1
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Angeli A, Occhini A, Renzi G, Capperucci A, Ferraroni M, Tanini D, Supuran CT. Thia- and Seleno-Michael Reactions for the Synthesis of Carbonic Anhydrases Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400345. [PMID: 39031732 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Novel chalcogen-containing amides and esters bearing the benzenesulfonamide moiety have been synthesised upon nucleophilic conjugate addition of thiols and selenols to suitable electron-deficient alkenes. The activity of the synthesised compounds as Carbonic Anhydrases inhibitors has been investigated in vitro and the inhibition mechanism has been elucidated by X-rays studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Deptartment, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Occhini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Gioele Renzi
- NEUROFARBA Deptartment, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Capperucci
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Damiano Tanini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" (DICUS), University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Deptartment, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
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2
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Dapkekar AB, Satyanarayana G. Electrochemical selenofunctionalization of unactivated alkenes: access to β-hydroxy-selenides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1775-1781. [PMID: 38328950 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00105b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the electrochemical construction of 2-methyl-1-aryloxy-3-(arylselanyl)propan-2-ol/2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(arylselanyl)propyl 2-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(arylselanyl)propoxy)benzoate starting from aryl allyl ethers/allyl benzoates and diaryl diselenides under additive-free electrochemical conditions. This environmentally friendly method was achieved through constant current electrolysis in an undivided cell setup under acid, oxidant, or catalyst-free conditions. Additionally, this technique enabled the synthesis of a variety of β-hydroxy selenides including late-stage functionalization of drug derivatives in good to exceptional yields across various substrates under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Balajirao Dapkekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
| | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
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3
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Lee S, Sim J, Lee A. Base-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Selenosulfides: A Base Basicity-Controlled Approach. J Org Chem 2024; 89:748-755. [PMID: 38127795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel and efficient sequential one-pot synthesis of selenosulfides via a base-catalyzed methodology utilizing readily available starting compounds, under mild reaction conditions. This method eliminated the need for excess oxidants or additives and simplified the synthesis procedure. Furthermore, organic amine bases served as exceptional catalysts for synthesizing the target products. The performance of a catalytic system depends on the basicity of the bases. The selection of suitable bases, based on their pKaH values, is crucial for the selective synthesis of selenosulfides without the formation of byproducts. This method provides a direct route for the preparation of selenosulfides, which are important scaffolds in organic chemistry.
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4
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Xie M, Wu H, Bian J, Huang S, Xia Y, Qin Y, Yan Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of capsaicin analogues as antioxidant and neuroprotective agents. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32150-32159. [PMID: 37920757 PMCID: PMC10619477 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin and its analogues 3a-3q were designed and synthesized as potential new antioxidant and neuroprotective agents. Many analogues exhibited good antioxidant effects, and some showed more potent free radical scavenging activities than the positive drug quercetin (IC50 = 8.70 ± 1.75 μM for DPPH assay and 13.85 ± 2.87 μM for ABTS assay, respectively). The phenolic hydroxyl of capsaicin analogues was critical in determining antioxidant activity. Among these compounds, 3k displayed the most potent antioxidant activity. Cell vitality tests revealed that the representative compound 3k was good at protecting cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage at low concentrations (cell viability increased to 90.0 ± 5.5% at 10 μM). In addition, the study demonstrated that 3k could reduce intracellular ROS accumulation and increase GSH levels to prevent H2O2-induced oxidative stress in SY5Y cells. In the mitochondrial membrane potential assay, 3k significantly increased the MMP level of SY5Y cells treated with H2O2 and played an anti-neuronal cell death role. These results provide a promising strategy to develop novel capsaicin analogues as potential antioxidant and neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Huixian Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Jing Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Shutong Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi China
| | - Yuanzheng Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yujun Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zhiming Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University Nanning Guangxi China
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5
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Anghinoni JM, Birmann PT, da Rocha MJ, Gomes CS, Davies MJ, Brüning CA, Savegnago L, Lenardão EJ. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Low Molecular Mass Organoselenium Molecules. Molecules 2023; 28:7349. [PMID: 37959771 PMCID: PMC10649092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element in living organisms, and is present in selenoenzymes with antioxidant activity, like glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). The search for small selenium-containing molecules that mimic selenoenzymes is a strong field of research in organic and medicinal chemistry. In this review, we review the synthesis and bioassays of new and known organoselenium compounds with antioxidant activity, covering the last five years. A detailed description of the synthetic procedures and the performed in vitro and in vivo bioassays is presented, highlighting the most active compounds in each series.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M. Anghinoni
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil; (J.M.A.); (C.S.G.)
| | - Paloma T. Birmann
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Marcia J. da Rocha
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Neuropharmacology (LABIONEM), Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Caroline S. Gomes
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil; (J.M.A.); (C.S.G.)
| | - Michael J. Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Building 12.6, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - César A. Brüning
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Neuropharmacology (LABIONEM), Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences (CCQFA), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil; (J.M.A.); (C.S.G.)
