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Walker MT, Bloodworth JC, Kountz TS, McCarty SL, Green JE, Ferrie RP, Campbell JA, Averill SH, Beckman KB, Grammer LC, Eng C, Avila PC, Farber HJ, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Rodriguez-Santana JR, Serebrisky D, Thyne SM, Seibold MA, Burchard EG, Kumar R, Cook-Mills JM. 5-HTP inhibits eosinophilia via intracellular endothelial 5-HTRs; SNPs in 5-HTRs associate with asthmatic lung function. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2024; 5:1385168. [PMID: 38845678 PMCID: PMC11153829 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1385168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research showed that 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), a metabolic precursor of serotonin, reduces allergic lung inflammation by inhibiting eosinophil migration across endothelial monolayers. Objective It is unknown if serotonin receptors are involved in mediating this 5HTP function or if serotonin receptor (HTR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associate with lung function in humans. Methods Serotonin receptor subtypes were assessed by qPCR, western blot, confocal microscopy, pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA knockdown. HTR SNPs were assessed in two cohorts. Results Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA knockdown of the serotonin receptors HTR1A or HTR1B in endothelial cells abrogated the inhibitory effects of 5HTP on eosinophil transendothelial migration. In contrast, eosinophil transendothelial migration was not inhibited by siRNA knockdown of HTR1A or HTR1B in eosinophils. Surprisingly, these HTRs were intracellular in endothelial cells and an extracellular supplementation with serotonin did not inhibit eosinophil transendothelial migration. This is consistent with the inability of serotonin to cross membranes, the lack of selective serotonin reuptake receptors on endothelial cells, and the studies showing minimal impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on asthma. To extend our HTR studies to humans with asthma, we examined the CHIRAH and GALA cohorts for HTR SNPs that affect HTR function or are associated with behavior disorders. A polygenic index of SNPs in HTRs was associated with lower lung function in asthmatics. Conclusions Serotonin receptors mediate 5HTP inhibition of transendothelial migration and HTR SNPs associate with lower lung function. These results may serve to aid in design of novel interventions for allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Walker
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Bloodworth
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Timothy S. Kountz
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Samantha L. McCarty
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jeremy E. Green
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ryan P. Ferrie
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jackson A. Campbell
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Samantha H. Averill
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Leslie C. Grammer
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pedro C. Avila
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Harold J. Farber
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pulmonology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Denise Serebrisky
- Pediatric Pulmonary Division, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Shannon M. Thyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Max A. Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health and the Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Esteban G. Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joan M. Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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2
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Camilleri M, Jencks K. Pharmacogenetics in IBS: update and impact of GWAS studies in drug targets and metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:319-332. [PMID: 38785066 PMCID: PMC11139426 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2349716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medications are frequently prescribed for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or disorders of gut brain interaction. The level of drug metabolism and modifications in drug targets determine medication efficacy to modify motor or sensory function as well as patient response outcomes. AREAS COVERED The literature search included PubMed searches with the terms: pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics, epigenetics, clinical trials, irritable bowel syndrome, disorders of gut brain interaction, and genome-wide association studies. The main topics covered in relation to irritable bowel syndrome were precision medicine, pharmacogenomics related to drug metabolism, pharmacogenomics related to mechanistic targets, and epigenetics. EXPERT OPINION Pharmacogenomics impacting drug metabolism [CYP 2D6 (cytochrome P450 2D6) or 2C19 (cytochrome P450 2C19)] is the most practical approach to precision medicine in the treatment of IBS. Although there are proof of concept studies that have documented the importance of genetic modification of transmitters or receptors in altering responses to medications in IBS, these principles have rarely been applied in patient response outcomes. Genome-wide association (GWAS) studies have now documented the association of symptoms with genetic variation but not the evaluation of treatment responses. Considerably more research, particularly focused on patient response outcomes and epigenetics, is essential to impact this field in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kara Jencks
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Wang L, Wang M, Zhao C, Jian J, Qiao D. Association of HTR3B gene polymorphisms with depression and its executive dysfunction: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:128. [PMID: 36849934 PMCID: PMC9972617 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that depression was associated with HTR3B gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms of the HTR3B gene and depression and its executive dysfunction in Chinese Han population. METHODS A total of 229 patients with depressive disorder and 202 healthy controls were enrolled. Six Single nucleotide polymorphism sites (SNPs) including rs10789970, rs4938056, rs12421126, rs1176744, rs2276305 and rs12795805 were genotyped by Snapshot. Clinical features were collected using a general demographic questionnaire. The 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) was used to assess the symptoms' severity of the patients. The patients' executive function was assessed using a series of cognitive tests including Maze Test, Symbolic Coding Test, Spatial Span Inverse Order Test, Linking Test, and Emotional Management Test. RESULTS The genotypic and allelic distributions of rs1176744 in HTR3B gene were significantly different (χ2 = 11.129, P = 0.004, χ2 = 9.288, P = 0.002, respectively) between patients and controls. The A allele was positively correlated with depression. The proportion of A carriers was significantly higher and that of C carriers was lower in patients than those in controls. Patients had significantly lower scores of Spatial Span Inverse Order Test in carriers of A allele at locus rs1176744 and higher scores in carriers of C alleles at locus rs1176744 and rs12795805. CONCLUSIONS The polymorphisms of HTR3B gene may be associated with depression in Chinese Han population. The A allele of rs1176744 may increase the risk of developing depression and executive dysfunction while C alleles of rs1176744 and rs12795805 may be the protective factors for executive dysfunction in patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, Shandong, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Chaoben Zhao
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Jian
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Dongdong Qiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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4
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Alvarez BD, Cavazos C, Morales CA, M. Lopez S, Amodeo DA. Impact of specific serotonin receptor modulation on restricted repetitive behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1078983. [PMID: 36620862 PMCID: PMC9816668 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1078983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are commonly divided into two behavioral categories, lower-order and higher-order RRBs. Individuals displaying lower-order motoric RRBs may express repetitive hand flapping behaviors, body rocking back and forth movements, and continuous body spinning. Higher-order RRBs most commonly cover the behavior inflexibility and cognitive rigidity commonly found in disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Various neuropsychiatric disorders are plagued by RRBs yet no FDA-approved treatments have been identified. In rodents, lower-order RRBs are commonly measured through various tasks, such as repetitive self-grooming, marble burying, and stereotypic motor behaviors. This review focuses on the effects that modulation of specific serotonin receptors have on lower-order RRBs. Although there is research examining how changes in 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptor modulation, more research has focused on the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors. The accumulating data suggest that increasing 5-HT1A activation decreases RRBs while blocking 5-HT1A activation has no effect on RRBs. While there are mixed findings regarding the impact of 5-HT2A modulation on RRBs, the general trend shows mixed effects of 5-HT2A receptor activation RRB expression, whereas blockade generally decreases RRBs. 5-HT2C receptor activation can modulate RRBs in either direction depending on the 5-HT2C drug used, blocking 5-HT2C activation only seems to show therapeutic properties when 5-HT2C activation is already elevated. The other 5-HT receptors have been explored far less but show promise as potential targets for regulating RRBs. Although it is less clear due to the involvement of 5-HT1D, 5-HT1A activation increases RRBs, and blocking 5-HT1A tends to decrease RRBs. 5-HT2B activation could reduce RRBs, while inhibiting 5-HT2B does not impact RRBs. Increasing 5-HT3 has not been shown to affect RRBs. Yet, increases in RRBs have been observed in Htr3a KO mice. 5-HT6 receptor activation can increase RRBs, while blocking 5-HT6 activity tends to decrease RRBs. Lastly, neither increasing or blocking 5-HT7 activity can reduce RRBs. In sum, there is no uniform pattern in whether all specific 5-HT receptors affect RRBs in either direction, instead, there is evidence suggesting that different 5-HT receptors can modulate RRBs in different directions. Further researching the less explored receptors and aiming to understand why these receptors can differently modulate RRBs, may play a key role in developing therapeutics that treat RRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Alvarez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cassandra Cavazos
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Cheyenne A. Morales
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Shannon M. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Dionisio A. Amodeo
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Dionisio A. Amodeo
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Berens S, Dong Y, Fritz N, Walstab J, D'Amato M, Zheng T, Wahl V, Boekstegers F, Bermejo JL, Martinez C, Schmitteckert S, Clevers E, Engel F, Gauss A, Herzog W, Spiller R, Goebel-Stengel M, Mönnikes H, Andresen V, Thomas F, Keller J, Pehl C, Stein-Thöringer C, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Quigley EM, Sayuk G, Simrén M, Tesarz J, Rappold G, van Oudenhove L, Schaefert R, Niesler B. Serotonin type 3 receptor subunit gene polymorphisms associated with psychosomatic symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:2334-2349. [PMID: 35800179 PMCID: PMC9185212 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i21.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the serotonin type 3 receptor subunit (HTR3) genes have been associated with psychosomatic symptoms, but it is not clear whether these associations exist in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
AIM To assess the association of HTR3 polymorphisms with depressive, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in individuals with IBS.
METHODS In this retrospective study, 623 participants with IBS were recruited from five specialty centers in Germany, Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. Depressive, anxiety, and somatization symptoms and sociodemographic characteristics were collected. Four functional SNPs — HTR3A c.-42C>T, HTR3B c.386A>C, HTR3C c.489C>A, and HTR3E c.*76G>A — were genotyped and analyzed using the dominant and recessive models. We also performed separate analyses for sex and IBS subtypes. SNP scores were calculated as the number of minor alleles of the SNPs above. The impact of HTR3C c.489C>A was tested by radioligand-binding and calcium influx assays.
RESULTS Depressive and anxiety symptoms significantly worsened with increasing numbers of minor HTR3C c.489C>A alleles in the dominant model (Fdepressive = 7.475, Pdepressive = 0.006; Fanxiety = 6.535, Panxiety = 0.011). A higher SNP score (range 0-6) was linked to a worsened depressive symptoms score (F = 7.710, P-linear trend = 0.006) in IBS. The potential relevance of the HTR3C SNP was corroborated, showing changes in the expression level of 5-HT3AC variant receptors.
