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Tufano I, Vecchione R, Panzetta V, Battista E, Casale C, Imparato G, Netti PA. Multistage Nanocarrier Based on an Oil Core-Graphene Oxide Shell. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:827. [PMID: 38931947 PMCID: PMC11207637 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Potent synthetic drugs, as well as biomolecules extracted from plants, have been investigated for their selectivity toward cancer cells. The main limitation in cancer treatment is the ability to bring such molecules within each single cancer cell, which requires accumulation in the peritumoral region followed by homogeneous spreading within the entire tissue. In the last decades, nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool due to its ability to protect the drug during blood circulation and allow enhanced accumulation around the leaky regions of the tumor vasculature. However, the ideal size for accumulation of around 100 nm is too large for effective penetration into the dense collagen matrix. Therefore, we propose a multistage system based on graphene oxide nanosheet-based quantum dots (GOQDs) with dimensions that are 12 nm, functionalized with hyaluronic acid (GOQDs-HA), and deposited using the layer-by-layer technique onto an oil-in-water nanoemulsion (O/W NE) template that is around 100 nm in size, previously stabilized by a biodegradable polymer, chitosan. The choice of a biodegradable core for the nanocarrier is to degrade once inside the tumor, thus promoting the release of smaller compounds, GOQDs-HA, carrying the adsorbed anticancer compound, which in this work is represented by curcumin as a model bioactive anticancer molecule. Additionally, modification with HA aims to promote active targeting of stromal and cancer cells. Cell uptake experiments and preliminary penetration experiments in three-dimensional microtissues were performed to assess the proposed multistage nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Tufano
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Edmondo Battista
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Urciuolo F, Imparato G, Netti PA. Engineering Cell Instructive Microenvironments for In Vitro Replication of Functional Barrier Organs. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400357. [PMID: 38695274 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms exhibit synergistic effects among their components, giving rise to emergent properties crucial for their genesis and overall functionality and survival. Morphogenesis involves and relies upon intricate and biunivocal interactions among cells and their environment, that is, the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cells secrete their own ECM, which in turn, regulates their morphogenetic program by controlling time and space presentation of matricellular signals. The ECM, once considered passive, is now recognized as an informative space where both biochemical and biophysical signals are tightly orchestrated. Replicating this sophisticated and highly interconnected informative media in a synthetic scaffold for tissue engineering is unattainable with current technology and this limits the capability to engineer functional human organs in vitro and in vivo. This review explores current limitations to in vitro organ morphogenesis, emphasizing the interplay of gene regulatory networks, mechanical factors, and tissue microenvironment cues. In vitro efforts to replicate biological processes for barrier organs such as the lung and intestine, are examined. The importance of maintaining cells within their native microenvironmental context is highlighted to accurately replicate organ-specific properties. The review underscores the necessity for microphysiological systems that faithfully reproduce cell-native interactions, for advancing the understanding of developmental disorders and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, Napoli, 80125, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (IIT@CRIB), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci, Napoli, 80125, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, Napoli, 80125, Italy
- Centre for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (IIT@CRIB), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, L.go Barsanti e Matteucci, Napoli, 80125, Italy
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3
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Scalzone A, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Bioprinting of human dermal microtissues precursors as building blocks for endogenous in vitroconnective tissue manufacturing. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035009. [PMID: 38574552 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3aa5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The advent of 3D bioprinting technologies in tissue engineering has unlocked the potential to fabricatein vitrotissue models, overcoming the constraints associated with the shape limitations of preformed scaffolds. However, achieving an accurate mimicry of complex tissue microenvironments, encompassing cellular and biochemical components, and orchestrating their supramolecular assembly to form hierarchical structures while maintaining control over tissue formation, is crucial for gaining deeper insights into tissue repair and regeneration. Building upon our expertise in developing competent three-dimensional tissue equivalents (e.g. skin, gut, cervix), we established a two-step bottom-up approach involving the dynamic assembly of microtissue precursors (μTPs) to generate macroscopic functional tissue composed of cell-secreted extracellular matrix (ECM). To enhance precision and scalability, we integrated extrusion-based bioprinting technology into our established paradigm to automate, control and guide the coherent assembly ofμTPs into predefined shapes. Compared to cell-aggregated bioink, ourμTPs represent a functional unit where cells are embedded in their specific ECM.μTPs were derived from human dermal fibroblasts dynamically seeded onto gelatin-based microbeads. After 9 days,μTPs were suspended (50% v/v) in Pluronic-F127 (30% w/v) (µTP:P30), and the obtained formulation was loaded as bioink into the syringe of the Dr.INVIVO-4D6 extrusion based bioprinter.µTP:P30 bioink showed shear-thinning behavior and temperature-dependent viscosity (gel atT> 30 °C), ensuringµTPs homogenous dispersion within the gel and optimal printability. The bioprinting involved extruding several geometries (line, circle, and square) into Pluronic-F127 (40% w/v) (P40) support bath, leveraging its shear-recovery property. P40 effectively held the bioink throughout and after the bioprinting procedure, untilµTPs fused into a continuous connective tissue.µTPs fusion dynamics was studied over 8 days of culture, while the resulting endogenous construct underwent 28 days culture. Histological, immunofluorescence analysis, and second harmonic generation reconstruction revealed an increase in endogenous collagen and fibronectin production within the bioprinted construct, closely resembling the composition of the native connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Scalzone
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples 80125, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy
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Mazio C, Mavaro I, Palladino A, Casale C, Urciuolo F, Banfi A, D'Angelo L, Netti PA, de Girolamo P, Imparato G, Attanasio C. Rapid innervation and physiological epidermal regeneration by bioengineered dermis implanted in mouse. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100949. [PMID: 38298559 PMCID: PMC10827562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered skin substitutes are promising tools to cover large and deep skin defects. However, the lack of a synergic and fast regeneration of the vascular network, nerves, and skin appendages limits complete skin healing and impairs functional recovery. It has been highlighted that an ideal skin substitute should mimic the structure of the native tissue to enhance clinical effectiveness. Here, we produced a pre-vascularized dermis (PVD) comprised of fibroblasts embedded in their own extracellular matrix (ECM) and a capillary-like network. Upon implantation in a mouse full-thickness skin defect model, we observed a very early innervation of the graft in 2 weeks. In addition, mouse capillaries and complete epithelialization were detectable as early as 1 week after implantation and, skin appendages developed in 2 weeks. These anatomical features underlie the interaction with the skin nerves, thus providing a further cue for reinnervation guidance. Further, the graft displays mechanical properties, collagen density, and assembly features very similar to the host tissue. Taken together our data show that the pre-existing ECM components of the PVD, physiologically organized and assembled similarly to the native tissue, support a rapid regeneration of dermal tissue. Therefore, our results suggest a promising potential for PVD in skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mazio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Italy
| | - Isabella Mavaro
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Italy
| | - Antonio Palladino
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- University of Naples Federico II, Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, Italy
| | - Andrea Banfi
- Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Switzerland
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Italy
| | - Chiara Attanasio
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Italy
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5
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Motter Catarino C, Cigaran Schuck D, Dechiario L, Karande P. Incorporation of hair follicles in 3D bioprinted models of human skin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg0297. [PMID: 37831765 PMCID: PMC10575578 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches fail to adequately introduce complex adnexal structures such as hair follicles within tissue engineered models of skin. Here, we report on the use of 3D bioprinting to incorporate these structures in engineered skin tissues. Spheroids, induced by printing dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and human umbilical vein cells (HUVECs), were precisely printed within a pregelled dermal layer containing fibroblasts. The resulting tissue developed hair follicle-like structures upon maturation, supported by migration of keratinocytes and melanocytes, and their morphology and composition grossly mimicked that of the native skin tissue. Reconstructed skin models with increased complexity that better mimic native adnexal structures can have a substantial impact on regenerative medicine as grafts and efficacy models to test the safety of chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Motter Catarino
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Grupo Boticário, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Lexi Dechiario
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Pankaj Karande
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Urciuolo F, Imparato G, Netti PA. In vitro strategies for mimicking dynamic cell-ECM reciprocity in 3D culture models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1197075. [PMID: 37434756 PMCID: PMC10330728 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1197075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular microenvironment regulates cell decisions through the accurate presentation at the cell surface of a complex array of biochemical and biophysical signals that are mediated by the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). On the one hand, the cells actively remodel the ECM, which on the other hand affects cell functions. This cell-ECM dynamic reciprocity is central in regulating and controlling morphogenetic and histogenetic processes. Misregulation within the extracellular space can cause aberrant bidirectional interactions between cells and ECM, resulting in dysfunctional tissues and pathological states. Therefore, tissue engineering approaches, aiming at reproducing organs and tissues in vitro, should realistically recapitulate the native cell-microenvironment crosstalk that is central for the correct functionality of tissue-engineered constructs. In this review, we will describe the most updated bioengineering approaches to recapitulate the native cell microenvironment and reproduce functional tissues and organs in vitro. We have highlighted the limitations of the use of exogenous scaffolds in recapitulating the regulatory/instructive and signal repository role of the native cell microenvironment. By contrast, strategies to reproduce human tissues and organs by inducing cells to synthetize their own ECM acting as a provisional scaffold to control and guide further tissue development and maturation hold the potential to allow the engineering of fully functional histologically competent three-dimensional (3D) tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Urciuolo
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - G. Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - P. A. Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Pathological hair loss (also known as alopecia) and shortage of hair follicle (HF) donors have posed an urgent requirement for HF regeneration. With the revelation of mechanisms in tissue engineering, the proliferation of HFs in vitro has achieved more promising trust for the treatments of alopecia and other skin impairments. Theoretically, HF organoids have great potential to develop into native HFs and attachments such as sweat glands after transplantation. However, since the rich extracellular matrix (ECM) deficiency, the induction characteristics of skin-derived cells gradually fade away along with their trichogenic capacity after continuous cell passaging in vitro. Therefore, ECM-mimicking support is an essential prelude before HF transplantation is implemented. This review summarizes the status of providing various epidermal and dermal cells with a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold to support the cell homeostasis and better mimic in vivo environments for the sake of HF regeneration. HF-relevant cells including dermal papilla cells (DPCs), hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to be induced to form HF organoids in the vitro culture system. The niche microenvironment simulated by different forms of biomaterial scaffold can offer the cells a network of ordered growth environment to alleviate inductivity loss and promote the expression of functional proteins. The scaffolds often play the role of ECM substrates and bring about epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI) through coculture to ensure the functional preservation of HF cells during in vitro passage. Functional HF organoids can be formed either before or after transplantation into the dermis layer. Here, we review and emphasize the importance of 3D culture in HF regeneration in vitro. Finally, the latest progress in treatment trials and critical analysis of the properties and benefits of different emerging biomaterials for HF regeneration along with the main challenges and prospects of HF regenerative approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Hua Xu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
- National R&D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai 201306, China
