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Nguyen-Thi PT, Vo TK, Pham THT, Nguyen TT, Van Vo G. Natural flavonoids as potential therapeutics in the management of Alzheimer's disease: a review. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:68. [PMID: 38357675 PMCID: PMC10861420 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder which is associated with the accumulation of proteotoxic Aβ peptides, and pathologically characterized by the deposition of Aβ-enriched plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Given the social and economic burden caused by the rising frequency of AD, there is an urgent need for the development of appropriate therapeutics. Natural compounds are gaining popularity as alternatives to synthetic drugs due to their neuroprotective properties and higher biocompatibility. While natural compound's therapeutic effects for AD have been recently investigated in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, only few have developed to clinical trials. The present review aims to provide a brief overview of the therapeutic effects, new insights, and upcoming perspectives of the preclinical and clinical trials of flavonoids for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuong Kha Vo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 100000 Vietnam
| | - Thi Hong Trang Pham
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
| | - Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 71420 Vietnam
| | - Giau Van Vo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
- Research Center for Genetics and Reproductive Health (CGRH), School of Medicine, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Vietnam
- Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
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Garmendia JV, De Sanctis CV, Das V, Annadurai N, Hajduch M, De Sanctis JB. Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Therapeutics and Beyond. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1080-1109. [PMID: 37898823 PMCID: PMC10964103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231017141636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease (ND) incidence has recently increased due to improved life expectancy. Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent NDs. Both diseases are poly genetic, multifactorial and heterogenous. Preventive medicine, a healthy diet, exercise, and controlling comorbidities may delay the onset. After the diseases are diagnosed, therapy is needed to slow progression. Recent studies show that local, peripheral and age-related inflammation accelerates NDs' onset and progression. Patients with autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could be at higher risk of developing AD or PD. However, no increase in ND incidence has been reported if the patients are adequately diagnosed and treated. Autoantibodies against abnormal tau, β amyloid and α- synuclein have been encountered in AD and PD and may be protective. This discovery led to the proposal of immune-based therapies for AD and PD involving monoclonal antibodies, immunization/ vaccines, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and anti-inflammatory cytokine addition. All the different approaches have been analysed here. Future perspectives on new therapeutic strategies for both disorders are concisely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valentina Garmendia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Valentina De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Narendran Annadurai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
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Ranjan S, Gautam A. Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1159806. [PMID: 37274201 PMCID: PMC10232807 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid complex extricated from dried fruits and seeds of the plant Silybum marianum L. Chemically, it is a mixture of flavonolignan complexes consisting of silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, a minor quantity of taxifolin, and other polyphenolic compounds, which possess different bio medicinal values. Purpose This review critically looks into the current status, pharmaceutical prospects and limitations of the clinical application of Silymarin for treating neurological disorders. In particular, Silymarin's medicinal properties and molecular mechanisms are focused on providing a better-compiled understanding helpful in its neuro-pharmacological or therapeutic aspects. Methods This review was compiled by the literature search done using three databases, i.e., PubMed (Medline), EMBASE and Science Direct, up to January 2023, using the keywords-Silymarin, neurological disorders, cognitive disorders, Type 2 Diabetes, pharmaceutical prospects and treatment. Then, potentially relevant publications and studies (matching the eligible criteria) were retrieved and selected to explain in this review using PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) study flow chart. Result Since its discovery, it has been widely studied as a hepatoprotective drug for various liver disorders. However, in the last 10-15 years, several research studies have shown its putative neuroprotective nature against various brain disorders, including psychiatric, neurodegenerative, cognitive, metabolic and other neurological disorders. The main underlying neuroprotective mechanisms in preventing and curing such disorders are the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, pro-neurotrophic and pro-estrogenic nature of the bioactive molecules. Conclusion This review provides a lucid summary of the well-studied neuroprotective effects of Silymarin, its underlying molecular mechanisms and current limitations for its usage during neurological disorders. Finally, we have suggested a future course of action for developing it as a novel herbal drug for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovit Ranjan
- University Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Akash Gautam
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Eyvari Brooshghalan S, Sabahi M, Ebadi SA, Sadeghian Z, Mohajjel Nayebi A, Haddadi R. Silibinin chronic treatment in a rat model of Parkinson disease: A comprehensive in-vivo evaluation and in silico molecular modeling. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 941:175517. [PMID: 36669615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation have been linked to the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the pre-treatment effects of Silibinin on a PD model have been evaluated, in the current study we investigated the chronic therapeutic effects of Silibinin microinjection on a rat model of established parkinsonism along with behavioral and laboratory markers assessments. METHOD Parkinsonism was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 8 μg/2μl/rat). 21 days after that, animals were treated with Silibinin (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg for 15 consecutive days). Every two days, the bar test was used to evaluate Silibinin's anti-cataleptic properties. At the end, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), along with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 levels were assessed. We used homology modeling to predict the 3D structure of TLR4. RESULT Silibinin's Chronic treatment, dose-dependently decreased catalepsy. MPO activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were reduced in Silibinin-treated rats in all three doses. Silibinin decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3, and downregulated TLR4 expression. Molecular docking revealed that there were hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions between the studied ligand and TLR4. Silibinin formed a stable complex with both monomer and dimer forms of TLR4. CONCLUSION In accordance with molecular modeling and alleviation of TLR4 activity with a consequent reduction in oxidative stress, restoration of CSF inflammatory cytokine, and minimization of SNc neuronal apoptosis, long-term therapy with Silibinin offers a potential opportunity for symptomatic PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadmahdi Sabahi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seyed Ahmad Ebadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zohre Sadeghian
