biomarkers for MS detection. Affinity capture and concentration, as an upfront step in sample preparation for MS, combined with MS advances in software and hardware that improve the resolution of the chromatographic separation can yield a transformative new class of low abundance biomarkers predicting disease risk or disease latency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn Araujo
- b School of Mathematical Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Marissa Howard
- c Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine , George Mason University , Manassas , VA , USA
| | - Ruben Magni
- c Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine , George Mason University , Manassas , VA , USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- c Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine , George Mason University , Manassas , VA , USA
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- c Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine , George Mason University , Manassas , VA , USA
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18
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Steinberg HE, Russo P, Angulo N, Ynocente R, Montoya C, Diestra A, Ferradas C, Schiaffino F, Florentini E, Jimenez J, Calderón M, Carruthers VB, Gilman RH, Liotta L, Luchini A. Toward detection of toxoplasmosis from urine in mice using hydro-gel nanoparticles concentration and parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:461-469. [PMID: 29203146 PMCID: PMC5844831 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of clinical toxoplasmosis remains a challenge, thus limiting the availability of human clinical samples. Though murine models are an approximation of human response, their definitive infection status and tissue availability make them critical to the diagnostic development process. Hydrogel mesh nanoparticles were used to concentrate antigen to detectable levels for mass spectrometry. Seven Toxoplasma gondii isolates were used to develop a panel of potential peptide sequences for detection by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry. Nanoparticles were incubated with decreasing concentrations of tachyzoite lysate to explore the limits of detection of PRM. Mice whose toxoplasmosis infection status was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR had urine tested by PRM after hydrogel mesh concentration for known T. gondii peptides. Peptides from GRA1, GRA12, ROP4, ROP5, SAG1, and SAG2A proteins were detected by PRM after nanoparticle concentration of urine, confirming detection of T. gondii antigen in the urine of an infected mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Steinberg
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Paul Russo
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, VA, USA
| | - Noelia Angulo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Raúl Ynocente
- Laboratorio de Parasitología de Fauna Silvestre y Zoonosis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Cristina Montoya
- Laboratorio de Parasitología de Fauna Silvestre y Zoonosis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Andrea Diestra
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cusi Ferradas
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Francesca Schiaffino
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Edgar Florentini
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan Jimenez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología de Fauna Silvestre y Zoonosis, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Maritza Calderón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, VA, USA
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, VA, USA
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Harpole M, Davis J, Espina V. Current state of the art for enhancing urine biomarker discovery. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 13:609-26. [PMID: 27232439 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1190651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urine is a highly desirable biospecimen for biomarker analysis because it can be collected recurrently by non-invasive techniques, in relatively large volumes. Urine contains cellular elements, biochemicals, and proteins derived from glomerular filtration of plasma, renal tubule excretion, and urogenital tract secretions that reflect, at a given time point, an individual's metabolic and pathophysiologic state. AREAS COVERED High-resolution mass spectrometry, coupled with state of the art fractionation systems are revealing the plethora of diagnostic/prognostic proteomic information existing within urinary exosomes, glycoproteins, and proteins. Affinity capture pre-processing techniques such as combinatorial peptide ligand libraries and biomarker harvesting hydrogel nanoparticles are enabling measurement/identification of previously undetectable urinary proteins. Expert commentary: Future challenges in the urinary proteomics field include a) defining either single or multiple, universally applicable data normalization methods for comparing results within and between individual patients/data sets, and b) defining expected urinary protein levels in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harpole
- a Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine , George Mason University , Manassas , VA , USA
| | - Justin Davis
- b Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , VA , USA
| | - Virginia Espina
- a Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine , George Mason University , Manassas , VA , USA
