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Bai J, Wu M, He Q, Wang H, Liao Y, Chen L, Chen S. Emerging Doped Metal-Organic Frameworks: Recent Progress in Synthesis, Applications, and First-Principles Calculations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306616. [PMID: 38342672 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials with a long-range ordered structure and excellent specific surface area and have found a wide range of applications in diverse fields, such as catalysis, energy storage, sensing, and biomedicine. However, their poor electrical conductivity and chemical stability, low capacity, and weak adhesion to substrates have greatly limited their performance. Doping has emerged as a unique strategy to mitigate the issues. In this review, the concept, classification, and characterization methods of doped MOFs are first introduced, and recent progress in the synthesis and applications of doped MOFs, as well as the rapid advancements and applications of first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) in unraveling the mechanistic origin of the enhanced performance are summarized. Finally, a perspective is included to highlight the key challenges in doping MOF materials and an outlook is provided on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Mengcheng Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Huayu Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yanxin Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, United States
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Li B, Luo Y, Liu G, Gou M, Feng L, Ye X, Xu J, Fan Y, You Z. NIR-II-Absorbing NDI Polymer with Superior Penetration Depth for Enhanced Photothermal Therapy Efficiency of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6577-6588. [PMID: 38975319 PMCID: PMC11225993 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s465631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) have a high morbidity and mortality rate, and is difficult to cure and prone to recurrence when it has already developed. Therefore, early detection and efficient treatment of HCC is necessary. Methods In this study, we synthesized a novel NDI polymer with uniform size, long-term stability, and high near-infrared two-zone (NIR-II) absorption efficiency, which can greatly enhance the effect of photothermal therapy (PTT) after intravenous injection into Huh-7-tumor bearing mice. Results The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that NDI polymer exhibited excellent NIR-guided PTT treatment, and the antitumor effect was approximately 88.5%, with obvious antimetastatic effects. Conclusion This study developed an NDI polymer-mediated integrated diagnostic and therapeutic modality for NIR-II fluorescence imaging and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Geng Liu
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maling Gou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiwen Ye
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaotian Fan
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen You
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China
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Song Y, Tan KB, Zhou SF, Zhan G. Biocompatible Copper-Based Nanocomposites for Combined Cancer Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3673-3692. [PMID: 38717176 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and Cu-based nanomaterials have received tremendous attention in recent years because of their unique physicochemical properties and good biocompatibility in the treatment of various diseases, especially cancer. To date, researchers have designed and fabricated a variety of integrated Cu-based nanocomplexes with distinctive nanostructures and applied them in cancer therapy, mainly including chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), cuproptosis-mediated therapy, etc. Due to the limited effect of a single treatment method, the development of composite diagnostic nanosystems that integrate chemotherapy, PTT, CDT, PDT, and other treatments is of great significance and offers great potential for the development of the next generation of anticancer nanomedicines. In view of the rapid development of Cu-based nanocomplexes in the field of cancer therapy, this review focuses on the current state of research on Cu-based nanomaterials, followed by a discussion of Cu-based nanocomplexes for combined cancer therapy. Moreover, the current challenges and future prospects of Cu-based nanocomplexes in clinical translation are proposed to provide some insights into the design of integrated Cu-based nanotherapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Song
- College of Chemical Engineering, Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Kok Bing Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Guowu Zhan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, 361021 Fujian, P. R. China
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Dash P, Panda PK, Su C, Lin YC, Sakthivel R, Chen SL, Chung RJ. Near-infrared-driven upconversion nanoparticles with photocatalysts through water-splitting towards cancer treatment. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3881-3907. [PMID: 38572601 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01066j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Water splitting is promising, especially for energy and environmental applications; however, there are limited studies on the link between water splitting and cancer treatment. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be used to convert near-infrared (NIR) light to ultraviolet (UV) or visible (Vis) light and have great potential for biomedical applications because of their profound penetration ability, theranostic approaches, low self-fluorescence background, reduced damage to biological tissue, and low toxicity. UCNPs with photocatalytic materials can enhance the photocatalytic activities that generate a shorter wavelength to increase the tissue penetration depth in the biological microenvironment under NIR light irradiation. Moreover, UCNPs with a photosensitizer can absorb NIR light and convert it into UV/vis light and emit upconverted photons, which excite the photoinitiator to create H2, O2, and/or OH˙ via water splitting processes when exposed to NIR irradiation. Therefore, combining UCNPs with intensified photocatalytic and photoinitiator materials may be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. This review provides a novel strategy for explaining the principles and mechanisms of UCNPs and NIR-driven UCNPs with photocatalytic materials through water splitting to achieve therapeutic outcomes for clinical applications. Moreover, the challenges and future perspectives of UCNP-based photocatalytic materials for water splitting for cancer treatment are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjyan Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Pradeep Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chaochin Su
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chien Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- ZhongSun Co., LTD, New Taipei City 220031, Taiwan
| | - Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- High-value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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Zhang H, Yuan W. Self-healable oxide sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan nanocomposite hydrogel loading Cu 2+-doped MOF for enhanced synergistic and precise cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129996. [PMID: 38342271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The limitations of traditional therapeutic methods such as chemotherapy serious restricted the application in tumor treatment, including poor targeting, toxic side effects and poor precision. It is important to develop non-chemotherapeutic systems to achieve precise and efficient tumor treatment. Therefore, a functional metal-organic framework material (MOF) with porphyrin core and doped with Cu2+ and surface-modified with polydopamine (PDA), namely PCN-224(Cu)@PDA (PCP) was designed and prepared. After loaded into the injectable and self-healable hydrogels by dynamic Schiff base bonding of oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), the multifunctional nanocomposite hydrogels were obtained, in which Cu2+ in MOF converts to Cu+ by reacting with glutathione (GSH) which reduces the tumor antioxidant activity to improve the CDT effect. The Cu2+/Cu+ induces Fenton-like reaction in tumor cells to produce a toxic hydroxyl radical (OH). PDA achieves photothermal conversion under NIR light for photothermal therapy (PTT), and porphyrin core as a ligand generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), presenting highly efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT). Injectable self-healing hydrogel as a loading platform can be in situ injected to tumor site to release PCP and endocytosed by tumor cells to achieve precise and synergistic CDT-PDT-PTT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhong Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Materials of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
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Jia X, Wang J, Wang E. Rapid Synthesis of Trimetallic Nanozyme for Sustainable Cascaded Catalytic Therapy via Tumor Microenvironment Remodulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309261. [PMID: 38016341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive nanozyme-catalyzed cancer therapy shows great potential due to its specificity and efficiency. However, breaking the self-adaption of tumors and improving the sustainable remodeling TME ability remains a major challenge for developing novel nanozymes. Here, a rapid method is developed first to synthesize unprecedented trimetalic nanozyme (AuMnCu, AMC) with a targeting peptide (AMCc), which exhibits excellent peroxidase-like, catalase-like, and glucose oxidase-like activities. The released Cu and Mn ions in TME consume endogenous H2 O2 and produce O2 , while the AMCccatalyzes glucose oxidation reaction to generate H2 O2 and gluconic acid, which achieves the starvation therapy by depleting the energy and enhances the chemodynamic therapy effect by lowering the pH of the TME and producing extra H2 O2 . Meanwhile, the reactive oxygen species damage is amplified, as AMCc can constantly oxidize intracellular reductive glutathione through the cyclic valence alternation of Cu and Mn ions, and the generated Cu+ elevate the production of ·OH from H2 O2 . Further studies depict that the well-designed AMCc exhibits the excellent photothermal performance and achieves TME-responsive sustainable starvation/photothermal-enhanced chemodynamic synergistic effects in vitro and in vivo. Overall, a promising approach is demonstrated here to design "all-in-one" nanozyme for theranostics by remodeling the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuna Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, P. R. China
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Song L, Cui X, Zhou J, Jin G, Boccaccini AR, Virtanen S. Iron oxide nanoparticle-based nanocomposites in biomedical application. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1471-1487. [PMID: 37407395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron-oxide-based biomagnetic nanocomposites, recognized for their significant properties, have been utilized in MRI and cancer treatment for several decades. The expansion of clinical applications is limited by the occurrence of adverse effects. These limitations are largely attributed to suboptimal material design, resulting in agglomeration, reduced magnetic relaxivity, and inadequate functionality. To address these challenges, various synthesis methods and modification strategies have been used to tailor the size, shape, and properties of iron oxide nanoparticle (FeONP)-based nanocomposites. The resulting modified nanocomposites exhibit significant potential for application in diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic contexts, including MRI, drug delivery, and anticancer and antimicrobial activity. Yet, their biosafety profile must be rigorously evaluated. Such efforts will facilitate the broader clinical translation of FeONP-based nanocomposites in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Yang