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Chiu A, Sharma D, Zhao F. Tissue Engineering-Based Strategies for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:145-167. [PMID: 34939837 PMCID: PMC9810358 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a mounting problem with the increasingly frail population. Injuries that would otherwise heal are kept open by risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, and age-related conditions, which interferes with the natural wound healing processes. Recent Advances: This review summarizes recent advancements in the field of tissue engineering for the treatment of DFUs. FDA-approved approaches, including signaling-based therapies, stem cell therapies, and skin substitutes are summarized and cutting-edge experimental technologies that have the potential to manage chronic wounds, such as skin printing, skin organogenesis, skin self-assembly, and prevascularization, are discussed. Critical Issues: The standard of care for chronic wounds involves wound debridement, wound dressings, and resolving the underlying cause such as lowering the glycemic index and reducing wound pressure. Current DFU treatments are limited by low wound closure rates and poor regrown skin quality. New adjuvant therapies that facilitate wound closure in place of or in conjunction with standard care are critically needed. Future Directions: Tissue engineering strategies are limited by the plasticity of adult human cells. In addition to traditional techniques, genetic modification, although currently an emerging technology, has the potential to unlock human regeneration and can be incorporated in future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvis Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dhavan Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Andl T, Zhou L, Zhang Y. The dermal papilla dilemma and potential breakthroughs in bioengineering hair follicles. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:221-233. [PMID: 36562864 PMCID: PMC9898212 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation and growing of de novo hair follicles is the most daring hair replacement approach to treat alopecia. This approach has been explored at least since the 1960s without major success. Latest in the 1980s, the realization that the mesenchymal compartment of hair follicles, the dermal papilla (DP), is the crucial signaling center and element required for fulfilling this vision of hair follicle engineering, propelled research into the fibroblasts that occupy the DP. However, working with DP fibroblasts has been stubbornly frustrating. Decades of work in understanding the nature of DP fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo have led to the appreciation that hair follicle biology is complex, and the dermal papilla is an enigma. Functional DP fibroblasts tend to aggregate in 2D culture, while impaired DP cells do not. This fact has stimulated recent approaches to overcome the hurdles to DP cell culture by mimicking their natural habitat, such as growing DP fibroblasts in three dimensions (3D) by their self-aggregation, adopting 3D matrix scaffold, or bioprinting 3D microstructures. Furthermore, including keratinocytes in the mix to form hair follicle-like composite structures has been explored but remains a far cry from a useful and affordable method to generate human hair follicles in sufficient quantity and quality in a practical time frame for patients. This suggests that the current strategies may have reached their limitations in achieving successful hair follicle bioengineering for clinical applications. Novel approaches are required to overcome these barriers, such as focusing on embryonic cell types and processes in combination with emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Linli Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Urciuolo F, Passariello R, Imparato G, Casale C, Netti PA. Bioengineered Wound Healing Skin Models: The Role of Immune Response and Endogenous ECM to Fully Replicate the Dynamic of Scar Tissue Formation In Vitro. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060233. [PMID: 35735476 PMCID: PMC9219817 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The healing of deep skin wounds is a complex phenomenon evolving according with a fine spatiotemporal regulation of different biological events (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling). Due to the spontaneous evolution of damaged human dermis toward a fibrotic scar, the treatment of deep wounds still represents a clinical concern. Bioengineered full-thickness skin models may play a crucial role in this direction by providing a deep understanding of the process that leads to the formation of fibrotic scars. This will allow (i) to identify new drugs and targets/biomarkers, (ii) to test new therapeutic approaches, and (iii) to develop more accurate in silico models, with the final aim to guide the closure process toward a scar-free closure and, in a more general sense, (iv) to understand the mechanisms involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic aging of the skin. In this work, the complex dynamic of events underlaying the closure of deep skin wound is presented and the engineered models that aim at replicating such complex phenomenon are reviewed. Despite the complexity of the cellular and extracellular events occurring during the skin wound healing the gold standard assay used to replicate such a process is still represented by planar in vitro models that have been largely used to identify the key factors regulating the involved cellular processes. However, the lack of the main constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) makes these over-simplistic 2D models unable to predict the complexity of the closure process. Three-dimensional bioengineered models, which aim at recreating the closure dynamics of the human dermis by using exogenous biomaterials, have been developed to fill such a gap. Although interesting mechanistic effects have been figured out, the effect of the inflammatory response on the ECM remodelling is not replicated yet. We discuss how more faithful wound healing models can be obtained by creating immunocompetent 3D dermis models featuring an endogenous ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Urciuolo
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberta Passariello
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy;
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11
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Motter Catarino C, Kaiser K, Baltazar T, Motter Catarino L, Brewer JR, Karande P. Evaluation of native and non‐native biomaterials for engineering human skin tissue. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10297. [PMID: 36176598 PMCID: PMC9472026 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of human skin models have been developed for applications in regenerative medicine and efficacy studies. Typically, these employ matrix molecules that are derived from non‐human sources along with human cells. Key limitations of such models include a lack of cellular and tissue microenvironment that is representative of human physiology for efficacy studies, as well as the potential for adverse immune responses to animal products for regenerative medicine applications. The use of recombinant extracellular matrix proteins to fabricate tissues can overcome these limitations. We evaluated animal‐ and non‐animal‐derived scaffold proteins and glycosaminoglycans for the design of biomaterials for skin reconstruction in vitro. Screening of proteins from the dermal‐epidermal junction (collagen IV, laminin 5, and fibronectin) demonstrated that certain protein combinations when used as substrates increase the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes compared to the control (no protein). In the investigation of the effect of components from the dermal layer (collagen types I and III, elastin, hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate), the primary influence on the viability of fibroblasts was attributed to the source of type I collagen (rat tail, human, or bovine) used as scaffold. Furthermore, incorporation of dermatan sulfate in the dermal layer led to a reduction in the contraction of tissues compared to the control where the dermal scaffold was composed primarily of collagen type I. This work highlights the influence of the composition of biomaterials on the development of complex reconstructed skin models that are suitable for clinical translation and in vitro safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Motter Catarino
