Albendazole-loaded cubosomes interrupt the ERK1/2-HIF-1α-p300/CREB axis in mice intoxicated with diethylnitrosamine: A new paradigm in drug repurposing for the inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma progression

Evaluation of the antitumor activity of albendazole using Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers as surface mediated drug delivery system

This study demonstrates the application of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films as biomimetic drug reservoirs and delivery systems to investigate the effect of an anthelmintic on cancer cell culture. The repurposing of benzimidazole anthelmintics for cancer therapy due to their microtubule-inhibiting properties has gained attention, showing promising anticancer effects and tumor-suppressive properties. Although widely used in medicine, the low aqueous solubility of benzimidazole compounds poses challenges for studying their effects on cancer cells, requiring incorporation into various formulations. Our study demonstrates that incorporating albendazole into stable Palmitic Acid Langmuir monolayers, forming Langmuir-Blodgett films, significantly affects the proliferation of liver carcinoma cells. This report presents the initial findings of the effect of an antitumoral drug on cancer cell culture using a simple and repeatable methodology.

Anticancer effect of propranolol on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma rat model

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most widespread type of primary liver cancer. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a hepatotoxic hepatocarcinogenic compound, is used to induce HCC in animal models. The non-selective β-blocker propranolol demonstrated antiproliferative activity in many cancer types.

OBJECTIVE

This investigation aimed to evaluate the anticancer effect of propranolol against DEN-induced HCC in rats.

METHODS

Thirty adult male rats were divided into the following groups: Group I (C, control), Group II (HCC); received DEN, 70 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) once a week for 10 weeks, to induce HCC, and Group III (HCC/Prop); received DEN for 10 weeks for HCC induction, then received 20 mg/kg b.wt. propranolol, intraperitoneally for four successive weeks.

RESULTS

HCC was developed in rats' livers and confirmed via significant liver architecture changes, significantly elevated activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), α-fetoprotein (AFP), total- and direct-bilirubin (Bil), and a decline in albumin (ALB) level in serum. HCC group demonstrated elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), HIF-1α, IL-8, NF-κB, PGE2, TGF-β1, VEGF, and CD8, but significant decline of GSH, and IL-10 level, with suppression of the antioxidant enzymes' activities. In addition, the gene expression of the hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and LAG-3 were up-regulated. Moreover, the protein expression of p-PKC was up-regulated, while that of PD-1 and PD-L1 were down-regulated in the liver tissues of the HCC group. However, propranolol ameliorated the investigated parameters in the HCC/Prop group.

CONCLUSION

Propranolol exhibited an anticancer effect and thus can be considered as a promising treatment for HCC. Blocking of PD-1/PD-L1 and LAG-3 signals participated in the anti-tumor effect of propranolol on HCC.

Vesicular approach of cubosomes, its components, preparation techniques, evaluation and their appraisal for targeting cancer cells

Cancer has been characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation of cells. Majority of drugs given through chemotherapy produce unwanted and adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents to the other healthy cells and tissues of body. Various nanocarriers have now been considered for treatment of cancer. Among various nanocarriers, cubosomes are the nano sized dispersions that have drawn interest of researchers recently. Cubosomes are defined as dispersions of colloidal nature containing cubic crystalline liquid formations in aqueous medium in presence of suitable surfactant molecules. The unique capacity to encapsulate lipophilic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic compounds inside their structure distinguishes them among others. Top- down method and hydrotrope method are most often employed methods for cubosomes preparation. Cubosomes can be characterized by Polarized light microscopy Photon correlation spectroscopy X-ray scattering (SAXS), Transmission electron microscopy and various stability studies. Cubic lipid nanoparticles have a very stable cubic structure that enables slower dissociation rate, increased retention and site-specific delivery of drugs. Cubosomes containing extracts of cornelian cherry for boosting anti-cancerous effects in cancer of colorectal cells by preventing against GIT destruction. When applied for skin cancer, cubosomes have shown to be having enhanced permeation of the drug. In liver cancer, increased bioavailability of drug was observed via cubosomes. This current review elaborates the advancement of cubosomes and their effective role in the treatment of cancer. This review aims to describe vesicular approach of cubosomes, its composition and method of preparation, characterization tests as well as elaborates various applications of cubosomes in cancer.

Liposomes to Cubosomes: The Evolution of Lipidic Nanocarriers and Their Cutting-Edge Biomedical Applications

Lipidic nanoparticles have undergone extensive research toward the exploration of their diverse therapeutic applications. Although several liposomal formulations are in the clinic (e.g., DOXIL) for cancer therapy, there are many challenges associated with traditional liposomes. To address these issues, modifications in liposomal structure and further functionalization are desirable, leading to the emergence of solid lipid nanoparticles and the more recent liquid lipid nanoparticles. In this context, "cubosomes", third-generation lipidic nanocarriers, have attracted significant attention due to their numerous advantages, including their porous structure, structural adaptability, high encapsulation efficiency resulting from their extensive internal surface area, enhanced stability, and biocompatibility. Cubosomes offer the potential for both enhanced cellular uptake and controlled release of encapsulated payloads. Beyond cancer therapy, cubosomes have demonstrated effectiveness in wound healing, antibacterial treatments, and various dermatological applications. In this review, the authors provide an overview of the evolution of lipidic nanocarriers, spanning from conventional liposomes to solid lipid nanoparticles, with a special emphasis on the development and application of cubosomes. Additionally, it delves into recent applications and preclinical trials associated with cubosome formulations, which could be of significant interest to readers from backgrounds in nanomedicine and clinicians.