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Jeun M, Park S, Kim Y, Choi J, Song SH, Jeong IG, Kim CS, Lee KH. Self-Normalized Detection of ANXA3 from Untreated Urine of Prostate Cancer Patients without Digital Rectal Examination. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28703915 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A noninvasive quantitative assay that is capable of identifying prostate cancer biomarkers in untreated urine is an attractive diagnosis tool, but this method is subject to various obstacles. Difficulties presented by untreated urine include varying salt concentrations, and pH levels that may be different even though they are from the same patient. Untreated urine also presents interference from other biomolecules and possesses a fewer number of cancer biomarkers than can be found in serum. As a result, urine preconditioning processes and digital rectal examination (DRE) to increase biomarker secretion are mandatory in current urine assays. To address these challenges, an ion-responsive urine sensor (IRUS) that measures differential electrical signals is proposed as a self-normalized detection method. The proposed IRUS is based on a FET biosensor with a disposable sensing gate and has the capability to detect the prostate cancer antigen ANXA3 in untreated patient urine. The IRUS can detect ANXA3 at <1 fg mL-1 with high reliability. In addition, it is found that ANXA3 levels in urine show clinically significant correlation with real tumor volumes. This paper provides a guideline in developing a clinically ready accurate noninvasive platform, which is capable of predicting prostate cancer using untreated urine without DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Jeun
- Center for Biomaterials; Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Park
- Center for Biomaterials; Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdeok Kim
- Center for Biomaterials; Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Center for Biomaterials; Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Song
- Department of Urology; Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - In Gab Jeong
- Department of Urology; Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology; Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hyi Lee
- Center for Biomaterials; Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
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Conti A, Fredolini C, Tamburro D, Magagnoli G, Zhou W, Liotta LA, Picci P, Luchini A, Benassi MS. Identification of novel candidate circulating biomarkers for malignant soft tissue sarcomas: Correlation with metastatic progression. Proteomics 2016; 16:689-97. [PMID: 26699407 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors for which identification and validation of biological markers may improve clinical management. The fraction of low-molecular-weight (LMW) circulating proteins and fragments of proteins is a rich source of new potential biomarkers. To identify circulating biomarkers useful for STS early diagnosis and prognosis, we analyzed 53 high-grade STS sera using hydrogel core-shell nanoparticles that selectively entrap LMW proteins by size exclusion and affinity chromatography, protect them from degradation and amplify their concentration for mass spectrometry detection. Twenty-two analytes mostly involved in inflammatory and immunological response, showed a progressive increase from benign to malignant STS with a relative difference in abundance, more than 50% when compared to healthy control. 16 of these were higher in metastatic compared to non-metastatic tumors. Cox's regression analysis revealed a statistical significant association between the abundance of lactotransferrin (LTF) and complement factor H-related 5 (CFHR5) and risk of metastasis. In particular, CFHR5 was associated with the risk of metastasis. The role of circulating proteins involved in metastatic progression will be crucial for a better understanding of STS biology and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Conti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Davide Tamburro
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Giovanna Magagnoli
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Shafagati N, Fite K, Patanarut A, Baer A, Pinkham C, An S, Foote B, Lepene B, Kehn-Hall K. Enhanced detection of respiratory pathogens with nanotrap particles. Virulence 2016; 7:756-69. [PMID: 27145085 PMCID: PMC5029303 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1185585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Influenza virus is a leading cause of respiratory disease in the United States each year. While the virus normally causes mild to moderate disease, hospitalization and death can occur in many cases. There are several methodologies that are used for detection; however problems such as decreased sensitivity and high rates of false-negative results may arise. There is a crucial need for an effective sample preparation technology that concentrates viruses at low abundance while excluding resident analytes that may interfere with detection. Nanotrap particles are hydrogel particles that are coupled to chemical dye affinity baits that bind a broad range of proteins and virions. Within minutes (<30 minutes), Nanotrap particles concentrate low abundant proteins and viruses from clinically complex matrices. Nanotrap particles with reactive red baits concentrated numerous respiratory viruses including various strains and subtypes of Influenza virus, Coronavirus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus from saliva, nasal fluid swab specimens, and nasal aspirates. Detection was enhanced more than 10-fold when coupled to plaque assays and qRT-PCR. Importantly, Nanotrap particle can efficiently capture and concentrate multiple viral pathogens during a coinfection scenario. These results collectively demonstrate that Nanotrap particles are an important tool that can easily be integrated into various detection methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazly Shafagati
