1
|
Sun Y, Xie A, Fang Y, Chen H, Li L, Tang J, Liao Y. Altered insular functional activity among electronic cigarettes users with nicotine dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:293. [PMID: 39019862 PMCID: PMC11255336 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) use, especially among youngsters, has been on the rise in recent years. However, little is known about the long-term effects of the use of e-cigs on brain functional activity. We acquired the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from 93 e-cigs users with nicotine dependence and 103 health controls (HC). The local synchronization was analyzed via the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method at voxel-wise level. The functional connectivity (FC) between the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the insula was calculated at ROI-wise level. The support vector machining classification model based on rs-fMRI measures was used to identify e-cigs users from HC. Compared with HC, nicotine-dependent e-cigs users showed increased ReHo in the right rolandic operculum and the right insula (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). At the ROI-wise level, abnormal FCs between the NAcc, the VTA, and the insula were found in e-cigs users compared to HC (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). Correlation analysis found a significant negative correlation between ReHo in the left NAcc and duration of e-cigs use (r = -0.273, p = 0.008, FDR corrected). The following support vector machine model based on significant results of rs-fMRI successfully differentiates chronic e-cigs users from HC with an accuracy of 73.47%, an AUC of 0.781, a sensitivity of 67.74%, and a specificity of 78.64%. Dysregulated spontaneous activity and FC of addiction-related regions were found in e-cigs users with nicotine dependence, which provides crucial insights into the prevention of its initial use and intervention for quitting e-cigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - An Xie
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yehong Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Haobo Chen
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahrens J, Zaher F, Rabin RA, Cassidy CM, Palaniyappan L. Neuromelanin levels in individuals with substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105690. [PMID: 38678736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine's role in addiction has been extensively studied, revealing disruptions in its functioning throughout all addiction stages. Neuromelanin in the substantia nigra (SN) may reflect dopamine auto-oxidation, and can be quantified using neuromelaninsensitive magnetic resonance imaging (neuromelanin-MRI) in a non-invasive manner.In this pre-registered systematic review, we assess the current body of evidence related to neuromelanin levels in substance use disorders, using both post-mortem and MRI examinations. The systematic search identified 10 relevant articles, primarily focusing on the substantia nigra. An early-stage meta-analysis (n = 6) revealed varied observations ranging from standardized mean differences of -3.55 to +0.62, with a pooled estimate of -0.44 (95 % CI = -1.52, 0.65), but there was insufficient power to detect differences in neuromelanin content among individuals with substance use disorders. Our gap analysis highlights the lack of sufficient replication studies, with existing studies lacking the power to detect a true difference, and a complete lack of neuromelanin studies on certain substances of clinical interest. We provide recommendations for future studies of dopaminergic neurobiology in addictions and related psychiatric comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ahrens
- Douglas Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Farida Zaher
- Douglas Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel A Rabin
- Douglas Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clifford M Cassidy
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Douglas Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ely AV, Wetherill RR. Reward and inhibition in obesity and cigarette smoking: Neurobiological overlaps and clinical implications. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114049. [PMID: 36470508 PMCID: PMC10694810 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and obesity are the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality and increase the risk of all-cause mortality four-fold when comorbid. Individuals with these conditions demonstrate neurobiological and behavioral differences regarding how they respond to rewarding stimuli or engage in inhibitory control. This narrative review examines the role of reward and inhibition in cigarette smoking and obesity independently, as well as recent research demonstrating an effect of increased body mass index (BMI) on neurocognitive function in individuals who smoke. It is possible that chronic smoking and overeating of highly palatable food, contributing to obesity, dysregulates reward neurocircuitry, subsequently leading to hypofunction of brain networks associated with inhibitory control. These brain changes do not appear to be specific to food or nicotine and, as a result, can potentiate continued cross-use. Changes to reward and inhibitory function due to increased BMI may also make cessation more difficult for those comorbid for obesity and smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Ely