Tracking the therapeutic efficacy of a ketone mono ester and β-hydroxybutyrate for ulcerative colitis in rats: New perspectives

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory condition that affects the colon's lining and increases the risk of colon cancer. Despite ongoing research, there is no identified cure for UC. The recognition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the pathogenesis of UC has gained widespread acceptance. Notably, the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate inhibits NLRP3 demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, BD-AcAc 2 is ketone mono ester that increases β-hydroxybutyrate blood levels. It has the potential to address the constraints associated with exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate as a therapeutic agent, including issues related to stability and short duration of action. However, the effects of β-hydroxybutyrate and BD-AcAc 2 on colitis have not been fully investigated. This study found that while both exogenous β-hydroxybutyrate and BD-AcAc 2 produced the same levels of plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, BD-AcAc 2 demonstrated superior effectiveness in mitigating dextran sodium sulfate-induced UC in rats. The mechanism of action involves modulating the NF-κB signaling, inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, regulating antioxidant capacity, controlling tight junction protein expression and a potential to inhibit apoptosis and pyroptosis. Certainly, BD-AcAc 2's anti-inflammatory effects require more than just increasing plasma β-hydroxybutyrate levels and other factors contribute to its efficacy. Local ketone concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the combined effect of specific ketone bodies, are likely to have contributed to the stronger protective effect observed with ketone mono ester ingestion in our experiment. As a result, further investigations are necessary to fully understand the mechanisms of BD-AcAc 2 and optimize its use.

Linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, activates AMPK/FOXO3a and suppresses NFκB to mitigate the debilitating effects of diethylnitrosamine exposure in rat liver: Novel mechanistic insights

Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of FOXO3a plays a significant role in the progression of various malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FOXO3a inactivation, driven by oncogenic stimuli, can lead to abnormal cell growth, suppression of apoptosis, and resistance to anticancer drugs. Therefore, FOXO3a emerges as a potential molecular target for the development of innovative treatments in the era of oncology. Linagliptin (LNGTN), a DPP-4 inhibitor known for its safe profile, has exhibited noteworthy anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in previous in vivo studies. Several potential molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain these effects. However, the capacity of LNGTN to activate FOXO3a through AMPK activation has not been investigated. In our investigation, we examined the potential repurposing of LNGTN as a hepatoprotective agent against diethylnitrosamine (DENA) intoxication. Additionally, we assessed LNGTN's impact on apoptosis and autophagy. Following a 10-week administration of DENA, the liver underwent damage marked by inflammation and early neoplastic alterations. Our study presents the first experimental evidence demonstrating that LNGTN can reinstate the aberrantly regulated FOXO3a activity by elevating the nuclear fraction of FOXO3a in comparison to the cytosolic fraction, subsequent to AMPK activation. Moreover, noteworthy inactivation of NFκB induced by LNGTN was observed. These effects culminated in the initiation of apoptosis, the activation of autophagy, and the manifestation of anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic outcomes. These effects were concomitant with improved liver function and microstructure. In conclusion, our findings open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting the AMPK/FOXO3a signaling pathway in the management of chronic liver damage.

Parbendazole as a promising drug for inducing differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells with various subtypes

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignancy characterized by differentiation arrest of hematopoietic precursor cells. Differentiation therapy is effective for patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia; however, only a few effective differentiation therapies have been established for patients with other AML subtypes. In this study, seven benzimidazole anthelmintics were examined to determine the effects of differentiation on AML cells. The expression of monocyte markers (CD11b and CD14) was elevated after treatment with most benzimidazole anthelmintics. Among these drugs, parbendazole (PBZ) induced AML cell differentiation at low concentration. PBZ induced the monocyte marker expression, KLF4/DPYSL2A gene expression, and apoptosis for 21 AML cell lines with various subtypes and a primary AML sample. Finally, an in vivo analysis using an AML patient-derived xenograft mouse model showed a significant decrease in the chimerism level and prolonged survival in PBZ-treated mice. These findings could lead to a more effective differentiation therapy for AML.

Cubosomes: An Emerging and Promising Drug Delivery System for Enhancing Cancer Therapy

Cancer and other diseases can be treated with cubosomes, which are lyotropic nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs). These cubosomes can potentially be a highly versatile carrier with theranostic efficacy, as they can be ingested, applied topically, or injected intravenously. Recent years have seen substantial progress in the synthesis, characterization, regulation of drug release patterns, and target selectivity of loaded anticancer bioactive compounds. However, its use in clinical settings has been slow and necessitates additional proof. Recent progress and roadblocks in using cubosomes as a nanotechnological intervention against various cancers are highlighted. In the last few decades, advances in biomedical nanotechnology have allowed for the development of "smart" drug delivery devices that can adapt to external stimuli. By improving therapeutic targeting efficacy and lowering the negative effects of payloads, these well-defined nanoplatforms can potentially promote patient compliance in response to specific stimuli. Liposomes and niosomes, two other well-known vesicular systems, share a lipid basis with cubosomes. Possible applications include a novel medication delivery system for hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic drugs. We evaluate the literature on cubosomes, emphasizing their potential use in tumor-targeted drug delivery applications and critiquing existing explanations for cubosome self-assembly, composition, and production. As cubosome dispersion has bioadhesive and compatible features, numerous drug delivery applications, including oral, ocular, and transdermal, are also discussed in this review.