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rasool Haddadi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Singh R, Zahra W, Singh SS, Birla H, Rathore AS, Keshri PK, Dilnashin H, Singh S, Singh SP. Oleuropein confers neuroprotection against rotenone-induced model of Parkinson's disease via BDNF/CREB/Akt pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2452. [PMID: 36774383 PMCID: PMC9922328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Major pathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) include increase in oxidative stress leading to the aggregation of α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, downregulation of the expression of neurotrophic factors like-Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is also involved in PD progression. There has been a lot of interest in trophic factor-based neuroprotective medicines over the past few decades to treat PD symptoms. Rotenone, an insecticide, inhibits the mitochondrial complex I causing overproduction of ROS, oxidative stress, and aggregation of α-synuclein. It has been shown that BDNF and Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) interaction initiates the regulation of neuronal cell development and differentiation by the serine/threonine protein kinases like Akt and GSK-3β. Additionally, Transcription factor CREB (cAMP Response Element-binding protein) also determines the gene expression of BDNF. The homeostasis of these signalling cascades is compromised with the progression of PD. Therefore, maintaining the equilibrium of these signalling cascades will delay the onset of PD. Oleuropein (OLE), a polyphenolic compound present in olive leaves has been documented to cross blood brain barrier and shows potent antioxidative property. In the present study, the dose of 8, 16 and 32 mg/kg body weight (bwt) OLE was taken for dose standardisation. The optimised doses of 16 and 32 mg/kg bwt was found to be neuroprotective in Rotenone induced PD mouse model. OLE improves motor impairment and upregulate CREB regulation along with phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β in PD mouse. In addition, OLE also reduces the mitochondrial dysfunction by activation of enzyme complexes and downregulates the proapoptotic markers in Rotenone intoxicated mouse model. Overall, our study suggests that OLE may be used as a therapeutic agent for treatment of PD by regulating BDNF/CREB/Akt signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Shekhar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India.
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Zi L, Hu X. Long Non-Coding RNA Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (LncRNA MALAT1) Shuttling Through Exosome from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell (BMSC) Regulates the Differentiation of Osteoblast in Osteoporosis Rats. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2023.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the effect of LncRNA MALAT1 on osteoblast differentiation in OP rats. The BMSC were transfected with LncRNA MALAT1. The OP rats’ model was established and then assigned into NC set, OP set, BMSC set, BMSCs/LncRNA-NC set and BMSCs/LncRNA MALAT1 set followed
by analysis of LncRNA MALAT1, microRNA-34 and cSATB2 expression by RT-PCR, and Bax, Caspase-3 and ALP level in exosome by Western Blot assy. The protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 in OP set was significantly increased compared with NC set but reduced in BMSCs/LncRNA MALAT1 set without
significant differences between BMSC set and BMSC/NC set. There was orderly array of collagenous fiber in lamellar bone of NC set. The quantity of bone lacuna was moderate with orderly array of bone trabecula. There was disorderly array of collagenous fiber in lamellar bone of model set. There
were a large number of distribution of osteoblast in the breakdown area with the dissolution of periosteum. The protein level of Bax and Caspase-3 was reduced by LncRNA MALAT1 from BMSC and the level of ALP, microRNA-34 and cSATB2 in the differentiation of osteoblast was increased, thereby
promoting the differentiation of osteoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zi
- Health Recovery Centre, Wuhan Puren Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430080, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Health Recovery Centre, Wuhan Puren Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430080, China
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Soraci L, Gambuzza ME, Biscetti L, Laganà P, Lo Russo C, Buda A, Barresi G, Corsonello A, Lattanzio F, Lorello G, Filippelli G, Marino S. Toll-like receptors and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathways in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. J Neurol 2023; 270:1346-1360. [PMID: 36460875 PMCID: PMC9971082 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor disturbances as a result of a complex and not fully understood pathogenesis, probably including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and formation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. As age is the main risk factor for several neurodegenerative disorders including PD, progressive aging of the immune system leading to inflammaging and immunosenescence may contribute to neuroinflammation leading to PD onset and progression; abnormal α-syn aggregation in the context of immune dysfunction may favor activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NOD) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome within microglial cells through interaction with toll-like receptors (TLRs). This process would further lead to activation of Caspase (Cas)-1, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PC), with subsequent impairment of mitochondria and damage to dopaminergic neurons. All these phenomena are mediated by the translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and enhanced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). To date, drugs to treat PD are mainly aimed at relieving clinical symptoms and there are no disease-modifying options to reverse or stop disease progression. This review outlines the role of the TLR/NLRP3/Cas-1 pathway in PD-related immune dysfunction, also focusing on specific therapeutic options that might be used since the early stages of the disease to counteract neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Soraci
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (INRCA-IRCCS), 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Maria Elsa Gambuzza
- Territorial Office of Messina, Italian Ministry of Health, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Leonardo Biscetti
- Section of Neurology, Italian National Research Center on Aging (INRCA-IRCCS), 60121, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Laganà
- Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Department, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Lo Russo
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (INRCA-IRCCS), 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Annamaria Buda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giada Barresi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Corsonello
- Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (INRCA-IRCCS), 87100 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Lattanzio
- Scientific Direction, Italian National Research Center on Aging (INRCA-IRCCS), 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lorello
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Polyclinic G Martino Hospital, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy
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Tempol and silymarin rescue from zinc-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Mol Cell Biochem 2022:10.1007/s11010-022-04620-z. [PMID: 36562918 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are the key players in the toxic manifestation of sporadic Parkinson's disease and zinc (Zn)-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. A synthetic superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, tempol, and a naturally occurring antioxidant, silymarin protect against oxidative stress-mediated damage. The study intended to explore the effects of tempol and silymarin against Zn-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Exposure to Zn produced neurobehavioral deficits and striatal dopamine depletion. Zn reduced glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity and increased lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, and level of pro-inflammatory mediators [nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)]. Zn also attenuated the expression of tyrosine hydoxylase (TH), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2), mitochondrial B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and procaspase-3 and 9 proteins and number of TH-positive neurons. Conversely, Zn elevated the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) and