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Zhou R, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhang H, Shi X, Wang B, Zhang Q, Zhang H. Clinical efficacy and safety of Panax notoginseng saponins in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with blood hypercoagulability: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 125:155244. [PMID: 38216446 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are the primary active components of an ancient Chinese herb Panax notoginseng. Hypercoagulable state of blood (HCS) is an independent risk factor and a cause of death in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several vivo studies have demonstrated the use of PNS preparations for treating COPD with HCS. PURPOSE This study aimed to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of PNS preparations in treating COPD with HCS. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to review data. METHODS RCTs on the treatment of COPD with HCS and PNS preparations were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Vip Information Database, Wanfang data, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. Relevant data were extracted from the included studies and methodological quality evaluation was performed. R language (version 4.2.3) was applied for the meta-analysis. RESULTS Twenty RCTs involving 1831 patients were analyzed. The results revealed that PNS preparations considerably increased the total clinical efficiency, improved forced expiratory volume in one second percent of predicted, and forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity ratio. Further, PNS preparations improved fibrinogen, plasma d-dimer, whole blood viscosity at high cut, whole blood viscosity at low cut, and plasma viscosity levels. The results obtained for activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times were not statistically significant. Finally, PNS preparations increased partial pressure of oxygen and decreased carbon dioxide pressure. CONCLUSION This is the first relatively comprehensive systematic review of the clinical efficacy and safety of PNS preparations for treating COPD with HCS. The study revealed that PNS preparations considerably improve lung function, hypoxia, and blood hypercoagulability in patients with COPD and HCS without increasing the risk of hemorrhage and has a good safety profile; therefore, it can be used as a new modulating agent and anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Zhou
- Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xia Shi
- Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - He Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
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Mieres-Castro D, Mora-Poblete F. Saponins: Research Progress and Their Potential Role in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020348. [PMID: 36839670 PMCID: PMC9964560 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the post-COVID-19 pandemic era, the new global situation and the limited therapeutic management of the disease make it necessary to take urgent measures in more effective therapies and drug development in order to counteract the negative global impacts caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its new infectious variants. In this context, plant-derived saponins-glycoside-type compounds constituted from a triterpene or steroidal aglycone and one or more sugar residues-may offer fewer side effects and promising beneficial pharmacological activities. This can then be used for the development of potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19, either as a therapy or as a complement to conventional pharmacological strategies for the treatment of the disease and its prevention. The main objective of this review was to examine the primary and current evidence in regard to the therapeutic potential of plant-derived saponins against the COVID-19 disease. Further, the aim was to also focus on those studies that highlight the potential use of saponins as a treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Saponins are antiviral agents that inhibit different pharmacological targets of the virus, as well as exhibit anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activity in relieving symptoms and clinical complications related to the disease. In addition, saponins also possess immunostimulatory effects, which improve the efficacy and safety of vaccines for prolonging immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 and its infectious variants.
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Dai L, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Chen K. Panax notoginseng preparation plus aspirin versus aspirin alone on platelet aggregation and coagulation in patients with coronary heart disease or ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1015048. [PMID: 36569332 PMCID: PMC9768032 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effects of Panax notoginseng preparations (PNP) containing Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) or Panaxatriol Saponin (PTS) on platelet aggregation and coagulation in the adjuvant treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke (IS). Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the combination of PNP and aspirin (ASA) versus ASA alone for CHD or IS were searched in eight databases. Subgroup analysis was performed according to saponin category. When statistical heterogeneity was significant, sensitivity analysis was performed using the leave-one-out approach. Funnel plot, Egger' test, and Begg' test was adopted to detect publication bias. Results: Twenty RCTs involving 2216 patients were analyzed. Compared with ASA alone, PNP plus ASA had a stronger inhibitory effect on in PAgR [PNS, WMD = -6.10 (-7.25, -4.95), p < 0.00001; PTS, WMD = -3.53 (-4.68, -2.38), p < 0.00001]; PNS plus ASA better reduced FIB [WMD = -0.43 (-0.49, -0.36)] and DD [WMD = -0.59 (-0.67, -0.51), p < 0.00001], while PLT (p = 0.07) and PT (p = 0.34) were not significantly different; PTS plus ASA better prolonged PT [WMD = 1.90 (1.47, 2.32), p < 0.00001] and PT-INR [WMD = 0.22 (0.11, 0.32), p < 0.0001], whereas no significant difference in DD (p = 0.1) and bleeding-related events (positive fecal occult blood, p = 0.96; upper gastrointestinal bleeding, p = 0.67; subcutaneous hemorrhage, p = 0.51; bulbar conjunctival hemorrhage, p = 0.51; hematuria, p = 0.58). There was no significant difference between PNP plus ASA and ASA alone in terms of gastrointestinal side effect (PNS, p = 0.65; PTS, p = 0.56) and urticaria (PNS, p = 0.57; PTS, p = 0.55). Conclusion: PNP combined with ASA might produce stronger antiplatelet aggregation and anticoagulation effects without increasing bleeding risk, gastrointestinal side effects, and urticaria compared with ASA alone. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails, identifier CRD42022339234.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keji Chen
