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Ma D, Fu C, Li F, Ruan R, Lin Y, Li X, Li M, Zhang J. Functional biomaterials for modulating the dysfunctional pathological microenvironment of spinal cord injury. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:521-543. [PMID: 38883317 PMCID: PMC11179178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in irreversible loss of sensory and motor functions, and most SCIs are incurable with current medical practice. One of the hardest challenges in treating SCI is the development of a dysfunctional pathological microenvironment, which mainly comprises excessive inflammation, deposition of inhibitory molecules, neurotrophic factor deprivation, glial scar formation, and imbalance of vascular function. To overcome this challenge, implantation of functional biomaterials at the injury site has been regarded as a potential treatment for modulating the dysfunctional microenvironment to support axon regeneration, remyelination at injury site, and functional recovery after SCI. This review summarizes characteristics of dysfunctional pathological microenvironment and recent advances in biomaterials as well as the technologies used to modulate inflammatory microenvironment, regulate inhibitory microenvironment, and reshape revascularization microenvironment. Moreover, technological limitations, challenges, and future prospects of functional biomaterials to promote efficient repair of SCI are also discussed. This review will aid further understanding and development of functional biomaterials to regulate pathological SCI microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezun Ma
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, PR China
| | - Changlong Fu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, PR China
| | - Fenglu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 1 Xueyuan Road, Quanzhou, 362801, PR China
| | - Renjie Ruan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 1 Xueyuan Road, Quanzhou, 362801, PR China
| | - Yanming Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, PR China
| | - Xihai Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Fujian Children's Hospital, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, 966 Hengyu Road, Fuzhou, 350014, PR China
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, 111 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350005, PR China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, 111 Daoshan Road, Fuzhou, 350005, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 1 Xueyuan Road, Quanzhou, 362801, PR China
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Joshi H, Tuli HS, Ranjan A, Chauhan A, Haque S, Ramniwas S, Bhatia GK, Kandari D. The Pharmacological Implications of Flavopiridol: An Updated Overview. Molecules 2023; 28:7530. [PMID: 38005250 PMCID: PMC10673037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavopiridol is a flavone synthesized from the natural product rohitukine, which is derived from an Indian medicinal plant, namely Dysoxylum binectariferum Hiern. A deeper understanding of the biological mechanisms by which such molecules act may allow scientists to develop effective therapeutic strategies against a variety of life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, viruses, fungal infections, parasites, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mechanistic insight of flavopiridol reveals its potential for kinase inhibitory activity of CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) and other kinases, leading to the inhibition of various processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, and the inflammation process. The synthetic derivatives of flavopiridol have overcome a few demerits of its parent compound. Moreover, these derivatives have much improved CDK-inhibitory activity and therapeutic abilities for treating severe human diseases. It appears that flavopiridol has potential as a candidate for the formulation of an integrated strategy to combat and alleviate human diseases. This review article aims to unravel the potential therapeutic effectiveness of flavopiridol and its possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194/1, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia;
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology Safety and Management, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201301, India;
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 11022801, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 13306, United Arab Emirates
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India;
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Bhatia
- Department of Physics, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Divya Kandari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
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Sabourian P, Frounchi M, Kiani S, Mashayekhan S, Kheirabadi MZ, Heydari Y, Ashraf SS. Targeting reactive astrocytes by pH-responsive ligand-bonded polymeric nanoparticles in spinal cord injury. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1842-1855. [PMID: 36689118 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In spinal cord injuries, axonal regeneration decreases with the activation of astrocytes followed by glial scar formation. Targeting reactive astrocytes has been recently performed by unsafe viral vectors to inhibit gliosis. In the current study, biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles were selected as an alternative for viruses to target reactive astrocytes for further drug/gene delivery applications. Lipopolysaccharide-bonded chitosan-quantum dots/poly acrylic acid nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method to target reactive astrocytes both in vitro and in spinal cord-injured rats. Owing to their biocompatibility and pH-responsive behavior, chitosan and poly acrylic acid were the main components of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were then chemically labeled with quantum dots to track the cell uptake and electrostatically interacted with lipopolysaccharide as a targeting ligand. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed in triplicate and all data were expressed as the mean ± the standard error of the mean. Smart nanoparticles with optimum size (61.9 nm) and surface charge (+ 12.5 mV) successfully targeted primary reactive astrocytes extracted from the rat cerebral cortex. In vitro studies represented high cell viability (96%) in the exposure of biocompatible nanoparticles. The pH-responsive behavior of nanoparticles was proved by their internalization into the cell's nuclei due to the swelling and endosomal escape of nanoparticles in acidic pH. In vivo studies demonstrated higher transfection of nanoparticles into reactive astrocytes compared to the neurons. pH-responsive ligand-bonded chitosan-based nanoparticles are good alternatives for viral vectors in targeted delivery applications for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Sabourian
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Frounchi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Mashayekhan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Zarei Kheirabadi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Heydari
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, ROYAN Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ashraf
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran
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Choi SG, Shin J, Lee KY, Park H, Kim SI, Yi YY, Kim DW, Song HJ, Shin HJ. PINK1 siRNA-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles provide neuroprotection in a mouse model of photothrombosis-induced ischemic stroke. Glia 2023; 71:1294-1310. [PMID: 36655313 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is a well-known critical marker in the pathway for mitophagy regulation as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy flux play an important role in the development of brain damage from stroke pathogenesis. In this study, we propose a treatment strategy using nanoparticles that can control PINK1. We used a murine photothrombotic ischemic stroke (PTS) model in which clogging of blood vessels is induced with Rose Bengal (RB) to cause brain damage. We targeted PINK1 with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles loaded with PINK1 siRNA (PINK1 NPs). After characterizing siRNA loading in the nanoparticles, we assessed the efficacy of PINK1 NPs in mice with PTS using immunohistochemistry, 1% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, measurement of motor dysfunction, and Western blot. PINK1 was highly expressed in microglia 24 h after PTS induction. PINK1 siRNA treatment increased phagocytic activity, migration, and expression of an anti-inflammatory state in microglia. In addition, the PLGA nanoparticles were selectively taken up by microglia and specifically regulated PINK1 expression in those cells. Treatment with PINK1 NPs prior to stroke induction reduced expression of mitophagy-inducing factors, infarct volume, and motor dysfunction in mice with photothrombotic ischemia. Experiments with PINK1-knockout mice and microglia depletion with PLX3397 confirmed a decrease in stroke-induced infarct volume and behavioral dysfunction. Application of nanoparticles for PINK1 inhibition attenuates RB-induced photothrombotic ischemic injury by inhibiting microglia responses, suggesting that a nanomedical approach targeting the PINK1 pathway may provide a therapeutic avenue for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Gyu Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song I Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hallym University and Gangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Song
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital and College of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Gong W, Zhang T, Che M, Wang Y, He C, Liu L, Lv Z, Xiao C, Wang H, Zhang S. Recent advances in nanomaterials for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100524. [PMID: 36619202 PMCID: PMC9813796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are devastating. In SCIs, a powerful traumatic force impacting the spinal cord results in the permanent loss of nerve function below the injury level, leaving the patient paralyzed and wheelchair-bound for the remainder of his/her life. Unfortunately, clinical treatment that depends on surgical decompression appears to be unable to handle damaged nerves, and high-dose methylprednisolone-based therapy is also associated with problems, such as infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, femoral head necrosis, obesity, and hyperglycemia. Nanomaterials have opened new avenues for SCI treatment. Among them, performance-based nanomaterials derived from a variety of materials facilitate improvements in the microenvironment of traumatic injury and, in some cases, promote neuron regeneration. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems enable the optimization of drug effects and drug bioavailability, thus contributing to the development of novel treatments. The improved efficiency and accuracy of gene delivery will also benefit the exploration of SCI mechanisms and the understanding of key genes and signaling pathways. Herein, we reviewed different types of nanomaterials applied to the treatment of SCI and summarized their functions and advantages to provide new perspectives for future clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Gong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Mingxue Che