CONCLUSION We have provided the first evidence that HTR3C c.489C>A is involved in depressive and anxiety symptoms in individuals with IBS. The SNP score indicated that an increasing number of minor alleles is linked to the worsening of depressive symptoms in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Berens
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Yuanjun Dong
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nikola Fritz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jutta Walstab
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Mauro D'Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE - BRTA, Derio 48160, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48001, Spain
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Tenghao Zheng
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Verena Wahl
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Felix Boekstegers
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Justo Lorenzo Bermejo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Cristina Martinez
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, Lleida 25198, Spain
| | - Stefanie Schmitteckert
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Egbert Clevers
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Felicitas Engel
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Annika Gauss
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Intoxications, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Robin Spiller
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hubert Mönnikes
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Neurogastroenterology (H.M.), Martin-Luther-Hospital, Belin 14193, Germany
| | - Viola Andresen
- Israelitisches Krankenhaus in Hamburg, Hamburg 22297, Germany
| | - Frieling Thomas
- Internal Medicine II, Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld 47805, Germany
| | - Jutta Keller
- Israelitisches Krankenhaus Hamburg, Hamburg 22297, Ghana
| | | | | | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork T23, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork T23, Ireland
| | - Eamonn M Quigley
- Medicine in Digestive Disorders, Department of Medicine, Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Gregory Sayuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, John Cochran Veteran Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg SE-41685, Sweden
| | - Jonas Tesarz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gudrun Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lukas van Oudenhove
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03748, United States
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rainer Schaefert
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland
| | - Beate Niesler
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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6
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Louca Jounger S, Christidis N, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, List T, Svensson P, Schalling M, Ernberg M. Polymorphisms in the HTR2A and HTR3A Genes Contribute to Pain in TMD Myalgia. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:647924. [PMID: 35047998 PMCID: PMC8757775 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.647924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to monoaminergic neurotransmission, in particular the serotonergic pathway, contribute to pain perception in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) myalgia and if there is a correlation to jaw function as well as psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety and depression. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventeen individuals with TMD myalgia were included. A venous blood or saliva sample was taken for genetic analyses and genotyped regarding HTR2A (rs9316233) HTR3A (rs1062613), HTR3B (rs1176744), SERT (5-HTTLPR) and COMT (rs4680). A clinical examination according to Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) was performed and axis II data (psychosocial factors) were compared between participants with different genotypes for each gene using Kruskall–Wallis test. The characteristic pain intensity (CPI) was tested for correlations to scores for the Perceived Stress Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Patient Health Questionnaires using Spearman's rank correlation test with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. To further explore data factor analysis was performed to identify latent factors associated to the outcome variables. Results: Participants carrying at least one copy of the rare allele of the HTR2A (rs9316233) and HTR3A (rs1062613) had higher CPI compared with the participants with the homozygous common genotype (P = 0.042 and P = 0.024, respectively). Correlation analyses showed several significant positive correlations between CPI on one hand, and self-reported psychosocial distress and jaw function on the other hand for several genotypes that mostly were weak to moderate. The factor analysis identified two latent variables. One was positively correlated to the HTR3B gene, jaw function and self-reported parafunctions, and the other was positively correlated to psychological distress and negatively correlated to SERT. Conclusion: Taken together, the polymorphism rs1062613 in the HTR3A gene contributes to pain intensity in TMD myalgia. This together with positive interactions between pain variables and psychological factors in genotypes strengthens that pain and psychological distress are related. Further research is needed to explore this as well as the influence of gene-to-gene interactions on pain and psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Louca Jounger
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Christidis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Britt Hedenberg-Magnusson
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Folktandvården Eastmaninstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas List
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Svensson
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Schalling
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Ernberg
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
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7
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Fritz N, Berens S, Dong Y, Martínez C, Schmitteckert S, Houghton LA, Goebel-Stengel M, Wahl V, Kabisch M, Götze D, D’Amato M, Zheng T, Röth R, Mönnikes H, Tesarz J, Engel F, Gauss A, Raithel M, Andresen V, Keller J, Frieling T, Pehl C, Stein-Thöringer C, Clarke G, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Quigley EMM, Spiller R, Beltrán C, Madrid AM, Torres V, Mayer EA, Sayuk G, Gazouli M, Karamanolis G, Bustamante M, Estivil X, Rabionet R, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Schmidt B, Franke A, Lieb W, Herzog W, Boeckxstaens G, Wouters MM, Simrén M, Rappold GA, Vicario M, Santos J, Schaefert R, Lorenzo-Bermejo J, Niesler B. The serotonin receptor 3E variant is a risk factor for female IBS-D. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1617-1627. [PMID: 36121467 PMCID: PMC9592668 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gut-brain disorder of multifactorial origin. Evidence of disturbed serotonergic function in IBS accumulated for the 5-HT3 receptor family. 5-HT3Rs are encoded by HTR3 genes and control GI function, and peristalsis and secretion, in particular. Moreover, 5-HT3R antagonists are beneficial in the treatment of diarrhea predominant IBS (IBS-D). We previously reported on functionally relevant SNPs in HTR3A c.-42C > T (rs1062613), HTR3C p.N163K (rs6766410), and HTR3E c.*76G > A (rs56109847 = rs62625044) being associated with IBS-D, and the HTR3B variant p.Y129S (rs1176744) was also described within the context of IBS. We performed a multi-center study to validate previous results and provide further evidence for the relevance of HTR3 genes in IBS pathogenesis. Therefore, genotype data of 2682 IBS patients and 9650 controls from 14 cohorts (Chile, Germany (2), Greece, Ireland, Spain, Sweden (2), the UK (3), and the USA (3)) were taken into account. Subsequent meta-analysis confirmed HTR3E c.*76G > A (rs56109847 = rs62625044) to be associated with female IBS-D (OR = 1.58; 95% CI (1.18, 2.12)). Complementary expression studies of four GI regions (jejunum, ileum, colon, sigmoid colon) of 66 IBS patients and 42 controls revealed only HTR3E to be robustly expressed. On top, HTR3E transcript levels were significantly reduced in the sigma of IBS patients (p = 0.0187); more specifically, in those diagnosed with IBS-D (p = 0.0145). In conclusion, meta-analysis confirmed rs56109847 = rs62625044 as a risk factor for female IBS-D. Expression analysis revealed reduced HTR3E levels in the sigmoid colon of IBS-D patients, which underlines the relevance of HTR3E in the pathogenesis of IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Fritz
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Berens
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuanjun Dong
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Martínez
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.420395.90000 0004 0425 020XInstitut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain ,Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr, Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Stefanie Schmitteckert
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lesley A. Houghton
- grid.443984.60000 0000 8813 7132University of Leeds, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK ,grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, HELIOS Clinic Rottweil, Rottweil, Germany
| | - Verena Wahl
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Kabisch
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Götze
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.420175.50000 0004 0639 2420Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE - BRTA, Bilbao, Derio Spain ,grid.424810.b0000 0004 0467 2314IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Tenghao Zheng
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralph Röth
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908nCounter Core Facility, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Mönnikes
- grid.461755.40000 0004 0581 3852Martin-Luther-Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Tesarz
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Engel
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Gauss
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Intoxications, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Raithel
- grid.5330.50000 0001 2107 3311University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Viola Andresen
- grid.414844.90000 0004 0436 8670Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Keller
- grid.414844.90000 0004 0436 8670Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gerard Clarke
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul J. Kennedy
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eamonn M. M. Quigley
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.63368.380000 0004 0445 0041Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX USA
| | - Robin Spiller
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroll Beltrán
- grid.412248.90000 0004 0412 9717Gastroenterology Unit, Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ana María Madrid
- grid.412248.90000 0004 0412 9717Gastroenterology Unit, Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Verónica Torres
- grid.412248.90000 0004 0412 9717Gastroenterology Unit, Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Gregory Sayuk
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Maria Gazouli
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Karamanolis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- grid.11478.3b0000 0004 1766 3695CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.434607.20000 0004 1763 3517ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivil
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IRSJD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Per Hoffmann
- grid.435715.10000 0004 0436 7643Life and Brain Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- grid.435715.10000 0004 0436 7643Life and Brain Center, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Börge Schmidt
- grid.410718.b0000 0001 0262 7331Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- grid.417834.dInstitute of Epidemiology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- grid.410569.f0000 0004 0626 3338TARGID, University Hospital Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Mira M. Wouters
- grid.410569.f0000 0004 0626 3338TARGID, University Hospital Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Magnus Simrén
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gudrun A. Rappold
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Vicario
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Institut de Recerca Vall d Hebron, Hospital Vall d Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d Hebron, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société Des Produits Nestlé S.A, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Javier Santos
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Institut de Recerca Vall d Hebron, Hospital Vall d Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rainer Schaefert
- grid.410567.1Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Division of Theragnostics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Justo Lorenzo-Bermejo
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908nCounter Core Facility, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Irving H, Turek I, Kettle C, Yaakob N. Tapping into 5-HT 3 Receptors to Modify Metabolic and Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111910. [PMID: 34769340 PMCID: PMC8584345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptors are ligand gated ion channels, which clearly distinguish their mode of action from the other G-protein coupled 5-HT or serotonin receptors. 5-HT3 receptors are well established targets for emesis and gastrointestinal mobility and are used as adjunct targets in treating schizophrenia. However, the distribution of these receptors is wider than the nervous system and there is potential that these additional sites can be targeted to modulate inflammatory and/or metabolic conditions. Recent progress in structural biology and pharmacology of 5-HT3 receptors have provided profound insights into mechanisms of their action. These advances, combined with insights into clinical relevance of mutations in genes encoding 5-HT3 subunits and increasing understanding of their implications in patient's predisposition to diseases and response to the treatment, open new avenues for personalized precision medicine. In this review, we recap on the current status of 5-HT3 receptor-based therapies using a biochemical and physiological perspective. We assess the potential for targeting 5-HT3 receptors in conditions involving metabolic or inflammatory disorders based on recent findings, underscoring the challenges and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia; (I.T.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilona Turek
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia; (I.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia; (I.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Nor Yaakob
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
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9
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Huang L, Wang J, Liang G, Gao Y, Jin SY, Hu J, Yang X, Lao J, Chen J, Luo ZC, Fan C, Xiong L, Zhu X, Gao TM, Zhong M, Yang X. Upregulated NMDAR-mediated GABAergic transmission underlies autistic-like deficits in Htr3a knockout mice. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9296-9310. [PMID: 34646371 PMCID: PMC8490518 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in serotonin pathway genes, especially the serotonergic receptor subunit gene HTR3A, are associated with autism. However, the association of HTR3A deficiency with autism and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Methods: The Htr3a knockout (KO) mice were generated using transcription activator-like effector nuclease technology. Various behavior tests, including social interaction, social approach task, olfactory habituation/dishabituation, self-grooming, novel object recognition, contextual fear conditioning, elevated plus maze, open field and seizure susceptibility, were performed to assess the phenotypes. Transcriptome sequencing was carried out to search for molecular network and pathways underlying the phenotypes. Electrophysiological recordings, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence staining, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to verify the potential mechanisms. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist memantine was used to treat the KO mice for rescuing the phenotypes. Results: The Htr3a KO mouse model showed three phenotypic domains: autistic-like behaviors (including impaired social behavior, cognitive deficits, and increased repetitive self-grooming), impaired memory, and attenuated susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. We observed enhanced action potential-driven γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) transmission in pyramidal neurons and decreased excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio using the patch-clamp recording. Transcriptome sequencing on the hippocampus revealed the converged pathways of the dysregulated molecular networks underlying three phenotypic domains with upregulation of NMDAR. We speculated that Htr3a KO promotes an increase in GABA release through NMDAR upregulation. The electrophysiological recordings on hippocampal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneuron revealed increased NMDAR current and NMDAR-dependent excitability. The NMDAR antagonist memantine could rescue GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus and ameliorate autistic-like behaviors of the KO mice. Conclusion: Our data indicated that upregulation of the NMDAR in PV+ interneurons may play a critical role in regulating GABAergic input to pyramidal neurons and maybe involve in the pathogenesis of autism associated with HTR3A deficiency. Therefore, we suggest that the NMDAR system could be considered potential therapeutic target for autism.