mitochondrial Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein along with mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Administration of tempol significantly alleviated Zn-induced motor impairments, dopamine depletion, reduction in TH expression, and loss of TH-positive neurons similar to silymarin. Silymarin mitigated Zn-induced oxidative stress and inflammation and restored the expression of dopamine transporters and levels of pro-apoptotic proteins akin to tempol. The results demonstrate that both tempol and silymarin protect against Zn-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Shi R, Gao D, Stoika R, Liu K, Sik A, Jin M. Potential implications of polyphenolic compounds in neurodegenerative diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5491-5514. [PMID: 36524397 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2155106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are common chronic diseases related to progressive damage to the nervous system. Current neurodegenerative diseases present difficulties and despite extensive research efforts to develop new disease-modifying therapies, there is still no effective treatment for halting the neurodegenerative process. Polyphenols are biologically active organic compounds abundantly found in various plants. It has been reported that plant-derived dietary polyphenols may improve some disease states and promote health. Emerging pieces of evidence indicate that polyphenols are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to overview the potential neuroprotective roles of polyphenols in most common neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidie Shi
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daili Gao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rostyslav Stoika
- Department of Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis, Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Attila Sik
- Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Shao J, Liu X, Lian M, Mao Y. Citronellol Prevents 6-OHDA-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis in Parkinson Disease Model of SH-SY5Y Cells via Modulating ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2221-2237. [PMID: 36097250 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder distinguished by dopaminergic shortage in the striatum and the accumulation of α-synuclein neuronal aggregates in the brains of patients. Since, there is no accurate treatment available for Parkinson disease, researches are designed to alleviate the pathognomonic symptoms such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Accordingly, a number of compounds have been reported to inhibit these pathognomonic symptoms. In this study, we have assessed the neuroprotective potential of citronellol against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. The results found that citronellol treatment effectively hindered the cell death caused by 6-OHDA and thereby maintaining the cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells at 50 µg/mL concentration. As expected, the citronellol treatment significantly reduced the 6-OHDA-induced secretion of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), which was obtained through ELISA technique. Similarly, citronellol hindered the 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress by lowering the intracellular ROS and NO level and MDA leakage along with increased expression of SOD level in SH-SY5Y cells. The JC-1 staining showed that 6-OHDA increased the number of green fluorescent dots with ruptured mitochondrial membrane potential, while citronellol increased the amount of red fluorescent, showing the rescue potential against the 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, citronellol hampered the 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis via the suppression of Bcl-2/Bax pathway. The western blotting results hypothesized that citronellol rescued SH-SY5Y cells from 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity via modulating ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. However, further clinical trials are required to verify the anti-Parkinson efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Shao
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Zhejiang Province, Wenling, 317500, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Zhejiang Province, Wenling, 317500, China
| | - Mengjia Lian
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Zhejiang Province, Wenling, 317500, China
| | - Youbing Mao
- Department of Special Inspection Section, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, No. 333, Chuanan South Road, Chengxi StreetZhejiang Province, Wenling, 317500, China.
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Danilenko V, Devyatkin A, Marsova M, Shibilova M, Ilyasov R, Shmyrev V. Common Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Parkinson's Diseases: The Role of Microbiome, Pharmabiotics and Postbiotics in Their Prevention. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6349-6381. [PMID: 34876830 PMCID: PMC8643201 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s333887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, metagenomic studies have shown the key role of the gut microbiome in maintaining immune and neuroendocrine systems. Malfunction of the gut microbiome can induce inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and cytokine storm. Dysfunction of the gut microbiome can be caused by short-term (virus infection and other infectious diseases) or long-term (environment, nutrition, and stress) factors. Here, we reviewed the inflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases and coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Here, we reviewed the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) involved in the processes of formation of oxidative stress and inflammation in viral and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the coronavirus uses ACE2 receptors of the RAAS to penetrate human cells. The coronavirus infection can be the trigger for neurodegenerative diseases by dysfunction of the RAAS. Pharmabiotics, postbiotics, and next-generation probiotics, are considered as a means to prevent oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, neurodegenerative and viral diseases through gut microbiome regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Devyatkin
- Central Clinical Hospital with a Polyclinic CMP RF, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya Marsova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Rustem Ilyasov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Chidambaram SB, Essa MM, Rathipriya AG, Bishir M, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tousif AH, Sakharkar MK, Kashyap RS, Friedland RP, Monaghan TM. Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107988. [PMID: 34536490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis. Recent observations suggest a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain via immune, circulatory and neural pathways, termed the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). Alterations in gut microbiota composition, such as seen with an increased number of pathobionts and a decreased number of symbionts, termed gut dysbiosis or microbial intestinal dysbiosis, plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. Clinical reports confirm that GI symptoms often precede neurological symptoms several years before the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Pathologically, gut dysbiosis disrupts the integrity of the intestinal barrier leading to ingress of pathobionts and toxic metabolites into the systemic circulation causing GBA dysregulation. Subsequently, chronic neuroinflammation via dysregulated immune activation triggers the accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded proteins in and around CNS cells resulting in neuronal death. Emerging evidence links gut dysbiosis to the aggravation and/or spread of proteinopathies from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS and defective autophagy-mediated proteinopathies. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in NDDs, and highlights a vicious cycle of gut dysbiosis, immune-mediated chronic neuroinflammation, impaired autophagy and proteinopathies, which contributes to the development of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies targeting the modulation of gut dysbiosis through prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics or dietary interventions, and faecal microbial transplantation (FMT) in the management of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India.