Box Behnken optimization of cubosomes for enhancing the anticancer activity of metformin: Design, characterization, and in-vitro cell proliferation assay on MDA-MB-231 breast and LOVO colon cancer cell lines

This study aimed to formulate and statistically optimize cubosomal formulations of metformin (MTF) to enhance its breast anticancer activity. A Box Behnken design was employed using Design-Expert® software. The formulation variables were glyceryl monooleate concentration (GMO) w/w%, Pluronic F-127 concentration (PF127) w/w% and Tween 80 concentration w/w% whereas Entrapment efficiency (EE%), Vesicles' size (VS) and Zeta potential (ZP) were set as the dependent responses. The design expert software was used to perform the process of optimization numerically. X ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), in-vitro release study, short-term stability study, and in in-vitro cell proliferation assay on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and LOVO cancer cell lines were used to validate the optimized cubosomal formulation. The optimized formulation had a composition of 4.35616 (w/w%) GMO, 5 (w/w%) PF127 and 7.444E-6 (w/w%) Tween 80 with a desirability of 0.733. The predicted values for EE%, VS and ZP were 78.0592%, 307.273 nm and - 26.8275 mV, respectively. The validation process carried out on the optimized formula revealed that there were less than a 5% variance from the predicted responses. The XRD thermograms showed that MTF was encapsulated inside the cubosomal vesicles. TEM images of the optimized MTF cubosomal formulation showed spherical non-aggregated nanovesicles. Moreover, it revealed a sustained release profile of MTF in comparison to the MTF solution. Stability studies indicated that optimum cubosomal formulation was stable for thirty days. Cytotoxicity of the optimized cubosomal formulation was enhanced on the MDA-MB-231 breast and LOVO cancer cell lines compared to MTF solution even at lower concentrations. However, it showed superior cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cell line. So, cubosomes could be considered a promising carrier of MTF to treat breast and colon cancers.

The cubosome-based nanoplatforms in cancer therapy: Seeking new paradigms for cancer theranostics

Lyotropic liquid crystals are self-assembled, non-lamellar, and mesophase nanostructured materials that have garnered significant attention as drug carriers. Cubosomes, a subtype of lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles, possess three-dimensional structures that display bicontinuous cubic liquid-crystalline patterns. These patterns are formed through the self-organization of unsaturated monoglycerides (amphphilic lipids such as glyceryl monooleate or phytantriol), followed by stabilization using steric polymers (poloxamers). Owing to their bicontinuous structure and steric polymer-based stabilization, cubosomes have been demonstrated to possess greater entrapment efficiency for hydrophobic drugs compared to liposomes, while also exhibiting high stability. In the past decade, there has been significant interest in cubosomes due to their ability to deliver therapeutic and contrast agents for cancer treatment and imaging with minimal side effects, establishing them as a safe and effective approach. Concerning these advantages, the present review elaborates on the general aspects, composition, and preparation techniques of cubosomes, followed by explanations of their mechanisms of drug loading and release patterns. Furthermore, the review provides meticulous discussions on the use of cubosomes in the treatment and imaging of various types of cancer, culminating in the enumeration of patents related to cubosome-based drug delivery systems.

STA9090 as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Liver Fibrosis by Modulating the HSP90/TβRII/Proteasome Interplay: Novel Insights from In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations

Liver fibrosis is a progressive condition characterized by the build-up of fibrous tissue resulting from long-term liver injury. Although there have been advancements in research and treatment, there is still a need for effective antifibrotic medication. HSP90 plays a crucial role in the development of fibrosis. It acts as a molecular chaperone that assists in the proper folding and stability of TβRII, potentially regulating the signaling of TGF-β1. It has been established that TβRII can be degraded through the proteasome degradation system, either via ubiquitination-dependent or -independent pathways. In the present study, STA9090 demonstrated promising effects in both in vitro and in vivo models. It reduced LDH leakage, prolonged the survival rate of hepatocytes in rats with liver fibrosis, and improved liver function. Importantly, STA9090 exerted pleiotropic effects by targeting proteins involved in limiting collagen production, which resulted in improved microscopic features of the rat livers. Our findings suggest that STA9090-induced inhibition of HSP90 leads to the degradation of TβRII, a fibrogenic client protein of HSP90, through the activation of the 20S proteasomal degradation system. We also revealed that this degradation mechanism is not dependent on the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Additionally, STA9090 was found to destabilize HIF-1α and facilitate its degradation, leading to the reduced transcription of VEGF. Moreover, STA9090's ability to deactivate the NFκB signaling pathway highlights its potential as an anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic agent. However, further research is necessary to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and fully capitalize on the therapeutic benefits of targeting HSP90 and associated pathways.