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Katherine Fite
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | | | - Alan Baer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Soyeon An
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Benjamin Foote
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | | | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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Use of a Chagas Urine Nanoparticle Test (Chunap) to Correlate with Parasitemia Levels in T. cruzi/HIV Co-infected Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004407. [PMID: 26919324 PMCID: PMC4768913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of reactivated Chagas disease in HIV patients could be lifesaving. In Latin America, the diagnosis is made by microscopical detection of the T. cruzi parasite in the blood; a diagnostic test that lacks sensitivity. This study evaluates if levels of T. cruzi antigens in urine, determined by Chunap (Chagas urine nanoparticle test), are correlated with parasitemia levels in T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS T. cruzi antigens in urine of HIV patients (N = 55: 31 T. cruzi infected and 24 T. cruzi serology negative) were concentrated using hydrogel particles and quantified by Western Blot and a calibration curve. Reactivation of Chagas disease was defined by the observation of parasites in blood by microscopy. Parasitemia levels in patients with serology positive for Chagas disease were classified as follows: High parasitemia or reactivation of Chagas disease (detectable parasitemia by microscopy), moderate parasitemia (undetectable by microscopy but detectable by qPCR), and negative parasitemia (undetectable by microscopy and qPCR). The percentage of positive results detected by Chunap was: 100% (7/7) in cases of reactivation, 91.7% (11/12) in cases of moderate parasitemia, and 41.7% (5/12) in cases of negative parasitemia. Chunap specificity was found to be 91.7%. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between parasitemia levels and urine T. cruzi antigen concentrations (p<0.001). A cut-off of > 105 pg was chosen to determine patients with reactivation of Chagas disease (7/7). Antigenuria levels were 36.08 times (95% CI: 7.28 to 64.88) higher in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts below 200/mL (p = 0.016). No significant differences were found in HIV loads and CD8+ lymphocyte counts. CONCLUSION Chunap shows potential for early detection of Chagas reactivation. With appropriate adaptation, this diagnostic test can be used to monitor Chagas disease status in T. cruzi/HIV co-infected patients.
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Application of Nanotrap technology for high sensitivity measurement of urinary outer surface protein A carboxyl-terminus domain in early stage Lyme borreliosis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:346. [PMID: 26537892 PMCID: PMC4634744 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prompt antibiotic treatment of early stage Lyme borreliosis (LB) prevents progression to severe multisystem disease. There is a clinical need to improve the diagnostic specificity of early stage Lyme assays in the period prior to the mounting of a robust serology response. Using a novel analyte harvesting nanotechnology, Nanotrap particles, we evaluated urinary Borrelia Outer surface protein A (OspA) C-terminus peptide in early stage LB before and after treatment, and in patients suspected of late stage disseminated LB. METHOD We employed Nanotrap particles to concentrate urinary OspA and used a highly specific anti-OspA monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a detector of the C-terminus peptides. We mapped the mAb epitope to a narrow specific OspA C-terminal domain OspA236-239 conserved across infectious Borrelia species but with no homology to human proteins and no cross-reactivity with relevant viral and non-Borrelia bacterial proteins. 268 urine samples from patients being evaluated for all categories of LB were collected in a LB endemic area. The urinary OspA assay, blinded to outcome, utilized Nanotrap particle pre-processing, western blotting to evaluate the OspA molecular size, and OspA peptide competition for confirmation. RESULTS OspA test characteristics: sensitivity 1.7 pg/mL (lowest limit of detection), % coefficient of variation (CV) = 8 %, dynamic range 1.7-30 pg/mL. Pre-treatment, 24/24 newly diagnosed patients with an erythema migrans (EM) rash were positive for urinary OspA while false positives for asymptomatic patients were 0/117 (Chi squared p < 10(-6)). For 10 patients who exhibited persistence of the EM rash during the course of antibiotic therapy, 10/10 were positive for urinary OspA. Urinary OspA of 8/8 patients switched from detectable to undetectable following symptom resolution post-treatment. Specificity of the urinary OspA test for the clinical symptoms was 40/40. Specificity of the urinary OspA antigen test for later serology outcome was 87.5 % (21 urinary OspA positive/24 serology positive, Chi squared p = 4.072e(-15)). 41 of 100 patients under surveillance for persistent LB in an endemic area were positive for urinary OspA protein. CONCLUSIONS OspA urinary shedding was strongly linked to concurrent active symptoms (e.g. EM rash and arthritis), while resolution of these symptoms after therapy correlated with urinary conversion to OspA negative.