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Chuanyu He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Lidi Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Zhenshan Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China,Corresponding author. Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Codelivery of minocycline hydrochloride and dextran sulfate via bionic liposomes for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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biPACT: A method for three-dimensional visualization of mouse spinal cord circuits of long segments with high resolution. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 379:109672. [PMID: 35843371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial complexity of neuronal circuits in the central nervous system is a hurdle in understanding and treating brain and spinal cord injury (SCI). Although several methods have recently been developed to render the spinal cord transparent and label specific neural circuits, three-dimensional visualization of long segments of spinal cord with high resolution remains challenging for SCI researchers. NEW METHOD We present a method that combines tissue staining of neuronal tracts traced with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and a modified passive clarity clearing protocol to describe individual fibers in long segments of mouse spinal cord. RESULTS Corticospinal tract was traced with BDA with a mouse model of thoracic spinal cord injury. The spinal cord was stained and cleared in two weeks with four solutions: staining solution, hydrogel solution, clearing solution, and observation solution. The samples were observed with a light-sheet microscope, and three-dimensional reconstruction was performed with ImageJ software. High resolution-images comparable with tissue sections were obtained continuously and circumferentially. By tiling, it was possible to obtain high-resolution images of long segments of the spinal cord. The tissue could be easily re-stained in case of fading. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The present method does not require special equipment such as vacuum devices, can label specific circuits without genetic technology, and re-staining rounds can be easily implemented. CONCLUSIONS By using simple neural staining and clearing methods, it was possible to acquire a wide range of high-resolution three-dimensional images of the spinal cord.
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Controlled release and targeted drug delivery with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles: reviewing two decades of research. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jiang X, Liu X, Yu Q, Shen W, Mei X, Tian H, Wu C. Functional resveratrol-biodegradable manganese doped silica nanoparticles for the spinal cord injury treatment. Mater Today Bio 2021; 13:100177. [PMID: 34938991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes secondary injury, accompanied by pathological changes such as oxidative stress, inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. This leads to permanent disabilities such as paralysis and loss of movement or sensation. Due to the ineffectiveness of drugs passing through the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB), there is currently no effective treatment for SCI. The aim of this experiment was to design plasma complex component functionalized manganese-doped silica nanoparticles (PMMSN) with a redox response as a targeted drug carrier for resveratrol (RES), which effectively transports insoluble drugs to cross the BSCB. RES was adsorbed into PMMSN with a particle size of approximately 110 nm by the adsorption method, and the drug loading reached 32.61 ± 3.38%. The RES release results for the loaded sample (PMMSN-RES) showed that the PMMSN-RES exhibited a release slowly effect. In vitro and vivo experiments demonstrated that PMMSN-RES decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, reduced the expression of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and apoptotic cytokines (cleaved caspase-3) in spinal cord tissue after SCI. In summary, PMMSN-RES may be a potential pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of SCI by reducing neuronal apoptosis and inhibiting inflammation caused by reducing oxidative stress to promote the recovery of mouse motor function.
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Key Words
- BSCB, blood spinal cord barrier
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMSN, manganese-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- Manganese-doped silica nanoparticles
- MnO2, manganese dioxide
- Neuronal apoptosis
- Oxidative stress
- PMMSN, plasma complex component functionalized manganese-doped silica nanoparticles
- RES, resveratrol
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Redox response
- Resveratrol
- SCI, spinal cord injury
- SOD, increased superoxide dismutase
- Spinal cord injury
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Xiaoyao Liu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
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10
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Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) has been long thought of as a functional equivalent to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricting blood flow into the spinal cord. The spinal cord is supported by various disc tissues that provide agility and has different local immune responses compared to the brain. Though physiologically, structural components of the BSCB and BBB share many similarities, the clinical landscape significantly differs. Thus, it is crucial to understand the composition of BSCB and also to establish the cause–effect relationship with aberrations and spinal cord dysfunctions. Here, we provide a descriptive analysis of the anatomy, current techniques to assess the impairment of BSCB, associated risk factors and impact of spinal disorders such as spinal cord injury (SCI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral nerve injury (PNI), ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cavernous malformations (SCM) and cancer on BSCB dysfunction. Along with diagnostic and mechanistic analyses, we also provide an up-to-date account of available therapeutic options for BSCB repair. We emphasize the need to address BSCB as an individual entity and direct future research towards it.
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Dervan A, Franchi A, Almeida-Gonzalez FR, Dowling JK, Kwakyi OB, McCoy CE, O’Brien FJ, Hibbitts A. Biomaterial and Therapeutic Approaches for the Manipulation of Macrophage Phenotype in Peripheral and Central Nerve Repair. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2161. [PMID: 34959446 PMCID: PMC8706646 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral or central nervous systems often results in extensive loss of motor and sensory function that can greatly diminish quality of life. In both cases, macrophage infiltration into the injury site plays an integral role in the host tissue inflammatory response. In particular, the temporally related transition of macrophage phenotype between the M1/M2 inflammatory/repair states is critical for successful tissue repair. In recent years, biomaterial implants have emerged as a novel approach to bridge lesion sites and provide a growth-inductive environment for regenerating axons. This has more recently seen these two areas of research increasingly intersecting in the creation of 'immune-modulatory' biomaterials. These synthetic or naturally derived materials are fabricated to drive macrophages towards a pro-repair phenotype. This review considers the macrophage-mediated inflammatory events that occur following nervous tissue injury and outlines the latest developments in biomaterial-based strategies to influence macrophage phenotype and enhance repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Dervan
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio Franchi
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francisco R. Almeida-Gonzalez
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer K. Dowling
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ohemaa B. Kwakyi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire E. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (J.K.D.); (O.B.K.); (C.E.M.)
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O’Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Hibbitts
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (A.F.); (F.R.A.-G.); (F.J.O.)
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Advanced approaches to regenerate spinal cord injury: The development of cell and tissue engineering therapy and combinational treatments. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112529. [PMID: 34906773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system (CNS) devastate event that is commonly caused by traumatic or non-traumatic events. The reinnervation of spinal cord axons is hampered through a myriad of devices counting on the damaged myelin, inflammation, glial scar, and defective inhibitory molecules. Unfortunately, an effective treatment to completely repair SCI and improve functional recovery has not been found. In this regard, strategies such as using cells, biomaterials, biomolecules, and drugs have been reported to be effective for SCI recovery. Furthermore, recent advances in combinatorial treatments, which address various aspects of SCI pathophysiology, provide optimistic outcomes for spinal cord regeneration. According to the global importance of SCI, the goal of this article review is to provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SCI, with an emphasis on the latest modes of intervention and current advanced approaches for the treatment of SCI, in conjunction with an assessment of combinatorial approaches in preclinical and clinical trials. So, this article can give scientists and clinicians' clues to help them better understand how to construct preclinical and clinical studies that could lead to a breakthrough in spinal cord regeneration.