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - A G Rathipriya
- Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai 600 094, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muhammed Bishir
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Arehally M Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - A H Tousif
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, KA, India
| | - Meena K Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Rajpal Singh Kashyap
- Research Centre, Dr G. M. Taori Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tanya M Monaghan
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Maan G, Sikdar B, Kumar A, Shukla R, Mishra A. Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Limitations and Future Perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1169-1194. [PMID: 32297582 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200416085330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids, a group of natural dietary polyphenols, are known for their beneficial effects on human health. By virtue of their various pharmacological effects, like anti-oxidative, antiinflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and neuroprotective effects, flavonoids have now become an important component of herbal supplements, pharmaceuticals, medicinals and cosmetics. There has been enormous literature supporting neuroprotective effect of flavonoids. Recently their efficacy in various neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson diseases, has received particular attention. OBJECTIVE The mechanism of flavanoids neuroprotection might include antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antineuroinflammatory and modulation of various cellular and intracellular targets. In in-vivo systems, before reaching to brain, they have to cross barriers like extensive first pass metabolism, intestinal barrier and ultimately blood brain barrier. Different flavonoids have varied pharmacokinetic characteristics, which affect their pharmacodynamic profile. Therefore, brain accessibility of flavonoids is still debatable. METHODS This review emphasized on current trends of research and development on flavonoids, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, possible challenges and strategies to encounter using novel drug delivery system. RESULTS Various flavonoids have elicited their therapeutic potential against neurodegenerative diseases, however by using nanotechnology and novel drug delivery systems, the bioavailability of favonoids could be enhanced. CONCLUSION This study bridges a significant opinion on medicinal chemistry, ethanopharmacology and new drug delivery research regarding use of flavonoids in management of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Maan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Biplab Sikdar
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
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14
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Kaur G, Behl T, Bungau S, Kumar A, Uddin MS, Mehta V, Zengin G, Mathew B, Shah MA, Arora S. Dysregulation of the Gut-Brain Axis, Dysbiosis and Influence of Numerous Factors on Gut Microbiota Associated Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:233-247. [PMID: 32504503 PMCID: PMC8033978 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200606233050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) has been one of the substantial social, medical concerns and, burdens of the present time. PD is a gradually devastating neurodegenerative disorder of the neurological function marked with α-synucleinopathy affecting numerous regions of the brain-gut axis, as well as the central, enteric, and autonomic nervous system. Its etiology is a widely disputed topic. OBJECTIVE This review emphasizes to find out the correlation among the microbial composition and the observable disturbances in the metabolites of the microbial species and its impact on the immune response, which may have a concrete implication on the occurrence, persistence and, pathophysiology of PD via the gut-brain axis. METHODS An in-depth research and the database was developed from the available peer-reviewed articles to date (March 2020) utilizing numerous search engines like PubMed, MEDLINE and, other internet sources. RESULTS Progressively increasing shreds of evidence have proved the fact that dysbiosis in the gut microbiome plays a central role in many neurological disorders, such as PD. Indeed, a disordered microbiome-gut-brain axis in PD could be focused on gastrointestinal afflictions that manifest primarily several years prior to the diagnosis, authenticating a concept wherein the pathological pathway progresses from the intestine reaching the brain. CONCLUSION The microbiota greatly affects the bidirectional interaction between the brain and the gut via synchronized neurological, immunological, and neuroendocrine mechanisms. It can be concluded that a multitude of factors discussed in this review steadily induce the onset of dysbacteriosis that may exacerbate the etiologic mechanism of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapan Behl
- Address correspondence to this author at the Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Tel: +91-8527517931;, E-mails: ;
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Haddadi R, Eyvari-Brooshghalan S, Nayebi AM, Sabahi M, Ahmadi SA. Neuronal degeneration and oxidative stress in the SNc of 6-OHDA intoxicated rats; improving role of silymarin long-term treatment. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:2427-2437. [PMID: 32715318 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Progressive loss in dopaminergic neurons (DA) of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) leads to Parkinson's disease with a hypothesis of oxidative stress generation. The present study was conducted to determine the long-term efficacy of silymarin (SM) post-treatment on 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress in the SNc of male rats. Male Wistar rats were received 6-OHDA (8 μg/rat) into SNc. After 3 weeks, as recovery period, the animals were treated with i.p. injection of SM at different doses of 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg for 15 days. At the end of the treatment, motor function, neuronal cell count, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activities were evaluated in the ventral midbrain tissue. The 6-OHDA significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) motor function, antioxidant enzyme activity, GSH level, and GSH/GSSG ratio and caused an augmentation in GSSG and lipid peroxidation level. The 6-OHDA also reduced the population of neurons and TH expression. The SM repaired the 6-OHDA-induced motor impairment, antioxidant enzyme suppression, and TH down-regulation. All three doses of SM could restore the MDA level to the normal range in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats and could reversed the effect of 6-OHDA on GSH, GSSG level, and GSH/GSSG ratio. The SM treatment significantly and dose-dependently increased (p ≤ 0.001) the total number of surviving neurons in the SNc. Silymarin chronic treatment restored the brain's antioxidant capacity and salvaged neurons from oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration. The SM could also improve motor function in parkinsonian animals by increasing TH expression. These results recommend that application of SM over initial clinical stages may depict a hopeful approach versus PD. However, more research is needed to confirm this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Herbal Medicine and Natural Product Research Center,, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Shahid Fahmide St, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Shahla Eyvari-Brooshghalan
- Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadmahdi Sabahi
- Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sara Ami Ahmadi
- Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Haddadi R, Shahidi Z, Eyvari-Brooshghalan S. Silymarin and neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic potential and basic molecular mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153320. [PMID: 32920285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are primarily characterized by selective neuronal loss in the brain. Alzheimer's disease as the most common NDDs and the most prevalent cause of dementia is characterized by Amyloid-beta deposition, which leads to cognitive and memory impairment. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the dramatic death of dopaminergic neuronal cells, especially in the SNc and caused alpha-synuclein accumulation in the neurons. Silymarin, an extract from seeds of Silybum marianum, administered mostly for liver disorders and also had anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. PURPOSE The present comprehensive review summarizes the beneficial effects of Silymarin in-vivo and in-vitro and even in animal models for these NDDs. METHODS A diagram model for systematic review is utilized for this search. The research is conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. RESULTS Based on the inclusion criteria, 83 studies were selected and discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Lastly, we review the latest experimental evidences supporting the potential effects of Silymarin, as a neuroprotective agent in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal plant and natural products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shahidi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahla Eyvari-Brooshghalan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Limanaqi F, Biagioni F, Mastroiacovo F, Polzella M, Lazzeri G, Fornai F. Merging the Multi-Target Effects of Phytochemicals in Neurodegeneration: From Oxidative Stress to Protein Aggregation and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101022. [PMID: 33092300 PMCID: PMC7589770 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wide experimental evidence has been provided in the last decade concerning the neuroprotective effects of phytochemicals in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Generally, the neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds belonging to different phytochemical classes are attributed to antioxidant, anti-aggregation, and anti-inflammatory activity along with the restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis and targeting alterations of cell-clearing systems. Far from being independent, these multi-target effects represent interconnected events that are commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases, independently of etiology, nosography, and the specific misfolded proteins being involved. Nonetheless, the increasing amount of data applying to a variety of neurodegenerative disorders joined with the multiple effects exerted by the wide variety of plant-derived neuroprotective agents may rather confound the reader. The present review is an attempt to provide a general guideline about the most relevant mechanisms through which naturally occurring agents may counteract neurodegeneration. With such an aim, we focus on some popular phytochemical classes and bioactive compounds as representative examples to design a sort of main highway aimed at deciphering the most relevant protective mechanisms which make phytochemicals potentially useful in counteracting neurodegeneration. In this frame, we emphasize the potential role of the cell-clearing machinery as a kernel in the antioxidant, anti-aggregation, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial protecting effects of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Mastroiacovo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Maico Polzella
- Aliveda Laboratories, Viale Karol Wojtyla 19, 56042 Crespina Lorenzana, Italy;
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (F.F.)
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Aboelwafa HR, El-kott AF, Abd-Ella EM, Yousef HN. The Possible Neuroprotective Effect of Silymarin against Aluminum Chloride-Prompted Alzheimer's-Like Disease in Rats. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E628. [PMID: 32932753 PMCID: PMC7564174 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide rapidly growing neurodegenerative disease. Here, we elucidated the neuroprotective effects of silymarin (SM) on the hippocampal tissues of aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer-like disease in rats using biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural approaches. Forty rats were divided into control, SM, AlCl3, and AlCl3 + SM groups. Biochemically, AlCl3 administration resulted in marked elevation in levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) and decrease in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, AlCl3 significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Furthermore, myriad histological and ultrastructural alterations were recorded in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-treated rats represented as marked degenerative changes of pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, some myelinated nerve fibers exhibited irregular arrangement of their myelin coats, while the others revealed focal degranulation of their myelin sheaths. Severe defects in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were also recorded. However, co-administration of SM with AlCl3 reversed most of the biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural changes triggered by AlCl3 in rats. The results of the current study indicate that SM can potentially mend most of the previously evoked neuronal damage in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-kindled rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa R. Aboelwafa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Attalla F. El-kott
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Abd-Ella
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
- Biology Department, College of Science and Art, Al-Baha University, Al-Mandaq 65581, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany N. Yousef
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
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Haddadi R, Rashtiani R. Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects of milnacipran in inflamed rats: involvement of myeloperoxidase activity, cytokines and oxidative/nitrosative stress. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:903-913. [PMID: 32518981 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many injuries cause pain and inflammation, which are one of the major challenges for physicians. In this study, the analgesic and the anti-inflammatory effects of milnacipran were investigated on carrageenan-induced nociception and inflammation in male rats. METHODS Pain and inflammation were induced by injection of λ-carrageenan (1% v/v) into the hind paw. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg: ip) or milnacipran (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg: ip) were administered 30 min before carrageenan. Analgesia and inflammation were measured by hot plate and plethysmometer. Finally, lipid peroxidation, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, nitric oxide (NO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) status evaluated in the hind paw tissue. RESULTS The results showed that carrageenan caused hyperalgesia and inflammation in the hind paw tissue. Milnacipran (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently attenuated (65 ± 3.2%; p ≤0.01 and 42 ± 6.2%; p ≤ 0.001, respectively) carrageenan-induced inflammation and significantly increased (p ≤ 0.001) nociception threshold. Also, milnacipran (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly suppressed levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), NO (p ≤ 0.05), MPO activity, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (p ≤ 0.001) following carrageenan injection. Additionally, milnacipran (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly augmented (p ≤ 0.05) TAC status following carrageenan in the hind paw tissue. CONCLUSION In the present study, milnacipran showed anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Milnacipran reduced inflammatory edema and increased the paw withdrawal threshold probably through suppression of MDA, NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MPO activity, and increase of TAC status in the hind paw tissue. Therefore, milnacipran holds important potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive drug. Although, further clinical trials to confirm this issue, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medicinal Plant and Natural Products Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 6517838678, Hamadan, Iran. .,Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Rojin Rashtiani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medicinal Plant and Natural Products Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 6517838678, Hamadan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Lama A, Pirozzi C, Avagliano C, Annunziata C, Mollica MP, Calignano A, Meli R, Mattace Raso G. Nutraceuticals: An integrative approach to starve Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 2:100037. [PMID: 34589828 PMCID: PMC8474522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic approach of multifactorial complex diseases is always a challenge; Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder triggered by genetic and environmental factors, contributing to its etiology. Indeed, several pathogenic mechanisms lead to selective dopaminergic neuronal injury, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, alteration of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi protein trafficking, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Current treatment approaches include mainly dopamine replacement therapy or optimizing dopaminergic transmission; however, these strategies that do not counteract the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD symptoms and often are less effective over time. Recently, there has been growing interest in the therapeutic use of nutraceuticals, that could represent an integrative approach to the pharmacological standard therapy and specifically affect one or more pathogenic pathways. The intake of nutraceuticals or nutritional modifications are generally safe and can be combined with current common drug therapy in most cases to improve the patient's quality of life and/or mitigate PD symptoms. The current review focuses on several key nutritional compounds and dietary modifications that are effective on several pathogenic pathways involved in PD onset and progression, and further highlights the rationale behind their potential use for the prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21-Edificio 7, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Malaekehpoor SM, Derakhshandeh K, Haddadi R, Nourian A, Ghorbani-Vaghei R. A polymer coated MNP scaffold for targeted drug delivery and improvement of rheumatoid arthritis. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DHAA–Fe3O4@HA as a nano-carrier was synthesized for targeted sulfasalazine delivery in specific inflammatory joint tissues with improvement in RA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katayon Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
- Iran
| | - Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology
- School of Pharmacy
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
- Iran
| | - Alireza Nourian
- Department of Pathobiology
- School of Veterinary Science
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamadan
- Iran
| | - Ramin Ghorbani-Vaghei
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamadan 6517838683
- Iran
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22
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Tripathi MK, Rasheed MSU, Mishra AK, Patel DK, Singh MP. Silymarin Protects Against Impaired Autophagy Associated with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinsonism. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:276-283. [PMID: 31732923 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exacerbates mitochondrial impairment and α-synuclein expression leading to Parkinsonism. Impaired mitochondria and over-expressed α-synuclein are degraded and eliminated via macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Owing to multiple properties, silymarin protects from oxidative stress-mediated cellular injury. However, its effect on MPTP-induced changes in autophagy is not yet known. The study aimed to decipher the effect of silymarin on MPTP-induced changes in autophagy. Male mice (20-25 g) were treated with silymarin (intraperitoneally, daily, 40 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. On day 7, a few animals were also administered with MPTP (intraperitoneally, 20 mg/kg, 4 injections at 2-h interval) along with vehicles. Striatal dopamine content was determined. Western blot analysis was done to assess α-synuclein, beclin-1, sequestosome, phosphorylated 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2), heat shock cognate-70 (Hsc-70), LAMP-2A, phosphorylated unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase (p-Ulk1), and phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) levels in the nigrostriatal tissue. Silymarin rescued from MPTP-induced increase in beclin-1, sequestosome, p-AMPK, and p-Ulk1 and decrease in LAMP-2, p-mTOR, and LAMP-2A levels. Silymarin defended against MPTP-induced increase in α-synuclein and reduction in dopamine content. The results demonstrate that silymarin protects against MPTP-induced changes in autophagy leading to Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Mohd Sami Ur Rasheed
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-IITR, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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Liu J, Tan F, Liu X, Yi R, Zhao X. Exploring the Antioxidant Effects and Periodic Regulation of Cancer Cells by Polyphenols Produced by the Fermentation of Grape Skin by Lactobacillus plantarum KFY02. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E575. [PMID: 31590429 PMCID: PMC6843798 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum KFY02 (LP-KFY02) was isolated from naturally fermented yoghurt in Xinjiang. We previously demonstrated that LP-KFY02 has good biological activity in vitro. In this study, LP-KFY02 was used to ferment grape skin, and the LP-KFY02 fermented grape skin extract solution (KFSE) was examined for its antioxidant ability in a human embryonic kidney (293T) cell oxidative damage model caused by H2O2 and its inhibitory effect on human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The results showed that KFSE reduced the degree of oxidative damage in 293T cells, increased the relevant expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and GSH-peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and decreased the expression levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO). The expression of genes and proteins of SOD, CAT, GSH, and GSH-Px was up-regulated. In addition, KFSE-induced growth inhibition appeared to be through induction of cell-cycle arrest. This induction was accompanied by a reduction in the expression of cell-cycle genes, such as cyclin-D1 and CDK4. In addition, KFSE induced gene expression of p21, the apoptosis gene wild-type p53 and the caspase family. At the protein expression level, Bax and Caspase-8 were up-regulated, and the inflammatory marker Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) was down-regulated. The fermentation solution polyphenols were separated and identified as epicatechin gallate, coumarin, new chlorogenic acid, rutin, resveratrol, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, etc. by HPLC. Overall, these results demonstrate that KFSE significantly attenuated oxidative damage in 293T cells and inhibited tumor growth in HepG2 cancer cells, induces cell-cycle arrest and affects proteins involved in cell-cycle regulation and proliferation. This suggests that KFSE may also be explored as a neo-adjuvant to expansion of hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela 838, Philippines.