- Cooper University Health Care, Center for Healing, Division of Addiction Medicine, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chellian R, Behnood-Rod A, Wilson R, Lin K, King GWY, Ruppert-Gomez M, Teter AN, Febo M, Bruijnzeel AW. Dopamine D1-like receptor blockade and stimulation decreases operant responding for nicotine and food in male and female rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14131. [PMID: 35986048 PMCID: PMC9388990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine has been implicated in the reinforcing effects of smoking. However, there remains a need for a better understanding of the effects of dopamine D1-like receptor agonists on nicotine intake and the role of sex differences in the effects of dopaminergic drugs on behavior. This work studied the effects of D1-like receptor stimulation and blockade on operant responding for nicotine and food and locomotor activity in male and female rats. The effects of the D1-like receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.003, 0.01, 0.03 mg/kg) and the D1-like receptor agonist A77636 (0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/kg) on responding for nicotine and food, and locomotor activity were investigated. The effects of SCH 23390 were investigated 15 min and 24 h after treatment, and the effects of the long-acting drug A77636 were investigated 15 min, 24 h, and 48 h after treatment. Operant responding for nicotine and food and locomotor activity were decreased immediately after treatment with SCH 23390. Treatment with SCH 23390 did not have any long-term effects. Operant responding for nicotine was still decreased 48 h after treatment with A77636, and food responding was decreased up to 24 h after treatment. Treatment with A77636 only decreased locomotor activity at the 48 h time point. There were no sex differences in the effects of SCH 23390 or A77636. In conclusion, the D1-like receptor antagonist SCH 23390 reduces nicotine intake and causes sedation in rats. Stimulation of D1-like receptors with A77636 decreases nicotine intake at time points that the drug does not cause sedation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjithkumar Chellian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Azin Behnood-Rod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ryann Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Karen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Grace Wing-Yan King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Marcella Ruppert-Gomez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alexandria Nicole Teter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khurana K, Kumar M, Bansal N. Lacidipine Attenuates Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal in Mice. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1920-1936. [PMID: 34613588 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine-withdrawal after daily exposure manifests somatic and affective symptom including a range of cognitive deficits. Earlier studies suggested participation of L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) in development of nicotine dependence and expression of withdrawal signs. An upsurge in Ca2+-induced oxidative stress in brain underlies the biochemical events and behavioral signs of nicotine-withdrawal. The present study is aimed to explore the effects of lacidipine (LTCC antagonist) against nicotine-withdrawal. Swiss albino mice were administered ( -)-nicotine hydrogen tartrate (3.35 mg/kg, t.i.d.) from days 1 to 7 and alongside lacidipine (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) given from days 1 to 14. Somatic withdrawal signs were noted 48 h after last dose of nicotine. Bay-K8644 (LTCC agonist) was administered in mice subjected to nicotine-withdrawal and lacidipine (3 mg/kg) treatments. Behavioral tests of memory, anxiety, and depression were conducted on days 13 and 14 to assess the effects of lacidipine on affective symptoms of nicotine-withdrawal. Biomarkers of oxido-nitrosative were quantified in the whole brain. Nicotine-withdrawal significantly enhanced somatic signs and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and memory impairment in mice. Lacidipine (1 and 3 mg/kg) attenuated nicotine-withdrawal induced somatic symptoms and also ameliorated behavioral abnormalities. Nicotine-withdrawal triggered an upsurge in brain lipid peroxidation, total nitrite content, and decline in antioxidants, and these effects were attenuated by lacidipine. Bay-K8644 significantly abolished improvement in somatic and affective symptoms, and antioxidant effects by lacidipine in mice subjected to nicotine-withdrawal. Lacidipine mitigated nicotine-withdrawal triggered somatic and affective symptoms owing to decrease in brain oxido-nitrosative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Khurana
- I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala (Punjab) 144603, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar) 140111, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar) 140111, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University (CBLU), Bhiwani, Haryana, 127021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ciccocioppo R, de Guglielmo G, Li HW, Melis M, Caffino L, Shen Q, Domi A, Fumagalli F, Demopulos GA, Gaitanaris GA. Selective Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase 7 Enzymes Reduces Motivation for Nicotine Use through Modulation of Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Transmission. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6128-6143. [PMID: 34083258 PMCID: PMC8276738 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3180-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5 million people die from diseases related to nicotine addiction and tobacco use each year. The nicotine-induced increase of corticomesolimbic dopaminergic (DAergic) transmission and hypodopaminergic conditions occurring during abstinence are important for maintaining drug-use habits. We examined the notion of reequilibrating DAergic transmission by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7), an intracellular enzyme highly expressed in the corticomesolimbic circuitry and responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the main second messenger modulated by DA receptor activation. Using selective PDE7 inhibitors, we demonstrated in male rats that systemic PDE7 enzyme inhibition reduced nicotine self-administration and prevented reinstatement to nicotine seeking evoked by cues or by the pharmacological stressor yohimbine. The effect was also observed by direct application of the PDE7 inhibitors into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell but not into the core. Inhibition of PDE7 resulted in increased DA- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein and cAMP response element-binding protein and their phosphorylated forms in the NAc. It also enhanced the DA D1 receptor agonism-mediated effects, indicating potentiation of protein kinase A-dependent transmission downstream of D1 receptor activation. In electrophysiological recordings from DA neurons in the lateral posterior ventral tegmental area, the PDE7 inhibitors attenuated the spontaneous activity of DA neurons. This effect was exerted through the potentiation of D1 receptor signaling and the subsequent facilitation of γ-aminobutyric acid transmission. The PDE7 inhibitors did not elicit conditioned place preference and did not induce intravenous self-administration, indicating lack of reinforcing properties. Thus, PDE7 inhibitors have the potential to treat nicotine abuse.