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Butcher RL, Kinney LM, Blasdel GP, Elwyn G, Myers JB, Boh B, Luck KM, Moses RA. Decision making in metoidioplasty and phalloplasty gender-affirming surgery: a mixed methods study. J Sex Med 2023; 20:1032-1043. [PMID: 37173118 PMCID: PMC10311073 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-affirming surgical procedures, such as metoidioplasty and phalloplasty for those assigned female at birth, are complex and multistaged and involve risks. Individuals considering these procedures experience greater uncertainty or decisional conflict, compounded by difficulty finding trustworthy information. AIM (1) To explore the factors contributing to decisional uncertainty and the needs of individuals considering metoidioplasty and phalloplasty gender-affirming surgery (MaPGAS) and (2) to inform development of a patient-centered decision aid. METHODS This cross-sectional study was based on mixed methods. Adult transgender men and nonbinary individuals assigned female at birth at various stages of MaPGAS decision making were recruited from 2 study sites in the United States to participate in semistructured interviews and an online gender health survey, which included measures of gender congruence, decisional conflict, urinary health, and quality of life. Trained qualitative researchers conducted all interviews with questions to explore constructs from the Ottawa decision support framework. OUTCOMES Outcomes included goals and priorities for MaPGAS, expectations, knowledge, and decisional needs, as well as variations in decisional conflict by surgical preference, surgical status, and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS We interviewed 26 participants and collected survey data from 39 (24 interviewees, 92%) at various stages of MaPGAS decision making. In surveys and interviews, affirmation of gender identity, standing to urinate, sensation, and the ability to "pass" as male emerged as highly important factors for deciding to undergo MaPGAS. A third of survey respondents reported decisional conflict. Triangulation of data from all sources revealed that conflict emerged most when trying to balance the strong desire to resolve gender dysphoria through surgical transition against the risks and unknowns in urinary and sexual function, appearance, and preservation of sensation post-MaPGAS. Insurance coverage, age, access to surgeons, and health concerns further influenced surgery preferences and timing. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The findings add to the understanding of decisional needs and priorities of those considering MaPGAS while revealing new complexities among knowledge, personal factors, and decisional uncertainty. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This mixed methods study was codeveloped by members of the transgender and nonbinary community and yielded important guidance for providers and individuals considering MaPGAS. The results provide rich qualitative insights for MaPGAS decision making in US contexts. Limitations include low diversity and sample size; both are being addressed in work underway. CONCLUSIONS This study increases understanding of the factors important to MaPGAS decision making, and results are being used to guide development of a patient-centered surgical decision aid and informed survey revision for national distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Butcher
- Center for Program Design and Evaluation, Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Linda M Kinney
- Center for Program Design and Evaluation, Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Gaines P Blasdel
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Glyn Elwyn
- Coproduction Laboratory, Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Jeremy B Myers
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, United States
| | - Benjamin Boh
- Affirm Endocrinology, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Kaylee M Luck
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Rachel A Moses
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
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Acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition deficits in adult monkeys with neonatal lesions of the hippocampus, amygdala and orbital frontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114170. [PMID: 36283567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Sensory-motor gating, the process of filtering sensory stimuli to modulate motor responses, is impaired in many psychiatric diseases but especially schizophrenia. Sensory-motor gating assessed with the prepulse inhibition paradigm (PPI) measures startle in response to preceding acoustic stimuli. PPI studies in rodents have consistently found that neonatal hippocampal lesions impair sensory-motor gating in adult animals, but its applicability to primates has yet to be tested. The study examined acoustic startle responses and PPI in adult rhesus monkeys with neonatal lesions of the hippocampus (Neo-Hibo), amygdala (Neo-Aibo), and orbital frontal cortex areas 11 and 13 (Neo-Oasp) and with sham-operations (Neo-C). All monkeys were initially habituated to the startle apparatus and assayed for acoustic startle response curves. Subsequently, PPI was measured with the prepulse occurring at 60, 120, 240, 480, 1000 and 5000 msec prior to the pulse onset. No significant group differences in baseline startle were found. Compared to Neo-C monkeys, Neo-Hibo monkeys showed normal startle curves as well as normal PPI at short prepulse delays but prepulse facilitation (PPF) at longer prepulse intervals. Neo-Aibo monkeys displayed enhanced startle responses with only minor changes in PPI, whereas Neo-Oasp monkeys had severe dampening of startle responses and impaired PPI at shorter prepulse intervals. These results support prior evidence from rodent literature of the involvement of each of these areas in the development of the complex cortico-limbic circuit modulating sensory-motor gating and may shade light on the specific neural structures associated with deficits in PPI reported in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and post-traumatic disorders.