- Institute of Corrosion Science and Surface Technology, Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 15001, China.
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Institute of Corrosion Science and Surface Technology, Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 15001, China
| | - Laiming Song
- Institute of Corrosion Science and Surface Technology, Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 15001, China
| | - Xiufang Cui
- Institute of Corrosion Science and Surface Technology, Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 15001, China
| | - Juncen Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Guo Jin
- Institute of Corrosion Science and Surface Technology, Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 15001, China
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sannakaisa Virtanen
- Institute of Surface Science and Corrosion, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Yang J, Feng J, Yang S, Xu Y, Shen Z. Exceedingly Small Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for T 1 -Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Imaging-Guided Therapy of Tumors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302856. [PMID: 37596716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) based T2 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) are liver-specific with good biocompatibility, but have been withdrawn from the market and replaced with Eovist (Gd-EOB-DTPA) due to their inherent limitations (e.g., susceptibility to artifacts, high magnetic moment, dark signals, long processing time of T2 imaging, and long waiting time for patients after administration). Without the disadvantages of Gd-chelates and MIONs, the recently emerging exceedingly small MIONs (ES-MIONs) (<5 nm) are promising T1 CAs for MRI. However, there are rare review articles focusing on ES-MIONs for T1 -weighted MRI. Herein, the recent progress of ES-MIONs, including synthesis methods (the current basic synthesis methods and improved methods), surface modifications (artificial polymers, natural polymers, zwitterions, and functional protein), T1 -MRI visual strategies (structural remodeling, reversible self-assemblies, metal ions doped, T1 /T2 dual imaging modes, and PET/MRI strategy), and imaging-guided cancer therapy (chemotherapy, gene therapy, ferroptosis therapy, photothermal therapy, photodymatic therapy, radiotherapy, immuotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, and multimode therapy), is summarized. The detailed description of synthesis methods and applications of ES-MIONs in this review is anticipated to attract extensive interest from researchers in different fields and promote their participation in the establishment of ES-MIONs based nanoplatforms for tumor theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Baiyun, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Baiyun, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Sugeun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Yikai Xu
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Baiyun, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zheyu Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Baiyun, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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Ou R, Aodeng G, Ai J. Advancements in the Application of the Fenton Reaction in the Cancer Microenvironment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2337. [PMID: 37765305 PMCID: PMC10536994 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that continues to be a global health challenge. It exerts a tremendous burden on individuals, families, healthcare systems, and society as a whole. To mitigate the impact of cancer, concerted efforts and collaboration on a global scale are essential. This includes strengthening preventive measures, promoting early detection, and advancing effective treatment strategies. In the field of cancer treatment, researchers and clinicians are constantly seeking new approaches and technologies to improve therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects. One promising avenue of investigation is the utilization of the Fenton reaction, a chemical process that involves the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (·OH) through the interaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with ferrous ions (Fe2+). The generated ·OH radicals possess strong oxidative properties, which can lead to the selective destruction of cancer cells. In recent years, researchers have successfully introduced the Fenton reaction into the cancer microenvironment through the application of nanotechnology, such as polymer nanoparticles and light-responsive nanoparticles. This article reviews the progress of the application of the Fenton reaction, catalyzed by polymer nanoparticles and light-responsive nanoparticles, in the cancer microenvironment, as well as the potential applications and future development directions of the Fenton reaction in the field of tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Ai
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Enviromental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 81 Zhaowudalu, Hohhot 010022, China; (R.O.); (G.A.)