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Brugger SW, Gardner MC, Beales JT, Briggs F, Davis MF. Depression in multiple sclerosis patients associated with risk variant near NEGR1. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102537. [PMID: 33296963 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial number of patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) suffer from depression in addition to physical symptoms and disability. Recent evidence suggests a stronger relationship may exist between MS and depression than previously thought, in which a diagnosis of depression may be prodromic to the development of MS. METHODS A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify genetic variants associated with the development of depression in a cohort of MS patients. The control group (n = 1180) was composed of MS patients with no diagnoses of depression as determined by ICD-9 and ICD-10 billing codes present in the electronic health record (EHR). Separate analyses were performed for three different case groups: 1) MS patients having a depression diagnosis at any time (n = 182), 2) MS patients having a depression diagnosis one year pre-MS diagnosis (n = 27), and 3) MS patients having a depression diagnosis one year post-MS diagnosis (n = 130). Logistic regression analyses were also performed to test for associations between the development of depression and an APOE tagging variant, as APOE was previously linked to depressive affect in MS. An additional logistic regression analysis tested for associations between depression in MS patients and SNPs associated with depression in the general population. Pathway enrichment analyses were also conducted to identify pathways that link the two diseases. RESULTS GWAS identified no novel associations between variants and a diagnosis of depression relative to a diagnosis of MS. One variant, rs1432639, associated with depression in the general population, was significantly associated with the development of depression post-MS diagnosis. The APOE-related SNPs were not associated with depression in this study population. An IGF1 pathway approached statistical significance in patients diagnosed with depression prior to a diagnosis of MS. CONCLUSION rs1432639 and the IGF1 pathway provide evidence for a genetic link between MS and depression that warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Brugger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - M Cannon Gardner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Jeremy T Beales
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Farren Briggs
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Mary F Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States; Department Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
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Fakhfouri G, Rahimian R, Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen J, Zirak MR, Beaulieu JM. 5-HT 3 Receptor Antagonists in Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: The Iceberg Still Lies beneath the Surface. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:383-412. [PMID: 31243157 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
5-HT3 receptor antagonists, first introduced to the market in the mid-1980s, are proven efficient agents to counteract chemotherapy-induced emesis. Nonetheless, recent investigations have shed light on unappreciated dimensions of this class of compounds in conditions with an immunoinflammatory component as well as in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The promising findings from multiple studies have unveiled several beneficial effects of these compounds in multiple sclerosis, stroke, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease. Reports continue to uncover important roles for 5-HT3 receptors in the physiopathology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, drug abuse, and schizophrenia. This review addresses the potential of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in neurology- and neuropsychiatry-related disorders. The broad therapeutic window and high compliance observed with these agents position them as suitable prototypes for the development of novel pharmacotherapeutics with higher efficacy and fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Fakhfouri
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
| | - Reza Rahimian
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
| | - Jonas Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
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Winterer J, Lukacsovich D, Que L, Sartori AM, Luo W, Földy C. Single-cell RNA-Seq characterization of anatomically identified OLM interneurons in different transgenic mouse lines. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3750-3771. [PMID: 31420995 PMCID: PMC6973274 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons create different brain activity patterns that correlate with behavioural states. In this characterizing study, we used single-cell RNA-Seq to analyse anatomically- and electrophysiologically identified hippocampal oriens-lacunosum moleculare (OLM) interneurons. OLMs express somatostatin (Sst), generate feedback inhibition and play important roles in theta oscillations and fear encoding. Although an anatomically- and biophysically homogenous population, OLMs presumably comprise of two functionally distinct types with different developmental origins, inferred from the expression pattern of serotonin type-3a (5-HT3a, or Htr3a) receptor subunit and 5-HT excitability in a set of OLMs. To broadly characterize OLM cells, we used the Sst-Cre and the BAC transgenic Htr3a-Cre mouse lines and separately analysed SstCre-OLM and Htr3aCre-OLM types. We found a surprisingly consistent expression of Npy in OLMs, which was previously not associated with the identity of this type. Our analyses furthermore revealed uniform expression of developmental origin-related genes, including transcription factors and neurexin isoforms, without providing support for the current view that OLMs may originate from multiple neurogenic zones. Together, we found that OLMs constitute a highly homogenous transcriptomic population. Finally, our results revealed surprisingly infrequent expression of Htr3a in only ~10% of OLMs and an apparently specific expression of the 5-HT3b subunit-coding gene Htr3b in Htr3aCre-OLMs, but not in SstCre-OLMs. However, additional in situ hybridization experiments suggested that the differential expression of Htr3b may represent an unexpected consequence arising from the design of the Htr3a-Cre BAC transgenic line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Winterer
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Natural Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Lukacsovich
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Natural Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lin Que
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Natural Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M Sartori
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wenshu Luo
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Natural Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Földy
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Natural Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Novel susceptibility genes were found in a targeted sequencing of stroke patients with or without depression in the Chinese Han population. J Affect Disord 2019; 255:1-9. [PMID: 31121388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both stroke and depression are multi-factorial diseases, with both genetic and environmental factors likely to participate in their pathogenesis. Post stroke depression (PSD) is a common complication after stroke leading to poor functional outcome, increased physical disability and mortality. Although several genes have been associated with PSD, the genetic basis of PSD remains poorly understood. METHOD A 2-stage candidate gene study by targeted sequencing was conducted involving stroke patients with or without depression and health controls. In the discovery stage (121 PSD, 131 non-PSD and 639 HC), logistic regression was used to test associations respectively in PSD and non-PSD groups. In the replication stage (200 PSD, 218 non-PSD and 983 HC), 54 selected SNPs were again genotyped in an independent cohort. Fixed-effects inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis was used in the combined samples. RESULTS The study identified 2 novel genes associated with PSD [HTR3D (rs55674402, p = 0.002512, odds ratio (OR) = 0.7431); NEUROG3 (rs144643855, p = 0.00325, OR = 0.6523)] and 3 risk SNPs in one risk gene associated with non-PSD [PIK3C2B (rs17406271, p = 0.0006801, OR = 1.446; rs2271419, p = 0.0005836, OR = 1.497; rs2271420, p = 0.001031, OR = 1.431)] in the Chinese sample. NEUROG3 shows highest expression level in hippocampus. Functional enrichment analysis shows that susceptibility genes for PSD are mostly enriched in chemical synaptic transmission and regulation of lipid synthetic process. LIMITATIONS The sample size was not sufficient to reach a genome-wide p value level. To overcome this shortage, some unique strategies were applied during the selection of SNPs for replication. Secondly, the age, gender composition and depressive severity between two stages were not well-matched. Different sample sources should be blamed, and to minimizing the influence, gender was corrected as co-variant in logistic regression. CONCLUSION This study identified that HTR3D and NEUROG3 were linked with the susceptibility of PSD and PIK3C2B with stroke in the Chinese Han population. Further replication of these findings in a larger and better matched sample is warranted. Functional analysis suggests that the pathogenesis of PSD may be implicated in 5-HT synaptic transmission, neural plasticity and lipid metabolism, and therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways may be effective approaches for PSD treatment.