- *Correspondence: Keji Chen, ; Yuerong Jiang,
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Pharmacological Effect of Panax notoginseng Saponins on Cerebral Ischemia in Animal Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4281483. [PMID: 35968235 PMCID: PMC9371884 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4281483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), bioactive compounds, are commonly used to treat ischemic heart and cerebral diseases in China and other Asian countries. Most previous studies of PNS have focused on the mechanisms underlying their treatment of ischemic cardiovascular diseases but not cerebral ischemic diseases. This study sought to explore the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of PNS in treating cerebral ischemic diseases. Different experimental cerebral ischemia models (including middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and the blockade of four arteries in rats, collagen-adrenaline-induced systemic intravascular thrombosis in mice, thrombosis of carotid artery-jugular vein blood flow in the bypass of rats, and hypoxia tolerance in mice) were used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the actions of PNS on cerebral ischemia. The results indicated that (1) PNS improved neurological function and reduced the cerebral ischemia infraction area in MCAO rats; (2) PNS improved motor coordination function in rats with complete cerebral ischemia (blockade of four arteries), decreased Ca2+ levels, and ameliorated energy metabolism in the brains of ischemia rats; (3) PNS reduced thrombosis in common carotid artery-jugular vein blood flow in the bypass of rats; (4) PNS provided significant promise in antistroke hemiplegia and hypoxia tolerance in mice. In conclusion, PNS showed antagonistic effects on ischemic stroke, and pharmacological mechanisms are likely to be associated with the reduction of cerebral pathological damage, thrombolysis, antihypoxia, and improvement in the intracellular Ca2+ overload and cerebral energy metabolism.
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Wang CM, Guo XF, Liu LM, Huang Y, Meng L, Song LP, Wu YF, Ning YC, Reilly KH, Wang HB. Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis by Panax Notoginseng Saponins Combined with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Surgical Patients. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:771-778. [PMID: 35829956 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-2894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention among real-world surgical inpatients who received panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) combined with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted among surgical patients between January 2016 and November 2018 in Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Participants received LMWH alone or PNS combined with LMWH for preventing DVT. The primary outcome was incidence of lower extremity DVT, which was screened once a week. Participants in the LMWH group were given LMWH (enoxaparin) via hypodermic injection, 4000-8000 AxalU once daily. Participants in the exposure group received PNS (Xuesaitong oral tablets, 100 mg, 3 times daily) combined with LMWH given the same as LMWH group. RESULTS Of the 325 patients screened for the study, 281 participants were included in the final analysis. The cohort was divided into PNS + LMWH group and LMWH group with 134 and 147 participants, respectively. There was a significant difference of DVT incidence between two groups (P=0.01), with 21 (15.7%) incident DVT in the PNS + LMWH group, and 41 (27.9%) incident DVT in the LMWH group. Compared with participants without DVT, the participants diagnosed with DVT were older and had higher D-dimer level. The multivariate logistic regression model showed a significant lower risk of incident DVT among participants in the PNS + LMWH group compared with the LMWH group (odds ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.86). There were no significant differences in thromboelaslography values (including R, K, Angle, and MA) and differences in severe bleeding between two groups. No symptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred during the study. CONCLUSION Combined application of PNS and LMWH can effectively reduce the incidence of DVT among surgical inpatients compared with LMWH monotherapy, without increased risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Guo
- Children's Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Liang Meng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Li-Po Song
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ying-Feng Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ya-Chan Ning
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kathleen H Reilly
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New York City, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Duan L, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Liu C, Wang J. Panax notoginseng Saponins Alleviate Coronary Artery Disease Through Hypermethylation of the miR-194-MAPK Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:829416. [PMID: 35784716 PMCID: PMC9243564 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.829416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) may have an inhibitory effect against coronary artery disease (CAD); however, the mechanism is unclear. Recent research has begun to evaluate the role of epigenetics in CAD. Our team found that hypomethylation of miR-194 could be an important mechanism of CAD. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PNS against CAD and evaluate whether the mechanism is related to methylation of mi-R194. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial with a double-blind placebo design on 84 patients with CAD. Treatment was continued for 4 weeks, and the clinical effect of PNS on CAD was observed. Methylation of miR-194, its promoter, and the key nodes of the MAPK pathway were measured by pyrosequencing and qRT-PCR. We then conducted a pharmacological analysis of the active components of PNS. The effects of PNS on oxidized human umbilical vein endothelial cells and the methylation of miR-194, its promoter, and the key nodes of the MAPK pathway were measured in vitro through methylation-specific PCR (MSPCR), qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and annexin V/propidium iodide apoptosis assay. Results: PNS improved symptoms of CAD. High-density lipoprotein and white blood cell count demonstrated significant changes after treatment in the PNS group. No significant difference was observed between miR-194 and mRNA MAPK, FAS, RAS, and FOS in the PNS group after treatment. However, some notable trends were observed in these genes. The targets of PNS were predicted by the pharmacological components. Some targets were found to be differentially expressed genes in CAD sequencing. Six genes, including MAPK1, RAS, and FASL, were common targets of PNS in CAD sequencing. Correlations were observed between genes in the interaction network and clinical parameters. In vitro experiments confirmed that PNS could change the methylation of miR-194, its promoter, and MAPK, FAS, RAS, and FOS. Intervention with PNS is likely to improve apoptosis. Conclusion: We reported the regulation of miR-194 promoter, miR-194, and MAPK methylation by PNS through cell experiments and a randomized controlled trial. PNS can be used for intervention in CAD by targeting the miR-194 promoter-miR-194-MAPK signaling pathway. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT03083119.
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Han G, Zhang Y, Liu T, Li J, Li H. The anti-osteosarcoma effect from panax notoginseng saponins by inhibiting the G 0 / G 1 phase in the cell cycle and affecting p53-mediated autophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis. J Cancer 2021; 12:6383-6392. [PMID: 34659528 PMCID: PMC8489146 DOI: 10.7150/jca.54602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy, and current chemotherapy sessions against it often induce severe complications in patients. Thus, it is necessary to develop new and effective antineoplastic agents with fewer side effects. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are the active components in panax notoginseng and were reported to be capable of inhibiting the growth of several tumors both in vitro and in vivo. However, its effects on osteosarcoma have not been studied yet, which is addressed in this study for the first time. Our results indicated that PNS can inhibit proliferation, invasion and migration of the osteosarcoma cells, while promoting their apoptosis simultaneously. Specifically, PNS caused an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and the amount of reactive oxygen species. The cell cycle in osteosarcoma cells was arrested in the G0 / G1 phase after PNS treatment. The expression of p53 and other apoptosis-related mitochondrial proteins were promoted. Nevertheless, it was observed that autophagy became less active in osteosarcoma cells when PNS was administered. In a word, PNS were of potential therapeutic significance for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yubiao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hospital of Shenmu, Shenmu, Shaanxi, 719300, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Haohuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Pan YW, Wu DP, Liang HF, Tang GY, Fan CL, Shi L, Ye WC, Li MM. Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng Activate Akt/mTOR Pathway and Exhibit Neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo against Ischemic Damage. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 28:410-418. [PMID: 34581940 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reveal the neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of a mixture of the main components of Panax notoginseng saponins (TSPN) on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) of cultured cortical neurons. METHODS The neuroprotective effect of TSPN was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry and live/dead cell assays. The morphology of dendrites was detected by immunofluorescence. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was developed in rats as a model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. The neuroprotective effect of TSPN was evaluated by neurological scoring, tail suspension test, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and Nissl stainings. Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to measure the changes in the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. RESULTS MTT showed that TSPN (50, 25 and 12.5 µ g/mL) protected cortical neurons after OGD/R treatment (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Flow cytometry and live/dead cell assays indicated that 25 µ g/mL TSPN decreased neuronal apoptosis (P<0.05), and immunofluorescence showed that 25 µ g/mL TSPN restored the dendritic morphology of damaged neurons (P<0.05). Moreover, 12.5 µ g/mL TSPN downregulated the expression of Beclin-1, Cleaved-caspase 3 and LC3B-II/LC3B-I, and upregulated the levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-mTOR (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the MCAO model, 50 µ g/mL TSPN improved defective neurological behavior and reduced infarct volume (P<0.05). Moreover, the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3B in cerebral ischemic penumbra was downregulated after 50 µ g/mL TSPN treatment, whereas the p-mTOR level was upregulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION TSPN promoted neuronal survival and protected dendrite integrity after OGD/R and had a potential therapeutic effect by alleviating neurological deficits and reversing neuronal loss. TSPN promoted p-mTOR and inhibited Beclin-1 to alleviate ischemic damage, which may be the mechanism that underlies the neuroprotective activity of TSPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Pan