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Abstract
Due to their hydrophilic, biocompatible, and highly tunable nature, hydrogel materials have attracted strong interest in the recent years for numerous biotechnological applications. In particular, their solution-like environment and non-fouling nature in complex biological samples render hydrogels as ideal substrates for biosensing applications. Hydrogel coatings, and later, gel dot surface microarrays, were successfully used in sensitive nucleic acid assays and immunoassays. More recently, new microfabrication techniques for synthesizing encoded particles from hydrogel materials have enabled the development of hydrogel-based suspension arrays. Lithography processes and droplet-based microfluidic techniques enable generation of libraries of particles with unique spectral or graphical codes, for multiplexed sensing in biological samples. In this review, we discuss the key questions arising when designing hydrogel particles dedicated to biosensing. How can the hydrogel material be engineered in order to tune its properties and immobilize bioprobes inside? What are the strategies to fabricate and encode gel particles, and how can particles be processed and decoded after the assay? Finally, we review the bioassays reported so far in the literature that have used hydrogel particle arrays and give an outlook of further developments of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle C. Le Goff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rathi L. Srinivas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - W. Adam Hill
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | - Patrick S. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Shafagati N, Lundberg L, Baer A, Patanarut A, Fite K, Lepene B, Kehn-Hall K. The use of Nanotrap particles in the enhanced detection of Rift Valley fever virus nucleoprotein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128215. [PMID: 26020252 PMCID: PMC4447397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a highly pathogenic arthropod-borne virus that has a detrimental effect on both livestock and human populations. While there are several diagnostic methodologies available for RVFV detection, many are not sensitive enough to diagnose early infections. Furthermore, detection may be hindered by high abundant proteins such as albumin. Previous findings have shown that Nanotrap particles can be used to significantly enhance detection of various small analytes of low abundance. We have expanded upon this repertoire to show that this simple and efficient sample preparation technology can drastically improve the detection of the RVFV nucleoprotein (NP), the most abundant and widely used viral protein for RVFV diagnostics. RESULTS After screening multiple Nanotrap particle architectures, we found that one particle, NT45, was optimal for RVFV NP capture, as demonstrated by western blotting. NT45 significantly enhanced detection of the NP at levels undetectable without the technology. Importantly, we demonstrated that Nanotrap particles are capable of concentrating NP in a number of matrices, including infected cell lysates, viral supernatants, and animal sera. Specifically, NT45 enhanced detection of NP at various viral titers, multiplicity of infections, and time points. Our most dramatic results were observed in spiked serum samples, where high abundance serum proteins hindered detection of NP without Nanotrap particles. Nanotrap particles allowed for sample cleanup and subsequent detection of RVFV NP. Finally, we demonstrated that incubation of our samples with Nanotrap particles protects the NP from degradation over extended periods of time (up to 120 hours) and at elevated temperatures (at 37ºC). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Nanotrap particles are capable of drastically lowering the limit of detection for RVFV NP by capturing, concentrating, and preserving RVFV NP in clinically relevant matrices. These studies can be extended to a wide range of pathogens and their analytes of diagnostic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazly Shafagati
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Lundberg
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alan Baer
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Katherine Fite
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Lepene
- Ceres Nanoscience, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
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Popova TG, Teunis A, Magni R, Luchini A, Espina V, Liotta LA, Popov SG. Chemokine-Releasing Nanoparticles for Manipulation of Lymph Node Microenvironment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:298-320. [PMID: 25878893 PMCID: PMC4394634 DOI: 10.3390/nano5010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (CKs) secreted by the host cells into surrounding tissue establish concentration gradients directing the migration of leukocytes. We propose an in vivo CK gradient remodeling approach based on sustained release of CKs by the crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel open meshwork nano-particles (NPs) containing internal crosslinked dye affinity baits for a reversible CK binding and release. The sustained release is based on a new principle of affinity off-rate tuning. The NPs with Cibacron Blue F3G-A and Reactive Blue-4 baits demonstrated a low-micromolar affinity binding to IL-8, MIP-2, and MCP-1 with a half-life of several hours at 37°C. The capacity of NPs loaded with IL-8 and MIP-1α to increase neutrophil recruitment to lymph nodes (LNs) was tested in mice after footpad injection. Fluorescently-labeled NPs used as tracers indicated the delivery into the sub-capsular compartment of draining LNs. The animals administered the CK-loaded NPs demonstrated a widening of the sub-capsular space and a strong lymph node influx of leukocytes, while mice injected with control NPs without CKs or bolus doses of soluble CKs alone showed only a marginal neutrophil response. This technology provides a new means therapeutically direct or restore immune cell traffic, and can also be employed for simultaneous therapy delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taissia G. Popova