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The World Health Organization estimates that there are 1.25 billion smokers worldwide, representing one-third of the global population over the age of 15. Nicotine-induced increase of corticomesolimbic DAergic transmission and hypodopaminergic conditions occurring during abstinence are critical for maintaining drug-use habits. Here, we demonstrate that nicotine consumption and relapse to nicotine seeking are attenuated by reequilibrating DAergic transmission through inhibition of PDE7, an intracellular enzyme responsible for the degradation of cAMP, the main second messenger modulated by DA receptor activation. PDE7 inhibition may represent a novel treatment approach to aid smoking cessation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Hong Wu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lucia Caffino
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Quienwei Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Ana Domi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Macpherson T, Hikida T. Role of basal ganglia neurocircuitry in the pathology of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:289-301. [PMID: 30734985 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, advances in human and animal-based techniques have greatly enhanced our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. Many of these studies have indicated connectivity between and alterations within basal ganglia structures to be particularly pertinent to the development of symptoms associated with several of these disorders. Here we summarize the connectivity, molecular composition, and function of sites within basal ganglia neurocircuits. Then we review the current literature from both human and animal studies concerning altered basal ganglia function in five common psychiatric disorders: obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance-related and addiction disorders, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia. Finally, we present a model based upon the findings of these studies that highlights the striatum as a particularly attractive target for restoring normal function to basal ganglia neurocircuits altered within psychiatric disorder patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macpherson
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Burns JA, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31620026 PMCID: PMC6759955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid abuse, it is paramount to understand the genetic risk factors and neuropsychological effects of opioid use disorder (OUD). Polymorphisms disrupting the opioid and dopamine systems have been associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Molecular imaging studies have revealed how these polymorphisms impact the brain and contribute to cognitive and behavioral differences across individuals. Here, we review the current molecular imaging literature to assess how genetic variations in the opioid and dopamine systems affect function in the brain's reward, cognition, and stress pathways, potentially resulting in vulnerabilities to OUD. Continued research of the functional consequences of genetic variants and corresponding alterations in neural mechanisms will inform prevention and treatment of OUD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ashok AH, Mizuno Y, Howes OD. Tobacco smoking and dopaminergic function in humans: a meta-analysis of molecular imaging studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1119-1129. [PMID: 30887059 PMCID: PMC6591186 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE About 1.1 billion people smoke tobacco globally and tobacco-related health care costs 1.8% of GDP in many countries. The majority of people are unable to quit smoking despite pharmacological intervention, highlighting the need to understand the pathophysiology associated with tobacco smoking to aid the development of new therapeutics. The reinforcing effects of tobacco smoking are thought to be mediated by the dopamine system. However, the nature of dopamine dysfunction seen in smokers is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the nature and robustness of the evidence for dopaminergic alterations in smokers. METHODS The entire MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies from inception date to November 18, 2018. In vivo human molecular imaging studies of dopamine measures (dopamine synthesis or release capacity, transporter levels, receptor levels) in tobacco smokers were selected. Demographic, clinical, and imaging measures were extracted from each study and meta-analyses, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria comprising a total sample of 219 tobacco smokers and 297 controls. The meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in dopamine transporter availability in the smokers relative to controls with an effect size of - 0.72 ([95% CI, - 1.38 to - 0.05], p = 0.03). However, there was no difference in D2/3 receptor availability in smokers relative to controls (d = -0.16 ([95% CI, - 0.42 to 0.1], p = 0.23). There were insufficient studies for meta-analysis of other measures. However, findings from the published studies indicated blunted dopamine release and lower D1 receptor availability, while findings for dopamine synthesis capacity were inconsistent. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that striatal dopamine transporter availability is lower but D2/3 receptors are unaltered in smokers relative to controls. We discuss the putative mechanisms underlying this and their implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishekh H. Ashok