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Department of TCM Preventive Medicine, Tianhe District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dong-Ping Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Gen-Yun Tang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Man-Mei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Zuo X, Li Q, Ya F, Ma LJ, Tian Z, Zhao M, Fan D, Zhao Y, Mao YH, Wan JB, Yang Y. Ginsenosides Rb2 and Rd2 isolated from Panax notoginseng flowers attenuate platelet function through P2Y 12-mediated cAMP/PKA and PI3K/Akt/Erk1/2 signaling. Food Funct 2021; 12:5793-5805. [PMID: 34041517 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Saponins derived from Panax notoginseng root are widely used as herbal medicines and dietary supplements due to their wide range of health benefits. However, the effects of those from Panax notoginseng flowers (PNF) on platelet function and thrombus formation remain largely unknown. Using a series of platelet function assays, we found that G-Rb2 and G-Rd2, among the ten PNF saponin monomers, significantly inhibited human platelet aggregation and activation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in vitro. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 against ADP-induced platelet aggregation was 85.5 ± 4.5 μg mL-1 and 51.4 ± 4.6 μg mL-1, respectively. Mechanistically, G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 could effectively modulate platelet P2Y12-mediated signaling by up-regulating cAMP/PKA signaling and down-regulating PI3K/Akt/Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Co-incubation of the P2Y12 antagonist cangrelor with either G-Rb2 or G-Rd2 did not show significant additive inhibitory effects. G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 also substantially suppressed thrombus growth in a FeCl3-induced murine arteriole thrombosis model in vivo. Interestingly, G-Rd2 generally exhibited more potent inhibitory effects on platelet function and thrombus formation than G-Rb2. Thus, our data suggest that PNF-derived G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 effectively attenuate platelet hyperactivity through modulating signaling pathways downstream of P2Y12, which indicates G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 may play important preventive roles in thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zuo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Fuli Ya
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Li-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Zezhong Tian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Die Fan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Yu-Heng Mao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
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Wang QH, Kuang N, Hu WY, Yin D, Wei YY, Hu TJ. The effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on oxidative stress induced by PCV2 infection in immune cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e61. [PMID: 32735098 PMCID: PMC7402940 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Hua Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Na Kuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Wen Yue Hu
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ting Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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11
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Lichota A, Szewczyk EM, Gwozdzinski K. Factors Affecting the Formation and Treatment of Thrombosis by Natural and Synthetic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7975. [PMID: 33121005 PMCID: PMC7663413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), whose consequence may be a pulmonary embolism (PE). Thrombosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is the third most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke. DVT is associated with the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein in the body. Thrombosis promotes slowed blood flow, hypoxia, cell activation, and the associated release of many active substances involved in blood clot formation. All thrombi which adhere to endothelium consist of fibrin, platelets, and trapped red and white blood cells. In this review, we summarise the impact of various factors affecting haemostatic disorders leading to blood clot formation. The paper discusses the causes of thrombosis, the mechanism of blood clot formation, and factors such as hypoxia, the involvement of endothelial cells (ECs), and the activation of platelets and neutrophils along with the effects of bacteria and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanisms related to the action of anticoagulants affecting coagulation factors including antiplatelet drugs have also been discussed. However, many aspects related to the pathogenesis of thrombosis still need to be clarified. A review of the drugs used to treat and prevent thrombosis and natural anticoagulants that occur in the plant world and are traditionally used in Far Eastern medicine has also been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lichota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-235 Lodz, Poland; (A.L.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Eligia M. Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-235 Lodz, Poland; (A.L.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Gwozdzinski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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12
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The effects of ginsenosides on platelet aggregation and vascular intima in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105031. [PMID: 32562816 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis initiated by abnormal platelet aggregation is a pivotal pathological event that precedes most cases of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recently, growing evidence indicates that platelet could be a potential target for CVD prevention. However, as the conventional antithrombotic management strategy, applications of current antiplatelet agents are somewhat limited by their various side effects, such as bleeding risk and drug resistance. Hence, efforts have been made to search for agents as complementary therapies. Ginsenoside, the principal active component extracted from Panax ginseng, has gained much attention for its regulations on multiple crucial events of platelet aggregation. From structural characteristics to clinical applications, this review anatomized the intrinsic structure-function relationship of antiplatelet potency of ginsenosides, and the involved signal pathways were specifically summarized. Additionally, the emphasis was placed on clinical studies that investigate the antithrombotic efficacy of ginsenosides in the treatment of CVD. Further, a broad overview of approaches for improving the bioavailability of ginsenosides was concluded. Limitations and prospects of current studies were also discussed. This study may provide some new insights into the systematic understanding of ginsenosides in CVD treatment and lay a foundation for future research.