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
| | - Katharina Kaiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Tânia Baltazar
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
| | - Luiza Motter Catarino
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
- Department of Biomedicine Positivo University Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Jonathan R. Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Pankaj Karande
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
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12
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Aleemardani M, Trikić MZ, Green NH, Claeyssens F. The Importance of Mimicking Dermal-Epidermal Junction for Skin Tissue Engineering: A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8110148. [PMID: 34821714 PMCID: PMC8614934 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a distinct boundary between the dermis and epidermis in the human skin called the basement membrane, a dense collagen network that creates undulations of the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). The DEJ plays multiple roles in skin homeostasis and function, namely, enhancing the adhesion and physical interlock of the layers, creating niches for epidermal stem cells, regulating the cellular microenvironment, and providing a physical boundary layer between fibroblasts and keratinocytes. However, the primary role of the DEJ has been determined as skin integrity; there are still aspects of it that are poorly investigated. Tissue engineering (TE) has evolved promising skin regeneration strategies and already developed TE scaffolds for clinical use. However, the currently available skin TE equivalents neglect to replicate the DEJ anatomical structures. The emergent ability to produce increasingly complex scaffolds for skin TE will enable the development of closer physical and physiological mimics to natural skin; it also allows researchers to study the DEJ effect on cell function. Few studies have created patterned substrates that could mimic the human DEJ to explore their significance. Here, we first review the DEJ roles and then critically discuss the TE strategies to create the DEJ undulating structure and their effects. New approaches in this field could be instrumental for improving bioengineered skin substitutes, creating 3D engineered skin, identifying pathological mechanisms, and producing and screening drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aleemardani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (M.A.); (M.Z.T.); (N.H.G.)
| | - Michael Zivojin Trikić
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (M.A.); (M.Z.T.); (N.H.G.)
| | - Nicola Helen Green
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (M.A.); (M.Z.T.); (N.H.G.)
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK; (M.A.); (M.Z.T.); (N.H.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Casale C, Imparato G, Mazio C, Netti PA, Urciuolo F. Geometrical confinement controls cell, ECM and vascular network alignment during the morphogenesis of 3D bioengineered human connective tissues. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:341-354. [PMID: 34144214 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineered tissues featuring aligned ECM possess superior regenerative capabilities for the healing of damaged aligned tissues. The morphofunctional integration in the host's injury site improves if the aligned ECM elicits the unidirectional growth of vascular network. In this work we used a bottom-up tissue engineering strategy to produce endogenous and highly aligned human connective tissues with the final aim to trigger the unidirectional growth of capillary-like structures. Engineered microtissues, previously developed by our group, were casted in molds featured by different aspect ratio (AR) to obtain final centimeter-sized macrotissues differently shaped. By varying the AR from 1 to 50 we were able to vary the final shape of the macrotissues, from square to wire. We demonstrated that by increasing the AR of the maturation space hosting the microtissues, it was possible to control the alignment of the neo-synthesized ECM. The geometrical confinement conditions at AR = 50, indeed, promoted the unidirectional growth and assembly of the collagen network. The wire-shaped tissues were characterized by parallel arrangement of the collagen fiber bundles, higher persistence length and speed of migrating cells and superior mechanical properties than the square-shaped macrotissues. Interestingly, the aligned collagen fibers elicited the unidirectional growth of capillary-like structures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Alignment of preexisting extracellular matrices by using mechanical cues modulating cell traction, has been widely described. Here, we show a new method to align de novo synthesized extracellular matrix components in bioengineered connective tissues obtained by means of a bottom-up tissue engineering approach. Building blocks are cast in maturation chambers, having different aspect ratios, in which the in vitro morphogenesis process takes place. High aspect ratio chambers (corresponding to wire-shaped tissues) triggered spontaneous alignment of collagenous network affecting cell polarization, migration and tensile properties of the tissue as well. Aligned ECM provided a contact guidance for the formation of highly polarized capillary-like network suggesting an in vivo possible application to trigger fast angiogenesis and perfusion in damaged aligned tissues.
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14
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The microfollicle: a model of the human hair follicle for in vitro studies. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:847-858. [PMID: 33170472 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Access to complex in vitro models that recapitulate the unique markers and cell-cell interactions of the hair follicle is rather limited. Creation of scalable, affordable, and relevant in vitro systems which can provide predictive screens of cosmetic ingredients and therapeutic actives for hair health would be highly valued. In this study, we explore the features of the microfollicle, a human hair follicle organoid model based on the spatio-temporally defined co-culture of primary cells. The microfollicle provides a 3D differentiation platform for outer root sheath keratinocytes, dermal papilla fibroblasts, and melanocytes, via epidermal-mesenchymal-neuroectodermal cross-talk. For assay applications, microfollicle cultures were adapted to 96-well plates suitable for medium-throughput testing up to 21 days, and characterized for their spatial and lineage markers. The microfollicles showed hair-specific keratin expression in both early and late stages of cultivation. The gene expression profile of microfollicles was also compared with human clinical biopsy samples in response to the benchmark hair-growth compound, minoxidil. The gene expression changes in microfollicles showed up to 75% overlap with the corresponding gene expression signature observed in the clinical study. Based on our results, the cultivation of the microfollicle appears to be a practical tool for generating testable insights for hair follicle development and offers a complex model for pre-clinical substance testing.