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Ji M, Liu H, Wang H, Liang X, Wei M, Shi D, Gou J, Yin T, He H, Tang X, Zhang Y. pH-Activatable copper-axitinib coordinated multifunctional nanoparticles for synergistic chemo-chemodynamic therapy against aggressive cancers. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6267-6279. [PMID: 37545202 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is an emerging oncological treatment that eliminates tumor cells by generating lethal hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) through Fenton or Fenton-like reactions within tumors. However, the effectiveness of CDT is limited by the overexpression of glutathione (GSH) and low reaction efficiency in the tumor microenvironment (TME). To address these challenges and enhance tumor treatment, we developed a novel pH-activatable metal ion-drug coordinated nanoparticle (Cu-AXB NPs) system, incorporating a CDT agent (Cu2+) and a chemotherapeutic agent (axitinib, AXB). The obtained Cu-AXB NPs exhibited exceptional characteristics, including ultrahigh drug loading capacity (87.55%) and an average size of 180 nm. These nanoparticles also demonstrated excellent plasma stability and pH-responsive drug release, enabling prolonged circulation in the bloodstream and targeted therapy at weakly acidic tumor sites. Upon release, AXB acted as a chemotherapeutic agent, effectively eliminating tumor cells, while Cu2+ ions were reduced to Cu+ by GSH, further generating toxic ˙OH with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for CDT through a Fenton-like reaction. Additionally, the Cu-AXB NPs efficiently disrupted the copper metabolic balance and increased the intracellular Cu content, further amplifying the therapeutic impact of CDT. In vitro studies assessing cytotoxicity and apoptosis confirmed the superior tumor cell-killing efficacy of the Cu-AXB NPs. This enhanced efficacy can be attributed to the synergistic effect of CDT and chemotherapy. Moreover, the Cu-AXB NPs exhibited excellent tumor targeting capabilities, resulting in significant tumor inhibition (77.53% inhibition) while maintaining favorable biocompatibility in tumor-bearing mice. In conclusion, this study presents a promising and safe strategy for cancer therapy by combining CDT with chemotherapy, offering a potential breakthrough in the field of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muse Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Hanxun Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Mingli Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Li J, Mu F, Wang J, Shen C, Wang H, Huang F, Chen B, Luo Z, Wang L. DNA-Templated Ag@Pd Nanoclusters for NIR-II Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Photothermal-Augmented Nanocatalytic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300267. [PMID: 37231587 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Developing multifunctional nanozymes with photothermal-augmented enzyme-like reaction dynamics in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow is of significance for nanocatalytic therapy (NCT). Herein, DNA-templated Ag@Pd alloy nanoclusters (DNA-Ag@Pd NCs) are prepared as a kind of novel noble-metal alloy nanozymes by using cytosine-rich hairpin-shaped DNA structures as growth templates. DNA-Ag@Pd NCs exhibit high photothermal conversion efficiency (59.32%) under 1270 nm laser and photothermally augmented peroxidase-mimicking activity with synergetic enhancement between Ag and Pd. In addition, hairpin-shaped DNA structures on the surface of DNA-Ag@Pd NCs endow them with good stability and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, and enhanced permeability and retention effect at tumor sites. Upon intravenous injection, DNA-Ag@Pd NCs demonstrate high-contrast NIR-II photoacoustic imaging-guided efficient photothermal-augmented NCT of gastric cancer. This work provides a strategy to synthesize versatile noble-metal alloy nanozymes in a bioinspired way for highly efficient therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fei Mu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuang Shen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhimin Luo
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronic, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Mohammed DF, Madlool HA, Faris M, Shalan BH, Hasan HH, Azeez NF, Abbas FH. Harnessing inorganic nanomaterials for chemodynamic cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1891-1906. [PMID: 36647807 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important aspect of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is the harnessing of Fenton or Fenton-like chemistry for cancer therapy within the tumor microenvironment, which occurs because of the moderate acidity and overexpressed H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produced within tumor cells via Fenton and Fenton-like reactions cause cancer cell death. Reactive oxygen species-mediated CDT demonstrates a desired anticancer impact without the need for external stimulation or the development of drug resistance. Cancer therapy based on CDT is known as a viable cancer therapy modality. This review discusses the most recent CDT advancements and provides some typical instances. As a result, potential methods for further improving CDT efficiency under the guidance of Fenton chemistry are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhelal F Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Hussein A Madlool