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Nie X, Wang B, Hu R, Lu W, Chen J, Liu S, Jin D, Sun C, Gao S, Guo Y, Fang W, Hao H. Development and Evaluation of Controlled and Simultaneous Release of Compound Danshen Based on a Novel Colon-Specific Osmotic Pump Capsule. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:38. [PMID: 31897797 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the study, we developed a novel oral dosage form of Compound Danshen to resolve the problems of low bioavailability, disequilibrium in drug release, and stomach degradation of active components of Compound Danshen in conventional formulas. A colon-specific osmotic pump capsule (COPC) of Compound Danshen was prepared using a semipermeable shell with the core components. Using a single-factor method, we obtained the optimal formulation that consisted of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, Panax notoginseng extract, Borneol, sodium chloride, polyethylene oxide wsr-N10, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and ludipress. Moreover, in vitro dissolution test showed simultaneous releases of active ingredients from Compound Danshen COPC over 12 h at pH 7.8, displaying zero-order release characteristics. The impetus of drug release mainly depended on the difference in osmotic pressure across the capsule shell. Next, scanning electron microscopy showed morphological changes in the capsule shell during the dissolution test. More importantly, pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs indicated that relative bioavailability was 330.58% and retention time was greatly prolonged in Compound Danshen COPC, compared with those in marketed Compound Danshen tablet products. Finally, in vivo imaging studies in beagle dogs showed that COPC was stable in gastrointestinal tract and the drug was specifically released in the colon region. A colon-specific osmotic pump capsule (COPC) of Compound Danshen was developed and optimized to achieve simultaneous zero-order release of multiple active components of Compound Danshen in the colon. More importantly, the COPC have proved to improve the bioavailability and prolong the retention time of Compound Danshen, compared with those in a marketed product.
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Network Pharmacology-Based Prediction and Verification of the Targets and Mechanism for Panax Notoginseng Saponins against Coronary Heart Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6503752. [PMID: 31354855 PMCID: PMC6636530 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6503752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the worldwide leading cause for cardiovascular death. Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS), which is the main bioactive compound of panax notoginseng, has been generally accepted to exert a remarkable effect on CHD for a long time. However, to reveal the underlying treatment target and corresponding mechanism of PNS against CHD is still a substantial challenge. In this work, the targets and mechanism of PNS against CHD were successfully achieved by pharmacology-based prediction and experimental verification. 36 common targets were screened out through integrating the gene expression profile of CHD and the chemical-protein data of PNS. Then, two key nodes were further selected for verification by experiment after analyzing GO function, KEGG pathway, coexpression, and topology analysis. Results showed that PNS has protected the human umbilical vein endothelial cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting early cell apoptosis via upregulating VEGFA mRNA expression. Therefore, our research has successfully pointed out one treatment target and apoptotic inhibition caused by PNS with method of integrating bioinformatics prediction and experimental verification, which has partially explained the pharmacological mechanism of PNS against CHD.