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Intrinsic Abnormalities of Cystic Fibrosis Airway Connective Tissue Revealed by an In Vitro 3D Stromal Model. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061371. [PMID: 32492951 PMCID: PMC7348935 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by lung dysfunction involving mucus hypersecretion, bacterial infections, and inflammatory response. Inflammation triggers pro-fibrotic signals that compromise lung structure and function. At present, several in vitro cystic fibrosis models have been developed to study epithelial dysfunction but none of these focuses on stromal alterations. Here we show a new cystic fibrosis 3D stromal lung model made up of primary fibroblasts embedded in their own extracellular matrix and investigate its morphological and transcriptomic features. Cystic fibrosis fibroblasts showed a high proliferation rate and produced an abundant and chaotic matrix with increased protein content and elastic modulus. More interesting, they had enhanced pro-fibrotic markers and genes involved in epithelial function and inflammatory response. In conclusion, our study reveals that cystic fibrosis fibroblasts maintain in vitro an activated pro-fibrotic state. This abnormality may play in vivo a role in the modulation of epithelial and inflammatory cell behavior and lung remodeling. We argue that the proposed bioengineered model may provide new insights on epithelial/stromal/inflammatory cells crosstalk in cystic fibrosis, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Urciuolo F, Casale C, Imparato G, Netti PA. Bioengineered Skin Substitutes: the Role of Extracellular Matrix and Vascularization in the Healing of Deep Wounds. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E2083. [PMID: 31805652 PMCID: PMC6947552 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of severe scars still represents the result of the closure process of extended and deep skin wounds. To address this issue, different bioengineered skin substitutes have been developed but a general consensus regarding their effectiveness has not been achieved yet. It will be shown that bioengineered skin substitutes, although representing a valid alternative to autografting, induce skin cells in repairing the wound rather than guiding a regeneration process. Repaired skin differs from regenerated skin, showing high contracture, loss of sensitivity, impaired pigmentation and absence of cutaneous adnexa (i.e., hair follicles and sweat glands). This leads to significant mobility and aesthetic concerns, making the development of more effective bioengineered skin models a current need. The objective of this review is to determine the limitations of either commercially available or investigational bioengineered skin substitutes and how advanced skin tissue engineering strategies can be improved in order to completely restore skin functions after severe wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy;
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Battisti M, Vecchione R, Casale C, Pennacchio FA, Lettera V, Jamaledin R, Profeta M, Di Natale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Non-invasive Production of Multi-Compartmental Biodegradable Polymer Microneedles for Controlled Intradermal Drug Release of Labile Molecules. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:296. [PMID: 31781550 PMCID: PMC6856554 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery represents an appealing alternative to conventional drug administration systems. In fact, due to their high patient compliance, the development of dissolvable and biodegradable polymer microneedles has recently attracted great attention. Although stamp-based procedures guarantee high tip resolution and reproducibility, they have long processing times, low levels of system engineering, are a source of possible contaminants, and thermo-sensitive drugs cannot be used in conjunction with them. In this work, a novel stamp-based microneedle fabrication method is proposed. It provides a rapid room-temperature production of multi-compartmental biodegradable polymeric microneedles for controlled intradermal drug release. Solvent casting was carried out for only a few minutes and produced a short dissolvable tip made of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The rest of the stamp was then filled with degradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles (μPs) quickly compacted with a vapor-assisted plasticization. The outcome was an array of microneedles with tunable release. The ability of the resulting microneedles to indent was assessed using pig cadaver skin. Controlled intradermal delivery was demonstrated by loading both the tip and the body of the microneedles with model therapeutics; POXA1b laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus is a commercial enzyme used for the whitening of skin spots. The action and indentation of the enzyme-loaded microneedle action were assessed in an in vitro skin model and this highlighted their ability to control the kinetic release of the encapsulated compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Battisti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio A. Pennacchio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Rezvan Jamaledin
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Profeta
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Salerno A, Cesarelli G, Pedram P, Netti PA. Modular Strategies to Build Cell-Free and Cell-Laden Scaffolds towards Bioengineered Tissues and Organs. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1816. [PMID: 31683796 PMCID: PMC6912533 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for functional tissue and organ regeneration is a major challenge of the tissue engineering (TE) community. Great progress has been made in developing scaffolds to support cells in 3D, and to date, several implantable scaffolds are available for treating damaged and dysfunctional tissues, such as bone, osteochondral, cardiac and nerve. However, recapitulating the complex extracellular matrix (ECM) functions of native tissues is far from being achieved in synthetic scaffolds. Modular TE is an intriguing approach that aims to design and fabricate ECM-mimicking scaffolds by the bottom-up assembly of building blocks with specific composition, morphology and structural properties. This review provides an overview of the main strategies to build synthetic TE scaffolds through bioactive modules assembly and classifies them into two distinct schemes based on microparticles (µPs) or patterned layers. The µPs-based processes section starts describing novel techniques for creating polymeric µPs with desired composition, morphology, size and shape. Later, the discussion focuses on µPs-based scaffolds design principles and processes. In particular, starting from random µPs assembly, we will move to advanced µPs structuring processes, focusing our attention on technological and engineering aspects related to cell-free and cell-laden strategies. The second part of this review article illustrates layer-by-layer modular scaffolds fabrication based on discontinuous, where layers' fabrication and assembly are split, and continuous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Salerno
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cesarelli
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Parisa Pedram
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy.