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Berryman C, Wallwork SB, Heredia-Rizo AM, Knight E, Camfferman D, Russek L, Moseley GL. Are You Listening? Facilitation of the Auditory Blink Response in People with Fibromyalgia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1072-1083. [PMID: 33757876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine whether auditory prepulse inhibition (PPI) and/or prepulse facilitation (PPF) were altered in people with fibromyalgia (FM) when compared with controls. Eyeblink responses were recorded from 29 females with FM and 27 controls, while they listened to 3 blocks of auditory stimuli that delivered pulses with either PPI or PPF. Using a linear mixed model, our main findings were that there was a GROUP*CONDITION interaction (F4, 1084 = 4.01, P= .0031) indicating that the difference in amplitude between FM group and control group changed depending on the condition (PPI or PPF). Post hoc tests revealed no differences between the groups in response to PPI. The FM group showed a greater reactivity of response to the PPF conditioned stimulus than the control group did (t(39.7) = 2.03, P= .0494). Augmentation of PPF, as demonstrated by the FM group is thought to be linked to alterations in information processing mediated by an autonomically driven general orienting process. Activities that decrease autonomic drive or rebalance autonomic and parasympathetic tone such as vagal stimulation might be pursued as effective interventions for people with FM. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents evidence of preservation of neural circuitry that underpins response suppression and evidence of neural circuit disturbance mediated by autonomic drive-in people with FM. These results are important because intact circuitry underpins the effectiveness of therapies and may be harnessed, and rebalancing autonomic drive may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Berryman
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia; IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Sarah B Wallwork
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Emma Knight
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Leslie Russek
- Physical Therapy Department, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
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Li W, Mao Z, Bo Q, Sun Y, Wang Z, Wang C. Prepulse inhibition in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: A systematic review. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:652-661. [PMID: 32567764 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a measure of sensorimotor gating used to identify deficits in early-stage information processing and inhibitory function defects. Many studies support the presence of PPI deficits in schizophrenia patients. However, very few studies have explored PPI levels among first-degree relatives (FDR) of schizophrenia patients, and the results have been inconsistent. This review article explored PPI levels in FDR of schizophrenia patients. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review using the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, EBSCO and Chinese databases from inception to January 2020. A series of related factors (eg, PPI paradigm, heritability and sample characteristics) and outcomes were summarized from the literature that met the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. RESULTS A total of eight studies were eligible for systematic review after screening. A meta-analysis of the selected studies was not conducted due to the limitations of quantity and paradigm heterogeneity. A majority of the studies' subjects were siblings of schizophrenia patients and different paradigms were applied. Most of the included studies reported no difference in PPI values between FDR of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION Contrary to traditional certainty that unaffected FDR of schizophrenia patients have PPI defects, our review found no sufficient evidence supporting that the PPI level in FDR of schizophrenia patients was lower than in healthy controls. A prospective cohort study focusing on different outcomes such as developing schizophrenia is required to explore PPI levels in FDR of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Åsli O, Johansen MF, Solhaug I. The Effects of Brief Mindfulness Training on Attentional Processes: Mindfulness Increases Prepulse Facilitation but Not Prepulse Inhibition. Front Psychol 2021; 12:582057. [PMID: 33679509 PMCID: PMC7927666 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.582057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness is intentional focus of one’s attention on emotions, thoughts, or sensations occurring in the present moment with a nonjudgmental attitude. Recently there has been increased interest in the effects of mindfulness practice on psychological processes such as concentration, focus, and attention. In the present study, a prepulse inhibition/facilitation (PPI/PPF) paradigm was employed to investigate the effect of brief mindfulness practice on automatic attention regulation processes. PPI occurs when a relatively weak prepulse (e.g., a tone) is presented 30–500 ms before a startle-inducing stimulus, and reduces the magnitude of the startle response. Prepulse facilitation (PPF) is the increase in startle magnitude when the prepulse is presented 500 ms or more before the startle-eliciting stimulus. In the present study, the effect of engaging in a 23-min mindfulness exercise on PPI and PPF was investigated. Participants listened to either a mindfulness instruction (mindfulness group) or relaxing music (control group). In a PPI/PPF pretest and posttest, a startle-eliciting noise was presented at lead intervals of 60, 120, and 2,000 ms. Results showed that engaging in brief mindfulness practice increased prepulse facilitation at the 2,000 ms lead interval in the posttest compared to the pretest. The amount of PPI did not differ between tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Åsli
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marta F Johansen
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ida Solhaug
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Kapsali F, Zioga I, Papageorgiou P, Smyrnis N, Chrousos GP, Papageorgiou C. Event-related EEG oscillations in body dysmorphic disorder. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13208. [PMID: 31995842 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) exhibit differential attentional mechanisms compared to healthy subjects. The exact nature of this differentiation is unclear. To this end, EEG (electrophysiological) responses to prepulse inhibition (PPI: reflecting attentional modulation) and prepulse facilitation (PPF: indicating orienting activation) were recorded and analysed. The aim of this study was to compare the respective neural oscillations associated with PPI and PPF in BDD vs healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Event-related EEG oscillations elicited by PPI and PPF (26 and 25 trials, respectively, randomly presented) were explored in a sample of patients with BDD (N = 30) vs healthy controls (N = 25). The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for BDD (BDD-YBOCS), the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) and the Brown Assessment of Belief Scale (BABS) were also administered. RESULTS Analysis of the power spectrum in response to PPI and PPF revealed that the BDD patient group compared to healthy controls exhibited higher theta-1 oscillations (potentially indicative of disrupted thalamo-cortical activation) and reduced beta-1 oscillations (potentially indicative of reduced top-down-controlled processing during attentional orienting). CONCLUSION These findings offer novel contributions with regards to the neural mechanisms underlying attention processes in BDD patients, and demonstrate the potential of event-related EEG oscillations as a tool to better understand body dysmorphic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioanna Zioga