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13
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Liu X, Jiang X, Yu Q, Shen W, Tian H, Mei X, Wu C. Sodium alginate and Naloxone loaded macrophage-derived nanovesicles for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 17:87-101. [PMID: 35261646 PMCID: PMC8888181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes Ca2+ overload, which can lead to inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we prepared a nanovesicle derived from macrophage membrane (MVs), which encapsulated sodium alginate (SA) and naloxone (NAL) to inhibit inflammation and protect neurons by reducing the free Ca2+concentration at the SCI site. Based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image, the encapsulated sample (NAL–SA–MVs) had a particle size of approximately 134 ± 11 nm and exhibited a sustained release effect. The encapsulation rate of NAL and SA was 82.07% ± 3.27% and 72.13% ± 2.61% in NAL–SA–MVs, respectively. Targeting tests showed that the NAL–SA–MVs could accumulate in large quantities and enhance the concentration of SA and NAL at the lesion sites. In vivo and in vitro studies indicated that the NAL–SA–MVs could decrease the concentration of free Ca2+, which should further alleviate the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. Anti-inflammation results demonstrated that the NAL–SA–MVs could reduce the pro-inflammation factors (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and increase the expression of anti-inflammation factors (IL-10) at the cell and animal level. Concurrently, fluorescence, flow cytometry and western blot characterization showed that the apoptotic condition of the neurons was significantly inhibited. In addition, the motor function of C57 mice were significantly improved after NAL–SA–MVs treatment. In conclusion, it is suggested that the NAL–SA–MVs has tremendous potential in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Liu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121004, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Chao Wu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Gao J, Khang M, Liao Z, Detloff M, Lee JS. Therapeutic targets and nanomaterial-based therapies for mitigation of secondary injury after spinal cord injury. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2013-2028. [PMID: 34402308 PMCID: PMC8411395 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and the resulting neurological trauma commonly result in complete or incomplete neurological dysfunction and there are few effective treatments for primary SCI. However, the following secondary SCI, including the changes of microvasculature, inflammatory response and oxidative stress around the injury site, may provide promising therapeutic targets. The advances of nanomaterials hold promise for delivering therapeutics to alleviate secondary SCI and promote functional recovery. In this review, we highlight recent achievements of nanomaterial-based therapy, specifically targeting blood-spinal cord barrier disruption, mitigation of the inflammatory response and lightening of oxidative stress after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Minkyung Khang
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Zhen Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Megan Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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15
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A Green Approach to Producing Polymer Microparticles for Local Sustained Release of Flavopiridol. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Alpha-synuclein increases in rodent and human spinal cord injury and promotes inflammation and tissue loss. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11720. [PMID: 34083630 PMCID: PMC8175699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases in which α-synuclein protein accumulates in neurons and glia. In these diseases, α-synuclein forms dense intracellular aggregates that are disease hallmarks and actively contribute to tissue pathology. Interestingly, many pathological mechanisms, including iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, are shared between classical synucleinopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, to date, no studies have determined if α-synuclein accumulation occurs after human SCI. To examine this, cross-sections from injured and non-injured human spinal cords were immunolabeled for α-synuclein. This showed robust α-synuclein accumulation in profiles resembling axons and astrocytes in tissue surrounding the injury, revealing that α-synuclein markedly aggregates in traumatically injured human spinal cords. We also detected significant iron deposition in the injury site, a known catalyst for α-synuclein aggregation. Next a rodent SCI model mimicking the histological features of human SCI revealed aggregates and structurally altered monomers of α-synuclein are present after SCI. To determine if α-synuclein exacerbates SCI pathology, α-synuclein knockout mice were tested. Compared to wild type mice, α-synuclein knockout mice had significantly more spared axons and neurons and lower pro-inflammatory mediators, macrophage accumulation, and iron deposition in the injured spinal cord. Interestingly, locomotor analysis revealed that α-synuclein may be essential for dopamine-mediated hindlimb function after SCI. Collectively, the marked upregulation and long-lasting accumulation of α-synuclein and iron suggests that SCI may fit within the family of synucleinopathies and offer new therapeutic targets for promoting neuron preservation and improving function after spinal trauma.
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17
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Doblado LR, Martínez-Ramos C, Pradas MM. Biomaterials for Neural Tissue Engineering. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.643507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapy of neural nerve injuries that involve the disruption of axonal pathways or axonal tracts has taken a new dimension with the development of tissue engineering techniques. When peripheral nerve injury (PNI), spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), or neurodegenerative disease occur, the intricate architecture undergoes alterations leading to growth inhibition and loss of guidance through large distance. To improve the limitations of purely cell-based therapies, the neural tissue engineering philosophy has emerged. Efforts are being made to produce an ideal scaffold based on synthetic and natural polymers that match the exact biological and mechanical properties of the tissue. Furthermore, through combining several components (biomaterials, cells, molecules), axonal regrowth is facilitated to obtain a functional recovery of the neural nerve diseases. The main objective of this review is to investigate the recent approaches and applications of neural tissue engineering approaches.
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18
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Zhao C, Xing Z, Zhang C, Fan Y, Liu H. Nanopharmaceutical-based regenerative medicine: a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2367-2383. [PMID: 33662083 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02740e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that can lead to loss of perceptive and athletic function due to the severe nerve damage. To date, pieces of evidence detailing the precise pathological mechanisms in SCI are still unclear. Therefore, drug therapy cannot effectively alleviate the SCI symptoms and faces the limitations of systemic administration with large side effects. Thus, the development of SCI treatment strategies is urgent and valuable. Due to the application of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical research, nanopharmaceutical-based regenerative medicine will bring colossal development space for clinical medicine. These nanopharmaceuticals (i.e. nanocrystalline drugs and nanocarrier drugs) are designed using different types of materials or bioactive molecules, so as to improve the therapeutic effects, reduce side effects, and subtly deliver drugs, etc. Currently, an increasing number of nanopharmaceutical products have been approved by drug regulatory agencies, which has also prompted more researchers to focus on the potential treatment strategies of SCI. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize and elaborate the research progress as well as the challenges and future of nanopharmaceuticals in the treatment of SCI, aiming to promote further research of nanopharmaceuticals in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China. and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xing
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Chunchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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19
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Chakraborty A, Ciciriello AJ, Dumont CM, Pearson RM. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery to Treat Spinal Cord Injury-a Mini-review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:101. [PMID: 33712968 PMCID: PMC8733957 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need to develop improved and non-invasive strategies to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). Nanoparticles (NPs) are an enabling technology to improve drug delivery, modulate inflammatory responses, and restore functional responses following SCI. However, the complex pathophysiology associated with SCI presents several distinct challenges that must be overcome for sufficient NP drug delivery to the spinal cord. The objective of this mini-review is to highlight the physiological challenges and cell types available for modulation and discuss several promising advancements using NPs to improve SCI treatment. We will focus our discussion on recent innovative approaches in NP drug delivery and how the implementation of multifactorial approaches to address the proinflammatory and complex immune dysfunction in SCI offers significant potential to improve outcomes in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Andrew J Ciciriello
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida, 33156, USA
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute at the University of Miami (BioNIUM), University of Miami, 1951 NW Seventh Avenue Suite 475, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Courtney M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida, 33156, USA.