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Philpott MP. Culture of the human pilosebaceous unit, hair follicle and sebaceous gland. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:571-577. [PMID: 29693730 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Terence Kealey first pioneered the isolation and organ maintenance of human eccrine and sebaceous glands in the early to mid-1980. This led to subsequent methods describing the isolation and culture of human hair follicles, the human pilosebaceous unit as well as the sebaceous duct. The importance of these models in the study of the biology of human skin glands and appendages has been demonstrated in numerous publications and their importance as models for animal replacement, refinement and reduction (3Rs) is increasingly important. In particular, in vitro (ex vivo) hair follicle culture has played a significant part in helping elucidate the role of signalling molecules in regulating hair growth and hair fibre formation and has been especially useful in understanding metabolic aspects of hair growth. However, obtaining sufficient numbers of hair follicles is becoming increasingly difficult as plastic surgery becomes less invasive and smaller skin samples provided. There is therefore an urgent requirement for the next generation of in vitro models using cell lines and tissue engineering, and this has led to the development of immortalised cell lines as well as attempts to model hair follicle embryogenesis in vitro and development of skin on a chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Philpott
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
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20
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Kim BS, Gao G, Kim JY, Cho D. 3D Cell Printing of Perfusable Vascularized Human Skin Equivalent Composed of Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis for Better Structural Recapitulation of Native Skin. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801019. [PMID: 30358939 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although skin cell-printing has exhibited promises for fabrication of functional skin equivalents, existing skin models through 3D cell printing are still composed of dermal and epidermal layers. However, a key hope for printing skin is to improve structural complexity of human skin over conventional construction, enabling the precise localization of multiple cell types and biomaterials. Here, the complexity of skin anatomy is increased using 3D cell printing. A novel printing platform is suggested for engineering a matured perfusable vascularized 3D human skin equivalent composed of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The skin model is evaluated using functional markers representing each region of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis to confirm tissue maturation. It is hypothesized that the vascularized dermal and hypodermal compartments that provide a more realistic microenvironment can promote cross-talks with the epidermal compartment, producing better recapitulation of epidermal morphogenesis. Skin stemness in epithelial tissue is investigated. These findings reveal that the full-thickness skin has more similarities to the native human skin compared with the dermal and epidermal skin model, indicating that it better reflects the actual complexity of native human skin. It is envisioned that it offers better predictive and reliable in vitro platform for investigation of mechanisms of pathological research and skin disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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21
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Mazio C, Casale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Attanasio C, De Gregorio M, Rescigno F, Netti PA. Pre-vascularized dermis model for fast and functional anastomosis with host vasculature. Biomaterials 2019; 192:159-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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De Gregorio V, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Micro-patterned endogenous stroma equivalent induces polarized crypt-villus architecture of human small intestinal epithelium. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:43-59. [PMID: 30282052 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is the major site for digestion, drug and nutrient absorption, as well as a primary site for many diseases. Current in vitro gut models fail in reproducing the complex intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) network of the lamina propria and the peculiar architecture of the crypt-villus axis. Here we proposed a novel in vitro human intestine model that mimics the intestinal stromal topography and composition and strictly reproduces the tissue polarity with the crypt-villus architecture. First we developed a 3D human intestinal stromal equivalent (3D-ISE) composed of human intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) embedded in their own extracellular matrix. Then, we seeded human colon carcinoma-derived cells (Caco-2) onto flat or patterned cell-synthetized stromal equivalent structure and cultured them until the formation of a well-oriented epithelium. We demonstrated that the patterned stroma increases the absorbing surface area, the epithelial proliferation rate, and the density of microvilli. In addition it induces changes in the biological functions of the epithelial cells such as enzymes and mucus production, polarization and tightness showing a physiological cell-lineage compartmentalization along the crypt/villi axes with the undifferentiated phenotypes at the base. At last, we reproduced an inflamed intestinal tissue model in which we identified the contribution of the stromal microenvironment by molecular (cytokines release and MMPs production) and immunofluorescence analyses and the effects of the epithelial-stromal cross-talk in the intestinal innate immunity by multiphoton investigation that revealed differences in the collagen network architecture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The intestinal stroma morphology and composition has a fundamental role in crypt-villus development and appropriate epithelial cell-lineage compartmentalization. On this base, here we develop an engineered organotypic model of human intestine equivalent in which a functional epithelial/ECM crosstalk is recapitulated. Due to its accessible luminal surface it provides a new platform for preclinical studies of mucosal immunology and bowel inflammation as well as the assessment of pharmaco-toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza De Gregorio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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23
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Casale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Rescigno F, Scamardella S, Escolino M, Netti PA. Engineering a human skin equivalent to study dermis remodelling and epidermis senescence in vitro after UVA exposure. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1658-1669. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II P.le Tecchio 80; Naples Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Francesca Rescigno
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Sara Scamardella
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Maria Escolino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Surgery Unit; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53; Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) and Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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Recapitulating spatiotemporal tumor heterogeneity in vitro through engineered breast cancer microtissues. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:236-249. [PMID: 29679778 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor and microenvironmental heterogeneity hinders the study of breast cancer biology and the assessment of therapeutic strategies, being associated with high variability and drug resistance. In this context, it is mandatory to develop three-dimensional breast tumor models able to reproduce this heterogeneity and the dynamic interaction occurring between tumor cells and microenvironment. Here we show a new breast cancer microtissue model (T-µTP) uniquely able to present intra-tumor morphological heterogeneity in a dynamic and responsive endogenous matrix. T-µTP consists of adenocarcinoma cells, endothelial cells and stromal fibroblasts. These three kinds of cells are totally embedded into an endogenous matrix which is rich in collagen and hyaluronic acid and it is directly produced by human fibroblasts. In this highly physiologically relevant environment, tumor cells evolve in different cluster morphologies recapitulating tumor spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Moreover they activate the desmoplastic and vascular reaction with affected collagen content, assembly and organization and the presence of aberrant capillary-like structures (CLS). Thus, T-µTP allows to outline main crucial events involved in breast cancer progression into a single model overcoming the limit of artificial extra cellular matrix surrogates. We strongly believe that T-µTP is a suitable model for the study of breast cancer and for drug screening assays following key parameters of clinical interest. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tumor and microenvironmental heterogeneity makes very hurdle to find a way to study and treat breast cancer. Here we develop an innovative 3D tumor microtissue model recapitulating in vitro tumor heterogeneity. Tumor microtissues are characterized by the activation of the stromal and vascular reaction too. We underline the importance to mimic different microenvironmental tumor features in the same time and in a single tissue in order to obtain a model of spatiotemporal tumor genesis and progression, suitable for the study of tumor treatment and resistance.