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14
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Kwon YJ, Hong KW, Park BJ, Jung DH. Serotonin receptor 3B polymorphisms are associated with type 2 diabetes: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 153:76-85. [PMID: 31152805 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and serotonin receptor (HTR) subtypes contribute to controlling energy homeostasis. We investigated the association of polymorphisms of serotonin related genes with type 2 diabetes in Korean adults using a community-based prospective cohort study. METHODS A total of 8840 participants (4205 Ansung, 4635 Ansan) from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)-Ansan and Ansung were included. The mean follow-up duration was 7.6 years, and the Ansan and Ansung cohorts were treated as independent replicates. Individuals with existing and new-onset type 2 diabetes were identified at baseline and follow-up evaluations, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of 3402 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in serotonin related genes with type 2 diabetes after adjusting for baseline age, sex, body mass index, drinking status, and smoking status. RESULTS The baseline case-control comparison revealed significant association of 26 SNPs in HTR3B and HTR2A with type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, HTR3B SNP rs1176744, which is involved in behavioral disorders, was associated with type 2 diabetes (p-value = 0.0002). Furthermore, HTR3B polymorphisms that significantly associated with type 2 diabetes were located in the 3' downstream region. The new-onset type 2 diabetes case-control study revealed significant association of 3 additional SNPs of the HTR4. CONCLUSIONS We found that rs1176744 in HTR3B was associated with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, our study suggests that polymorphisms in the downstream region of HTR3B may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yong-in Severance Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Hong
- TheragenEtex BioInstitue Co., Ltd., Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jin Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yong-in Severance Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yong-in Severance Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Mehta D, Rex-Haffner M, Søndergaard HB, Pinborg A, Binder EB, Frokjaer VG. Genome-wide gene expression in a pharmacological hormonal transition model and its relation to depressive symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 140:77-84. [PMID: 31099405 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sensitivity to sex-steroid hormone fluctuations may increase risk for perinatal depression. We aimed to identify genome-wide biological profiles in women demonstrating sensitivity to pharmacological sex-hormone manipulation with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). METHODS Longitudinal gene expression (Illumina Human HT12.v4) and DNA methylation data (Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip) from 60 women (30 GnRHa, 30 placebo) were generated (Trial ID: NCT02661789). Differences between baseline and two follow-up points (initial stimulation- and subsequent early suppression phase) in the biphasic ovarian hormone response to GnRHa were assessed using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS Genome-wide analysis revealed 588 probes differentially expressed from GnRHa intervention to first stimulatory phase follow-up (intervention group × time) after 10% fdr multiple testing correction. Of these, 54% genes were also significantly associated with estradiol changes over time (proxy for GnRHa response magnitude), 9.5% were associated with changes in depressive symptoms, and 38% were associated with changes in neocortical serotonin transporter binding. The genes were implicated in TGF beta signaling, adipogenesis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and focal adhesion pathways and enriched for DNA methylation changes (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS These findings point toward an altered peripheral blood transcriptomic landscape in a pharmacological model of sex-hormone-induced depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mehta
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
| | | | - H B Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Pinborg
- Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - E B Binder
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V G Frokjaer
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Kobayashi M, Jitoku D, Iwayama Y, Yamamoto N, Toyota T, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Kurumaji A, Yoshikawa T, Nishikawa T. Association studies of WD repeat domain 3 and chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase genes with schizophrenia in a Japanese population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190991. [PMID: 29309433 PMCID: PMC5757935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by the dopamine agonists and N-methyl-D aspartate type glutamate receptor antagonists occur only after the adolescent period. Similarly, animal models of schizophrenia by these drugs are also induced after the critical period around postnatal week three. Based upon the development-dependent onsets of these psychotomimetic effects, by using a DNA microarray technique, we identified the WD repeat domain 3 (WDR3) and chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase (ALG1) genes as novel candidates for schizophrenia-related molecules, whose mRNAs were up-regulated in the adult (postnatal week seven), but not in the infant (postnatal week one) rats by an indirect dopamine agonist, and phencyclidine, an antagonist of the NMDA receptor. WDR3 and other related proteins are the nuclear proteins presumably involved in various cellular activities, such as cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. ALG1 is presumed to be involved in the regulation of the protein N-glycosylation. To further elucidate the molecular pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we have evaluated the genetic association of WDR3 and ALG1 in schizophrenia. We examined 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs; W1 (rs1812607)-W16 (rs6656360), A1 (rs8053916)-A10 (rs9673733)] from these genes using the Japanese case-control sample (1,808 schizophrenics and 2,170 matched controls). No significant genetic associations of these SNPs were identified. However, we detected a significant association of W4 (rs319471) in the female schizophrenics (allelic P = 0.003, genotypic P = 0.008). Based on a haplotype analysis, the observed haplotypes consisting of W4 (rs319471)–W5 (rs379058) also displayed a significant association in the female schizophrenics (P = 0.016). Even after correction for multiple testing, these associations remained significant. Our findings suggest that the WDR3 gene may likely be a sensitive factor in female patients with schizophrenia, and that modification of the WDR3 signaling pathway warrants further investigation as to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Jitoku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akeo Kurumaji
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Influence of Polymorphisms in the HTR3A and HTR3B Genes on Experimental Pain and the Effect of the 5-HT3 Antagonist Granisetron. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168703. [PMID: 28002447 PMCID: PMC5176308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate experimentally if 5-HT3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) contribute to pain perception and efficacy of the 5-HT3-antagonist granisetron and sex differences. Sixty healthy participants were genotyped regarding HTR3A (rs1062613) and HTR3B (rs1176744). First, pain was induced by bilateral hypertonic saline injections (HS, 5.5%, 0.2 mL) into the masseter muscles. Thirty min later the masseter muscle on one side was pretreated with 0.5 mL granisetron (1 mg/mL) and on the other side with 0.5 mL placebo (isotonic saline) followed by another HS injection (0.2 mL). Pain intensity, pain duration, pain area and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were assessed after each injection. HS evoked moderate pain, with higher intensity in the women (P = 0.023), but had no effect on PPTs. None of the SNPs influenced any pain variable in general, but compared to men, the pain area was larger in women carrying the C/C (HTR3A) (P = 0.015) and pain intensity higher in women with the A/C alleles (HTR3B) (P = 0.019). Pre-treatment with granisetron reduced pain intensity, duration and area to a lesser degree in women (P < 0.05), but the SNPs did not in general influence the efficacy of granisetron. Women carrying the C/T & T/T (HTR3A) genotype had less reduction of pain intensity (P = 0.041) and area (P = 0.005), and women with the C/C genotype (HTR3B) had less reduction of pain intensity (P = 0.030), duration (P = 0.030) and area compared to men (P = 0.017). In conclusion, SNPs did not influence experimental muscle pain or the effect of granisetron on pain variables in general, but there were some sex differences in pain variables that seem to be influenced by genotypes. However, due to the small sample size further research is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn.
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18
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Yin F, Ji Y, Zhang J, Guo H, Huang X, Lai J, Wei S. Polymorphisms in the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B gene are associated with heroin dependence in the Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2016; 635:123-129. [PMID: 27773795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B (HTR3B) is involved in heroin dependence by modulating dopamine (DA) release in the reward pathway and that the genetic polymorphisms in HTR3B play plausible role in modulating the risk of developing heroin addiction. To identify markers that contribute to the genetic susceptibility to heroin dependence, we examined the potential associations between heroin dependence and 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HTR3B gene using multiplex SNaPshot technology in a Chinese Han population. Participants included 418 heroin-dependent subjects and 422 healthy controls. The results suggested that the genotype distribution of HTR3B rs1176746 and rs1185027 were significantly different between heroin dependent subjects and healthy controls (both p=0.004). The frequency of the GG of rs1176746 and AA of rs1185027 genotype in heroin-dependent subjects were significantly higher than that of healthy controls, while the GA of rs1176746 and AT of rs1185027 genotype distributions were much lower. Another SNP, rs10789970, showed a nominally significant p-value in the genotype distribution between heroin dependent subjects and controls (p=0.022). These findings indicate the important role of HTR3B polymorphisms in heroin dependence among the Chinese Han population and provide valuable information for further genetic and neurobiological investigations of heroin dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yin
- College of Forensic, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- College of Forensic, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Forensic, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- College of Forensic, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Forensic, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Lai
- College of Forensic, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Wei
- College of Forensic, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Celli J, Rappold G, Niesler B. The Human Serotonin Type 3 Receptor Gene (HTR3A-E) Allelic Variant Database. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:137-147. [PMID: 27763704 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin type 3 (5-HT3 ) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels formed by five subunits (5-HT3A-E), which are encoded by the HTR3A, HTR3B, HTR3C, HTR3D, and HTR3E genes. Functional receptors are pentameric complexes of diverse composition. Different receptor subtypes confer a predisposition to nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, pregnancy, and following surgery. In addition, different subtypes contribute to neurogastroenterologic disorders such irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and eating disorders as well as comorbid psychiatric conditions. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are established treatments for emesis and IBS and are beneficial in the treatment of psychiatric diseases. Several case-control and pharmacogenetic studies have demonstrated an association between HTR3 variants and psychiatric and neurogastroenterologic phenotypes. Recently, their potential as predictors of nausea and vomiting and treatment of psychiatric disorders became evident. This information is now available in the serotonin receptor 3 HTR3 gene allelic variant database (www.htr3.uni-hd.de), which contains five sub-databases, one for each of the five different serotonin receptor genes HTR3A-E. Information on HTR3 variants, their functional relevance, associated phenotypes, and pharmacogenetic data such as drug response and side effects are available. This central information pool should help clinicians as well as scientists to evaluate their findings and to use the relevant information for subsequent genotype-phenotype correlation studies and pharmacogenetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Celli
- Center of Human and Clinical Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Gupta D, Prabhakar V, Radhakrishnan M. 5HT3 receptors: Target for new antidepressant drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:311-25. [PMID: 26976353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
5HT3 receptors (5HT3Rs) have long been identified as a potential target for antidepressants. Several studies have reported that antagonism of 5HT3Rs produces antidepressant-like effects. However, the exact role of 5HT3Rs and the mode of antidepressant action of 5HT3R antagonists still remain a mystery. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of 5HT3Rs: (a) regional and subcellular distribution of 5HT3Rs in discrete brain regions, (b) preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the antidepressant effect of 5HT3R antagonists, and (c) neurochemical, biological and neurocellular signaling pathways associated with the antidepressant action of 5HT3R antagonists. 5HT3Rs located on the serotonergic and other neurotransmitter interneuronal projections control their release and affect mood and emotional behavior; however, new evidence suggests that apart from modulating the neurotransmitter functions, 5HT3R antagonists have protective effects in the pathogenic events including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis hyperactivity, brain oxidative stress and impaired neuronal plasticity, pointing to hereby unknown and novel mechanisms of their antidepressant action. Nonetheless, further investigations are warranted to establish the exact role of 5HT3Rs in depression and antidepressant action of 5HT3R antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Visakh Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
| | - Mahesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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21
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Abstract
IBS is the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder and phenotypically characterized by chronic abdominal discomfort, pain and altered defecation patterns. The pathophysiology of IBS is multifactorial, albeit with a substantial genetic component. To date, studies using various methodologies, ranging from family and twin studies to candidate gene approaches and genome-wide association studies, have identified several genetic variants in the context of IBS. Yet, despite enlarged sample sizes, increased statistical power and meta-analyses in the past 7 years, positive associations are still scarce and/or have not been reproduced. In addition, epigenetic and pharmacogenetic approaches remain in their infancy. A major hurdle is the lack of large homogenized case-control cohorts recruited according to standardized and harmonized criteria. The COST Action BM1106 GENIEUR (GENes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Network EURope) has been established to address these obstacles. In this Review, the (epi)genetic working group of GENIEUR reports on the current state-of-the-art in the field, highlights fundamental flaws and pitfalls in current IBS (epi)genetic research and provides a vision on how to address and improve (epi)genetic approaches in this complex disorder in the future.