(R,R)-BD-AcAc2 Mitigates Chronic Colitis in Rats: A Promising Multi-Pronged Approach Modulating Inflammasome Activity, Autophagy, and Pyroptosis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic and incurable form of inflammatory bowel disease that can increase the risk of colitis-associated cancer and mortality. Limited treatment options are available for this condition, and the existing ones often come with non-tolerable adverse effects. This study is the first to examine the potential benefits of consuming (R,R)-BD-AcAc2, a type of ketone ester (KE), and intermittent fasting in treating chronic colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in rats. We selected both protocols to enhance the levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, mimicking a state of nutritional ketosis and early ketosis, respectively. Our findings revealed that only the former protocol, consuming the KE, improved disease activity and the macroscopic and microscopic features of the colon while reducing inflammation scores. Additionally, the KE counteracted the DSS-induced decrease in the percentage of weight change, reduced the colonic weight-to-length ratio, and increased the survival rate of DSS-insulted rats. KE also showed potential antioxidant activities and improved the gut microbiome composition. Moreover, consuming KE increased the levels of tight junction proteins that protect against leaky gut and exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production. These effects were attributed to inhibiting NFκB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation and restraining pyroptosis and apoptosis while enhancing autophagy as revealed by reduced p62 and increased BECN1. Furthermore, the KE may have a positive impact on maintaining a healthy microbiome. To conclude, the potential clinical implications of our findings are promising, as (R,R)-BD-AcAc2 has a greater safety profile and can be easily translated to human subjects.

Ganetespib (STA-9090) augments sorafenib efficacy via necroptosis induction in hepatocellular carcinoma: Implications from preclinical data for a novel therapeutic approach

Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, is a first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, but its long-term effectiveness is limited by the emergence of resistance mechanisms. One such mechanism is the reduction of microvessel density and intratumoral hypoxia caused by prolonged sorafenib treatment. Our research has demonstrated that HSP90 plays a critical role in conferring resistance to sorafenib in HepG2 cells under hypoxic conditions and N-Nitrosodiethylamine-exposed mice as well. This occurs through the inhibition of necroptosis on the one hand and the stabilization of HIF-1α on the other hand. To augment the effects of sorafenib, we investigated the use of ganetespib, an HSP90 inhibitor. We found that ganetespib activated necroptosis and destabilized HIF-1α under hypoxia, thus enhancing the effectiveness of sorafenib. Additionally, we discovered that LAMP2 aids in the degradation of MLKL, which is the mediator of necroptosis, through the chaperone-mediated autophagy pathway. Interestingly, we observed a significant negative correlation between LAMP2 and MLKL. These effects resulted in a reduction in the number of surface nodules and liver index, indicating a regression in tumor production rates in mice with HCC. Furthermore, AFP levels decreased. Combining ganetespib with sorafenib showed a synergistic cytotoxic effect and resulted in the accumulation of p62 and inhibition of macroautophagy. These findings suggest that the combined therapy of ganetespib and sorafenib may offer a promising approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating necroptosis, inhibiting macroautophagy, and exhibiting a potential antiangiogenic effect. Overall, continued research is critical to establish the full therapeutic potential of this combination therapy.

Recent Advances in the Development of Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems

Due to their distinctive structural features, lyotropic nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs), such as cubosomes and hexosomes, are considered effective drug delivery systems. Cubosomes have a lipid bilayer that makes a membrane lattice with two water channels that are intertwined. Hexosomes are inverse hexagonal phases made of an infinite number of hexagonal lattices that are tightly connected with water channels. These nanostructures are often stabilized by surfactants. The structure's membrane has a much larger surface area than that of other lipid nanoparticles, which makes it possible to load therapeutic molecules. In addition, the composition of mesophases can be modified by pore diameters, thus influencing drug release. Much research has been conducted in recent years to improve their preparation and characterization, as well as to control drug release and improve the efficacy of loaded bioactive chemicals. This article reviews current advances in LCNP technology that permit their application, as well as design ideas for revolutionary biomedical applications. Furthermore, we have provided a summary of the application of LCNPs based on the administration routes, including the pharmacokinetic modulation property.

The therapeutic effect of PEI-Fe3O4/pYr-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG albumin nanospheres combined with magnetic fluid hyperthermia on hepatoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly malignant tumors with serious clinical and socioeconomic consequences. Although gene therapy holds great promise in the treatment of hepatoma, its clinical applications are hindered by uncontrolled gene transmission and transcription.

Methods

The pY-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG plasmid was constructed and identified by double enzyme digestion and gene sequencing. The expression of pYr-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG in HepG2 cells was detected by quantitative PCR. PEI-Fe3O4/pYr-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG albumin nanospheres were prepared and characterized. In vitro heating test of magnetic albumin nanospheres in an alternating magnetic field (AMF) was carried out. The therapeutic effect of PEI-Fe3O4/pYr-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG albumin nanospheres on hepatocellular carcinoma was investigated by cell and animal experiments. After treatment, mice blood was collected for clinical biochemical analysis and histopathological evaluation of major organs was performed to assess potential adverse effects of treatment.

Results

Double enzyme digestion and gene sequencing showed that the pY-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG plasmid was constructed successfully. QPCR results showed that the IFNγ transcript level in the PEI-Fe3O4/pYr-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG group was higher than that in the PEI-Fe3O4/pYr-ads-8-cfosp-IFNG group after being treated with hypoxia (P<0.05). TEM revealed that the self-prepared PEI-Fe3O4/pYr-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG albumin nanospheres exhibit an approximately spherical or elliptical shape. The hydrodynamic size of the albumin nanospheres was 139.7 nm. The maximum temperature of 0.25 mg/mL solution is stable at about 44°C, which is suitable for tumor thermal therapy without damaging normal tissues. The relative cell inhibition rate of the radiation-gene therapy and MFH combination group was higher than that of other control groups in CCK8 experiment. (P<0.05) Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate and necrosis rate of the combined treatment group were 42.32% and 35.73%, respectively, higher than those of the other groups. (P<0.05) In animal experiments, the mass and volume inhibition rates of the combined treatment group were 66.67% and 72.53%, respectively, higher than those of other control groups. (P<0.05) Clinical biochemical analysis and histopathological evaluation showed no abnormality.