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Lombardi B, Casale C, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Netti PA. Spatiotemporal Evolution of the Wound Repairing Process in a 3D Human Dermis Equivalent. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28407433 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several skin equivalent models have been developed to investigate in vitro the re-epithelialization process occurring during wound healing. Although these models recapitulate closure dynamics of epithelial cells, they fail to capture how a wounded connective tissue rebuilds its 3D architecture until the evolution in a scar. Here, the in vitro tissue repair dynamics of a connective tissue is replicated by using a 3D human dermis equivalent (3D-HDE) model composed of fibroblasts embedded in their own extracellular matrix (ECM). After inducing a physical damage, 3D-HDE undergoes a series of cellular and extracellular events quite similar to those occurring in the native dermis. In particular, fibroblasts differentiation toward myofibroblasts phenotype and neosynthesis of hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, and collagen during the repair process are assessed. Moreover, tissue reorganization after physical damage is investigated by measuring the diameter of bundles and the orientation of fibers of the newly formed ECM network. Finally, the ultimate formation of a scar-like tissue as physiological consequence of the repair and closure process is demonstrated. Taking together, the results highlight that the presence of cell-assembled and responsive stromal components enables quantitative and qualitative in vitro evaluation of the processes involved in scarring during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Lombardi
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
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Kim BS, Lee JS, Gao G, Cho DW. Direct 3D cell-printing of human skin with functional transwell system. Biofabrication 2017; 9:025034. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa71c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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De Gregorio V, Imparato G, Urciuolo F, Tornesello ML, Annunziata C, Buonaguro FM, Netti PA. An Engineered Cell-Instructive Stroma for the Fabrication of a Novel Full Thickness Human Cervix Equivalent In Vitro. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28371541 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest for developing organotypic cervical models by using primary cervical cells that are able to reproduce the physiological relevant stromal microenvironment and the distinctive histology of the native cervical epithelium. Here for the first time it is reported the production of an organotypic cervical model featured by a scaffold-free stromal tissue resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and organization of the native counterpart as well as a completely well-differentiated epithelium. To reach this aim, human cervical microtissue precursors have been produced, characterized, and used as functional building units to fabricate a cell-synthesized cervical stroma equivalent by means of a bottom-up approach. Immunotypization, and molecular and morphological analyses reveal the extent of fundamental epithelial biomarkers and the presence of collagen and noncollagenous molecules, demonstrating that the natural tissue architecture and biological characteristics of cervical tissues are reproduced. The results of this study suggest that the bottom-up technology used to produce these 3D human cervical equivalents provides a fully functional organotypic cervical model that may be used as a valuable tool to investigate the epithelial-stromal interactions as well as for testing new therapeutics in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza De Gregorio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Maria L. Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit Istituto Nazionale, Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione Pascale”; 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Clorinda Annunziata
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit Istituto Nazionale, Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione Pascale”; 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Franco M. Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit Istituto Nazionale, Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione Pascale”; 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53 80125 Naples Italy
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit Istituto Nazionale, Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione Pascale”; 80131 Naples Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI); University of Naples Federico II; P.leTecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Jimenez
- Mediteknia Dermatology Clinic, and Research Associate of the Medical Pathology Group; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
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Xiao SE, Miao Y, Wang J, Jiang W, Fan ZX, Liu XM, Hu ZQ. As a carrier-transporter for hair follicle reconstitution, platelet-rich plasma promotes proliferation and induction of mouse dermal papilla cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1125. [PMID: 28442778 PMCID: PMC5430928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of hair follicles during development and in hair reconstitution assays involves complex interactions between epithelial cells and dermal papilla cells (DPCs). DPCs may be a source of cells for hair regeneration in alopecia patients. Reconstitution of engineered hair follicles requires in vitro culture of trichogenic cells, a three-dimensional scaffolds, and biomolecular signals. However, DPCs tend to lose their biological activity when cultured as trichogenic cells, and scaffolds currently used for hair follicle regeneration lack biological efficiency and biocompatibility. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel forms a three-dimensional scaffold that can release endogenous growth factors, is mitogenic for a variety of cell types and is used in model tissue repair and regeneration systems. We found that 5% activated PRP significantly enhanced cell proliferation and hair-inductive capability of mouse and human DPCs in vitro and promoted mouse hair follicle formation in vivo. PRP also formed a three-dimensional gel after activation. We used PRP gel as a scaffold to form many de novo hair follicles on a plane surface, showing it to be candidate bioactive scaffold capable of releasing endogenous growth factors for cell-based hair follicle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-E Xiao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yong Miao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhe-Xiang Fan
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Hu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