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; E-Mails: (T.G.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (A.L.); (V.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Allison Teunis
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; E-Mails: (T.G.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (A.L.); (V.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Ruben Magni
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; E-Mails: (T.G.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (A.L.); (V.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; E-Mails: (T.G.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (A.L.); (V.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; E-Mails: (T.G.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (A.L.); (V.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; E-Mails: (T.G.P.); (A.T.); (R.M.); (A.L.); (V.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Serguei G. Popov
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Castro-Sesquen YE, Gilman RH, Galdos-Cardenas G, Ferrufino L, Sánchez G, Valencia Ayala E, Liotta L, Bern C, Luchini A. Use of a novel chagas urine nanoparticle test (chunap) for diagnosis of congenital chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3211. [PMID: 25275534 PMCID: PMC4183489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of congenital T. cruzi transmission is considered one of the pillars of control programs of Chagas disease. Congenital transmission accounts for 25% of new infections with an estimated 15,000 infected infants per year. Current programs to detect congenital Chagas disease in Latin America utilize microscopy early in life and serology after 6 months. These programs suffer from low sensitivity by microscopy and high loss to follow-up later in infancy. We developed a Chagas urine nanoparticle test (Chunap) to concentrate, preserve and detect T. cruzi antigens in urine for early, non-invasive diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease. Methodology/Principal Findings This is a proof-of-concept study of Chunap for the early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease. Poly N-isopropylacrylamide nano-particles functionalized with trypan blue were synthesized by precipitation polymerization and characterized with photon correlation spectroscopy. We evaluated the ability of the nanoparticles to capture, concentrate and preserve T. cruzi antigens. Urine samples from congenitally infected and uninfected infants were then concentrated using these nanoparticles. The antigens were eluted and detected by Western Blot using a monoclonal antibody against T. cruzi lipophosphoglycan. The nanoparticles concentrate T. cruzi antigens by 100 fold (western blot detection limit decreased from 50 ng/ml to 0.5 ng/ml). The sensitivity of Chunap in a single specimen at one month of age was 91.3% (21/23, 95% CI: 71.92%–98.68%), comparable to PCR in two specimens at 0 and 1 month (91.3%) and significantly higher than microscopy in two specimens (34.8%, 95% CI: 16.42%–57.26%). Chunap specificity was 96.5% (71/74 endemic, 12/12 non-endemic specimens). Particle-sequestered T. cruzi antigens were protected from trypsin digestion. Conclusion/Significance Chunap has the potential to be developed into a simple and sensitive test for the early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease. Congenital Chagas disease is one of the main pillars for the control of Chagas disease because 25% of new infections occur by this route. Conventional diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease is based on microscopy at birth and serology at 9 months. However microscopy misses many infections and many at-risk infants fail to complete serology at six to nine months. We have developed a Chagas urine nanoparticle test (Chunap) for concentration and detection of T. cruzi antigens. Chunap was evaluated in urine samples of 1-month old children. At this age children have the highest levels of parasitemia and therefore also excrete the highest levels of antigen. Parents prefer a urine test to having their baby's blood drawn. Chunap diagnosed congenital infection in a single urine sample as well as PCR in two blood samples. This study also shows that hydrogel/trypan blue particles used in our test efficiently capture, concentrate and protect urinary T. cruzi antigens from enzymatic degradation. Chunap allows for the early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease, and with appropriate adaptation, may allow early point-of-care intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagahira E Castro-Sesquen
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gerson Galdos-Cardenas
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Gerardo Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Edward Valencia Ayala
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Caryn Bern
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