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22
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Jang KI, Lee SH, Huh HJ, Chae JH. Influence of the 5-HT3A Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Childhood Sexual Trauma on Central Serotonin Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145269. [PMID: 26701104 PMCID: PMC4689356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene-environment interactions are important for understanding alterations in human brain function. The loudness dependence of auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) is known to reflect central serotonergic activity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5-HT3A serotonin receptor gene are associated with psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect between 5-HT3A receptor gene polymorphisms and childhood sexual trauma on the LDAEP as an electrophysiological marker in healthy subjects. Methods A total of 206 healthy subjects were recruited and evaluated using the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Peak-to-peak N1/P2 was measured at five stimulus intensities, and the LDAEP was calculated as the linear-regression slope. In addition, the rs1062613 SNPs of 5-HT3A (CC, CT, and TT) were analyzed in healthy subjects. Results There was a significant interaction between scores on the CTQ-sexual abuse subscale and 5-HT3A genotype on the LDAEP. Subjects with the CC polymorphism had a significantly higher LDEAP than T carriers in the sexually abused group. In addition, CC genotype subjects in the sexually abused group showed a significantly higher LDAEP compared with CC genotype subjects in the non-sexually abused group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that people with the CC polymorphism of the 5-HT3A gene have a greater risk of developing mental health problems if they have experienced childhood sexual abuse, possibly due to low central serotonin activity. Conversely, the T polymorphism may be protective against any central serotonergic changes following childhood sexual trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk-In Jang
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyu Jung Huh
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Chae
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Yamada K, Hattori E, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Mori N, Yoshikawa T. Population-dependent contribution of the major histocompatibility complex region to schizophrenia susceptibility. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:444-9. [PMID: 26324334 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is consistent data from European cohorts suggesting a genetic contribution from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, the genomic complexity and ethnicity-specific diversity found in the MHC cause difficulties in identifying causal variants or genes, and there is a need for studies encompassing the entire MHC region in multiple ethnic populations. Here, we report on association signals in the MHC region, with schizophrenia in the Japanese population. We genotyped and imputed a total of 10,131 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), spanning the entire MHC interval. The analysis included 3302 participants (1518 schizophrenics and 1784 healthy controls) from the Japanese population. In this study, we present evidence for association at rs494620, located in the SLC44A4 gene. The association survived after correction for multiple testing (unadjusted P=7.78×10(-5), empirical P=0.0357). The imputation results detected the highest association at rs707937 in the MSH5-SAPCD1 gene (imputed P=8.40×10(-5)). In expression analysis using postmortem brains from schizophrenia and control samples, MSH5-SAPCD1 showed marginally significant expression differences in Brodmann's area 46 (P=0.044 by unpaired t test with Welch's correction, P=0.099 by Mann-Whitney U test). Our study further strengthens evidence for the involvement of the MHC in schizophrenia across populations, and provides insight into population-specific mechanisms for the MHC region in schizophrenia susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eiji Hattori
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Bangel FN, Yamada K, Arai M, Iwayama Y, Balan S, Toyota T, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Mori N, Itokawa M, Stork O, Yoshikawa T. Genetic analysis of the glyoxalase system in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:105-110. [PMID: 25645869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that carbonyl stress might affect a subset of schizophrenia patients suffering from severe symptoms. Carbonyl stress protection is achieved by the glyoxalase system consisting of two enzymes, glyoxalase 1 and 2, which in humans are encoded by the genes GLO1 and HAGH, respectively. Glyoxalase 1 and 2 catalyze the detoxification of reactive alpha-oxoaldehydes such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal, which are particularly damaging components of carbonyl stress. Here, we investigated the role of the glyoxalase system in schizophrenia by performing association analyses of common genetic variants (n=12) in GLO1 and HAGH in a Japanese sample consisting of 2012 schizophrenia patients and 2170 healthy controls. We detected a nominally significant association with schizophrenia (p=0.020) of rs11859266, a SNP in the intronic region of HAGH. However, rs11859266 did not survive multiple testing (empirical p=0.091). The variants in HAGH, rs11859266 and rs3743852, showed significant associations with schizophrenia in males at allelic and genotype levels, which remained persistent after multiple testing with the exception of rs3743852 for the genotype model. We further measured the mRNA expression of both genes in postmortem brain, but did not detect any changes in transcript expression levels between case and control samples or in sex-specific comparisons. Therefore, our findings suggest that an explanation of elevated carbonyl stress in a substantial part (reported as ~20%) of patients with schizophrenia will require the examination of a much larger cohort to detect risk alleles with weak effect size and/or other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian N Bangel
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Arai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masanari Itokawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan.
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Kim YG, Chang HS, Won ES, Ham BJ, Lee MS. Serotonin-related polymorphisms in TPH1 and HTR5A genes are not associated with escitalopram treatment response in Korean patients with major depression. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 69:210-9. [PMID: 24903772 DOI: 10.1159/000362241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The genetic variations in serotonin-related genes may be associated with antidepressant treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD). The tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) gene and serotonin 5A receptor (HTR5A) gene are known to be involved in serotonin biosynthesis and signal transduction, respectively. The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible interaction between the TPH1 gene and the HTR5A gene in the treatment outcome of escitalopram in MDD. METHODS In total, 245 patients diagnosed with MDD were recruited, and their symptoms were evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAMD-17). The association between the TPH1 218A/C and HTR5A 12A/T polymorphisms and the clinical outcomes (remission, response and changes in HAMD-17 score) was investigated after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of escitalopram treatment using multiple logistic regression or multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS No significant associations of TPH1 or HTR5A gene polymorphisms were observed with either response rate or remission rate at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after escitalopram treatment. In addition, the gene-gene interaction between TPH1 and HTR5A genes was not associated with the treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TPH1 218A/C and HTR5A 12A/T polymorphisms cannot predict treatment response in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gu Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Association study of H2AFZ with schizophrenia in a Japanese case-control sample. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:915-23. [PMID: 25392085 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that malfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Several recent microRNA (miRNA) studies have demonstrated that the expression of the glutamate system-related miR-132 and miR-212 is changed in postmortem schizophrenic brains. Here we attempted to obtain further insight into the relationships among schizophrenia, the NMDA receptor, the molecular cascades controlled by these miRNAs and commonly predicted target genes of the two miRNAs. We focused on the H2AFZ (encoding H2A histone family, member Z) gene, whose expression was shown in our screening study to be modified by a schizophrenomimetic NMDA antagonist, phencyclidine. By performing polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent signal detention using the TaqMan system, we examined four tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; SNP01-04) located around and within the H2AFZ gene for their genetic association with schizophrenia. The subjects were a Japanese cohort (2,012 patients with schizophrenia and 2,170 control subjects). We did not detect any significant genetic association of these SNPs with schizophrenia in this cohort. However, we observed a significant association of SNP02 (rs2276939) in the male patients with schizophrenia (allelic P = 0.003, genotypic P = 0.008). A haplotype analysis revealed that haplotypes consisting of SNP02-SNP03 (rs10014424)-SNP04 (rs6854536) also showed a significant association in the male patients with schizophrenia (P = 0.018). These associations remained significant even after correction for multiple testing. The present findings suggest that the H2AFZ gene may be a susceptibility factor in male subjects with schizophrenia, and that modification of the H2AFZ signaling pathway warrants further study in terms of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Balan S, Iwayama Y, Yamada K, Toyota T, Ohnishi T, Toyoshima M, Shimamoto C, Ide M, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Yoshikawa T, Maekawa M. Sequencing and expression analyses of the synaptic lipid raft adapter gene PAG1 in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:477-85. [PMID: 25005592 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of synaptic networks has been advocated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia. The majority of synaptic proteins involved in neuronal communications are localized in lipid rafts. These rafts form the platform for coordinating neuronal signal transduction, by clustering interacting partners. The PAG1 protein is a transmembrane adaptor protein in the lipid raft signaling cluster that regulates Src family kinases (SFKs), a convergent point for multiple pathways regulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Reports of de novo missense mutations in PAG1 and SFK mediated reductions in tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit proteins in schizophrenia patients, point to a putative role in schizophrenia pathogenesis. To evaluate this, we resequenced the entire coding region of PAG1 in Japanese schizophrenia patients (n = 1,140) and controls (n = 1,140). We identified eight missense variants, of which four were previously unreported. Case-control genetic association analysis of these variants in a larger cohort (n = 4,182) showed neither a statistically significant association of the individual variants with schizophrenia, nor any increased burden of the rare alleles in the patient group. Expression levels of PAG1 in post-mortem brain samples from schizophrenia patients and controls also showed no significant differences. To assess the precise role of PAG1 in schizophrenia, future studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Polymorphism in serotonin receptor 3B is associated with pain catastrophizing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78889. [PMID: 24244382 PMCID: PMC3823944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain catastrophizing, a coping style characterized by excessively negative thoughts and emotions in relation to pain, is one of the psychological factors that most markedly predicts variability in the perception of pain; however, only little is known about the underlying neurobiology. The aim of this study was to test for associations between psychological variables, such as pain catastrophizing, anxiety and depression, and selected polymorphisms in genes related to monoaminergic neurotransmission, in particular serotonin pathway genes. Three hundred seventy-nine healthy participants completed a set of psychological questionnaires: the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck’s Depression Inventory, and were genotyped for 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes. The SNP rs1176744 located in the serotonin receptor 3B gene (5-HTR3B) was found to be associated with pain catastrophizing scores: both the global score and the subscales of magnification and helplessness. This is the first study to show an association between 5-HTR3B and PCS scores, thus suggesting a role of the serotonin pathway in pain catastrophizing. Since 5-HTR3B has previously been associated with descending pain modulation pathways, future studies will be of great interest to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in the relation between serotonin, its receptors and pain catastrophizing.