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He Y, Li H, Zheng X, Yuan M, Yang R, Yuan M, Yang C. Preparation, In Vivo and In Vitro Release of Polyethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether-Polymandelic Acid Microspheres Loaded Panax Notoginseng Saponins. Molecules 2019; 24:E2024. [PMID: 31137874 PMCID: PMC6572365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enrich the types of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) sustained-release preparations and provide a new research idea for the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine sustained-release formulations, a series of Panax notoginseng saponins microspheres was prepared by a double emulsion method using a series of degradable amphiphilic macromolecule materials polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether-polymandelic acid (mPEG-PMA) as carrier. The structure and molecular weight of the series of mPEG-PMA were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 HNMR) and gel chromatography (GPC). The results of the appearance, particle size, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of the drug-loaded microspheres show that the mPEG10000-PMA (1:9) material is more suitable as a carrier for loading the total saponins of Panax notoginseng. The particle size was 2.51 ± 0.21 μm, the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were 8.54 ± 0.16% and 47.25 ± 1.64%, respectively. The drug-loaded microspheres were used for in vitro release and degradation experiments to investigate the degradation and sustained release behaviour of the drug-loaded microspheres. The biocompatibility of the microspheres was studied by haemolytic, anticoagulant and cytotoxicity experiments. The pharmacological activity of the microspheres was studied by anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour experiments. The results showed that the drug-loaded microspheres could be released stably for about 12 days and degraded within 60 days. At the same time, the microspheres had good biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Mingwei Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Renyu Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Minglong Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Cui Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Lv H, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Duan Y. Elemental characteristics of Sanqi (Panax notoginseng) in Yunnan province of China: Multielement determination by ICP-AES and ICP-MS and statistical analysis. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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张 先, 李 勋, 熊 平, 易 传, 陈 曦. [Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on liver graft rejection in rats and the mechanisms]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:394-400. [PMID: 31068281 PMCID: PMC6744000 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on the functional status of Kupffer cells (KCs) and immune environment after liver transplantation and explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS KCs were isolated from rats and assessed for phagocytic activity and viability using ink and Trypan blue staining. The cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination with PNS treatment at 0, 10 or 20 μmol/L. The expressions of the inflammatory factors and the oxidative stress products in the cells and the supernatant were assayed with Western blotting and ELISA; the expression of CD206 was detected using immunofluorescence assay, and the expressions of NF-κB and Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway proteins were detected using Western blotting. We established an orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) model in rats and assessed the effect of 200 mg/kg PNS on the graft function, inflammatory factors, pathology of the liver tissue, hepatocyte apoptosis and survival time of the rats in comparison with those in rats receiving a sham operation or PBS treatment following LT. RESULTS Treatment with PNS significantly lowered the levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress products and increased the levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and SOD in a concentration-dependent manner in the KCs (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence assay showed that PNS treatment obviously increased the expression of CD206 in the KCs. PNS treatment also significantly reduced the expressions of IRAK4, p-IKKα, p-IκBα, p-p65 and Keap1 proteins and increased the expression levels of Nrf2 and ARE proteins in the KCs (P < 0.05). In the rat models of LT, PNS treatment significantly improved the liver graft function, lowered the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors, and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis as compared with PBS treatment. PNS treatment obviously alleviated pathological changes in the liver graft and significantly prolonged the survival time of the rats following LT (P < 0.05). In addition, injection of GdCl3 to block KC function resulted in severe acute graft rejection in the rats regardless of PNS treatment (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS PNS can reduce inflammatory response and oxidative stress in activated KCs by inhibiting NF-κB and Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathways and promote the polarization of KCs into M2 phenotype to prolong the survival time of rats after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- 先兵 张
- 重庆市武隆区人民医院外一科,重庆 408500Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Wulong District, Chongqing 408500, China
- 重庆医科大学附属第二医院肝胆外科,重庆 400010Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - 勋 李
- 重庆市武隆区人民医院外一科,重庆 408500Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Wulong District, Chongqing 408500, China
| | - 平 熊
- 重庆市武隆区人民医院外一科,重庆 408500Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Wulong District, Chongqing 408500, China