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences Centre (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK ,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Du Cane Road, London, UK ,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AB UK
| | - Yuya Mizuno
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AB UK ,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oliver D. Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences Centre (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK ,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Du Cane Road, London, UK ,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AB UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thiruchselvam T, Malik S, Le Foll B. A review of positron emission tomography studies exploring the dopaminergic system in substance use with a focus on tobacco as a co-variate. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 43:197-214. [PMID: 27901585 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1257633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the evolving sensitivity of positron emission tomography (PET) and the emergence of novel radiotracers, greater insight has been gained into the dopaminergic system as it relates to substance use. In this review, we summarize PET investigations from the last ten years that explore the dopaminergic system in tobacco, alcohol, stimulant, opiates, and cannabis addiction. In light of the prevalence of substance co-use, this review will also explore the effect of tobacco and other substance abuse co-morbidity on the dopaminergic system across study samples in the reviewed literature. In non-dependence, increased DA transmission following acute stimulant administration is a robust and consistent observation but is less detectable following acute alcohol and tobacco, where it likely represents a conditioned effect mediating reward expectation. Chronic drug exposure is generally associated with a hypo-functioning pre-synaptic dopamine system and lower D2/D3 receptor availability relative to healthy controls. Emerging evidence also shows that stimulant use disorders in particular may also be associated with greater D3 receptor availability relative to controls. A defined role for the dopaminergic system in cannabis and opiate use is yet to be elucidated. Future work is also needed to delineate the potential interactive effects of acute and chronic tobacco and substance co-use on the dopaminergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thulasi Thiruchselvam
- b Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Saima Malik
- b Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- a Addiction Medicine Service, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada.,b Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Department of Family and Community Medicine , Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,d Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Falcone M, Cao W, Bernardo L, Tyndale RF, Loughead J, Lerman C. Brain Responses to Smoking Cues Differ Based on Nicotine Metabolism Rate. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:190-7. [PMID: 26805583 PMCID: PMC5625335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited differences in the rate of metabolism of nicotine, the addictive chemical in tobacco, affect smoking behavior and quitting success. The nicotine metabolite ratio (3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is a reliable measure of nicotine clearance and a well-validated predictive biomarker of response to pharmacotherapy. To clarify the mechanisms underlying these associations, we investigated the neural responses to smoking cues in normal and slow nicotine metabolizers. METHODS Treatment-seeking smokers (N = 69; 30 slow metabolizers and 39 normal metabolizers) completed a visual cue reactivity task during functional magnetic resonance imaging on two separate occasions: once during smoking satiety and once after 24 hours of smoking abstinence. RESULTS In whole-brain analysis, normal (compared with slow) metabolizers exhibited heightened abstinence-induced neural responses to smoking cues in the left caudate, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left frontal pole. These effects were more pronounced when extreme groups of slow and normal metabolizers were examined. Greater activation in the left caudate and left frontal pole was associated with abstinence-induced subjective cravings to smoke. CONCLUSIONS Inherited differences in rate of nicotine elimination may drive neural responses to smoking cues during early abstinence, providing a plausible mechanism to explain differences in smoking behaviors and response to cessation treatment. Normal metabolizers may benefit from adjunctive behavioral smoking cessation treatments, such as cue exposure therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Falcone
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wen Cao
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Leah Bernardo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Departments of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - James Loughead
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cosgrove KP. A Need for Longitudinal Studies in the Addiction Field. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:174-5. [PMID: 27402471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly P Cosgrove