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Seneviratne C, Franklin J, Beckett K, Ma JZ, Ait-Daoud N, Payne TJ, Johnson BA, Li MD. Association, interaction, and replication analysis of genes encoding serotonin transporter and 5-HT3 receptor subunits A and B in alcohol dependence. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1165-76. [PMID: 23757001 PMCID: PMC3775919 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the converging evidence showing regulation of drinking behavior by 5-HT3AB receptors and the serotonin transporter, we hypothesized that the interactive effects of genetic variations in the genes HTR3A, HTR3B, and SLC6A4 confer greater susceptibility to alcohol dependence (AD) than do their effects individually. We examined the associations of AD with 22 SNPs across HTR3A, HTR3B, and two functional variants in SLC6A4 in 500 AD and 280 healthy control individuals of European descent. We found that the alleles of the low-frequency SNPs rs33940208:T in HTR3A and rs2276305:A in HTR3B were inversely and nominally significantly associated with AD with odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval of 0.212 and 0.073, 0.616 (P = 0.004) and 0.261 and 0.088, 0.777 (P = 0.016), respectively. Further, our gene-by-gene interaction analysis revealed that two four-variant models that differed by only one SNP carried a risk for AD (empirical P < 1 × 10(-6) for prediction accuracy of the two models based on 10(6) permutations). Subsequent analysis of these two interaction models revealed an OR of 2.71 and 2.80, respectively, for AD (P < 0.001) in carriers of genotype combinations 5'-HTTLPR:LL/LS(SLC6A4)-rs1042173:TT/TG(SLC6A4)-rs1176744:AC(HTR3B)-rs3782025:AG(HTR3B) and 5'-HTTLPR:LL/LS(SLC6A4)-rs10160548:GT/TT(HTR3A)-rs1176744:AC(HTR3B)-rs3782025:AG(HTR3B). Combining all five genotypes resulted in an OR of 3.095 (P = 2.0 × 10(-4)) for AD. Inspired by these findings, we conducted the analysis in an independent sample, OZ-ALC-GWAS (N = 6699), obtained from the NIH dbGAP database, which confirmed the findings, not only for all three risk genotype combinations (Z = 4.384, P = 1.0 × 10(-5); Z = 3.155, P = 1.6 × 10(-3); and Z = 3.389, P = 7.0 × 10(-4), respectively), but also protective effects for rs33940208:T (χ (2) = 3.316, P = 0.0686) and rs2276305:A (χ (2) = 7.224, P = 0.007). These findings reveal significant interactive effects among variants in SLC6A4-HTR3A-HTR3B affecting AD. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Jason Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Katherine Beckett
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA:
| | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nassima Ait-Daoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Thomas J. Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Bankole A. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
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Population-specific haplotype association of the postsynaptic density gene DLG4 with schizophrenia, in family-based association studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70302. [PMID: 23936182 PMCID: PMC3723755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic synapses harbors a multitude of proteins critical for maintaining synaptic dynamics. Alteration of protein expression levels in this matrix is a marked phenomenon of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, where cognitive functions are impaired. To investigate the genetic relationship of genes expressed in the PSD with schizophrenia, a family-based association analysis of genetic variants in PSD genes such as DLG4, DLG1, PICK1 and MDM2, was performed, using Japanese samples (124 pedigrees, n = 376 subjects). Results showed a significant association of the rs17203281 variant from the DLG4 gene, with preferential transmission of the C allele (p = 0.02), although significance disappeared after correction for multiple testing. Replication analysis of this variant, found no association in a Chinese schizophrenia cohort (293 pedigrees, n = 1163 subjects) or in a Japanese case-control sample (n = 4182 subjects). The DLG4 expression levels between postmortem brain samples from schizophrenia patients showed no significant changes from controls. Interestingly, a five marker haplotype in DLG4, involving rs2242449, rs17203281, rs390200, rs222853 and rs222837, was enriched in a population specific manner, where the sequences A-C-C-C-A and G-C-C-C-A accumulated in Japanese (p = 0.0009) and Chinese (p = 0.0007) schizophrenia pedigree samples, respectively. However, this could not be replicated in case-control samples. None of the variants in other examined candidate genes showed any significant association in these samples. The current study highlights a putative role for DLG4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis, evidenced by haplotype association, and warrants further dense screening for variants within these haplotypes.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been well established that both genes and non-shared environment contribute substantially to the underlying aetiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). A comprehensive overview of genetic research in MDD is presented. Method Papers were retrieved from PubMed up to December 2011, using many keywords including: depression, major depressive disorder, genetics, rare variants, gene-environment, whole genome, epigenetics, and specific candidate genes and variants. These were combined in a variety of permutations. RESULTS Linkage studies have yielded some promising chromosomal regions in MDD. However, there is a continued lack of consistency in association studies, in both candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Numerous factors may account for variable results including the use of different diagnostic approaches, small samples in early studies, population stratification, epigenetic phenomena, copy number variation (CNV), rare variation, and phenotypic and allelic heterogeneity. The conflicting results are also probably, in part, a consequence of environmental factors not being considered or controlled for. CONCLUSIONS Each research group has to identify what issues their sample may best address. We suggest that, where possible, more emphasis should be placed on the environment in molecular behavioural genetics to identify individuals at environmental high risk in addition to genetic high risk. Sequencing should be used to identify rare and alternative variation that may act as a risk factor, and a systems biology approach including gene-gene interactions and pathway analyses would be advantageous. GWAS may require even larger samples with reliably defined (sub)phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cohen-Woods
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
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Takata A, Iwayama Y, Fukuo Y, Ikeda M, Okochi T, Maekawa M, Toyota T, Yamada K, Hattori E, Ohnishi T, Toyoshima M, Ujike H, Inada T, Kunugi H, Ozaki N, Nanko S, Nakamura K, Mori N, Kanba S, Iwata N, Kato T, Yoshikawa T. A population-specific uncommon variant in GRIN3A associated with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:532-9. [PMID: 23237318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have successfully identified several common variants showing robust association with schizophrenia. However, individually, these variants only produce a weak effect. To identify genetic variants with larger effect sizes, increasing attention is now being paid to uncommon and rare variants. METHODS From the 1000 Genomes Project data, we selected 47 candidate single nucleotide variants (SNVs), which were: 1) uncommon (minor allele frequency < 5%); 2) Asian-specific; 3) missense, nonsense, or splice site variants predicted to be damaging; and 4) located in candidate genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We examined their association with schizophrenia, using a Japanese case-control cohort (2012 cases and 2781 control subjects). Additional meta-analysis was performed using genotyping data from independent Han-Chinese case-control (333 cases and 369 control subjects) and family samples (9 trios and 284 quads). RESULTS We identified disease association of a missense variant in GRIN3A (p.R480G, rs149729514, p = .00042, odds ratio [OR] = 1.58), encoding a subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor, with study-wide significance (threshold p = .0012). This association was supported by meta-analysis (combined p = 3.3 × 10(-5), OR = 1.61). Nominally significant association was observed in missense variants from FAAH, DNMT1, MYO18B, and CFB, with ORs of risk alleles ranging from 1.41 to 2.35. CONCLUSIONS The identified SNVs, particularly the GRIN3A R480G variant, are good candidates for further replication studies and functional evaluation. The results of this study indicate that association analyses focusing on uncommon and rare SNVs are a promising way to discover risk variants with larger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takata
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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Chen C, Chen W, Chen C, Moyzis R, He Q, Lei X, Li J, Wang Y, Liu B, Xiu D, Zhu B, Dong Q. Genetic variations in the serotoninergic system contribute to body-mass index in Chinese adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58717. [PMID: 23554917 PMCID: PMC3598805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has become a worldwide health problem in the past decades. Human and animal studies have implicated serotonin in appetite regulation, and behavior genetic studies have shown that body mass index (BMI) has a strong genetic component. However, the roles of genes related to the serotoninergic (5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT) system in obesity/BMI are not well understood, especially in Chinese subjects. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN With a sample of 478 healthy Chinese volunteers, this study investigated the relation between BMI and genetic variations of the serotoninergic system as characterized by 136 representative polymorphisms. We used a system-level approach to identify SNPs associated with BMI, then estimated their overall contribution to BMI by multiple regression and verified it by permutation. RESULTS We identified 12 SNPs that made statistically significant contributions to BMI. After controlling for gender and age, four of these SNPs accounted for 7.7% additional variance of BMI. Permutation analysis showed that the probability of obtaining these findings by chance was low (p = 0.015, permuted for 1000 times). CONCLUSION These results showed that genetic variations in the serotoninergic system made a moderate contribution to individual differences in BMI among a healthy Chinese sample, suggesting that a similar approach can be used to study obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Daiming Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Differences in 5-hydroxytryptamine-3B haplotype frequencies between Asians and Caucasians. Int J Biol Markers 2012; 27:34-8. [PMID: 22139646 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2011.8830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) receptor is a ligand-operated ion channel with five different receptor subunits (5-HT3A, B, C, D, and E) found in humans. Activation of 5-HT3 receptors influences various effects such as drug-induced emesis and causes behavioral problems such as anxiety, depression and cognitive disorders. To explore interethnic differences in the response to 5-HT3 antagonists, we studied haplotype frequencies in the gene encoding the 5-HT3B receptor in Asians and Caucasians. METHODS Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the 5-HT3B receptor gene, i.e., deletion AAG at the 5'-UTR position, 18792A>G at the intron position, and 46698G>A at the 3' near gene position, were selected and genotyped in 165 Indonesian cancer patients and 188 Caucasian healthy volunteers. Haplotypes were set with gPlink, whereas the differences in haplotype frequencies between Indonesians and Caucasians were compared using multivariate analysis. RESULTS The haplotype profiles based on the deletion AAG, 18792A>G and 46698G>A were AAGAA, AAGAG, AAGGG, and deletion AG in both Indonesians and Caucasians. The frequency of the AAGAG haplotype was 54.8% in Indonesians and 39.9% in Caucasians (p<0.05). The frequency of the AAGGG haplotype was 14.3% in Indonesians and 29.3% in Caucasians. Moreover, there were significant differences in the frequencies of haplotype pairs between Indonesians and Caucasians (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Indonesian cancer patients had significantly different AAGAG and AAGGG haplotype frequencies of the gene encoding the 5-HT3B receptor compared to healthy Caucasians. This finding could be useful for understanding interethnic differences in the response to drugs targeting the 5-HT3B receptor in cancer-treatment-related emesis.