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Panos Papageorgiou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.,University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", (UMHRI), Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Aghia Sofia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athinon, Greece
| | - Charalabos Papageorgiou
- First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.,University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", (UMHRI), Athens, Greece
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E Silva LFS, Brito MD, Yuzawa JMC, Rosenstock TR. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Changes in High-Energy Compounds in Different Cellular Models Associated to Hypoxia: Implication to Schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18049. [PMID: 31792231 PMCID: PMC6889309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a multifactorial mental disorder, which has been associated with a number of environmental factors, such as hypoxia. Considering that numerous neural mechanisms depends on energetic supply (ATP synthesis), the maintenance of mitochondrial metabolism is essential to keep cellular balance and survival. Therefore, in the present work, we evaluated functional parameters related to mitochondrial function, namely calcium levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, redox homeostasis, high-energy compounds levels and oxygen consumption, in astrocytes from control (Wistar) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) animals exposed both to chemical and gaseous hypoxia. We show that astrocytes after hypoxia presented depolarized mitochondria, disturbances in Ca2+ handling, destabilization in redox system and alterations in ATP, ADP, Pyruvate and Lactate levels, in addition to modification in NAD+/NADH ratio, and Nfe2l2 and Nrf1 expression. Interestingly, intrauterine hypoxia also induced augmentation in mitochondrial biogenesis and content. Altogether, our data suggest that hypoxia can induce mitochondrial deregulation and a decrease in energy metabolism in the most prevalent cell type in the brain, astrocytes. Since SHR are also considered an animal model of SZ, our results can likewise be related to their phenotypic alterations and, therefore, our work also allow an increase in the knowledge of this burdensome disorder.
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Petitdant N, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Alteration of adaptive behaviors of progeny after maternal mobile phone exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10894-10903. [PMID: 29397508 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of pregnant women to radiofrequency (RF) devices raises questions on their possible health consequences for their progeny. We examined the hazard threshold of gestational RF on the progeny's glial homeostasis, sensory-motor gating, emotionality, and novelty seeking and tested whether maternal immune activation would increase RF toxicity. Pregnant dams were daily restrained with loop antennas adjoining the abdomen (fetus body specific absorption rates (SAR): 0, 0.7, or 2.6 W/kg) and received three lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intra-peritoneal injections (0 or 80 μg/kg). Scores in the prepulse startle inhibition, fear conditioning, open field, and elevated plus maze were assessed at adolescence and adulthood. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and interleukines-1β (ILs) were quantified. LPS induced a SAR-dependent reduction of the prepulse startle inhibition in adults. Activity in the open field was reduced at 2.6 W/kg at adolescence. GFAP and ILs, emotional memory, and anxiety-related behaviors were not modified. These data support the hypothesis that maternal immune activation increased the developmental RF exposure-induced long-term neurobiological impairments. These data support the fact that fetuses who receive combined environmental exposures with RF need special attention for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Petitdant
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Anthony Lecomte
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Franck Robidel
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Christelle Gamez
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Kelly Blazy
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Toxicology Unit, National Institute for Environmental Protection and Industrial Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, UMR-I 01 Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054, Amiens, France.
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Parc Technologique ALATA, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, BP no. 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Laporte B, Gay-Quéheillard J, Bach V, Villégier AS. Developmental neurotoxicity in the progeny after maternal gavage with chlorpyrifos. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:66-72. [PMID: 29421768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Today, developmental intellectual disorders affect one out of six children in industrialised countries. Intensively used in agriculture, the neurotoxicant pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) is known for its environmental persistence and bioaccumulation. Its role has not yet been established in the aetiology of intellectual impairments. Here we assessed whether maternal ingestion of low CPF dose in rats could impair the cerebral function of their progeny. Rat dams received daily CPF exposures (1 mg/kg, per os) during gestation and lactation. Behaviours relevant to mental retardation were measured in the surface righting, negative geotaxis and grip strength at post-natal days (PND) 3 and 7. Open field tests were performed at PND 16, 18 and 20. Fear conditioning was assessed at PND 34. Startle inhibition was tested at PND 31 and 60. According to the results, the progeny of CPF-treated dams showed slower negative geotaxis as neonates, lower novelty exploration as juveniles and faster startle reflex as adolescents and adults. This data suggests that developmental CPF relevant to human exposure may impair novelty-related activity and sensori-motor functions, thus adaptability to the environment. This data supports the hypothesis that CPF may contribute to behavioural disorders including acquisition retardation and consequences as an adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Laporte
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Unité mixte PERITOX UMR-I-01 CHU, Hôpital Sud, 80480, Amiens-Picardie, France.
| | | | - Véronique Bach
- Unité mixte PERITOX UMR-I-01 CHU, Hôpital Sud, 80480, Amiens-Picardie, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Unité mixte PERITOX UMR-I-01 CHU, Hôpital Sud, 80480, Amiens-Picardie, France.