Conclusions

The results indicated the successful construction of the radiation-induced plasmid and demonstrated that the hypoxia enhancer could augment the expression of INFγ in a hypoxia environment. Gene therapy combined with magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) has exhibited excellent outcomes in both cell and animal studies. Our experiments demonstrated that the PEI-Fe3O4/pYr-ads-8-5HRE-cfosp-IFNG albumin nanospheres system is a comprehensive treatment method for hepatoma, which can effectively combine immune genre therapy with hyperthermia.

Fabrication and Assessment of Orodispersible Tablets Loaded with Cubosomes for the Improved Anticancer Activity of Simvastatin against the MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line

Various factors limit the use of simvastatin as an anticancer drug. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse simvastatin (SIM)-loaded cubosome efficacy against breast cancer. SIM-loaded cubosomes were prepared using the emulsification method using different glyceryl monooleate, Pluronic F127 (PF-127), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ratios. The best cubosomal formula was subjected to an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis using the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 (MDA) (ATCC, HTB-26), and formulated as oral disintegrating tablets through direct compression. PF-127 and PVA positively affected drug loading, and the entrapment efficiency percentage of different SIM-cubosomal formulations ranged from 33.52% to 80.80%. Vesicle size ranged from 181.9 ± 0.50 to 316.6 ± 1.25 nm. PF-127 enhanced in vitro SIM release from cubosome formulations due to its solubilising action on SIM. The in vitro dissolution analysis indicated that SIM exhibited an initial dissolution of 10.4 ± 0.25% within the first 5 min, and 63.5 ± 0.29% of the loaded drug was released after 1 h. Moreover, cubosome formula F3 at 25 and 50 µg/mL doses significantly decreased MDA cell viability compared to the 12.5 µg/mL dose. The untreated SIM suspension and drug-free cubosomes at all doses had no significant influence on MDA cell viability compared to the control.

Mirtazepine, an atypical antidepressant, mitigates lung fibrosis by suppressing NLPR3 inflammasome and fibrosis-related mediators in endotracheal bleomycin rat model

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible lung disease with a poor prognosis. There is currently no definitive cure for IPF. The present study establishes a platform for the development of a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PF using the atypical antidepressant, mirtazapine. In the endotracheal bleomycin rat model, mirtazapine interfered with the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via downregulating the NLRP3 on the gene and protein expression levels. Accordingly, the downstream mediators IL-1β and IL-18 were repressed. Such observation is potentially a direct result of the reported improvement in oxidative stress. Additionally, mirtazapine corrected the bleomycin-induced disparities in the levels of the fibrogenic mediators TGF-β, PDGF-BB, and TIMP-1, in consequence, the lung content of hydroxyproline and the expression of α-SMA were reduced. Besides, mirtazapine curbed the ICAM-1 and the chemotactic cytokines MCP-1 and CXCL4. This protective property of mirtazapine resulted in improving the BALF total and differential cell counts, diminishing LDH activity, and reducing the BALF total protein. Moreover, the inflammation and fibrosis scores were accordingly lower. To conclude, we reveal for the first time the efficacy of mirtazapine as a potential treatment for PF. The combination of social isolation, sleep problems, breathing difficulties, and fear of death can lead to psychological distress and depression in patients with IPF. Hence, mirtazapine is a promising treatment option that may improve the prognosis for IPF patients due to its antifibrotic effects, as well as its ability to alleviate depressive episodes.

Innovative challenge for the inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma progression by combined targeting of HSP90 and STAT3/HIF-1α signaling

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third foremost cause of cancer-related deaths. HCC has a very bad prognosis because it is asymptomatic in the early stages, resulting in a late diagnosis, and it is highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Such chemotherapies have been proven disappointing because they provide extremely low survival benefits. This study discloses that the STAT3/HIF-1α is an auspicious therapeutic attack site for conceivable repression of HCC development. A site that can be targeted by simultaneous administration of a STAT3 inhibitor in the context of HSP90 inhibition. 17-DMAG binds to HSP90 and constrains its function, resulting in the degradation of HSP90 client proteins HIF-1α and STAT3. Hypoxia recruits STAT3/HIF-1α complex within the VEGF promoter. Additionally, it was acknowledged that STAT3 is an essential mediator of VEGF transcription by direct binding to its promoter. Furthermore, it induces HIF-1α stability and enhances its transcriptional activity. Herein, we revealed that the combination therapy using 17-DMAG and nifuroxazide, a STAT3 inhibitor, repressed the diethylnitrosamine-induced alterations in the structure of the liver. This effect was mediated via decreasing the levels of the HSP90 client proteins HIF-1α and pSTAT3 resulting in the suppression of the STAT3/HIF-1α complex transcriptional activity. To conclude, 17-DMAG/NFXZD combination therapy-induced disruption in the STAT3/HIF-1α loop led to a potential antiangiogenic activity and showed apoptotic potential by inhibiting autophagy and inducing ROS/apoptosis signaling. Additionally, this combination therapy exhibited promising survival prolongation in mice with HCC. Consequently, the use of 17-DMAG/NFXZD renders an inspirational perspective in managing HCC. However, further investigations are compulsory.