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Baptista-Hon DT, Deeb TZ, Othman NA, Sharp D, Hales TG. The 5-HT3B subunit affects high-potency inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors by morphine. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:693-704. [PMID: 21740409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Morphine is an antagonist at 5-HT(3) A receptors. 5-HT(3) and opioid receptors are expressed in many of the same neuronal pathways where they modulate gut motility, pain and reinforcement. There is increasing interest in the 5-HT3B subunit, which confers altered pharmacology to 5-HT(3) receptors. We investigated the mechanisms of inhibition by morphine of 5-HT(3) receptors and the influence of the 5-HT3B subunit. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 5-HT-evoked currents were recorded from voltage-clamped HEK293 cells expressing human 5-HT3A subunits alone or in combination with 5-HT3B subunits. The affinity of morphine for the orthosteric site of 5-HT(3) A or 5-HT(3) AB receptors was assessed using radioligand binding with the antagonist [(3) H]GR65630. KEY RESULTS When pre-applied, morphine potently inhibited 5-HT-evoked currents mediated by 5-HT(3) A receptors. The 5-HT3B subunit reduced the potency of morphine fourfold and increased the rates of inhibition and recovery. Inhibition by pre-applied morphine was insurmountable by 5-HT, was voltage-independent and occurred through a site outside the second membrane-spanning domain. When applied simultaneously with 5-HT, morphine caused a lower potency, surmountable inhibition of 5-HT(3) A and 5-HT(3) AB receptors. Morphine also fully displaced [(3) H]GR65630 from 5-HT(3) A and 5-HT(3) AB receptors with similar potency. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that morphine has two sites of action, a low-affinity, competitive site and a high-affinity, non-competitive site that is not available when the channel is activated. The affinity of morphine for the latter is reduced by the 5-HT3B subunit. Our results reveal that morphine causes a high-affinity, insurmountable and subunit-dependent inhibition of human 5-HT(3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Baptista-Hon
- The Institute of Academic Anaesthesia, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Replication of functional serotonin receptor type 3A and B variants in bipolar affective disorder: a European multicenter study. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e103. [PMID: 22832903 PMCID: PMC3337070 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin type 3 receptors (5-HT(3)) are involved in learning, cognition and emotion, and have been implicated in various psychiatric phenotypes. However, their contribution to the pathomechanism of these disorders remains elusive. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HTR3A and HTR3B genes (rs1062613, rs1176744 and rs3831455) have been associated with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) in pilot studies, and all of them are of functional relevance. We performed a European multicenter study to confirm previous results and provide further evidence for the relevance of these SNPs to the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. This involved analysis of the distribution of the three SNPs among 1804 BPAD cases and 2407 healthy controls. A meta-analysis revealed a pooled odds ratio of 0.881 (P = 0.009, 95% confidence intervals = 0.802-0.968) for the non-synonymous functional SNP HTR3B p.Y129S (rs1176744), thereby confirming previous findings. In line with this, the three genome-wide association study samples BOMA (Bonn-Mannheim)-BPAD, WTCCC (Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium)-BPAD and GAIN (Genetic Association Information Network)-BPAD, including >3500 patients and 5200 controls in total, showed an overrepresentation of the p.Y129 in patients. Remarkably, the meta-analysis revealed a P-value of 0.048 (OR = 0.934, fixed effect model). We also performed expression analyses to gain further insights into the distribution of HTR3A and HTR3B mRNA in the human brain. HTR3A and HTR3B were detected in all investigated brain tissues with the exception of the cerebellum, and large differences in the A:B subunit ratio were observed. Interestingly, expression of the B subunit was most prominent in the brain stem, amygdalae and frontal cortex, regions of relevance to psychiatric disorders. In conclusion, the present study provides further evidence for the presence of impaired 5-HT(3) receptor function in BPAD.
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Xu Z, Zhang Z, Shi Y, Pu M, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Li L, Reynolds GP. Influence and interaction of genetic polymorphisms in the serotonin system and life stress on antidepressant drug response. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:349-59. [PMID: 21937687 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111414452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Variation in genes implicated in serotonin neurotransmission may interact with environmental factors to influence antidepressant response. We aimed to determine how a range of polymorphisms in serotonergic genes determine this response to treatment and how they interact with childhood trauma and recent life stress in a Chinese sample. In total, 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in coding regions of 10 serotonergic genes (HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR1D, HTR2A, HTR3A, HTR3C, HTR3D, HTR3E, HTR5A and TPH2) were genotyped in 308 Chinese Han patients with major depressive disorder. Response to 6 weeks' antidepressant treatment was determined by change in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) score, and previous stressful events were evaluated by the Life Events Scale (LES) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Two 5-HT1B receptor SNPs (rs6296 and rs6298) and one tryptophan hydroxylase2 (rs7305115) SNP were significantly associated with antidepressant response in this Chinese sample, as was a haplotype in TPH2 (rs7305115 and rs4290270). A gene-gene interaction on antidepressant response was found between SNPs in HTR1B, HTR3A and HTR5A in female subjects. The HTR1B SNPs demonstrated interaction with recent stress, while that for TPH2 interacted with childhood trauma to influence antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Homberg JR. Serotonin and decision making processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:218-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Enoch MA, Gorodetsky E, Hodgkinson C, Roy A, Goldman D. Functional genetic variants that increase synaptic serotonin and 5-HT3 receptor sensitivity predict alcohol and drug dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1139-46. [PMID: 20838391 PMCID: PMC3003772 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT3 receptor is rapidly potentiated by ethanol and mediates fast excitatory serotonin (5-HT) transmission that modulates dopamine release in the reward circuitry. The 5-HT transporter regulates synaptic 5-HT availability. Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding the transporter and receptor may therefore influence addiction vulnerability. In this study, 360 treatment-seeking African American male patients with single and comorbid DSM-IV lifetime diagnoses of alcohol, cocaine and heroin dependence and 187 African American male controls were genotyped for the triallelic 5-HTTLPR functional polymorphism in the 5-HT transporter gene (SLC6A4) and 16 haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across HTR3B (including the functional rs1176744 Tyr129Ser) and HTR3A, genes encoding 5-HT3 receptors. The HTR3B rs1176744 gain-of-function Ser129 allele predicted alcohol dependence (P=0.002) and low 5-HTTLPR activity predicted cocaine/heroin dependence (P=0.01). Both the HTR3B Ser129 allele (P=0.014, odds ratio (OR)=1.7 (1.1-2.6)) and low 5-HTTLPR activity (P=0.011, OR=2.5 (1.3-4.6)) were more common in men with alcohol+drug dependence compared with controls. Moreover, the HTR3B Ser129 allele and low 5-HTTLPR activity had an additive (but not an interactive) effect on alcohol+drug dependence (OR=6.0 (2.1-16.6)) that accounted for 13% of the variance. One possible explanation of our findings is that increased synaptic 5-HT coupled with increased 5-HT3 receptor responsiveness may result in enhanced dopamine transmission in the reward pathway, a predictor of increased risk for addiction. Our results may have pharmacogenetic implications for 5-HT3 therapeutic antagonists such as ondansetron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena Gorodetsky
- Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, USA
| | - Colin Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alec Roy
- Psychiatry Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey VA Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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The effects of allostatic load on neural systems subserving motivation, mood regulation, and social affiliation. Dev Psychopathol 2011; 23:975-99. [PMID: 22018077 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe term allostasis, which is defined as stability through change, has been invoked repeatedly by developmental psychopathologists to describe long-lasting and in some cases permanent functional alterations in limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis responding following recurrent and/or prolonged exposure to stress. Increasingly, allostatic load models have also been invoked to describe psychological sequelae of abuse, neglect, and other forms of maltreatment. In contrast, neural adaptations to stress, including those incurred by monoamine systems implicated in (a) mood and emotion regulation, (b) behavioral approach, and (c) social affiliation and attachment, are usually not included in models of allostasis. Rather, structural and functional alterations in these systems, which are exquisitely sensitive to prolonged stress exposure, are usually explained as stress mediators, neural plasticity, and/or programming effects. Considering these mechanisms as distinct from allostasis is somewhat artificial given overlapping functions and intricate coregulation of monoamines and the limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. It also fractionates literatures that should be mutually informative. In this article, we describe structural and functional alterations in serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic neural systems following both acute and prolonged exposure to stress. Through increases in behavioral impulsivity, trait anxiety, mood and emotion dysregulation, and asociality, alterations in monoamine functioning have profound effects on personality, attachment relationships, and the emergence of psychopathology.
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Mujakovic S, ter Linde JJ, de Wit NJ, van Marrewijk CJ, Fransen GA, Onland-Moret NC, Laheij RJ, Muris JW, Grobbee DE, Samsom M, Jansen JB, Knottnerus A, Numans ME. Serotonin receptor 3A polymorphism c.-42C > T is associated with severe dyspepsia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:140. [PMID: 22014438 PMCID: PMC3213216 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between anxiety and depression related traits and dyspepsia may reflect a common genetic predisposition. Furthermore, genetic factors may contribute to the risk of having increased visceral sensitivity, which has been implicated in dyspeptic symptom generation. Serotonin (5-HT) modulates visceral sensitivity by its action on 5-HT3 receptors. Interestingly, a functional polymorphism in HTR3A, encoding the 5-HT3 receptor A subunit, has been reported to be associated with depression and anxiety related traits. A functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), which terminates serotonergic signalling, was also found associated with these psychiatric comorbidities and increased visceral sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome, which coexistence is associated with higher dyspeptic symptom severity. We investigated the association between these functional polymorphisms and dyspeptic symptom severity. METHODS Data from 592 unrelated, Caucasian, primary care patients with dyspepsia participating in a randomised clinical trial comparing step-up and step-down antacid drug treatment (The DIAMOND trial) were analysed. Patients were genotyped for HTR3A c.-42C > T SNP and the 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 5-HTT promoter (5-HTTLPR). Intensity of 8 dyspeptic symptoms at baseline was assessed using a validated questionnaire (0 = none; 6 = very severe). Sum score ≥20 was defined severe dyspepsia. RESULTS HTR3A c.-42T allele carriers were more prevalent in patients with severe dyspepsia (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.06-2.20). This association appeared to be stronger in females (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.25-3.39) and patients homozygous for the long (L) variant of the 5-HTTLPR genotype (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.01-3.94). Females with 5-HTTLPR LL genotype showed the strongest association (OR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.37-8.90). CONCLUSIONS The HTR3A c.-42T allele is associated with severe dyspeptic symptoms. The stronger association among patients carrying the 5-HTTLPR L allele suggests an additive effect of the two polymorphisms. These results support the hypothesis that diminished 5-HT3 mediated antinociception predisposes to increased visceral sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the HTR3A c.-42C > T and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms likely represent predisposing genetic variants in common to psychiatric morbidity and dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhreta Mujakovic
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, the Netherlands
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Drago A, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Incomplete coverage of candidate genes: a poorly considered bias. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:476-83. [PMID: 19412419 PMCID: PMC2647155 DOI: 10.2174/138920207783591681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current genetic investigations are performed both on the basis of a rational and biologically based choice of candidate genes and through genome wide scans. Nonetheless, lack of replication is a common problem in psychiatric genetics as well as in other genetic fields. There are a number of reasons for this inconsistency, among them a well known but poorly considered issue is gene coverage. The aim of the present paper is to focus on this well known and defectively deemed bias, especially when a candidate gene approach is chosen. The rational and the technical feasibility of this proposal are discussed as well as a survey of current investigations. The known consistent methodology to fix this bias is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Drago
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Italy
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Bosker FJ, Hartman CA, Nolte IM, Prins BP, Terpstra P, Posthuma D, van Veen T, Willemsen G, DeRijk RH, de Geus EJ, Hoogendijk WJ, Sullivan PF, Penninx BW, Boomsma DI, Snieder H, Nolen WA. Poor replication of candidate genes for major depressive disorder using genome-wide association data. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:516-32. [PMID: 20351714 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Data from the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) genome-wide association study (GWAS) in major depressive disorder (MDD) were used to explore previously reported candidate gene and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations in MDD. A systematic literature search of candidate genes associated with MDD in case-control studies was performed before the results of the GAIN MDD study became available. Measured and imputed candidate SNPs and genes were tested in the GAIN MDD study encompassing 1738 cases and 1802 controls. Imputation was used to increase the number of SNPs from the GWAS and to improve coverage of SNPs in the candidate genes selected. Tests were carried out for individual SNPs and the entire gene using different statistical approaches, with permutation analysis as the final arbiter. In all, 78 papers reporting on 57 genes were identified, from which 92 SNPs could be mapped. In the GAIN MDD study, two SNPs were associated with MDD: C5orf20 (rs12520799; P=0.038; odds ratio (OR) AT=1.10, 95% CI 0.95-1.29; OR TT=1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.47) and NPY (rs16139; P=0.034; OR C allele=0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.97), constituting a direct replication of previously identified SNPs. At the gene level, TNF (rs76917; OR T=1.35, 95% CI 1.13-1.63; P=0.0034) was identified as the only gene for which the association with MDD remained significant after correction for multiple testing. For SLC6A2 (norepinephrine transporter (NET)) significantly more SNPs (19 out of 100; P=0.039) than expected were associated while accounting for the linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure. Thus, we found support for involvement in MDD for only four genes. However, given the number of candidate SNPs and genes that were tested, even these significant may well be false positives. The poor replication may point to publication bias and false-positive findings in previous candidate gene studies, and may also be related to heterogeneity of the MDD phenotype as well as contextual genetic or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Bosker
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Fine architecture and mutation mapping of human brain inhibitory system ligand gated ion channels by high-throughput homology modeling. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2011; 80:117-52. [PMID: 21109219 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381264-3.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The common architecture of the brain inhibitory system ligand-gated ion-channels was examined at the level of each of the subunits and in their assembled pentameric arrangements. Structural modeling of the GABAA receptor, GlyR1, and the serotonin receptor, 5HTR3A, was carried out on a multi-homolog basis employing a high-throughput homology modeling pipeline. The locations of all the known mutations of each of the subunits of the receptor subfamily were mapped upon their computed structures and structural relationships between patterns of mutations in different subunits were identified, resulting in the zoning of mutations to four specific regions of the common subunit structure. These classifications may be of value in discerning probable molecular mechanisms and functional manifestations of emerging mutations and polymorphisms, providing the foundation for a family-specific predictive algorithm that may allow researchers to focus experimental effort on the most probable molecular indicators of compromised receptor function and disease mechanism.