- Radiological Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Faris
- Department of Dentistry, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Bashar Hadi Shalan
- Anesthesia Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Huda Hadi Hasan
- Department of Business Administration, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Nidaa F Azeez
- Department of Medical Physics, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Fatima Hashim Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
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13
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Li SS, Wang AJ, Yuan PX, Mei LP, Zhang L, Feng JJ. Heterometallic nanomaterials: activity modulation, sensing, imaging and therapy. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5505-5530. [PMID: 35694355 PMCID: PMC9116289 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00460g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterometallic nanomaterials (HMNMs) display superior physicochemical properties and stability to monometallic counterparts, accompanied by wider applications in the fields of catalysis, sensing, imaging, and therapy due to synergistic effects between multi-metals in HMNMs. So far, most reviews have mainly concentrated on introduction of their preparation approaches, morphology control and applications in catalysis, assay of heavy metal ions, and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it is very important to summarize the latest investigations of activity modulation of HMNMs and their recent applications in sensing, imaging and therapy. Taking the above into consideration, we briefly underline appealing chemical/physical properties of HMNMs chiefly tailored through the sizes, shapes, compositions, structures and surface modification. Then, we particularly emphasize their widespread applications in sensing of targets (e.g. metal ions, small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, and cancer cells), imaging (frequently involving photoluminescence, fluorescence, Raman, electrochemiluminescence, magnetic resonance, X-ray computed tomography, photoacoustic imaging, etc.), and therapy (e.g. radiotherapy, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and chemodynamic therapy). Finally, we present an outlook on their forthcoming directions. This timely review would be of great significance for attracting researchers from different disciplines in developing novel HMNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Li
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Pei-Xin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Li-Ping Mei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Jiu-Ju Feng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China
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14
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Jana D, Zhao Y. Strategies for enhancing cancer chemodynamic therapy performance. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210238. [PMID: 37323881 PMCID: PMC10191001 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has emerged to be a frontrunner amongst reactive oxygen species-based cancer treatment modalities. CDT utilizes endogenous H2O2 in tumor microenvironment (TME) to produce cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via Fenton or Fenton-like reactions. While possessing advantages such as tumor specificity, no need of external stimuli, and low side effects, practical applications of CDT are still impeded owing to the heterogeneity, complexity, and reductive environment of TME. Over the past couple of years, strategies to enhance CDT for efficient tumor regression are in rapid development in synergy with the growth of nanomedicine. In this review, we initially outline the fundamental understanding of Fenton and Fenton-like reactions and their relationship with CDT. Subsequently, the development in the design of nanosystems for CDT is highlighted in a general manner. Furthermore, recent advancement of the strategies to augment Fenton reactions in TME for enhanced CDT is discussed in detail. Finally, perspectives toward the future development of CDT for better therapeutic outcome are presented. This review is expected to draw attention for collaborative research on CDT in the best interest of its future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblin Jana
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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15