Recent progress in molecular mechanisms of postoperative recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatectomy is currently considered the most effective option for treating patients with early and intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, the postoperative prognosis of patients with HCC remains unsatisfactory, predominantly because of high postoperative metastasis and recurrence rates. Therefore, research on the molecular mechanisms of postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence will help develop effective intervention measures to prevent or delay HCC metastasis and recurrence and to improve the long-term survival of HCC patients. Herein, we review the latest research progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence to lay a foundation for improving the understanding of HCC metastasis and recurrence and for developing more precise prevention and intervention strategies.

Diacetylrhein, an anthraquinone antiarthritic agent, suppresses dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation in rats: A possible mechanism for a protective effect against ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory life-threatening and premalignant disorder with no cure that even might end up with surgical removal of a large section or even all of the colon. It is characterized by relapsing-remitting courses of intestinal inflammation and mucosal damage in which oxidative stress and exaggerated inflammatory response play a significant role. Most of the current medications to maintain remission are symptomatic and have many adverse reactions. Therefore, the potential for improved management of patients with UC continues to increase. Yet, the benefits of using the antiarthritic agent diacetylrhein to counteract inflammation in UC are still obscure. Hence, our study was designed to explore its potential role in UC using a model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in rats. Our results revealed that diacetylrhein targeted the NLRP3 and inhibited the inflammasome assembly. Consequently, caspase-1 activity and the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 were inhibited leading to a curbed pyroptosis process. Additionally, diacetylrhein revealed a significant antiapoptotic potential as revealed by the levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. Concomitant to these effects, diacetylrhein also interrupted NFκB signals leading to improved microscopic features of inflamed colon and decreased colon weight to length ratio, indices of disease activity, and macroscopic damage. Additionally, a reduction in the myeloperoxidase activity, IL-6, and TGF-β alongside an increase in the gene expression of Ocln and ZO-1 were detected. To conclude diacetylrhein showed a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and therefore might represent a promising agent in the management of acute UC.

Ambroxol, a mucolytic agent, boosts HO-1, suppresses NF-κB, and decreases the susceptibility of the inflamed rat colon to apoptosis: A new treatment option for treating ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer and imposes a lifelong healthcare burden on millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant risks and have been shown to be fairly effective. Hence, discovering new therapies that have better efficacy and safety profiles than currently exploited therapeutic strategies is challenging. It has been well delineated that NF-κB/Nrf2 crosstalk is a chief player in the interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation. Ambroxol hydrochloride, a mucolytic agent, has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in humans and animals and has not yet been examined for the management of UC. Therefore, our approach was to investigate whether ambroxol could be effective to combat UC using the common acetic acid rat model. Interestingly, a high dose of oral ambroxol (200 mg/kg/day) reasonably improved the microscopic and macroscopic features of the injured colon. This was linked to low disease activity and a reduction in the colonic weight/length ratio. In the context of that, ambroxol boosted Nrf2 activity and upregulated HO-1 and catalase to augment the antioxidant defense against oxidative damage. Besides, ambroxol inactivated NF-κB signaling and its consequent target pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and TNF-α. In contrast, IL-10 is upregulated. Consistent with these results, myeloperoxidase activity is suppressed. Moreover, ambroxol decreased the susceptibility of the injured colon to apoptosis. To conclude, our findings highlight the potential application of ambroxol to modify the progression of UC by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties.

Cubosomes: Design, Development, and Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery Applications

Because of the extraordinary advancements in biomedical nanotechnology over the last few decades, traditional drug delivery systems have been transformed into smart drug delivery systems that respond to stimuli. These well-defined nanoplatforms can boost therapeutic targeting efficacy while reducing the side effects/toxicities of payloads, which are crucial variables for enhancing patient compliance by responding to specific internal or external triggers. Cubosomes are lipid-based nano systems that are analogous to well-known vesicular systems, such as lipo- and niosomes. They could be used as part of a unique drug delivery system that includes hydro-, lipo-, and amphiphilic drug molecules. In this review, we critically analyze the relevant literature on cubosomesregarding theories of cubosomeself-assembly, composition, and manufacturing methods, with an emphasis on tumor-targeted drug delivery applications. Due to the bioadhesive and -compatible nature of cubosome dispersion, this review also focuses on a variety of drug delivery applications, including oral, ophthalmic and transdermal.

Emerging Approach for the Application of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract Ointment in the Superficial Burn Care

Wound healing comprises organized events involving tissue repair and regeneration. The discovery of toll-like receptors (TLRs) sheds recent light on the mechanisms involved in initiating inflammatory responses throughout the healing cascades. Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) components may exhibit a wound healing action, owing to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study was designed to investigate the early effects of HS loaded in an ointment base on wound healing, antioxidant, antimicrobial effects, burning intensity, and histopathological features on the rat burn model in comparison to the standard treatment, Iruxol® ointment. A burn injury model was used to evaluate the wound healing potency of the preparation. Rats were treated with ointments three times on the day of the induction of the burn. Findings revealed that the strong antioxidant properties of the HS-loaded ointment augmented the skin healing potential by stimulating biomarkers required for skin regeneration. HS repressed the burning-induced inflammation by the effective reduction in the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-6 through TLR4 protein inhibition. Topical HS downregulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) levels. HS extract possesses a potential bactericidal activity against highly resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, this study proclaims that HS-loaded topical preparations could be a valuable product that serves as adjuvants to accelerate burn wound healing through inactivating the TLR4 pathway.