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute at the University of Miami (BioNIUM), University of Miami, 1951 NW Seventh Avenue Suite 475, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Maryland, 21201, Baltimore, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA.
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20
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A bioactive injectable self-healing anti-inflammatory hydrogel with ultralong extracellular vesicles release synergistically enhances motor functional recovery of spinal cord injury. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2523-2534. [PMID: 33615043 PMCID: PMC7873581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair and motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a worldwide challenge. The inflammatory microenvironment is one of main obstacles on inhibiting the recovery of SCI. Using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived extracellular vesicles to replace MSCs transplantation and mimic cell paracrine secretions provides a potential strategy for microenvironment regulation. However, the effective preservation and controlled release of extracellular vesicles in the injured spinal cord tissue are still not satisfied. Herein, we fabricated an injectable adhesive anti-inflammatory F127-polycitrate-polyethyleneimine hydrogel (FE) with sustainable and long term extracellular vesicle release (FE@EVs) for improving motor functional recovery after SCI. The orthotopic injection of FE@EVs hydrogel could encapsulate extracellular vesicles on the injured spinal cord, thereby synergistically induce efficient integrated regulation through suppressing fibrotic scar formation, reducing inflammatory reaction, promoting remyelination and axonal regeneration. This study showed that combining extracellular vesicles into bioactive multifunctional hydrogel should have great potential in achieving satisfactory locomotor recovery of central nervous system diseases. The novel FE hydrogel was designed for encapsulating the extracellular vesicles (FE@EVs). FE hydrogel exert the capabilities of temperature-responsive, injectable, adhesive and biocompatible. FE hydrogel with sustainable and long-term extracellular vesicle release for improving motor functional recovery after SCI. FE@EVs plays a vital role in pathological process of spinal cord injury in rats.
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21
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Tian T, Li X. Applications of tissue clearing in the spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4019-4036. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Capital Medical University Beijing China
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22
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Li L, Zhang Y, Mu J, Chen J, Zhang C, Cao H, Gao J. Transplantation of Human Mesenchymal Stem-Cell-Derived Exosomes Immobilized in an Adhesive Hydrogel for Effective Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4298-4305. [PMID: 32379461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is among the most fatal diseases. The complicated inhibitory microenvironment requires comprehensive mitigation. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are natural biocarriers of cell paracrine secretions that bear the functions of microenvironment regulation. However, the effective retention, release, and integration of exosomes into the injured spinal cord tissue are poorly defined. Herein, an innovative implantation strategy is established using human MSC-derived exosomes immobilized in a peptide-modified adhesive hydrogel (Exo-pGel). Unlike systemic admistration of exosomes, topical transplantation of the Exo-pGel provides an exosome-encapsulated extracellular matrix to the injured nerve tissue, thereby inducing effecient comprehensive mitigation of the SCI microenvironment. The implanted exosomes exhibit efficient retention and sustained release in the host nerve tissues. The Exo-pGel elicits significant nerve recovery and urinary tissue preservation by effectively mitigating inflammation and oxidation. The Exo-pGel therapy presents a promising strategy for effective treatment of central nervous system diseases based on exosome implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiafu Mu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiachen Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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23
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Shin N, Shin HJ, Yi Y, Beom J, Lee W, Lee CH, Kim DW. p66shc siRNA-Encapsulated PLGA Nanoparticles Ameliorate Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Nerve Ligation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051014. [PMID: 32365512 PMCID: PMC7284875 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p66shc, a member of the shc adaptor protein family, has been shown to participate in regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis, apoptosis, and autophagosome formation. The present study was performed to investigate whether p66shc siRNA-encapsulated poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (p66shc siRNA-PLGA NPs) can attenuate spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain in rats. The SNL-induced pain behavior was decreased in the p66shc siRNA-PLGA NP-treated group compared with the scrambled siRNA-PLGA NP-treated group. In the L5 spinal cord of the p66shc siRNA-PLGA NP-treated group, expression levels of phosphorylated p66shc, cleaved caspase-3, p62, and PINK1, as well as microglial activation, were also decreased. In addition, p66shc knockdown using p66shc siRNA reduced the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, p62, and PINK1, as well as proinflammatory mediators in the H2O2-treated HT22 neuronal cells. These results suggest that downregulation of p66shc expression in the spinal cord using p66shc siRNA-PLGA NPs could reduce the SNL-induced neuropathic pain by attenuating the SNL-induced aberrant autophagic, mitophagic, and neuroinflammatory processes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Yoonyoung Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hallym University and Gangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea
| | - Jaewon Beom
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Wonhyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-H.L.); (D.W.K.); Tel.: +82-41-550-1441 (C.-H.L.); +82-42-580-8201 (D.W.K.); Fax: +82-41-559-7899 (C.-H.L.); +82-42-586-4800 (D.W.K.)
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-H.L.); (D.W.K.); Tel.: +82-41-550-1441 (C.-H.L.); +82-42-580-8201 (D.W.K.); Fax: +82-41-559-7899 (C.-H.L.); +82-42-586-4800 (D.W.K.)