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Magni R, Espina BH, Liotta LA, Luchini A, Espina V. Hydrogel nanoparticle harvesting of plasma or urine for detecting low abundance proteins. J Vis Exp 2014:e51789. [PMID: 25145492 DOI: 10.3791/51789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel biomarker discovery plays a crucial role in providing more sensitive and specific disease detection. Unfortunately many low-abundance biomarkers that exist in biological fluids cannot be easily detected with mass spectrometry or immunoassays because they are present in very low concentration, are labile, and are often masked by high-abundance proteins such as albumin or immunoglobulin. Bait containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAm) based nanoparticles are able to overcome these physiological barriers. In one step they are able to capture, concentrate and preserve biomarkers from body fluids. Low-molecular weight analytes enter the core of the nanoparticle and are captured by different organic chemical dyes, which act as high affinity protein baits. The nanoparticles are able to concentrate the proteins of interest by several orders of magnitude. This concentration factor is sufficient to increase the protein level such that the proteins are within the detection limit of current mass spectrometers, western blotting, and immunoassays. Nanoparticles can be incubated with a plethora of biological fluids and they are able to greatly enrich the concentration of low-molecular weight proteins and peptides while excluding albumin and other high-molecular weight proteins. Our data show that a 10,000 fold amplification in the concentration of a particular analyte can be achieved, enabling mass spectrometry and immunoassays to detect previously undetectable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Magni
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University
| | | | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University;
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Shafagati N, Patanarut A, Luchini A, Lundberg L, Bailey C, Petricoin E, Liotta L, Narayanan A, Lepene B, Kehn-Hall K. The use of Nanotrap particles for biodefense and emerging infectious disease diagnostics. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:164-76. [PMID: 24449537 PMCID: PMC7108521 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of early infectious disease may be challenging due to the low copy number of organisms present. To overcome this limitation and rapidly measure low concentrations of the pathogen, we developed a novel technology: Nanotrap particles, which are designed to capture, concentrate, and protect biomarkers from complex biofluids. Nanotrap particles are thermoresponsive hydrogels that are capable of antigen capture through the coupling of affinity baits to the particles. Here, we describe recent findings demonstrating that Nanotrap particles are able to capture live infectious virus, viral RNA, and viral proteins. Capture is possible even in complex mixtures such as serum and allows the concentration and protection of these analytes, providing increased performance of downstream assays. The Nanotrap particles are a versatile sample preparation technology that has far reaching implications for biomarker discovery and diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazly Shafagati
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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The use of NanoTrap particles as a sample enrichment method to enhance the detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2296. [PMID: 23861988 PMCID: PMC3701711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic virus that is not only an emerging pathogen but is also considered a biodefense pathogen due to the threat it may cause to public health and national security. The current state of diagnosis has led to misdiagnosis early on in infection. Here we describe the use of a novel sample preparation technology, NanoTrap particles, to enhance the detection of RVFV. Previous studies demonstrated that NanoTrap particles lead to both 100 percent capture of protein analytes as well as an improvement of more than 100-fold in sensitivity compared to existing methods. Here we extend these findings by demonstrating the capture and enrichment of viruses. RESULTS Screening of NanoTrap particles indicated that one particle, NT53, was the most efficient at RVFV capture as demonstrated by both qRT-PCR and plaque assays. Importantly, NT53 capture of RVFV resulted in greater than 100-fold enrichment from low viral titers when other diagnostics assays may produce false negatives. NT53 was also capable of capturing and enhancing RVFV detection from serum samples. RVFV that was inactivated through either detergent or heat treatment was still found bound to NT53, indicating the ability to use NanoTrap particles for viral capture prior to transport to a BSL-2 environment. Furthermore, both NP-40-lysed virus and purified RVFV RNA were bound by NT53. Importantly, NT53 protected viral RNA from RNase A degradation, which was not observed with other commercially available beads. Incubation of RVFV samples with NT53 also resulted in increased viral stability as demonstrated through preservation of infectivity at elevated temperatures. Finally, NanoTrap particles were capable of capturing VEEV and HIV, demonstrating the broad applicability of NanoTrap particles for viral diagnostics. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates NanoTrap particles are capable of capturing, enriching, and protecting RVFV virions. Furthermore, the use of NanoTrap particles can be extended to a variety of viruses, including VEEV and HIV.