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Ojeh N, Akgül B, Tomic-Canic M, Philpott M, Navsaria H. In vitro skin models to study epithelial regeneration from the hair follicle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174389. [PMID: 28350869 PMCID: PMC5370106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of dermal equivalents (DEs) for the treatment of burns has contributed toward efficient wound closure. A collagen-glycosaminoglycan DE (C-GAG) grafted with hair follicles converted a full-thickness wound to partial-thickness resulting in complete wound closure and restored hair. In this study we compared the ability of both intact pilosebaceous units (PSU) or truncated hair follicles (THF) to regenerate a multilayered epidermis in vitro when implanted into de-epidermalized dermis (DED) or C-GAG with the epidermis generated in vivo using C-CAG. Keratinocytes explanted from the outer root sheath of PSU and THF in both DED and C-GAG but only formed a multilayered epidermis with PSU in DED. PSU were more effective at forming multilayered epidermis in DED than THF. Both DED and C-GAG skin expressed proliferation (PCNA), differentiation (K1, K10), hyperproliferation (K6, K16), basal (K14), putative stem cell (p63), extracellular matrix protein (Collagen IV), mesenchymal (vimentin) and adherens junction (β-catenin) markers. These data suggest DEs supported initial maintenance of the implanted hair follicles, in particular PSU, and provide an excellent model with which to investigate the regulation of hair follicle progenitor epithelial cells during epidermal regeneration. Although neither PSU nor THF formed multilayered epidermis in C-CAG in vitro, hair follicles implanted into engrafted C-GAG on a burns patient resulted in epithelial regeneration and expression of proliferation and differentiation markers in a similar manner to that seen in vitro. However, the failure of C-GAG to support epidermal regeneration in vitro suggests in vivo factors are essential for full epidermal regeneration using C-GAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkemcho Ojeh
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Bart’s & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mike Philpott
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Bart’s & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harshad Navsaria
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Bart’s & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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Brancato V, Garziano A, Gioiella F, Urciuolo F, Imparato G, Panzetta V, Fusco S, Netti PA. 3D is not enough: Building up a cell instructive microenvironment for tumoral stroma microtissues. Acta Biomater 2017; 47:1-13. [PMID: 27721010 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We fabricated three-dimensional microtissues with the aim to replicate in vitro the composition and the functionalities of the tumor microenvironment. By arranging either normal fibroblasts (NF) or cancer-activated fibroblasts (CAF) in two different three dimensional (3D) configurations, two kinds of micromodules were produced: spheroids and microtissues. Spheroids were obtained by means of the traditional cell aggregation technique resulting in a 3D model characterized by high cell density and low amount of extracellular proteins. The microtissues were obtained by culturing cells into porous gelatin microscaffolds. In this latter configuration, cells assembled an intricate network of collagen, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid. We investigated the biophysical properties of both 3D models in terms of cell growth, metabolic activity, texture and composition of the extracellular matrix (via histological analysis and multiphoton imaging) and cell mechanical properties (via Particle Tracking Microrheology). In the spheroid models such biophysical properties remained unchanged regardless to the cell type used. In contrast, normal-microtissues and cancer-activated-microtissues displayed marked differences. CAF-microtissues possessed higher proliferation rate, superior contraction capability, different micro-rheological properties and an extracellular matrix richer in collagen fibronectin and hyaluronic acid. At last, multiphoton investigation revealed differences in the collagen network architecture. Taken together, these results suggested that despite to cell spheroids, microtissues better recapitulate the important differences existing in vivo between normal and cancer-activated stroma representing a more suitable system to mimic in vitro the stromal element of the tumor tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This work concerns the engineering of tumor tissue in vitro. Tumor models serve as biological equivalent to study pathologic progression and to screen or validate the drugs efficacy. Tumor tissue is composed by malignant cells surviving in a microenvironment, or stroma. Stroma plays a pivotal role in cancer progression. Current in vitro models, i.e. spheroids, can't replicate the phenomena related to the tumor stroma remodeling. For this reason, to better replicate the tumor physiology in vitro that include functional and morphological changes, a novel 3D cancer model is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brancato
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Garziano
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Gioiella
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy; Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
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Martorina F, Casale C, Urciuolo F, Netti PA, Imparato G. In vitro activation of the neuro-transduction mechanism in sensitive organotypic human skin model. Biomaterials 2016; 113:217-229. [PMID: 27821307 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in tissue engineering have encouraged researchers to endeavor the production of fully functional three-dimensional (3D) thick human tissues in vitro. Here, we report the fabrication of a fully innervated human skin tissue in vitro that recapitulates and replicates skin sensory function. Previous attempts to innervate in vitro 3D skin models did not demonstrate an effective functionality of the nerve network. In our approach, we initially engineer functional human skin tissue based on fibroblast-generated dermis and differentiated epidermis; then, we promote rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons axon ingrowth in the de-novo developed tissue. Neurofilaments network infiltrates the entire native dermis extracellular matrix (ECM), as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging. To prove sensing functionality of the tissue, we use topical applications of capsaicin, an agonist of transient receptor protein-vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, and quantify calcium currents resulting from variations of Ca++ concentration in DRG neurons innervating our model. Calcium currents generation demonstrates functional cross-talking between dermis and epidermis compartments. Moreover, through a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis, we set fluid dynamic conditions for a non-planar skin equivalent growth, as proof of potential application in creating skin grafts tailored on-demand for in vivo wound shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Martorina
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci n. 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Casale
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci n. 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci n. 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci n. 53, 80125 Naples, Italy.
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