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Poje AB, Filion DL. The effects of multiphasic prepulses on automatic and attention-modulated prepulse inhibition. Cogn Process 2017; 18:261-270. [PMID: 28401360 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-017-0808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is widely viewed as an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Previous research has shown that sensorimotor gating can occur automatically and also can be influenced by selective attention. The present research investigated the relationship of the transient detection response (TDR) with automatic and attention-modulated PPI using a novel "multiphasic" prepulse stimulus. Experiment 1 compared discrete versus multiphasic prepulse types in a no-task PPI protocol to validate multiphasic prepulses as effective elicitors of automatic sensorimotor gating. Results revealed that the two prepulse types elicited equivalent levels of PPI. Experiment 2 compared the effectiveness of continuous monophasic versus continuous multiphasic prepulses within a task-based PPI protocol using a lead interval of 120 ms. Results revealed a significant attention effect for monophasic prepulses only. However, robust PPI was produced by the multiphasic prepulses independent of attention as well as over time. These results suggest that multiple influences on PPI can be assessed concurrently depending on prepulse parameters designed to activate the TDR when used in a PPI protocol capable of assessing the effects of selective attention on prepulse processing [corrected]
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert B Poje
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center and Hospital, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Diane L Filion
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri at Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Rd., Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
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Variants Near CCK Receptors are Associated With Electrophysiological Responses to Pre-pulse Startle Stimuli in a Mexican American Cohort. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:727-37. [PMID: 26608796 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurophysiological measurements of the response to pre-pulse and startle stimuli have been suggested to represent an important endophenotype for both substance dependence and other select psychiatric disorders. We have previously shown, in young adult Mexican Americans (MA), that presentation of a short delay acoustic pre-pulse, prior to the startle stimuli can elicit a late negative component at about 400 msec (N4S), in the event-related potential (ERP), recorded from frontal cortical areas. In the present study, we investigated whether genetic factors associated with this endophenotype could be identified. The study included 420 (age 18-30 years) MA men (n = 170), and women (n = 250). DNA was genotyped using an Affymetrix Axiom Exome1A chip. An association analysis revealed that the CCKAR and CCKBR (cholecystokinin A and B receptor) genes each had a nearby variant that showed suggestive significance with the amplitude of the N4S component to pre-pulse stimuli. The neurotransmitter cholecystokinin (CCK), along with its receptors, CCKAR and CCKBR, have been previously associated with psychiatric disorders, suggesting that variants near these genes may play a role in the pre-pulse/startle response in this cohort.
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Renard J, Krebs MO, Le Pen G, Jay TM. Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabinoid exposure in adult psychopathology. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:361. [PMID: 25426017 PMCID: PMC4226229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug among adolescents and young adults. Unique cognitive, emotional, and social changes occur during this critical period of development from childhood into adulthood. The adolescent brain is in a state of transition and differs from the adult brain with respect to both anatomy (e.g., neuronal connections and morphology) and neurochemistry (e.g., dopamine, GABA, and glutamate). These changes are thought to support the emergence of adult cerebral processes and behaviors. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in development by acting on synaptic plasticity, neuronal cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive component in marijuana, acts as a partial agonist of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R). Thus, over-activation of the endocannabinoid system by chronic exposure to CB1R agonists (e.g., THC, CP-55,940, and WIN55,212-2) during adolescence can dramatically alter brain maturation and cause long-lasting neurobiological changes that ultimately affect the function and behavior of the adult brain. Indeed, emerging evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrates that early-onset marijuana use has long-lasting consequences on cognition; moreover, in humans, this use is associated with a two-fold increase in the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. Here, we review the relationship between cannabinoid exposure during adolescence and the increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, focusing on both clinical and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Renard
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, UMR_S894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Paris, France ; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, UMR_S894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Paris, France ; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Le Pen
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, UMR_S894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Paris, France ; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Thérèse M Jay
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, UMR_S894 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Paris, France ; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
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Mena A, De la Casa LG. Prepulse inhibition modulation by contextual conditioning of dopaminergic activity. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:188-94. [PMID: 23756135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a drug, an association is established between them that can induce two different responses: either an opponent response that counteracts the effect of the drug, or a response that is similar to that induced by the drug. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of the associations that can be established between the contextual cues and the administration of dopamine agonists or antagonists. Our hypothesis suggests that repeated administration of drugs that modulate dopaminergic activity in the presence of a specific context leads to the establishment of an association that subsequently results in a conditioned response to the context that is similar to that induced by the drug. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments that revealed that contextual cues acquired the property to modulate pre-pulse inhibition by prior pairings of such context with the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (Experiment 1), and with the dopamine agonist d-amphetamine (Experiment 2). The implications of these results are discussed both at a theoretical level, and attending to the possibilities that could involve the use of context cues for the therapeutic administration of dopaminergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auxiliadora Mena
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, 41018 Seville, Spain
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Sensorimotor gating and D2 receptor signalling: evidence from a molecular genetic approach. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:1427-40. [PMID: 22244514 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from pharmacological investigations, genetic association studies and schizophrenia research indicates an important influence of the dopamine system on sensorimotor gating as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response. In particular, D2 receptor agonists have been shown to disrupt PPI in humans and rodents. In the present study, we investigated the associations of two functional DRD2 related single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs4648317 and rs1800497, the latter also known as DRD2/ANKK1 Taq1A) with PPI in two independent healthy human samples (overall n=197; Munich n=101; London n=96). Taq1A is a prominent marker of striatal D2 receptor signalling and was therefore hypothesized to impact on PPI. In line with our hypothesis, we report here reduced PPI levels in individuals with higher striatal D2 receptor signalling as indicated by the Taq1A genotype. Meta-analysis across both samples confirmed this finding. In contrast, an association between rs4648317 and PPI found in the Munich sample could not be confirmed in the London sample. Overall, the present study helps to bridge the gap between pharmacological manipulations of PPI and molecular genetics of the dopaminergic system.