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24
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Pourtalebi Jahromi L, Ghazali M, Ashrafi H, Azadi A. A comparison of models for the analysis of the kinetics of drug release from PLGA-based nanoparticles. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03451. [PMID: 32140583 PMCID: PMC7049635 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) has received much academic attention for developing nanotherapeutics and FDA has approved it for several applications. An important parameter that dictates the bioavailability and hence the biological effect of the drug is drug release from its delivering system. This study offers a comparative mathematical analysis of drug release from Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)–based nanoparticles to suggest a general model explaining multi-mechanistic release they provide. Methods Eight release models, zero order, first order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, the square root of mass, the three-second root of mass, Weibull and Korsmeyer-Peppas, as well as the second degree polynomial equation were applied to 60 data sets. The models analysed regarding several types of errors, regression parameters and average Akaike information criterion. Results and discussion Most of the data sets present the highest R2, the lowest overall error and AIC for the Weibull model. Weibull model with the mean AIC = -36.37 and mean OE = 7.24 and the highest NE less than 5, 10, 15 and 20 % in most of the cases best fits the release data from various PLGA-based drug delivery systems that are studied. Weibull model seems to show enough flexibility to describe various release patterns PLGA provides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ghazali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hajar Ashrafi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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25
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Lin J, Pan X, Huang C, Gu M, Chen X, Zheng X, Shao Z, Hu S, Wang B, Lin H, Wu Y, Tian N, Wu Y, Gao W, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Wang X. Dual regulation of microglia and neurons by Astragaloside IV-mediated mTORC1 suppression promotes functional recovery after acute spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:671-685. [PMID: 31675186 PMCID: PMC6933381 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and neuronal apoptosis contribute to the progression of secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are targets for SCI therapy; autophagy is reported to suppress apoptosis in neuronal cells and M2 polarization may attenuate inflammatory response in microglia, while both are negatively regulated by mTORC1 signalling. We hypothesize that mTORC1 suppression may have dual effects on inflammation and neuronal apoptosis and may be a feasible approach for SCI therapy. In this study, we evaluate a novel inhibitor of mTORC1 signalling, Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that AS-IV may suppress mTORC1 signalling both in neuronal cells and microglial cells in vitro and in vivo. AS-IV treatment may stimulate autophagy in neuronal cells and protect them against apoptosis through autophagy regulation; it may also promote M2 polarization in microglial cells and attenuate neuroinflammation. In vivo, rats were intraperitoneally injected with AS-IV (10 mg/kg/d) after SCI, behavioural and histological evaluations showed that AS-IV may promote functional recovery in rats after SCI. We propose that mTORC1 suppression may attenuate both microglial inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis and promote functional recovery after SCI, while AS-IV may become a novel therapeutic medicine for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangxiang Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chongan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingbao Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ximiao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xuanqi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenxuan Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sunli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Lin
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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26
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Ashammakhi N, Kim HJ, Ehsanipour A, Bierman RD, Kaarela O, Xue C, Khademhosseini A, Seidlits SK. Regenerative Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 25:471-491. [PMID: 31452463 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious problem that primarily affects younger and middle-aged adults at its onset. To date, no effective regenerative treatment has been developed. Over the last decade, researchers have made significant advances in stem cell technology, biomaterials, nanotechnology, and immune engineering, which may be applied as regenerative therapies for the spinal cord. Although the results of clinical trials using specific cell-based therapies have proven safe, their efficacy has not yet been demonstrated. The pathophysiology of SCI is multifaceted, complex and yet to be fully understood. Thus, combinatorial therapies that simultaneously leverage multiple approaches will likely be required to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Although combinations of biomaterials with pharmacologic agents or cells have been explored, few studies have combined these modalities in a systematic way. For most strategies, clinical translation will be facilitated by the use of minimally invasive therapies, which are the focus of this review. In addition, this review discusses previously explored therapies designed to promote neuroregeneration and neuroprotection after SCI, while highlighting present challenges and future directions. Impact Statement To date there are no effective treatments that can regenerate the spinal cord after injury. Although there have been significant preclinical advances in bioengineering and regenerative medicine over the last decade, these have not translated into effective clinical therapies for spinal cord injury. This review focuses on minimally invasive therapies, providing extensive background as well as updates on recent technological developments and current clinical trials. This review is a comprehensive resource for researchers working towards regenerative therapies for spinal cord injury that will help guide future innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Outi Kaarela
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chengbin Xue
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie K Seidlits
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), Los Angeles, California.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), Los Angeles, California.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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27
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Xu AK, Gong Z, He YZ, Xia KS, Tao HM. Comprehensive therapeutics targeting the corticospinal tract following spinal cord injury. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:205-218. [PMID: 30829009 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), which is much in the public eye, is still a refractory disease compromising the well-being of both patients and society. In spite of there being many methods dealing with the lesion, there is still a deficiency in comprehensive strategies covering all facets of this damage. Further, we should also mention the structure called the corticospinal tract (CST) which plays a crucial role in the motor responses of organisms, and it will be the focal point of our attention. In this review, we discuss a variety of strategies targeting different dimensions following SCI and some treatments that are especially efficacious to the CST are emphasized. Over recent decades, researchers have developed many effective tactics involving five approaches: (1) tackle more extensive regions; (2) provide a regenerative microenvironment; (3) provide a glial microenvironment; (4) transplantation; and (5) other auxiliary methods, for instance, rehabilitation training and electrical stimulation. We review the basic knowledge on this disease and correlative treatments. In addition, some well-formulated perspectives and hypotheses have been delineated. We emphasize that such a multifaceted problem needs combinatorial approaches, and we analyze some discrepancies in past studies. Finally, for the future, we present numerous brand-new latent tactics which have great promise for curbing SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Kai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yu-Zhe He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Kai-Shun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hui-Min Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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28
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Song YH, Agrawal NK, Griffin JM, Schmidt CE. Recent advances in nanotherapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:38-59. [PMID: 30582938 PMCID: PMC6959132 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and complicated condition with no cure available. The initial mechanical trauma is followed by a secondary injury characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibitory glial scar formation. Due to the limitations posed by the blood-spinal cord barrier, systemic delivery of therapeutics is challenging. Recent development of various nanoscale strategies provides exciting and promising new means of treating SCI by crossing the blood-spinal cord barrier and delivering therapeutics. As such, we discuss different nanomaterial fabrication methods and provide an overview of recent studies where nanomaterials were developed to modulate inflammatory signals, target inhibitory factors in the lesion, and promote axonal regeneration after SCI. We also review emerging areas of research such as optogenetics, immunotherapy and CRISPR-mediated genome editing where nanomaterials can provide synergistic effects in developing novel SCI therapy regimens, as well as current efforts and barriers to clinical translation of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hye Song
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikunj K Agrawal
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan M Griffin
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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29
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Standardized human bone marrow-derived stem cells infusion improves survival and recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. J Neurol Sci 2019; 402:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Chen KTJ, Gilabert-Oriol R, Bally MB, Leung AWY. Recent Treatment Advances and the Role of Nanotechnology, Combination Products, and Immunotherapy in Changing the Therapeutic Landscape of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Pharm Res 2019; 36:125. [PMID: 31236772 PMCID: PMC6591181 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia that is becoming more prevalent particularly in the older (65 years of age or older) population. For decades, "7 + 3" remission induction therapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline, followed by consolidation therapy, has been the standard of care treatment for AML. This stagnancy in AML treatment has resulted in less than ideal treatment outcomes for AML patients, especially for elderly patients and those with unfavourable profiles. Over the past two years, six new therapeutic agents have received regulatory approval, suggesting that a number of obstacles to treating AML have been addressed and the treatment landscape for AML is finally changing. This review outlines the challenges and obstacles in treating AML and highlights the advances in AML treatment made in recent years, including Vyxeos®, midostaurin, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, and venetoclax, with particular emphasis on combination treatment strategies. We also discuss the potential utility of new combination products such as one that we call "EnFlaM", which comprises an encapsulated nanoformulation of flavopiridol and mitoxantrone. Finally, we provide a review on the immunotherapeutic landscape of AML, discussing yet another angle through which novel treatments can be designed to further improve treatment outcomes for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent T J Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roger Gilabert-Oriol