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Niesler B. 5-HT(3) receptors: potential of individual isoforms for personalised therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:81-6. [PMID: 21345729 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin type 3 (5-HT(3)) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels built by five subunits of diverse composition. In humans, five subunits exist (5-HT3A-E) which are encoded by the genes HTR3A-E and are expressed in various isoforms. Recently, the importance of factors influencing receptor expression became clear, such as chaperones and microRNAs. Owing to their expression profile and physiological functions, 5-HT(3) receptors have been implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and psychiatric disorders. Interestingly, HTR3 variants have now been shown to be associated with these conditions. This underlines the potential of 5-HT(3) receptors as therapeutic targets and may enable personalised therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Niesler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Crisafulli C, Fabbri C, Porcelli S, Drago A, Spina E, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:6. [PMID: 21687501 PMCID: PMC3108562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 60% of depressed patients do not respond completely to antidepressants (ADs) and up to 30% do not respond at all. Genetic factors contribute for about 50% of the AD response. During the recent years the possible influence of a set of candidate genes as genetic predictors of AD response efficacy was investigated by us and others. They include the cytochrome P450 superfamily, the P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), the tryptophan hydroxylase, the catechol-O-methyltransferase, the monoamine oxidase A, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR), the norepinephrine transporter, the dopamine transporter, variants in the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3A, 5-HT3B, and 5-HT6), adrenoreceptor beta-1 and alpha-2, the dopamine receptors (D2), the G protein beta 3 subunit, the corticotropin releasing hormone receptors (CRHR1 and CRHR2), the glucocorticoid receptors, the c-AMP response-element binding, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Marginal associations were reported for angiotensin I converting enzyme, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput protein, glutamatergic system, nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin 1-beta gene. In conclusion, gene variants seem to influence human behavior, liability to disorders and treatment response. Nonetheless, gene × environment interactions have been hypothesized to modulate several of these effects.
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Souza RP, De Luca V, Manchia M, Kennedy JL. Are serotonin 3A and 3B receptor genes associated with suicidal behavior in schizophrenia subjects? Neurosci Lett 2010; 489:137-41. [PMID: 21184810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is a major contributor to the morbidity and mortality of schizophrenia, accounting for approximately 10% of deaths in these patients. Genetic factors have been reported to modulate the risk for suicide, although the precise mechanism and magnitude of the genetic contribution are unknown. Further, suicide attempters present abnormalities in the serotonergic system. We evaluated whether genetic variants in the serotonin receptors HTR3A (rs897692, rs1150226, rs1176724, rs2276302, rs3737457, rs897687 and rs1176713) and HTR3B (rs3758987, rs10502180, rs11606194, rs17116121, rs1176744, rs17116138, rs2276307, rs3782025 and rs1176761) were susceptibility components for suicidal behavior in 154 Caucasians schizophrenia subjects (20.1% of suicide attempters). In a second step, we compared haplotype and gene-gene interaction approaches because both genes are located in the chromosome 11q23 approximately 28Kbp apart. We did not observe allelic or genotypic associations. Six haplotypes were nominally significant associated with suicide. Gene-gene interaction using Helix Tree software showed two nominally significant interactions reproduced by haplotype association. Likewise, haplotypes composed by the markers included in the best multidimensional reduction three-locus model were nominally significant. Our results suggest that HTR3A and HTR3B polymorphisms may not play a major role in the susceptibility for suicidal behavior in schizophrenia subjects. Moreover, gene-gene interaction and haplotype association may have consistent results for genes located in the same chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan P Souza
- Neurogenetics Section, Neuroscience Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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48
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Yang H, Liu J, Sui J, Pearlson G, Calhoun VD. A Hybrid Machine Learning Method for Fusing fMRI and Genetic Data: Combining both Improves Classification of Schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 4:192. [PMID: 21119772 PMCID: PMC2990459 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a hybrid machine learning method to classify schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. The method consists of four stages: (1) SNPs with the most discriminating information between the healthy controls and schizophrenia patients are selected to construct a support vector machine ensemble (SNP-SVME). (2) Voxels in the fMRI map contributing to classification are selected to build another SVME (Voxel-SVME). (3) Components of fMRI activation obtained with independent component analysis (ICA) are used to construct a single SVM classifier (ICA-SVMC). (4) The above three models are combined into a single module using a majority voting approach to make a final decision (Combined SNP-fMRI). The method was evaluated by a fully validated leave-one-out method using 40 subjects (20 patients and 20 controls). The classification accuracy was: 0.74 for SNP-SVME, 0.82 for Voxel-SVME, 0.83 for ICA-SVMC, and 0.87 for Combined SNP-fMRI. Experimental results show that better classification accuracy was achieved by combining genetic and fMRI data than using either alone, indicating that genetic and brain function representing different, but partially complementary aspects, of schizophrenia etiopathology. This study suggests an effective way to reassess biological classification of individuals with schizophrenia, which is also potentially useful for identifying diagnostically important markers for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Yang
- Department of Environment Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an, China
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Gatt JM, Williams LM, Schofield PR, Dobson-Stone C, Paul RH, Grieve SM, Clark CR, Gordon E, Nemeroff CB. Impact of the HTR3A gene with early life trauma on emotional brain networks and depressed mood. Depress Anxiety 2010; 27:752-9. [PMID: 20694966 DOI: 10.1002/da.20726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for mental illnesses such as depression is increasingly conceptualized as the product of gene-environment interactions and their impact on brain structure and function. The role of serotonin 3A receptor gene (HTR3A -42C>T polymorphism) and its interaction with early life stress (ELS) was investigated in view of the receptor's localization to brain regions central to emotion processing. METHODS Fronto-limbic grey matter (GM) loss was measured using magnetic resonance imaging and assessed using voxel-based morphometry analysis in 397 nonclinical individuals from the Brain Resource International Database. Negative mood symptoms were also assessed. RESULTS The HTR3A CC genotype group, compared to the T carriers, demonstrated comparative loss to GM in hippocampal structures, which extended to the frontal cortices for those CC genotype individuals also exposed to ELS. Elevations in depressed mood were also evident. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the HTR3A CC genotype may be associated with alterations in brain structures central to emotion processing, particularly when exposed to stress, and further highlight the potential role of the serotonin system in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. In contrast, those individuals with the T allele, in particular the TT genotype, may be more protected from such alterations combined with minimal exposure to ELS events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Gatt
- The Brain Dynamics Center, Westmead Millennium Institute & Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Walstab J, Rappold G, Niesler B. 5-HT(3) receptors: role in disease and target of drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:146-69. [PMID: 20621123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin type 3 (5-HT(3)) receptors are pentameric ion channels belonging to the superfamily of Cys-loop receptors. Receptor activation either leads to fast excitatory responses or modulation of neurotransmitter release depending on their neuronal localisation. 5-HT(3) receptors are known to be expressed in the central nervous system in regions involved in the vomiting reflex, processing of pain, the reward system, cognition and anxiety control. In the periphery they are present on a variety of neurons and immune cells. 5-HT(3) receptors are known to be involved in emesis, pain disorders, drug addiction, psychiatric and GI disorders. Progress in molecular genetics gives direction to personalised medical strategies for treating complex diseases such as psychiatric and functional GI disorders and unravelling individual drug responses in pharmacogenetic approaches. Here we discuss the molecular basis of 5-HT(3) receptor diversity at the DNA and protein level, of which our knowledge has greatly extended in the last decade. We also evaluate their role in health and disease and describe specific case-control studies addressing the involvement of polymorphisms of 5-HT3 subunit genes in complex disorders and responses to drugs. Furthermore, we focus on the actual state of the pharmacological knowledge concerning not only classical 5-HT(3) antagonists--the setrons--but also compounds of various substance classes targeting 5-HT(3) receptors such as anaesthetics, opioids, cannabinoids, steroids, antidepressants and antipsychotics as well as natural compounds derived from plants. This shall point to alternative treatment options modulating the 5-HT(3) receptor system and open new possibilities for drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Walstab
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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