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Howland JG, Cazakoff BN, Zhang Y. Altered object-in-place recognition memory, prepulse inhibition, and locomotor activity in the offspring of rats exposed to a viral mimetic during pregnancy. Neuroscience 2011; 201:184-98. [PMID: 22119062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection during pregnancy (i.e., prenatal infection) increases the risk of psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia and autism in the adult offspring. The present experiments examined the effects of prenatal immune challenge on behavior in three paradigms relevant to these disorders: prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, locomotor responses to an unfamiliar environment and the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801, and three forms of recognition memory. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were exposed to the viral mimetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C; 4 mg/kg, i.v.) on gestational day 15. Offspring were tested for PPI and locomotor activity before puberty (postnatal days (PNDs)35 and 36) and during young adulthood (PNDs 56 and 57). Four prepulse-pulse intervals (30, 50, 80, and 140 ms) were employed in the PPI test. Recognition memory testing was performed using three different spontaneous novelty recognition tests (object, object location, and object-in-place recognition) after PND 60. Regardless of sex, offspring of PolyI:C-treated dams showed disrupted PPI at 50-, 80-, and 140-ms prepulse-pulse intervals. In the prepubescent rats, we observed prepulse facilitation for the 30-ms prepulse-pulse interval trials that was selectively retained in the adult PolyI:C-treated offspring. Locomotor responses to MK-801 were significantly reduced before puberty, whereas responses to an unfamiliar environment were increased in young adulthood. Both male and female PolyI:C-treated offspring showed intact object and object location recognition memory, whereas male PolyI:C-treated offspring displayed significantly impaired object-in-place recognition memory. Females were unable to perform the object-in-place test. The present results demonstrate that prenatal immune challenge during mid/late gestation disrupts PPI and locomotor behavior. In addition, the selective impairment of object-in-place recognition memory suggests tasks that depend on prefrontal cortex may be particularly vulnerable following prenatal immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Howland
- Neural Systems and Plasticity Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Vorhees CV, Morford LR, Graham DL, Skelton MR, Williams MT. Effects of periadolescent fluoxetine and paroxetine on elevated plus-maze, acoustic startle, and swimming immobility in rats while on and off-drug. Behav Brain Funct 2011; 7:41. [PMID: 21974752 PMCID: PMC3203845 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) exposure during adolescent brain development causes lasting effects remains unresolved. Objective Assess the effects of fluoxetine and paroxetine 60 days after adolescent exposure compared with when on-drug. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley littermates (41 litters) were gavaged on postnatal days 33-53 with fluoxetine (3 or 10 mg/kg/day), paroxetine (3, 10 or, 17 mg/kg/day), or water; half were tested while on-drug (21 litters) and half after 60 days off-drug (20 litters). Results The highest dose of the drugs reduced body weight gain during treatment that rebounded 1 week post-treatment. On-drug, no significant group differences were found on elevated plus maze time-in-open, zone entries, or latency to first open entry; however, the high dose of paroxetine significantly reduced head-dips (N = 20/group). No significant effects were found on-drug for acoustic startle response/prepulse inhibition (ASR/PPI) although a trend (p < 0.10) was seen, which after combining dose levels, showed a significant increase in ASR amplitude for both fluoxetine and paroxetine (N = 20-21/group). No differences on immobility time were seen in the Porsolt forced swim test or in plasma corticosterone at the end of forced swim (N-19-21/group). Off-drug, no effects were seen in the elevated plus maze (N = 16/group), ASR/PPI (N = 20/group), forced swim (N = 19-20/group), or plasma corticosterone (N = 19/group). At the doses tested, fluoxetine and paroxetine induced minor effects with drug on-board but no residual, long-term adverse effects in rats 60 days after drug discontinuation. Conclusions The data provide no evidence that fluoxetine or paroxetine have long-term adverse effects on the behaviors measured here after adolescent to young adult exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Bannbers E, Kask K, Wikström J, Risbrough V, Poromaa IS. Patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder have increased startle modulation during anticipation in the late luteal phase period in comparison to control subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1184-92. [PMID: 21435793 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The acoustic startle response (ASR) is a withdrawal reflex to sudden or noxious auditory stimuli and, most importantly, an unbiased measure of emotional processing of appetitive and aversive stimuli. By exposing subjects to fearful situations, such as aversive pictures, the ASR may be enhanced, suggesting that amygdala modulates the startle circuit during threat situations. As one previous study, investigating affective modulation of the ASR in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), discovered no difference during picture viewing it is possible that the mood changes observed in PMDD relate to anxious anticipation rather than to direct stimulus responding. Hence we sought to examine the effects of PMDD on picture anticipation and picture response. Sixteen PMDD patients and 16 controls watched slide shows containing pleasant and unpleasant pictures and positive and negative anticipation stimuli during the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Simultaneously, semi-randomized startle probes (105 dB) were delivered and the ASR was assessed with electromyography. Compared with control subjects, PMDD patients displayed an enhanced startle modulation by positive and negative anticipation stimuli in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This finding was mainly driven by increased modulation in the luteal phase in comparison to the follicular phase among PMDD patients but also by an increased modulation in patients compared to controls during luteal phase. This suggests that the neural circuits underlying response to emotional anticipation are more sensitive during this period and emphasize the need of examining the neural correlates of anticipatory processes in women with PMDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Bannbers