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rademacher L, Prinz S, Winz O, Henkel K, Dietrich CA, Schmaljohann J, Mohammadkhani Shali S, Schabram I, Stoppe C, Cumming P, Hilgers RD, Kumakura Y, Coburn M, Mottaghy FM, Gründer G, Vernaleken I. Effects of Smoking Cessation on Presynaptic Dopamine Function of Addicted Male Smokers. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:198-206. [PMID: 26803340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of abnormal cerebral dopamine transmission in nicotine-dependent smokers, but it is unclear whether dopaminergic abnormalities are due to acute nicotine abuse or whether they persist with abstinence. We addressed this question by conducting longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) examination of smokers before and after 3 months of abstinence. METHODS We obtained baseline 6-[(18)F]fluoro-L-DOPA (FDOPA)-PET scans in 15 nonsmokers and 30 nicotine-dependent smokers, who either smoked as per their usual habit or were in acute withdrawal. All smokers then underwent cessation treatment, and successful abstainers were re-examined by FDOPA-PET after 3 months of abstinence (n = 15). Uptake of FDOPA was analyzed using a steady-state model yielding estimates of the dopamine synthesis capacity (K); the turnover of tracer dopamine formed in living brain (kloss); and the tracer distribution volume (Vd), which is an index of dopamine storage capacity. RESULTS Compared with nonsmokers, K was 15% to 20% lower in the caudate nuclei of consuming smokers. Intraindividual comparisons of consumption and long-term abstinence revealed significant increases in K in the right dorsal and left ventral caudate nuclei. Relative to acute withdrawal, Vd significantly decreased in the right ventral and dorsal caudate after prolonged abstinence. Severity of nicotine dependence significantly correlated with dopamine synthesis capacity and dopamine turnover in the bilateral ventral putamen of consuming smokers. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a lower dopamine synthesis capacity in nicotine-dependent smokers that appears to normalize with abstinence. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of dopamine in nicotine addiction to help develop smoking prevention and cessation treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Rademacher
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Social Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Susanne Prinz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Rheinau, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Winz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen
| | - Karsten Henkel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen
| | - Claudia A Dietrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen
| | | | | | - Ina Schabram
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Anesthesiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Yoshitaka Kumakura
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Coburn
- Department of Anesthesiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Jülich/Aachen Research Alliance, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Gründer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Jülich/Aachen Research Alliance, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Vernaleken
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Jülich/Aachen Research Alliance, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brain dopaminergic system changes in drug addiction: a review of positron emission tomography findings. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:765-76. [PMID: 25260796 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is considered crucial for the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, but its role in addiction remains unclear. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the first technology used for in vivo measurement of components of the dopaminergic system in the human brain. In this article, we review the major findings from PET imaging studies on the involvement of DA in drug addiction, including presynaptic DA synthesis, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, the DA transporter, and postsynaptic DA receptors. These results have corroborated the role of DA in addiction and increased the understanding of its underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jasinska AJ, Zorick T, Brody AL, Stein EA. Dual role of nicotine in addiction and cognition: a review of neuroimaging studies in humans. Neuropharmacology 2014; 84:111-22. [PMID: 23474015 PMCID: PMC3710300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence demonstrates both nicotine's addiction liability and its cognition-enhancing effects. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine's impact on brain function and behavior remain incompletely understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms is of high clinical importance and may lead to improved therapeutics for smoking cessation as well as for a number of cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia. Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which make it possible to study the actions of nicotine in the human brain in vivo, play an increasingly important role in identifying these dual mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and discuss outstanding questions and future directions in human neuroimaging research on nicotine and tobacco. This research spans from receptor-level PET and SPECT studies demonstrating nicotine occupancy at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and upregulation of nAChRs induced by chronic smoking; through nicotine's interactions with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system believed to mediate nicotine's reinforcing effects leading to dependence; to functional activity and connectivity fMRI studies documenting nicotine's complex behavioral and cognitive effects manifest by its actions on large-scale brain networks engaged both during task performance and at rest. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J Jasinska
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Todd Zorick
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States
| | - Arthur L Brody
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States.