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Cuprous Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Ada W Y Leung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Cuprous Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Chen JC, Li LM, Gao JQ. Biomaterials for local drug delivery in central nervous system. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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32
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Yuan H, Hu Y, Jiang L, Wang T. The research progress of miRNA/lncRNA associated with spinal cord injury. IBRAIN 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2019.tb00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yuan
- Department of Spinal SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological DiseaseTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological DiseaseTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ting‐Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological DiseaseTranslational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
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33
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Zuidema JM, Gilbert RJ, Gottipati MK. Biomaterial Approaches to Modulate Reactive Astroglial Response. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:372-395. [PMID: 30517922 PMCID: PMC6397084 DOI: 10.1159/000494667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over several decades, biomaterial scientists have developed materials to spur axonal regeneration and limit secondary injury and tested these materials within preclinical animal models. Rarely, though, are astrocytes examined comprehensively when biomaterials are placed into the injury site. Astrocytes support neuronal function in the central nervous system. Following an injury, astrocytes undergo reactive gliosis and create a glial scar. The astrocytic glial scar forms a dense barrier which restricts the extension of regenerating axons through the injury site. However, there are several beneficial effects of the glial scar, including helping to reform the blood-brain barrier, limiting the extent of secondary injury, and supporting the health of regenerating axons near the injury site. This review provides a brief introduction to the role of astrocytes in the spinal cord, discusses astrocyte phenotypic changes that occur following injury, and highlights studies that explored astrocyte changes in response to biomaterials tested within in vitro or in vivo environments. Overall, we suggest that in order to improve biomaterial designs for spinal cord injury applications, investigators should more thoroughly consider the astrocyte response to such designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Zuidema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Manoj K Gottipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA,
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA,
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA,
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34
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Ren H, Chen X, Tian M, Zhou J, Ouyang H, Zhang Z. Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokines for Spinal Cord Injury Repair Through Local Delivery of Therapeutic Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800529. [PMID: 30479916 PMCID: PMC6247077 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The balance of inflammation is critical to the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI), which is one of the most devastating traumas in human beings. Inflammatory cytokines, the direct mediators of local inflammation, have differential influences on the repair of the injured spinal cord. Some inflammatory cytokines are demonstrated beneficial to spinal cord repair in SCI models, while some detrimental. Various animal researches have revealed that local delivery of therapeutic agents efficiently regulates inflammatory cytokines and promotes repair from SCI. Quite a few clinical studies have also shown the promotion of repair from SCI through regulation of inflammatory cytokines. However, local delivery of a single agent affects only a part of the inflammatory cytokines that need to be regulated. Meanwhile, different individuals have differential profiles of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, future studies may aim to develop personalized strategies of locally delivered therapeutic agent cocktails for effective and precise regulation of inflammation, and substantial functional recovery from SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityNo. 63 Duobao RoadGuangzhou510150P. R. China
| | - Xuri Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Mengya Tian
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Translational Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing TechnologiesGuangzhou Medical UniversityNo. 63 Duobao RoadGuangzhou510150P. R. China
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35
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Xiao X, Wang X, Liu Z, Wu Y, Yang Y, Hu W, Zhang Y. Local Administration of Methylated Prednisolone Comprising Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Improves Post Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.624.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Maclean FL, Horne MK, Williams RJ, Nisbet DR. Review: Biomaterial systems to resolve brain inflammation after traumatic injury. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:021502. [PMID: 31069296 PMCID: PMC6481708 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS) is a tightly regulated cascade of events which is a balance of both cytotoxic and cytotrophic effects which determine the outcome of an injury. The two effects are inextricably linked, particularly in traumatic brain injury or stroke, where permanent dysfunction is often observed. Chronic brain inflammation is a key barrier to regeneration. This is considered a toxic, growth inhibitory mechanism; yet, the inflammatory response must also be considered as a mechanism that can be exploited as protective and reparative. Repurposing this complex response is the challenge for tissue engineers: to design treatments to repair and regenerate damaged tissue after brain insult. Astrocytes are important cells within the CNS which play a key role after traumatic brain injury. A comprehensive understanding of their functions-both cytotrophic and cytotoxic-will enable designed materials and drug delivery approaches for improved treatment options post traumatic injury. Understanding, evaluating, and designing biomaterials that match the healthy neural environment to temporally alter the inflammatory cascade represent a promise neural tissue engineering strategy to optimise repair and regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L. Maclean
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Richard J. Williams
- R. J. Williams and D. R. Nisbet contributed equally to this work. Electronic addresses: and
| | - David R. Nisbet
- R. J. Williams and D. R. Nisbet contributed equally to this work. Electronic addresses: and
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37
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Zhang B, Yan W, Zhu Y, Yang W, Le W, Chen B, Zhu R, Cheng L. Nanomaterials in Neural-Stem-Cell-Mediated Regenerative Medicine: Imaging and Treatment of Neurological Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705694. [PMID: 29543350 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Patients are increasingly being diagnosed with neuropathic diseases, but are rarely cured because of the loss of neurons in damaged tissues. This situation creates an urgent clinical need to develop alternative treatment strategies for effective repair and regeneration of injured or diseased tissues. Neural stem cells (NSCs), highly pluripotent cells with the ability of self-renewal and potential for multidirectional differentiation, provide a promising solution to meet this demand. However, some serious challenges remaining to be addressed are the regulation of implanted NSCs, tracking their fate, monitoring their interaction with and responsiveness to the tissue environment, and evaluating their treatment efficacy. Nanomaterials have been envisioned as innovative components to further empower the field of NSC-based regenerative medicine, because their unique physicochemical characteristics provide unparalleled solutions to the imaging and treatment of diseases. By building on the advantages of nanomaterials, tremendous efforts have been devoted to facilitate research into the clinical translation of NSC-based therapy. Here, recent work on emerging nanomaterials is highlighted and their performance in the imaging and treatment of neurological diseases is evaluated, comparing the strengths and weaknesses of various imaging modalities currently used. The underlying mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbo Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yanjing Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Weitao Yang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Wenjun Le
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Bingdi Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Institute of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
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38
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Thompson R, Sakiyama-Elbert S. Using biomaterials to promote pro-regenerative glial phenotypes after nervous system injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:024104. [PMID: 29186011 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trauma to either the central or peripheral nervous system (PNS) often leads to significant loss of function and disability in patients. This high rate of long-term disability is due to the overall limited regenerative potential of nervous tissue, even though the PNS has more regenerative potential than the central nervous system (CNS). The supporting glial cells in the periphery, Schwann cells, are part of the reason for the improved recovery observed in the PNS. In the CNS, the glial populations, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (OLs), do not have as much potential to promote regeneration and are at times inhibitory to neuronal growth. In particular, the inhibitory roles astrocytes play following trauma has led to a historical focus on neurons and OLs instead of astrocytes. Recently, this focus has shifted as new, regenerative astrocyte phenotypes have been described. From these observations, glial cells clearly play critical roles in native recovery pathways in both the CNS and PNS. This makes the ability to manipulate both transplanted and native glial cell phenotypes a potentially successful strategy to improve nerve injury outcomes. This review focuses on factors that cause glial cells to adopt repair phenotypes and biomaterials that manipulate and/or harness these glial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin 107 W Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brooking Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America