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Ehlers CL, Phillips E, Criado JR, Gilder DA. N4 component responses to pre-pulse startle stimuli in young adults: relationship to alcohol dependence. Psychiatry Res 2011; 188:237-44. [PMID: 21550123 PMCID: PMC3114177 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Both physiological and behavioral studies provide evidence to suggest that deficits in frontal cortical control circuits may contribute to the risk for developing alcohol dependence. Event-related potential (ERP) and eye blink responses to startle and short delay prepulse-plus-startle stimuli, and psychiatric diagnoses were investigated in young adult (age 18-30 years) men (n=135) and women (n=205) Mexican Americans. Women displayed a significant increase in the amplitude of the eye blink response to both the startle and pre-pulse-plus-startle stimuli. None of the psychiatric diagnoses were associated with differences in eye blink responses. ERP responses to the startle and prepulse-plus startle stimuli included a negative polarity wave at approximately 400 ms that was of the highest amplitude in the frontal leads (N4S). Women were found to have significantly higher amplitude N4S responses than men. Participants with alcohol dependence demonstrated significantly less inhibition and more facilitation of the N4S component by the pre-pulse stimuli. This finding was not associated with a diagnosis of: any other drug dependence disorder (including nicotine), anxiety or affective disorder, or conduct/antisocial personality disorder. The present study suggests that gender and a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence may selectively contribute to this frontal late wave electrophysiological response to prepulse-plus-startle stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Louise Ehlers
- The Scripps Research Institute, Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SP30-1501, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Neuner I, Stöcker T, Kellermann T, Ermer V, Wegener HP, Eickhoff SB, Schneider F, Shah NJ. Electrophysiology meets fMRI: neural correlates of the startle reflex assessed by simultaneous EMG-fMRI data acquisition. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 31:1675-85. [PMID: 20205248 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The startle reflex provides a unique tool for the investigation of sensorimotor gating and information processing. Simultaneous EMG-fMRI acquisition (i.e., online stimulation and recording in the MR environment) allows for the quantitative assessment of the neuronal correlates of the startle reflex and its modulations on a single trial level. This serves as the backbone for a startle response informed fMRI analysis, which is fed by data acquired in the same brain at the same time. We here present the first MR study using a single trial approach with simultaneous acquired EMG and fMRI data on the human startle response in 15 healthy young men. It investigates the neural correlates for isolated air puff startle pulses (PA), prepulse-pulse inhibition (PPI), and prepulse facilitation (PPF). We identified a common core network engaged by all three conditions (PA, PPI, and PPF), consisting of bilateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, right insula, right thalamus, right temporal pole, middle cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. The cerebellar vermis exhibits distinct activation patterns between the startle modifications. It is differentially activated with the highest amplitude for PPF, a lower activation for PA, and lowest for PPI. The orbital frontal cortex exhibits a differential activation pattern, not for the type of startle response but for the amplitude modification. For pulse alone it is close to zero; for PPI it is activated. This is in contrast to PPF where it shows deactivation. In addition, the thalamus, the cerebellum, and the anterior cingulate cortex add to the modulation of the startle reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Neuner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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20
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Pian JP, Criado JR, Ehlers CL. Differential effects of acute alcohol on prepulse inhibition and event-related potentials in adolescent and adult Wistar rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:2062-73. [PMID: 18828807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that adolescent and adult rats show differential sensitivity to many of the acute effects of alcohol. We recently reported evidence of developmental differences in the effects of acute alcohol on the cortical electroencephalogram. However, it is unclear whether developmental differences are also observed in other neurophysiological and neurobehavioral measurements known to be sensitive to alcohol exposure. The present study determined the age-related effects of acute alcohol on behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) responses to acoustic startle (AS) and prepulse inhibition (PPI). METHODS Male adolescent and adult Wistar rats were implanted with cortical recording electrodes. The effects of acute alcohol (0.0, 0.75, and 1.5 g/kg) on behavioral and ERP responses to AS and PPI were assessed. RESULTS Acute alcohol (0.75 and 1.5 g/kg) significantly reduced the behavioral and electrophysiological response to AS in adolescent and adult rats. Both 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg alcohol significantly enhanced the behavioral response to PPI in adolescent, but not in adult rats. During prepulse + pulse trials, 1.5 g/kg alcohol significantly increased the N10 pulse response in the adolescent frontal cortex. Acute alcohol (0.75 and 1.5 g/kg) also increased the N1 ERP pulse response to prepulse stimuli in frontal and parietal cortices in adult rats, but not in adolescent rats. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that alcohol's effect on behavioral and electrophysiological indices of AS do not differ between adults and adolescents whereas developmental stage does appear to significantly modify alcohol-influenced response to PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry P Pian
- Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Swerdlow NR, Weber M, Qu Y, Light GA, Braff DL. Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 199:331-88. [PMID: 18568339 PMCID: PMC2771731 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under specific conditions, a weak lead stimulus, or "prepulse", can inhibit the startling effects of a subsequent intense abrupt stimulus. This startle-inhibiting effect of the prepulse, termed "prepulse inhibition" (PPI), is widely used in translational models to understand the biology of brainbased inhibitory mechanisms and their deficiency in neuropsychiatric disorders. In 1981, four published reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term were listed on Medline; over the past 5 years, new published Medline reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term have appeared at a rate exceeding once every 2.7 days (n=678). Most of these reports focus on the use of PPI in translational models of impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia. This rapid expansion and broad application of PPI as a tool for understanding schizophrenia has, at times, outpaced critical thinking and falsifiable hypotheses about the relative strengths vs. limitations of this measure. OBJECTIVES This review enumerates the realistic expectations for PPI in translational models for schizophrenia research, and provides cautionary notes for the future applications of this important research tool. CONCLUSION In humans, PPI is not "diagnostic"; levels of PPI do not predict clinical course, specific symptoms, or individual medication responses. In preclinical studies, PPI is valuable for evaluating models or model organisms relevant to schizophrenia, "mapping" neural substrates of deficient PPI in schizophrenia, and advancing the discovery and development of novel therapeutics. Across species, PPI is a reliable, robust quantitative phenotype that is useful for probing the neurobiology and genetics of gating deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA,
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22
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Aukes MF, Alizadeh BZ, Sitskoorn MM, Selten JP, Sinke RJ, Kemner C, Ophoff RA, Kahn RS. Finding suitable phenotypes for genetic studies of schizophrenia: heritability and segregation analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:128-36. [PMID: 18295748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly heritable and complex disorder. Multiple genes are likely to be involved, complicating genetic research into the etiology of this disorder. Intermediate phenotypes or endophenotypes may facilitate genetic research if they display a simpler mode of transmission than schizophrenia itself, i.e., if they reflect more closely the underlying genetic effects. METHODS Twenty-five multigenerational families with multiple members affected with schizophrenia (180 subjects) were administered an extensive neuropsychological, psychophysiological, and personality test battery. Familial correlations were calculated to select heritable traits. Subsequent heritability analysis followed by commingling and segregation analysis were performed to unravel the pattern of transmission and to estimate heritability. RESULTS Five traits, including sensorimotor gating, openness, verbal fluency, early visual perception, and spatial working memory, showed moderate familial correlations. Heritability estimates for these traits ranged from 37% to 54%. A major gene model resembling dominant transmission was found for both sensorimotor gating and openness. Verbal fluency, early visual perception, and spatial working memory may be accounted for by polygenic, multifactorial, or environmental effects. CONCLUSIONS Only 2 of 13 candidate endophenotypes showed a simple mode of transmission useful for successful application in molecular genetic research: sensorimotor gating and openness. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the pattern of transmission for these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje F Aukes
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Hazlett EA, Dawson ME, Schell AM, Nuechterlein KH. Probing attentional dysfunctions in schizophrenia: Startle modification during a continuous performance test. Psychophysiology 2008; 45:632-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wynn JK, Green MF, Sprock J, Light GA, Widmark C, Reist C, Erhart S, Marder SR, Mintz J, Braff DL. Effects of olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol on prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res 2007; 95:134-42. [PMID: 17662577 PMCID: PMC2716219 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI), whereby the startle eyeblink response is inhibited by a relatively weak non-startling stimulus preceding the powerful startle eliciting stimulus, is a measure of sensorimotor gating and has been shown to be deficient in schizophrenia patients. There is considerable interest in whether conventional and/or atypical antipsychotic medications can "normalize" PPI deficits in schizophrenia patients. 51 schizophrenia patients participated in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial on the effects of three commonly-prescribed antipsychotic medications (risperidone, olanzapine, or haloperidol) on PPI, startle habituation, and startle reactivity. Patients were tested at baseline, Week 4 and Week 8. Mixed model regression analyses revealed that olanzapine significantly improved PPI from Week 4 to Week 8, and that at Week 8 patients receiving olanzapine produced significantly greater PPI than those receiving risperidone, but not haloperidol. There were no effects of medication on startle habituation or startle reactivity. These results support the conclusion that olanzapine effectively increased PPI in schizophrenia patients, but that risperidone and haloperidol had no such effects. The results are discussed in terms of animal models, neural substrates, and treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Wynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Franklin JC, Moretti NA, Blumenthal TD. Impact of stimulus signal-to-noise ratio on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Psychophysiology 2007; 44:339-42. [PMID: 17343716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the human acoustic startle response is reduced in the presence of background noise of a sufficient intensity, possibly due to a reduction in signal-to-noise ratio (prepulse intensity relative to background noise). We examined this hypothesis by varying prepulse intensity and background noise intensity in order to hold three different signal-to-noise ratios constant (5, 15, and 25 dB(A) above background noise intensity). The results showed that signal-to-noise ratio proved to be a more important factor than absolute stimulus intensity in determining the degree of PPI of startle eyeblink response magnitude. Therefore, the effectiveness of a prepulse is determined by prepulse salience, not intensity, and this effectiveness is equivalent across a range of physical intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Franklin