Carbocisteine as a Modulator of Nrf2/HO-1 and NFκB Interplay in Rats: New Inspiration for the Revival of an Old Drug for Treating Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC), an inflammatory bowel disease, is a chronic condition of a multifaceted pathophysiology. The incidence of UC is increasing internationally. The current therapies for UC lack relative effectiveness and are associated with adverse effects. Therefore, novel therapeutic options should be developed. It has been well documented that modulating the Nrf2/NFκB is a promising therapeutic target in inflammation. Carbocisteine is a mucoregulatory medication and its efficacy in COPD was found to be more closely related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Carbocisteine has not yet been examined for the management of UC. Hence, our approach was to investigate the potential coloprotective role of carbocisteine in acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Our results revealed that carbocisteine improved colon histology and macroscopic features and subdued the disease activity as well. Additionally, carbocisteine attenuated colon shortening and augmented colon antioxidant defense mechanisms via upregulating catalase and HO-1 enzymes. The myeloperoxidase activity was suppressed indicating inhibition of the neutrophil infiltration and activation. Consistent with these findings, carbocisteine boosted Nrf2 expression along with NFκB inactivation. Consequently, carbocisteine downregulated the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Concomitant to these protective roles, carbocisteine displayed anti-apoptotic properties as revealed by the reduction in the Bax: BCL-2 ratio. In conclusion, carbocisteine inhibited oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in acetic acid-induced UC by modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and NFκB interplay in rats. Therefore, the current study provides a potential basis for repurposing a safe and a commonly used mucoregulator for the treatment of UC.

Selenium nanoparticles overcomes sorafenib resistance in thioacetamide induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats by modulation of mTOR, NF-κB pathways and LncRNA-AF085935/GPC3 axis

AIMS

The first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib (SOR). Sofafenib resistance is linked to protein kinase B/ mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, apoptosis inhibition and oxidative stress. This study investigated selenium nanoparticles (SeNps) to overcome SOR resistance in thioacetamide (TAA) induced HCC in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

TAA (200 mg/kg/twice weekly, i.p.) was administered for 16 weeks to induce HCC.s. Rats were treated with oral SOR (10 mg/Kg daily), selenium, and SeNps (5 mg/kg three times/week) alone or in combination, for two weeks. Apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis and drug resistance were assessed. Cleaved caspase 3 (C. CASP3), mTOR, and NF-κB were determined by western blotting. Expression of p53 gene and long-noncoding RNA-AF085935 was determined by qRT-PCR. Expression of B- Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl associated X protein (Bax)and glypican 3 (GPC3) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Liver functions, antioxidant capacity, histopathology and CD34 immunohistochemistry were performed.

KEY FINDINGS

SOR/SeNps reversed TAA-induced HCC in rats, through reduction of oxidative stress, activation of p53, Bax and CASP3, and inhibition of Bcl2. SOR/SeNps ameliorated the HCC-induced effect on cell proliferation and drug resistance by targeting mTOR and NF-κB pathways. SOR/SeNps decreased CD34 immunostaining indicating a decrease in angiogenesis and metastasis. SOR/SeNps regulated HCC epigenetically through the lncRNA-AF085935/GPC3 axis.

SIGNIFICANCE

SOR/SeNps are a promising combination for tumor suppression and overcoming sorafenib resistance in HCC by modulating apoptosis, AKT/mTOR and NF-κB pathways, as well as CD34 and lncRNA-AF085935/GPC3 axis.

Novel Tumor-Targeting Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment-A Review

Being one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, cancer represents an ongoing interdisciplinary challenge for the scientific community. As currently used treatments may face limitations in terms of both efficiency and adverse effects, continuous research has been directed towards overcoming existing challenges and finding safer specific alternatives. In particular, increasing interest has been gathered around integrating nanotechnology in cancer management and subsequentially developing various tumor-targeting nanoparticles for cancer applications. In this respect, the present paper briefly describes the most used cancer treatments in clinical practice to set a reference framework for recent research findings, further focusing on the novel developments in the field. More specifically, this review elaborates on the top recent studies concerning various nanomaterials (i.e., carbon-based, metal-based, liposomes, cubosomes, lipid-based, polymer-based, micelles, virus-based, exosomes, and cell membrane-coated nanomaterials) that show promising potential in different cancer applications.

Nifuroxazide-loaded cubosomes exhibit an advancement in pulmonary delivery and attenuate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by regulating the STAT3 and NF-κB signaling: A new challenge for unmet therapeutic needs

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic progressive disease that portends a very poor prognosis. It has been suggested that STAT3 is a potential target in PF. This study highlights the importance of cubosomes as a drug delivery system in enhancing the bioavailability of nifuroxazide (NXZD), a poorly soluble STAT3 inhibitor. NXZD-loaded cubosomes (NXZD-LC) were in vitro and in vivo evaluated. In vitro, cubosomes presented a poly-angular nanosized particles with a mean size and zeta potential of 223.73 ± 4.73 nm and - 20.93 ± 2.38 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency of nifuroxazide was 90.56 ± 4.25%. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study and the lung tissue accumulation of NXZD were performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after oral administration to rats. The nanoparticles exhibited a two-fold increase and 1.33 times of bioavailability and lung tissue concentration of NXZD compared to NXZD dispersion, respectively. In view of this, NXZD-LC effectively attenuated PF by targeting STAT3 and NF-κB signals. As a result, NXZD-LC showed a potential anti-inflammatory effect as revealed by the significant decrease in MCP-1, ICAM-1, IL-6, and TNF-α and suppressed fibrogenic mediators as indicated by the significant reduction in TGF-β, TIMP-1, and PDGF-BB in lung tissues. Besides, NXZD-LC improved antioxidant defense mechanisms and decreased LDH and BALF total protein. These effects contributed to decreased collagen deposition. To conclude, cubosomes represent an advantageous pharmaceutical delivery system for enhancing pulmonary delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Additionally, repurposing NXZD as an antifibrotic agent is a promising challenge and new therapeutic approach for unmet therapeutic needs.