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Ham TR, Leipzig ND. Biomaterial strategies for limiting the impact of secondary events following spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:024105. [PMID: 29155409 PMCID: PMC5824690 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9bbb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nature of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often involves limited recovery and long-term quality of life complications. The initial injury sets off a variety of secondary cascades, which result in an expanded lesion area. Ultimately, the native tissue fails to regenerate. As treatments are developed in the laboratory, the management of this secondary cascade is an important first step in achieving recovery of normal function. Current literature identifies four broad targets for intervention: inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier, and formation of an inhibitory glial scar. Because of the complex and interconnected nature of these events, strategies that combine multiple therapies together show much promise. Specifically, approaches that rely on biomaterials to perform a variety of functions are generating intense research interest. In this review, we examine each target and discuss how biomaterials are currently used to address them. Overall, we show that there are an impressive amount of biomaterials and combinatorial treatments which show good promise for slowing secondary events and improving outcomes. If more emphasis is placed on growing our understanding of how materials can manage secondary events, treatments for SCI can be designed in an increasingly rational manner, ultimately improving their potential for translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R Ham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Auburn Science and Engineering Center 275, West Tower, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, United States of America
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40
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Gomes ED, Mendes SS, Assunção-Silva RC, Teixeira FG, Pires AO, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Leite-Almeida H, Gimble JM, Sousa N, Lepore AC, Silva NA, Salgado AJ. Co-Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Stem Cells 2018; 36:696-708. [PMID: 29352743 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI) still have a dismal prognosis. Despite all the efforts developed in this area, currently there are no effective treatments. Therefore, cell therapies have been proposed as a viable alternative to the current treatments used. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been used with promising results in different models of SCI, namely due to the regenerative properties of the secretome of the first, and the guidance capability of the second. Using an in vitro model of axonal growth, the dorsal root ganglia explants, we demonstrated that OECs induce neurite outgrowth mainly through cell-cell interactions, while ASCs' effects are strongly mediated by the release of paracrine factors. A proteomic analysis of ASCs' secretome revealed the presence of proteins involved in VEGF, PI3K, and Cadherin signaling pathways, which may be responsible for the effects observed. Then, the cotransplantation of ASCs and OECs showed to improve motor deficits of SCI-rats. Particular parameters of movement such as stepping, coordination, and toe clearance were improved in rats that received the transplant of cells, in comparison to nontreated rats. A histological analysis of the spinal cord tissues revealed that transplantation of ASCs and OECs had a major effect on the reduction of inflammatory cells close the lesion site. A slight reduction of astrogliosis was also evident. Overall, the results obtained with the present work indicate that the cotransplantation of ASCs and OECs brings important functional benefits to the injured spinal cord. Stem Cells 2018;36:696-708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Mendes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rita C Assunção-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana O Pires
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Life Sciences.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Angelo C Lepore
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Chen XG, Hua F, Wang SG, Tang HH. Albumin-Conjugated Lipid-Based Multilayered Nanoemulsion Improves Drug Specificity and Anti-Inflammatory Potential at the Spinal Cord Injury gSite after Intravenous Administration. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:590-598. [PMID: 28875455 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin-conjugated multilayered nanoemulsion (albumin-MNE) of methyl prednisolone (MP) was developed to ensure the specificity of the drug at the spinal cord injury (SCI) site. MNE was prepared by emulsification followed by ionic deposition of oppositely charged polymer followed by albumin conjugation using N-hydroxysuccinimide. Prepared nanoemulsion was characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (Zp), pH, viscosity, and entrapment efficiency. It was further evaluated for shape and morphological analysis, in vitro release, cell viability, and in vivo efficacy against post SCI-like conditions in terms of behavioral assessment, histopathological evaluation, and immunoflorescence assay of the histological sections showing Bax-driven apoptosis. Entrapment efficiency, particle size, PDI, and Zp of spherical-shaped, smooth-surfaced MNE droplets were found to be 68.9%, 83.2 ± 14.4 nm, 0.231, and + 62.7 mV, respectively. In vitro release of MP from MNE and albumin-MNE was observed to be 68.5 and 72.2% after 96th hour of the study. MNE showed higher viability of astrocytes than MP solution. Albumin-MNE improved behavior of SCI rat and histopathological conditions in a very effective manner when compared with MNE. Immunoflorescence assay reveals explicit decline in mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by sub-cellular upregulation of Bax at spinal cord injury site. In conclusion, albumin-MNE delivered MP specifically at SCI site and avoided its instant availability inside astrocytes culture. On account of which the chitosan stabilized, lecithin-emulsified, multilayered nanoemulsion of MP depicts higher efficacy and safety than MNE and may offer safe and effective mean for the treatment of post SCI-like conditions in human.
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Hao M, Ji XR, Chen H, Zhang W, Zhang LC, Zhang LH, Tang PF, Lu N. Cell cycle and complement inhibitors may be specific for treatment of spinal cord injury in aged and young mice: Transcriptomic analyses. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:518-527. [PMID: 29623939 PMCID: PMC5900517 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported age-specific pathological and functional outcomes in young and aged patients suffering spinal cord injury, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined mice with spinal cord injury. Gene expression profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (accession number GSE93561) were used, including spinal cord samples from 3 young injured mice (2-3-months old, induced by Impactor at Th9 level) and 3 control mice (2-3-months old, no treatment), as well as 2 aged injured mice (15-18-months old, induced by Impactor at Th9 level) and 2 control mice (15-18-months old, no treatment). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in spinal cord tissue from injured and control mice were identified using the Linear Models for Microarray data method, with a threshold of adjusted P < 0.05 and |logFC(fold change)| > 1.5. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using data from the STRING database, followed by module analysis by Cytoscape software to screen crucial genes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the underlying functions of DEGs using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Consequently, 1,604 and 1,153 DEGs were identified between injured and normal control mice in spinal cord tissue of aged and young mice, respectively. Furthermore, a Venn diagram showed that 960 DEGs were shared among aged and young mice, while 644 and 193 DEGs were specific to aged and young mice, respectively. Functional enrichment indicates that shared DEGs are involved in osteoclast differentiation, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Unique genes for aged and young injured groups were involved in the cell cycle (upregulation of PLK1) and complement (upregulation of C3) activation, respectively. These findings were confirmed by functional analysis of genes in modules (common, 4; aged, 2; young, 1) screened from protein-protein interaction networks. Accordingly, cell cycle and complement inhibitors may be specific treatments for spinal cord injury in aged and young mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Ran Ji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Li-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Fu Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
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Chen C, Wang H, Zhu G, Sun Z, Xu X, Li F, Luo S. Three-dimensional poly lactic-co-glycolic acid scaffold containing autologous platelet-rich plasma supports keloid fibroblast growth and contributes to keloid formation in a nude mouse model. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 89:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis promotes recovery after spinal cord injury by mediating bone marrow-derived from mesenchymal stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11629-11640. [PMID: 28099928 PMCID: PMC5355292 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the role of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in mediating BMSCs and SCI recovery. BMSCs were collected and SCI rat models were established. Wistar rats were assigned into the blank control, sham, SCI, SCI + BMSCs, SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1, SCI + BMSCs + AMD3100 (an inhibitor of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis) and SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 + AMD3100 groups. Hind limb motor function was measured 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after operation. qRT-PCR, western blotting and ELISA was performed to determine the expressions of SDF-1, CXCR4, NGF, BDNF, GFAP and GAP-43, TNF-α, IL-1β, L-6 and IFN-γ. Hind limb motor function scores 7 days after the operation were reduced in the SCI rats of the blank control and sham groups. Hind limb function was found to be better in the SCI + BMSCs and SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 groups than in the SCI, SCI + BMSCs + AMD3100 and SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 + AMD3100 groups 14, 21 and 28 days after operation. Furthermore, the SCI group had lower SDF-1, CXCR4, NGF, BDNF and GAP-43 expressions but higher GFAP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ than the blank control and sham groups 28 days after operation. While, the SCI + BMSCs, SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 and SCI + BMSCs + SDF-1 + AMD3100 groups displayed opposite trends to the SCI and SCI + BMSCs + AMD3100 groups. In conclusion, SDF-1/CXCR4 axis promotes recovery after SCI by mediating BMSCs.