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
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Turvin JC, Messer WS, Kritzer MF. On again, off again effects of gonadectomy on the acoustic startle reflex in adult male rats. Physiol Behav 2006; 90:473-82. [PMID: 17169383 PMCID: PMC2517218 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown sex and/or estrous cycle differences in the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) and its prepulse inhibition (PPI) in humans and animals. However, few have examined the effects of hormone manipulations on these behaviors. This study paired gonadectomy (GDX) in adult male rats with testing for ASR and PPI at 2, 4, 9, 16, 23, 30 and 37 days after surgery. Initial studies of control, GDX and GDX rats given testosterone propionate revealed no group differences in PPI, but did reveal phasic facilitation of the ASR in GDX rats that was greatest on the first and final testing sessions and that was attenuated by testosterone. A second study addressing roles for estrogen and androgen signaling tested new control and GDX rats along with GDX rats given estradiol or the non-aromatizable androgen, 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and revealed no group differences in PPI, and increases in ASR in GDX rats that were largest during the first and final testing sessions and that were attenuated by both hormone replacements. However, while responses in GDX rats given testosterone were similar to those of controls, ASR in estradiol- and to a lesser extent in dihydrotestosterone-treated GDX rats were typically lower than in controls. This may suggest that hormone modulation of the ASR requires synergistic estrogen and androgen actions. In the male brain where this can be achieved by local steroid metabolism, the enzymes responsible, e.g., aromatase, could help identify loci in the startle circuitry that may be especially relevant for the hormone modulation observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Turvin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
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Brunell SC, Spear LP. Effects of acute ethanol or amphetamine administration on the acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition in adolescent and adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 186:579-86. [PMID: 16758242 PMCID: PMC2678754 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescents differ from adults in their sensitivity to a variety of psychoactive drugs. For example, adolescent rats are less sensitive to locomotor stimulant and stereotypic effects of amphetamine as well as to motor-impairing and hypnotic effects of ethanol while more sensitive to ethanol-induced disruption of brain plasticity. OBJECTIVE The current study further explored age differences in psychopharmacological sensitivity by examining the effects of d-amphetamine (1.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) or ethanol (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg) given interperitoneally on the acoustic startle response (ASR) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) in male adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were given five startle trials (120 dB for 40 ms) before semi-randomized presentation of 12 startle trials interspersed with ten trials at each prepulse intensity (40 ms pulse of 5, 10, or 20 dB above background; 100 ms before the startle stimulus). RESULTS Adolescent controls showed significantly less PPI than adults, replicating previous ontogenetic findings. The higher dose of amphetamine disrupted PPI in adult but not in adolescent animals, extending previous reports of an adolescent insensitivity to amphetamine to include this measure of sensorimotor gating. Ethanol exposure failed to alter PPI at either age, although both the 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg doses of ethanol significantly suppressed the magnitude of the ASR at both ages, potentially reflecting sedative or anxiolytic effects. CONCLUSION These data provide further evidence of the relative insensitivity of adolescent animals to amphetamine, although no age effects were found in terms of ethanol sensitivity using these measures of startle and sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Craig Brunell
- Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, P.O. Box 6000 Binghamton, Ny 13902-6000, USA, e-mail:
| | - Linda Patia Spear
- Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA, e-mail: , Tel.: +1-607-7772825, Fax: +1-607-7776418
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Blumenthal TD, Noto JV, Fox MA, Franklin JC. Background noise decreases both prepulse elicitation and inhibition of acoustic startle blink responding. Biol Psychol 2006; 72:173-9. [PMID: 16303226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) has proved to be useful in distinguishing between schizophrenia patients and normal controls, although not all studies in this area find such group differences. One reason for this inconsistency may be the fact that some research labs present the startle eliciting and inhibiting stimuli over a steady background noise (70 dB), whereas others present stimuli in ambient noise conditions (30-56 dB). The present study tested the impact of background noise (30, 50, and 70 dB) on PPI in normal college adults, with prepulses at intensities of 75, 80, and 85 dB, and with prepulse rise times of 1 or 10 ms. Background noise decreased the amount of PPI caused by the prepulses, and also decreased the ability of the prepulses to themselves elicit blink responses. We conclude that background noise interferes with the processing of the prepulse, attenuating its effect as both an elicitor and inhibitor of the startle reflex. By elevating the difficulty of prepulse processing, this attenuation may be a necessary condition for observing differences in PPI between patient and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Blumenthal
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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