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6
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Capperucci A, Dalia C, Cenni A, Tanini D. Synthesis of nitroarenes and azoxyarenes through the selenium-mediated on water oxidation of aryl amines. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2023.2166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Capperucci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Camilla Dalia
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Cenni
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Damiano Tanini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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7
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Li J, Liu Y, Men Y, Li Z, Shi Y, Liu X, Chen B. Novel hybrid molecules based on disulfides and 1,2,4-triazole as antiproliferative agents. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2116638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanle Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanping Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuguang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoquan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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8
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Synthesis of novel unsymmetrical alkyl-aryl-selenides: β-carbonyl-selenides derivatives and anticancer evaluation. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Angeli A, Ferraroni M, Capperucci A, Tanini D, Costantino G, Supuran CT. Selenocarbamates as a novel prodrug-based approach towards Carbonic Anhydrase inhibition. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200085. [PMID: 35238480 PMCID: PMC9310613 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A study on the activity of selenocarbamates as a novel chemotype acting as carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors is reported. Undergoing CA‐mediated hydrolysis, selenocarbamates release selenolates behaving as zinc binding groups and effectively inhibiting CAs. A series of selenocarbamates characterised by high molecular diversity and complexity have been studied against different human CA isoforms such as hCA I, II, IX and XII. Selenocarbamates behave as masked selenols with potential biological applications as prodrugs for CAs inhibition‐based strategies. X‐ray studies provided insights into the binding mode of this novel class of CA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, ITALY
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", ITALY
| | - Antonella Capperucci
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", ITALY
| | - Damiano Tanini
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019, Firenze, ITALY
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- University of Parma: Universita degli Studi di Parma, Department of Food and Drug, ITALY
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze, NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, ITALY
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10
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Barchielli G, Capperucci A, Tanini D. The Role of Selenium in Pathologies: An Updated Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020251. [PMID: 35204134 PMCID: PMC8868242 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential microelement required for a number of biological functions. Selenium—and more specifically the amino acid selenocysteine—is present in at least 25 human selenoproteins involved in a wide variety of essential biological functions, ranging from the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration to the biosynthesis of hormones. These processes also play a central role in preventing and modulating the clinical outcome of several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, mental disorders, cardiovascular disorders, fertility impairments, inflammation, and infections (including SARS-CoV-2). Over the past years, a number of studies focusing on the relationship between selenium and such pathologies have been reported. Generally, an adequate selenium nutritional state—and in some cases selenium supplementation—have been related to improved prognostic outcome and reduced risk of developing several diseases. On the other hand, supra-nutritional levels might have adverse effects. The results of recent studies focusing on these topics are summarized and discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on advances achieved in the last decade.
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11
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Tanini D, Carradori S, Capperucci A, Lupori L, Zara S, Ferraroni M, Ghelardini C, Mannelli L, Micheli L, Lucarini E, Carta F, Angeli A, Supuran CT. Chalcogenides-incorporating carbonic anhydrase inhibitors concomitantly reverted oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy and enhanced antiproliferative action. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113793. [PMID: 34507012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is widely used for the treatment of different tumors but is associated with serious side effects, among which neuropathic pain. Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors have recently been validated as therapeutic agents in neuropathic pain and as antitumor agents. We report the synthesis of new organochalcogenides bearing the benzensulfonamide moiety acting as potent inhibitors of several human CA isoforms and, in particular, against hCA II and VII endowed with potent neuropathic pain attenuating effects. Moreover, in combination with cisplatin or doxorubicin, some of the new CA inhibitors enhanced the effects of the anticancer drugs capability in counteracting breast cancer MCF7 cell viability. The concomitant anti-neuropathic pain and antiproliferative effects of the new chalcogenide-based CA inhibitors represent an innovative approach for the counteraction and management of side effects associated with clinically platinum drugs as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Tanini
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Capperucci
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Lupori
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Susi Zara
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ldc Mannelli
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 707410, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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12
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Aganda KCC, Lee A. Synthesis of Selenaheterocycles via Visible‐Light‐Mediated Radical Cyclization. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Christopher C. Aganda
- Department of Energy Science and Technology Myongji University Yongin 17058 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Lee
- Department of Chemistry Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Republic of Korea
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13
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Capperucci A, Petrucci A, Faggi C, Tanini D. Click Reaction of Selenols with Isocyanates: Rapid Access to Selenocarbamates as Peroxide‐Switchable Reservoir of Thiol‐Peroxidase‐Like Catalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Capperucci
- University of Florence Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” Via della Lastruccia 3–13 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Alessandra Petrucci
- University of Florence Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” Via della Lastruccia 3–13 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Cristina Faggi
- University of Florence Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” Via della Lastruccia 3–13 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Damiano Tanini
- University of Florence Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff” Via della Lastruccia 3–13 I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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