| | - 传超 易
- 重庆市武隆区人民医院外一科,重庆 408500Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Wulong District, Chongqing 408500, China
| | - 曦 陈
- 重庆市武隆区人民医院外一科,重庆 408500Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Wulong District, Chongqing 408500, China
- 重庆医科大学附属第二医院肝胆外科,重庆 400010Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Han S, Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang Q, Han B, Ge Y, Xiang Y, Liang R, Zhu X, You Y, Liao F. Anti-thrombosis Effects and Mechanisms by Xueshuantong Capsule Under Different Flow Conditions. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:35. [PMID: 30792653 PMCID: PMC6374556 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xueshuantong capsule (XST) is a patented traditional Chinese medicine used for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. The molecular mechanism of anti-thrombotic effect of XST was investigated through the cross-talk among the platelets/leukocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), and flow shear stress. The Bioflux 1000 system was used to generate two levels of shear stress conditions: 0.1 and 0.9 Pa. Bioflux Metamorph microscopic imaging system was used to analyze the adhesion cell numbers. Protein expressions were detected by western blotting and flow cytometry. The flow-cytometry results showed that under 0.1 Pa flow, XST decreased ADP induced platelets CD62p surface expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Under 0.9 Pa flow, XST at a concentration of 0.15 g⋅L-1 reduced the platelets activation by 29.5%, and aspirin (ASA) showed no inhibitory effects. XST showed similar efficiency on monocytes adhesion both under 0.1 and 0.9 Pa flow conditions, and the inhibition rate was 30.2 and 28.3%, respectively. Under 0.9 Pa flow, the anti-adhesive effects of XST might be associated with the suppression of VE-cadherin and Cx43 in HUVECs. Blood flow not only acts as a drug transporter, but also exerts its effects to influence the pharmacodynamics of XST. Effects of XST on inhibiting platelets activation and suppressing platelets/leukocytes adhesion to injured ECs are not only concentration-dependent, but also shear stress-dependent. The mechanic forces combined with traditional Chinese medicine may be used as a precise treatment for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Harbin Zhenbao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Harbin, China
| | - Yimeng Ge
- Harbin Zhenbao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Harbin, China
| | - Yanhua Xiang
- Harbin Zhenbao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Harbin, China
| | - Rixin Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun You
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fulong Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu Y, Liu T, Zhao J, He T, Chen H, Wang J, Zhang W, Ma W, Fan Y, Song X. Phospholipase Cγ2 signalling contributes to the haemostatic effect of Notoginsenoside Ft1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 71:878-886. [PMID: 30549041 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The drawback of bleeding caused by chronic antiplatelet therapy is persecuting patients with thrombotic diseases severely. Based on the dual-directional regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng on platelet, the present study focused on the effect of Notoginsenoside Ft1, a saponin with effect in promoting platelet aggregation. KEY FINDINGS According to the present study, Notoginsenoside Ft1 cannot stimulate platelet aggregation independently. However, the effect in enhancing aggregation induced by thrombin, collagen and ADP is peaked at 5-10 μm. In addition, thrombin-induced activation of PLCγ2-IP3 /DAG-[Ca2+ ]/PKC-TXA2 signalling was potentiated by Notoginsenoside Ft1, as well. Furthermore, the mice tail bleeding time was shortened by administration of Notoginsenoside Ft1 significantly. And the bleeding time prolonged by aspirin was also restored by Ft1. CONCLUSIONS The haemostatic effect of Notoginsenoside Ft1 was exerted through potentiation of PLCγ2-IP3 /DAG-[Ca2+ ]/PKC-TXA2 signalling pathway stimulated by other stimulators. Notoginsenoside Ft1 has the potential to be developed into supplements in antiplatelet therapy to prevent the drawback of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Taotao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiaqing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wuren Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Liu Y, Liu T, Ding K, Liu Z, Li Y, He T, Zhang W, Fan Y, Ma W, Cui L, Song X. Phospholipase Cγ2 Signaling Cascade Contribute to the Antiplatelet Effect of Notoginsenoside Fc. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1293. [PMID: 30459626 PMCID: PMC6232503 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope: Bleeding, the main drawback of clinically used chemical anti-thrombotic drug is resulted from the unidirectional suppression of platelet activity. Therefore, dual-directional regulatory effect on platelet is the main preponderance of Panax notoginseng over these drugs. The dual-directional regulatory effect should be ascribed to the resourceful Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). Clarifying the mechanism of main PNS in both inhibiting and promoting platelet aggregation will give a full outlook for the dual-directional regulatory effect. The present study is aimed at explaining the mechanism of Notoginsenoside Fc (Fc), a main PNS, in inhibiting platelet aggregation. Methods: In the in vitro study, after incubating platelets with Fc and m-3M3FBS, platelet aggregation was triggered by thrombin, collagen or ADP. Platelet aggregation was measured by aggregometer. Phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and protein kinase C (PKC) activities were studied by western blotting. Diacylglycerol (DAG), thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate (IP3) concentrations were measured by corresponding ELISA kits. Calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]) were estimated through the fluorescence intensity emitted from Fluo-4. In the in vivo study, thrombus model was induced by FeCl3. The effect of Fc on thrombosis was evaluated by measurement of protein content and observation of injured blood vessel. Results: thrombin, collagen and ADP induced platelet aggregation were all suppressed by incubating platelets with Fc. Platelet PLCγ2 and subsequent DAG-PKC-TXA2 and IP3 were down-regulated by Fc as well. However, the basal [Ca2+] in platelet was not altered by Fc. Nevertheless, thrombin triggered activation of PLCγ2 and subsequent DAG-PKC-TXA2 and IP3-[Ca2+] were all abolished by Fc. Fc also attenuated platelet aggregation and PLCγ2 signaling activation induced by PLC activator, m-3M3FBS. In the in vivo study, FeCl3 induced thrombosis in rat femoral artery was significantly alleviated by administration of Fc. Conclusion: The results above suggested the antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of Fc are carried out through oppression of PLCγ2 and subsequent DAG-PKC-TXA2 and IP3-[Ca2+]. The present study provided theoretical support for new anti-thrombotic drug exploitation by Panax notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu Liu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kevin Ding
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Zengyuan Liu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Taotao He
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wuren Ma
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoping Song
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Zhao Y, Zheng J, Yu Y, Wang L. Panax notoginseng Saponins Regulate Macrophage Polarization under Hyperglycemic Condition via NF- κB Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9239354. [PMID: 30151392 PMCID: PMC6091338 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9239354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), the principal constituents derived from Panax notoginseng, have been extensively used for treating cardiocerebral vascular diseases in China and other Asian countries. The main effects of PNS were anti-inflammatory properties, inhibition of platelet aggregation, improvement of blood flow and insulin resistance, and so on. This study was carried out to explore the effects of PNS on macrophage polarization under hyperglycemic conditions. Human acute monocyte leukemia cell line THP-1 cells were induced into macrophages with Phorbol ester (PMA). Macrophages were then divided into five groups as follows: control (5.5mMol/l glucose), hyperglycemia group (15mMol/l glucose), hyperglycemia plus low-dose PNS (20ug/ml), hyperglycemia plus moderate-dose PNS (40ug/ml), and hyperglycemia plus high-dose PNS (60ug/ml). After 48-hour cell culture, the percentages of M1- and M2-polarized macrophages were measured by flow cytometry analysis. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to evaluate the Ym1 and arginase 1 expression in macrophages. Protein expression of arginase 1, NF-κB p50, p65, and inhibitor of κB (IκB) alpha phosphorylation in macrophages was identified with Western blotting. PNS, especially the high-dose PNS, remarkably increased M2 phenotype ratio in macrophages cultured with hyperglycemia, and the mRNA expression of Ym1 and arginase 1 in macrophages was also upregulated. Meanwhile, PNS remarkably increased the protein expression of arginase 1 and decreased IκB-alpha phosphorylation and subunits of NF-κB p50 and p65 from macrophages in culture medium with hyperglycemia. Taken together, our work demonstrated that PNS promote macrophages to transform M2 phenotype under hyperglycemic conditions through downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jianlei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yongmei Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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Xiang L, Li Y, Deng X, Kosanovic D, Schermuly RT, Li X. Natural plant products in treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018784033. [PMID: 29869936 PMCID: PMC6055327 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018784033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease characterized by
progressive remodeling of distal pulmonary arteries and persistent elevation of
pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), which leads to right ventricular
dysfunction, heart failure, and eventually death. Although treatment
responsiveness for this disease is improving, it continues to be a
life-threatening condition. With the clinical efficacy of natural plant products
being fully confirmed by years of practice, more and more recognition and
attention have been obtained from the international pharmaceutical industry.
Moreover, studies over the past decades have demonstrated that drugs derived
from natural plants show unique advantages and broad application prospects in
PAH treatment, not to mention the historical application of Chinese traditional
medicine in cardiopulmonary diseases. In this review, we focus on summarizing
natural plant compounds with therapeutic properties in PAH, according to the
extracts, fractions, and pure compounds from plants into categories, hoping it
to be helpful for basic research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xiang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Li
- 2 Department of Health Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,3 Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Deng
- 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- 5 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- 5 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Li
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,3 Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha, China
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