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Pin E, Fredolini C, Petricoin EF. The role of proteomics in prostate cancer research: biomarker discovery and validation. Clin Biochem 2012; 46:524-38. [PMID: 23266295 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate Cancer (PCa) represents the second most frequent type of tumor in men worldwide. Incidence increases with patient age and represents the most important risk factor. PCa is mostly characterized by indolence, however in a small percentage of cases (3%) the disease progresses to a metastatic state. To date, the most important issue concerning PCa research is the difficulty in distinguishing indolent from aggressive disease. This problem frequently results in low-grade PCa patient overtreatment and, in parallel; an effective treatment for distant and aggressive disease is not yet available. RESULT Proteomics represents a promising approach for the discovery of new biomarkers able to improve the management of PCa patients. Markers more specific and sensitive than PSA are needed for PCa diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment. Moreover, proteomics could represent an important tool to identify new molecular targets for PCa tailored therapy. Several possible PCa biomarkers sources, each with advantages and limitations, are under investigation, including tissues, urine, serum, plasma and prostatic fluids. Innovative high-throughput proteomic platforms are now identifying and quantifying new specific and sensitive biomarkers for PCa detection, stratification and treatment. Nevertheless, many putative biomarkers are still far from being applied in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS This review aims to discuss the recent advances in PCa proteomics, emphasizing biomarker discovery and their application to clinical utility for diagnosis and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pin
- George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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Hashmi S, GhavamiNejad A, Obiweluozor FO, Vatankhah-Varnoosfaderani M, Stadler FJ. Supramolecular Interaction Controlled Diffusion Mechanism and Improved Mechanical Behavior of Hybrid Hydrogel Systems of Zwitterions and CNT. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saud Hashmi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, University Road, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Amin GhavamiNejad
- School of Semiconductor and
Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Baekjero 567, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of
Korea
| | - Francis O. Obiweluozor
- School of Semiconductor and
Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Baekjero 567, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of
Korea
| | | | - Florian J. Stadler
- School of Semiconductor and
Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Baekjero 567, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of
Korea
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Tamburro D, Fredolini C, Espina V, Douglas TA, Ranganathan A, Ilag L, Zhou W, Russo P, Espina BH, Muto G, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Luchini A. Multifunctional core-shell nanoparticles: discovery of previously invisible biomarkers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19178-88. [PMID: 21999289 PMCID: PMC3223427 DOI: 10.1021/ja207515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many low-abundance biomarkers for early detection of cancer and other diseases are invisible to mass spectrometry because they exist in body fluids in very low concentrations, are masked by high-abundance proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins, and are very labile. To overcome these barriers, we created porous, buoyant, core-shell hydrogel nanoparticles containing novel high affinity reactive chemical baits for protein and peptide harvesting, concentration, and preservation in body fluids. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) nanoparticles were functionalized with amino-containing dyes via zero-length cross-linking amidation reactions. Nanoparticles functionalized in the core with 17 different (12 chemically novel) molecular baits showed preferential high affinities (K(D) < 10(-11) M) for specific low-abundance protein analytes. A poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinylsulfonic acid) shell was added to the core particles. This shell chemistry selectively prevented unwanted entry of all size peptides derived from albumin without hindering the penetration of non-albumin small proteins and peptides. Proteins and peptides entered the core to be captured with high affinity by baits immobilized in the core. Nanoparticles effectively protected interleukin-6 from enzymatic degradation in sweat and increased the effective detection sensitivity of human growth hormone in human urine using multiple reaction monitoring analysis. Used in whole blood as a one-step, in-solution preprocessing step, the nanoparticles greatly enriched the concentration of low-molecular weight proteins and peptides while excluding albumin and other proteins above 30 kDa; this achieved a 10,000-fold effective amplification of the analyte concentration, enabling mass spectrometry (MS) discovery of candidate biomarkers that were previously undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tamburro
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Temple A. Douglas
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Adarsh Ranganathan
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Paul Russo
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Giovanni Muto
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
- Department of Urology, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Turin 10154, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
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