| | - Xinhong Liu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China.
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Ren J, Yuan L, Wang W, Zhang M, Wang Q, Li S, Zhang L, Hu K. Tricetin protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease model by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and preventing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 378:114617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Azam S, Jakaria M, Kim IS, Kim J, Haque ME, Choi DK. Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Signaling Pathway by Polyphenols in the Treatment of Age-Linked Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on TLR4 Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1000. [PMID: 31134076 PMCID: PMC6522942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dysfunction initiates several intracellular signaling cascades to release different proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as various reactive oxygen species. In addition to neurons, microglia, and astrocytes are also affected by this signaling cascade. This release can either be helpful, neutral or detrimental for cell survival. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate and signal their downstream pathway to activate NF-κB and pro-IL-1β, both of which are responsible for neuroinflammation and linked to the pathogenesis of different age-related neurological conditions. However, herein, recent aspects of polyphenols in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are assessed, with a focus on TLR regulation by polyphenols. Different polyphenol classes, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenolic alcohols, stilbenes, and lignans can potentially target TLR signaling in a distinct pathway. Further, some polyphenols can suppress overexpression of inflammatory mediators through TLR4/NF-κB/STAT signaling intervention, while others can reduce neuronal apoptosis via modulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB-pathway in microglia/macrophages. Indeed, neurodegeneration etiology is complex and yet to be completely understood, it may be that targeting TLRs could reveal a number of molecular and pharmacological aspects related to neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, activating TLR signaling modulation via natural resources could provide new therapeutic potentiality in the treatment of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - Joonsoo Kim
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, South Korea
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陈 莉, 金 彤, 宁 春, 王 素, 王 立, 林 敬. [Anti-tumor and immune-modulating effect of Jiawei Sijunzi decoction in mice bearing hepatoma H22 tumor]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:241-248. [PMID: 30890515 PMCID: PMC6765632 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.02.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antitumor activity of Jiawei Sijunzi decoction and study its liver and kidney toxicity and its effect on the immune system in a tumor-bearing mouse model. METHODS Hepatoma H22 tumor-bearing mouse models were randomized into model group, cyclophosphamide (CTX) group, and low-, moderate-, and high-dose Jiawei Sijunzi decoction groups (JW-L, JW-M, and JW-H groups, respectively). The antitumor activity of Jiawei Sijunzi decoction was assessed by calculating the tumor inhibition rate and pathological observation of the tumor tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in the tumors. The liver and kidney toxicity of Jiawei Sijunzi decoction was analyzed by evaluating the biochemical indicators of liver and kidney functions. The immune function of the tumor-bearing mice were assessed by calculating the immune organ index, testing peripheral blood routines, and detection of serum IL-2 and TNF-α levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared with that in the model group, the tumor mass in CTX, JW-M and JW-H groups were all significantly reduced (P < 0.05) with cell rupture and necrosis in the tumors. Immunohistochemistry revealed obviously up-regulated expressions of Bax and caspase-3 and down- regulated expression of Bcl-2 protein with an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in CTX, JW-M and JW-H groups. Treatment with Jiawei Sijunzi decoction significantly reduced Cr, BUN, AST and ALT levels, improved the immune organ index, increased peripheral blood leukocytes, erythrocytes and hemoglobin levels, and up-regulated the levels of TNF-α and IL-2 in the tumor-bearing mice. These changes were especially significant in JW-H group when compared with the parameters in the model group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Jiawei Sijunzi decoction has a strong anti-tumor activity and can improve the liver and kidney functions of tumor-bearing mice. Its anti-tumor effect may be attributed to the up-regulation of Bax, caspase-3, TNF-α and IL-2 levels and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression as well as the enhancement of the non-specific immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- 莉媚 陈
- 南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515School of Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学珠江医院药剂科,广东 广州 510282Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - 彤 金
- 南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515School of Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学珠江医院药剂科,广东 广州 510282Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - 春桃 宁
- 南方医科大学珠江医院药剂科,广东 广州 510282Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - 素丽 王
- 广州白云山潘高寿药业股份有限公司,广东 广州 511400Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain Pangaoshou Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - 立杰 王
- 南方医科大学珠江医院药剂科,广东 广州 510282Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - 敬明 林