Development, Therapeutic Evaluation and Theranostic Applications of Cubosomes on Cancers: An Updated Review

Cancer is a group of disorders characterized by aberrant gene function and alterations in gene expression patterns. In 2020, it was anticipated that 19 million new cancer cases would be diagnosed globally, with around 10 million cancer deaths. Late diagnosis and interventions are the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. In addition, the absence of comprehensive cancer therapy adds to the burden. Many lyotropic non-lamellar liquid-crystalline-nanoparticle-mediated formulations have been developed in the last few decades, with promising results in drug delivery, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Cubosomes are nano-structured liquid-crystalline particles made of specific amphiphilic lipids in particular proportions. Their ability to encapsulate lipophilic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic molecules within their structure makes them one of a kind. They are biocompatible, versatile drug carriers that can deliver medications through various routes of administration. Many preclinical studies on the use of cubosomes in cancer treatment and theranostic applications have been conducted. However, before cubosomes may be employed in clinical practice, significant technical advances must be accomplished. This review summarizes the development of cubosomes and their multifunctional role in cancer treatment based on the most recent reports.

Cubosomes as an emerging platform for drug delivery: a state-of-the-art review

Lipid-based drug delivery nanoparticles, including non-lamellar type, mesophasic nanostructured materials of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), have been a topic of interest for researchers for their applications in encapsulation of drugs...

Blunting p38 MAPKα and ERK1/2 activities by empagliflozin enhances the antifibrotic effect of metformin and augments its AMPK-induced NF-κB inactivation in mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride

AIM

Metformin and empagliflozin combined therapy may have complementary effects that go beyond the well-recognized targets of their monotherapy through AMPK activation. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate for the first time the hepatoprotective effects of such combination therapy in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatic fibrosis model in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Determination of liver enzymes and the liver content of oxidative stress parameters, and hydroxyproline were performed biochemically. ELISA was performed to measure PDGF-BB, TNF-α, TGF-β, TIMP-1, AMPK, p-mTOR, NF-κB P65 binding activity, p38 MAPKα, JNK1/2 and ERK1/2. Real-time qPCR was conducted to determine Col1a1 and α-SMA. In addition, histopathological examination using H&E and Masson's trichrome stain were performed for determination of histopathological changes.

KEY FINDINGS

Empagliflozin inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 and exhibited a weak AMPKα stimulation. On the other hand, metformin exerted a more robust stimulatory action on the AMPKα that was accompanied by a notable decrease in the NF-κB nuclear binding activity and a decline in the p-mTOR levels. Nevertheless, the effect of metformin on MAPK kinases was insignificant. Our results revealed that blunting p38 MAPKα and ERK1/2 activities by empagliflozin enhanced the antifibrotic effect of metformin and augmented its AMPK-induced NF-κB inactivation.

SIGNIFICANCE

As diabetes is one of the most common risk factors for liver fibrosis, the use of antidiabetic drugs is expected to improve therapeutic outcome. Therefore, metformin/empagliflozin combined therapy could be promising in preventing hepatic inflammation and fibrosis via exhibiting complementary effects particularly in diabetic patients.

Empagliflozin adjunct with metformin for the inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma progression: Emerging approach for new application

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise worldwide, and its incidence in diabetic patients is two to three times that of non-diabetics. Current therapeutic options fail to provide considerable survival benefits to patients with HCC. There is a strong possibility that the FDA-approved antidiabetic combination of empagliflozin and metformin could show complementary effects to control HCC progression. However, their multitarget effects have not yet been studied on HCC development. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the antitumorigenic activity of this combination in non-diabetic mice with diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC. Empagliflozin/metformin combination prolonged survival and improved histological features of mice livers. Additionally, Empagliflozin/metformin showed anti-inflammatory potential and relieved oxidative stress. On the one hand these effects are likely attributed to the ability of metformin to inactivate NF-κB in an AMPK-dependent mechanism and on the other hand to the ability of the empagliflozin to inhibit the MAPKs, p38 and ERK1/2. Empagliflozin also showed a less robust effect on AMPK than that of metformin. Moreover, empagliflozin enhanced the autophagy inducing activity of metformin. Furthermore, empagliflozin/metformin exhibited increased apoptotic potential. Consequently, empagliflozin augmented the antitumorigenic function of metformin by exerting better control of angiogenesis, and metastasis. To conclude, our findings suggest empagliflozin as an ideal adjunct to metformin for the inhibition of HCC progression. In addition, since the incidence of hypoglycemia is minimal due to insulin-independent mechanism of action of both treatments, empagliflozin/metformin could be a promising therapeutic modality for the management of diabetic patients with HCC; and even non diabetic ones.