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Wang W, Shahzad KA, Li M, Zhang A, Zhang L, Xu T, Wan X, Shen C. An Antigen-Presenting and Apoptosis-Inducing Polymer Microparticle Prolongs Alloskin Graft Survival by Selectively and Markedly Depleting Alloreactive CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649247 PMCID: PMC5465244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively depleting the pathogenic T cells is a fundamental strategy for the treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune disease since it retains the overall immune function of host. The concept of killer artificial antigen-presenting cells (KaAPCs) has been developed by co-coupling peptide–major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimer and anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (mAb) onto the polymeric microparticles (MPs) to induce the apoptosis of antigen-specific T cells. But little information is available about its in vivo therapeutic potential and mechanism. In this study, polyethylenimine (PEI)-coated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid microparticle (PLGA MP) was fabricated as a cell-sized scaffold to covalently co-couple H-2Kb-Ig dimer and anti-Fas mAb for the generation of alloantigen-presenting and apoptosis-inducing MPs. Intravenous infusions of the biodegradable KaAPCs prolonged the alloskin graft survival for 43 days in a single MHC-mismatched murine model, depleted the most of H-2Kb-alloreactive CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and alloskin graft in an antigen-specific manner and anti-Fas-dependent fashion. The cell-sized KaAPCs circulated throughout vasculature into liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, lung, and heart, but few ones into local allograft at early stage, with a retention time up to 36 h in vivo. They colocalized with CD8+ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs while few ones contacted with CD4+ T cells, B cells, macrophage, and dendritic cells, or internalized by phagocytes. Importantly, the KaAPC treatment did not significantly impair the native T cell repertoire or non-pathogenic immune cells, did not obviously suppress the overall immune function of host, and did not lead to visible organ toxicity. Our results strongly document the high potential of PLGA MP-based KaAPCs as a novel antigen-specific immunotherapy for allograft rejection and autoimmune disorder. The in vivo mechanism of alloinhibition, tissue distribution, and biosafety were also initially characterized, which will facilitate its translational studies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Khawar Ali Shahzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaochen Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanlai Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Nejati-Koshki K, Mortazavi Y, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Sheoran S, Zarghami N. An update on application of nanotechnology and stem cells in spinal cord injury regeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Ziemba AM, Gilbert RJ. Biomaterials for Local, Controlled Drug Delivery to the Injured Spinal Cord. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:245. [PMID: 28539887 PMCID: PMC5423911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Affecting approximately 17,000 new people each year, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating injury that leads to permanent paraplegia or tetraplegia. Current pharmacological approaches are limited in their ability to ameliorate this injury pathophysiology, as many are not delivered locally, for a sustained duration, or at the correct injury time point. With this review, we aim to communicate the importance of combinatorial biomaterial and pharmacological approaches that target certain aspects of the dynamically changing pathophysiology of SCI. After reviewing the pathophysiology timeline, we present experimental biomaterial approaches to provide local sustained doses of drug. In this review, we present studies using a variety of biomaterials, including hydrogels, particles, and fibers/conduits for drug delivery. Subsequently, we discuss how each may be manipulated to optimize drug release during a specific time frame following SCI. Developing polymer biomaterials that can effectively release drug to target specific aspects of SCI pathophysiology will result in more efficacious approaches leading to better regeneration and recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan J. Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, TroyNY, USA
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Lan L, Tian FR, ZhuGe DL, ZhuGe QC, Shen BX, Jin BH, Huang JP, Wu MZ, Fan LX, Zhao YZ, Xu HL. Implantable porous gelatin microspheres sustained release of bFGF and improved its neuroprotective effect on rats after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173814. [PMID: 28291798 PMCID: PMC5349659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, porous gelatin microspheres (GMSs) were constructed to improve the neuroprotective effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on spinal cord injury. GMSs were prepared by a W/O emulsion template, followed by cross-linking, washing and drying. The particle sizes and surface porosity of the blank GMSs were carefully characterized by scan electronic microscopy. The blank GMSs have a mean particle size of 35μm and theirs surface was coarse and porous. bFGF was easily encapsulated inside the bulk GMSs through diffusion along the porous channel. 200μg of bFGF was completely encapsulated in 100mg of GMSs. The bFGF-loaded GMSs displayed a continuous drug release pattern without an obvious burst release over two weeks in vitro. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of bFGF-loaded GMSs were also evaluated in spinal cord injury rat model. After implantation of bFGF-loaded GMSs, the recovery of the motor function of SCI rats were evaluated by behavioral score and foot print experiment. The motor function of SCI rats treated with bFGF-loaded GMSs was more obvious than that treated with free bFGF solution (P<0.05). At the 28th days after treatment, rats were sacrificed and the injured spinal were removed for histopathological and apoptosis examination. Compared with treatment with free bFGF solution, treatment with bFGF-loaded GMSs resulted in a less necrosis, less infiltration of leukocytes, and a reduced the cavity ratio and less apoptotic cells in injured spinal(P<0.01), indicating its better therapeutic effect. Implantable porous GMSs may be a potential carrier to deliver bFGF for therapy of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fu-Rong Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - De-Li ZhuGe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qi-Chuan ZhuGe
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bi-Xin Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bing-Hui Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- WenZhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, WenZhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Ze Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lu-Xin Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - He-Lin Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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Bin S, Zhou N, Pan J, Pan F, Wu XF, Zhou ZH. Nano-carrier mediated co-delivery of methyl prednisolone and minocycline for improved post-traumatic spinal cord injury conditions in rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1033-1041. [PMID: 28279078 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1291669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the fate of albumin coupled nanoparticulate system over non-targeted drug carrier in the treatment of hemisectioned spinal cord injury (SCI). SIGNIFICANCE Targeted delivery of methyl prednisolone (MP) and minocycline (MC) portrayed improved therapeutic efficacy as compared with non-targeted nanoparticles (NPS). METHODS Albumin coupled, chitosan stabilized, and cationic NPS (albumin-MP + MC - NPS) of poly-(lactide-co-glycolic acid) were prepared using the emulsion solvent evaporation method. Prepared NPS were characterized for drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, poly-dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and morphological characteristics. Their evaluation was done based on the pharmaceutical, toxicological, and pharmacological parameters. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In vitro release of MP + MC from albumin-MP + MC - NPS and MP + MC - NPS was observed to be very controlled for the period of eight days. Cell viability study portrayed non-toxic nature of the developed NPS. Albumin-MP + MC - NPS showed prominent anti-inflammatory potential as compared with non-targeted NPS (MP + MC - NPS) when studied in LPS-induced inflamed astrocytes. Albumin-MP + MC - NPS reduced lesional volume and improved behavioral outcomes significantly in rats with SCI (hemisectioned injury model) when compared with that of MP + MC - NPS. CONCLUSIONS Albumin-coupled NPS carrier offered an effective method of SCI treatment following safe co-administration of MP and MC. The in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of MP + MC was improved tremendously when compared with the effectiveness showed by MP + MC - NPS. That could be attributed to the site specific, controlled release of MP + MC to the inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Bin
- a Department of Spine Surgery , Shanghai East Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Ningfeng Zhou
- a Department of Spine Surgery , Shanghai East Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Jie Pan
- a Department of Spine Surgery , Shanghai East Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Fumin Pan
- a Department of Spine Surgery , Shanghai East Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- b Department of Orthopaedics , Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zi-Hui Zhou
- a Department of Spine Surgery , Shanghai East Hospital , Shanghai , China
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50
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Ordikhani F, Sheth S, Zustiak SP. Polymeric particle-mediated molecular therapies to treat spinal cord injury. Int J Pharm 2017; 516:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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