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Jia C, Guo Y, Wu FG. Chemodynamic Therapy via Fenton and Fenton-Like Nanomaterials: Strategies and Recent Advances. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103868. [PMID: 34729913 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), a novel cancer therapeutic strategy defined as the treatment using Fenton or Fenton-like reaction to produce •OH in the tumor region, was first proposed by Bu, Shi, and co-workers in 2016. Recently, with the rapid development of Fenton and Fenton-like nanomaterials, CDT has attracted tremendous attention because of its unique advantages: 1) It is tumor-selective with low side effects; 2) the CDT process does not depend on external field stimulation; 3) it can modulate the hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment; 4) the treatment cost of CDT is low. In addition to the Fe-involved CDT strategies, the Fenton-like reaction-mediated CDT strategies have also been proposed, which are based on many other metal elements including copper, manganese, cobalt, titanium, vanadium, palladium, silver, molybdenum, ruthenium, tungsten, cerium, and zinc. Moreover, CDT has been combined with other therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy for achieving enhanced anticancer effects. Besides, there have also been studies that extend the application of CDT to the antibacterial field. This review introduces the latest advancements in the nanomaterials-involved CDT from 2018 to the present and proposes the current limitations as well as future research directions in the related field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
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Zhang L, Li G, OuYang Z, Yang R, Gao Y, Cao X, Bányai I, Shi X, Guo R. Intelligent design of iron-doped LDH nanosheets for cooperative chemo-chemodynamic therapy of tumors†. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2029-2039. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has received increasing attention due to its unique tumor microenvironment (TME) responsiveness and minimal adverse side effects, but the therapeutic effect of CDT alone is always limited...
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17
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Yang Z, Fu X, Ma D, Wang Y, Peng L, Shi J, Sun J, Gan X, Deng Y, Yang W. Growth Factor-Decorated Ti 3 C 2 MXene/MoS 2 2D Bio-Heterojunctions with Quad-Channel Photonic Disinfection for Effective Regeneration of Bacteria-Invaded Cutaneous Tissue. SMALL 2021; 17:e2103993. [PMID: 34713567 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy has recently emerged as a competent alternative for combating bacterial infection without antibiotic-resistance risk. However, owing to the bacterial endogenous antioxidative glutathione (GSH), the exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by phototherapy can hardly behave desired antibacterial effect. To address the daunting issue, a quad-channel synergistic antibacterial nano-platform of Ti3 C2 MXene/MoS2 (MM) 2D bio-heterojunctions (2D bio-HJs) are devised and fabricated, which possess photothermal, photodynamic, peroxidase-like (POD-like), and glutathione oxidase-like properties. Under near-infrared (NIR) laser exposure, the 2D bio-HJs both yield localized heating and raise extracellular ROS level, leading to bacterial inactivation. Synchronously, Mo4+ ions can easily invade into ruptured bacterial membrane, arouse intracellular ROS, and deplete intracellular GSH. Squeezed between the "ROS hurricane" from both internal and external sides, the bacteria are hugely slaughtered. After being further loaded with fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), the 2D bio-HJs exhibit benign cytocompatibility and boost cell migration in vitro. Notably, the in vivo evaluations employing a mouse-infected wound model demonstrate the excellent photonic disinfection towards bacterial infection and accelerated wound healing. Overall, this work provides a powerful nano-platform for the effective regeneration of bacteria-invaded cutaneous tissue using 2D bio-HJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopu Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Stomatology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xinliang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Daichuan Ma
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Stomatology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Liming Peng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Stomatology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiacheng Shi
- College of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Stomatology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueqi Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Deng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Stomatology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Weizhong Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Stomatology, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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