- 南方医科大学珠江医院药剂科,广东 广州 510282Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Fernandes Veloso Borges F, Ribeiro e Silva C, Moreira Goes W, Ribeiro Godoy F, Craveiro Franco F, Hollanda Véras J, Luiz Cardoso Bailão EF, de Melo e Silva D, Gomes Cardoso C, Divino da Cruz A, Chen-Chen L. Protective Effects of Silymarin and Silibinin against DNA Damage in Human Blood Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6056948. [PMID: 30370304 PMCID: PMC6189666 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6056948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), a standardized extract derived from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, is primarily composed of flavonolignans, with silibinin (SB) as its major active constituent. The present study aimed to evaluate the antigenotoxic activities of SM and SB using the alkaline comet assay in whole blood cells and to assess their effects on the expression of genes associated with carcinogenesis and chemopreventive processes. Different concentrations of SM or SB (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/ml) were used in combination with the DNA damage-inducing agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS, 800 μM) to evaluate their genoprotective potential. To investigate the role of SM and SB in modulating gene expression, we performed quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of five genes that are known to be involved in DNA damage, carcinogenesis, and/or chemopreventive mechanisms. Treatment with SM or SB was found to significantly reduce the genotoxicity of MMS, upregulate the expression of PTEN and BCL2, and downregulate the expression of BAX and ABL1. We observed no significant changes in ETV6 expression levels following treatment with SM or SB. In conclusion, both SM and SB exerted antigenotoxic activities and modulated the expression of genes related to cell protection against DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Fernandes Veloso Borges
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ribeiro e Silva
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Moreira Goes
- Laboratório de Mutagênese (LABMUT), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ribeiro Godoy
- Laboratório de Mutagênese (LABMUT), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Craveiro Franco
- Laboratório de Mutagênese (LABMUT), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Hollanda Véras
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela de Melo e Silva
- Laboratório de Mutagênese (LABMUT), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Clever Gomes Cardoso
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Aparecido Divino da Cruz
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lee Chen-Chen
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Lin Z, Li Y, Gong G, Xia Y, Wang C, Chen Y, Hua L, Zhong J, Tang Y, Liu X, Zhu B. Restriction of H1N1 influenza virus infection by selenium nanoparticles loaded with ribavirin via resisting caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:5787-5797. [PMID: 30310281 PMCID: PMC6165773 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s177658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ribavirin (RBV) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) attract much attention in the biomedical field and are used as carriers of drugs in current research studies. In this study, SeNPs were decorated by RBV, and the novel nanoparticle system was well characterized. Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells were infected with H1N1 influenza virus before treatment with RBV, SeNPs, and SeNPs loaded with RBV (Se@RBV). METHODS AND RESULTS MTT assay showed that Se@RBV nanoparticles protect cells during H1N1 infection in vitro. Se@RBV depressed virus titer in the culture supernatant. Intracellular localization detection revealed that Se@RBV accumulated in lysosome and escaped to cytoplasm as time elapsed. Furthermore, activation of caspase-3 was resisted by Se@RBV. Expressions of proteins related to caspase-3, including cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, caspase-8, and Bax, were downregulated evidently after treatment with Se@RBV compared with the untreated infection group. In addition, phosphorylations of phosphorylated 38 (p38), JNK, and phosphorylated 53 (p53) were inhibited as well. In vivo experiments indicated that Se@RBV was found to prevent lung injury in H1N1-infected mice through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tunel test of lung tissues present that DNA damage reached a high level but reduced substantially when treated with Se@RBV. Immunohistochemical test revealed an identical result with the in vitro experiment that activations of caspase-3 and proteins on the apoptosis pathway were restrained by Se@RBV treatment. CONCLUSION Taken together, this study elaborates that Se@RBV is a novel promising agent against H1N1 influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfang Lin
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yinghua Li
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Guifang Gong
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Changbing Wang
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Liang Hua
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Jiayu Zhong
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China, ;
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Caputi V, Giron MC. Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061689. [PMID: 29882798 PMCID: PMC6032048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by α-synucleinopathy, which involves all districts of the brain-gut axis, including the central, autonomic and enteric nervous systems. The highly bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut is markedly influenced by the microbiome through integrated immunological, neuroendocrine and neurological processes. The gut microbiota and its relevant metabolites interact with the host via a series of biochemical and functional inputs, thereby affecting host homeostasis and health. Indeed, a dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis in PD might lie at the basis of gastrointestinal dysfunctions which predominantly emerge many years prior to the diagnosis, corroborating the theory that the pathological process is spread from the gut to the brain. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved motifs primarily found in microorganisms and a dysregulation in their signaling may be implicated in α-synucleinopathy, such as PD. An overstimulation of the innate immune system due to gut dysbiosis and/or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, together with higher intestinal barrier permeability, may provoke local and systemic inflammation as well as enteric neuroglial activation, ultimately triggering the development of alpha-synuclein pathology. In this review, we provide the current knowledge regarding the relationship between the microbiota-gut⁻brain axis and TLRs in PD. A better understanding of the dialogue sustained by the microbiota-gut-brain axis and innate immunity via TLR signaling should bring interesting insights in the pathophysiology of PD and provide novel dietary and/or therapeutic measures aimed at shaping the gut microbiota composition, improving the intestinal epithelial barrier function and balancing the innate immune response in PD patients, in order to influence the early phases of the following neurodegenerative cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caputi
- Pharmacology Building, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12YT20 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Pharmacology Building, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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