| | - Elliot A Stein
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Takahashi H. Molecular neuroimaging of emotional decision-making. Neurosci Res 2013; 75:269-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
17
|
Leroy C, Karila L, Martinot JL, Lukasiewicz M, Duchesnay E, Comtat C, Dollé F, Benyamina A, Artiges E, Ribeiro MJ, Reynaud M, Trichard C. Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine transporter in cannabis and tobacco addiction: a high-resolution PET study. Addict Biol 2012; 17:981-90. [PMID: 21812871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) system is known to be involved in the reward and dependence mechanisms of addiction. However, modifications in dopaminergic neurotransmission associated with long-term tobacco and cannabis use have been poorly documented in vivo. In order to assess striatal and extrastriatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in tobacco and cannabis addiction, three groups of male age-matched subjects were compared: 11 healthy non-smoker subjects, 14 tobacco-dependent smokers (17.6 ± 5.3 cigarettes/day for 12.1 ± 8.5 years) and 13 cannabis and tobacco smokers (CTS) (4.8 ± 5.3 cannabis joints/day for 8.7 ± 3.9 years). DAT availability was examined in positron emission tomography (HRRT) with a high resolution research tomograph after injection of [11C]PE2I, a selective DAT radioligand. Region of interest and voxel-by-voxel approaches using a simplified reference tissue model were performed for the between-group comparison of DAT availability. Measurements in the dorsal striatum from both analyses were concordant and showed a mean 20% lower DAT availability in drug users compared with controls. Whole-brain analysis also revealed lower DAT availability in the ventral striatum, the midbrain, the middle cingulate and the thalamus (ranging from -15 to -30%). The DAT availability was slightly lower in all regions in CTS than in subjects who smoke tobacco only, but the difference does not reach a significant level. These results support the existence of a decrease in DAT availability associated with tobacco and cannabis addictions involving all dopaminergic brain circuits. These findings are consistent with the idea of a global decrease in cerebral DA activity in dependent subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leroy
- INSERM U1000 Research Unit 'Neuroimaging & Psychiatry', IFR49, Orsay, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takahashi H, Yamada M, Suhara T. Functional significance of central D1 receptors in cognition: beyond working memory. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1248-58. [PMID: 22234338 PMCID: PMC3390810 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex function, including working memory, is well acknowledged. However, relatively little is known about their role in other cognitive or emotional functions. We measured both D1 and D2 receptors in the brain using positron emission tomography in healthy subjects, with the aim of elucidating how regional D1 and D2 receptors are differentially involved in cognitive and emotional functions beyond working memory. We found an inverted U-shaped relation between prefrontal D1 receptor availability and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance, indicating that too little or too much D1 receptor stimulation impairs working memory or set shifting. In addition, variability of D1 receptor availability in the amygdala and striatum was related to individual differences in emotional responses and decision-making processes, respectively. These observations suggest that the variability of available D1 receptors might be associated with individual differences in brain functions that require phasic dopamine release. An interdisciplinary approach combining molecular imaging of dopamine neurotransmission with cognitive neuroscience and clinical psychiatry will provide new perspectives for understanding the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, addiction and Parkinson's disease, as well as novel therapeutics for cognitive impairments observed in them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Domino EF, Ni L, Domino JS, Yang W, Evans C, Guthrie S, Wang H, Koeppe RA, Zubieta JK. Denicotinized versus average nicotine tobacco cigarette smoking differentially releases striatal dopamine. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:11-21. [PMID: 22491891 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine has long been recognized as a necessary but insufficient component of tobacco cigarettes to maintain a psychophysiological need to smoke. This study examined venous plasma concentrations effects of nicotine in cigarette smoking after overnight abstinence to release striatal dopamine (DA). METHODS Twenty-two male smokers smoked either denicotinized (denic) or average nicotine (nic) cigarettes under single blind conditions. Each was given [(11)C]raclopride and scanned in a positron emission tomography (PET) facility. RESULTS Smoking either denic or nic cigarettes released striatal DA. Denic cigarette smoking released DA primarily in the right striatum, whereas nic cigarette smoking released DA in both striata, but especially in the left. Increases in venous plasma nicotine concentrations correlated positively with increased DA release in the left caudate nucleus. Smoking denic cigarettes reduced craving as much as smoking nic cigarettes. Craving reduction after nic tobacco smoking correlated with increases in plasma nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Nonnicotine factors in tobacco smoking produce important right brain effects. Nicotine is a pharmacological factor during tobacco smoking that releases bilateral striatal DA, but more in the left brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Domino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hou H, Tian M, Zhang H. Positron emission tomography molecular imaging of dopaminergic system in drug addiction. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:722-33. [PMID: 22467195 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is involved in drug reinforcement, but its role in drug addiction remains unclear. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the first technology used for the direct measurement of components of the dopaminergic system in the living human brain. In this article, we reviewed the major findings of PET imaging studies on the involvement of DA in drug addiction, especially in heroin addiction. Furthermore, we summarized PET radiotracers that have been used to study the role of DA in drug addiction. To investigate presynaptic function in drug addiction, PET tracers have been developed to measure DA synthesis and transport. For the investigation of postsynaptic function, several radioligands targeting dopamine one (D1) receptor and dopamine two (D2) receptor are extensively used in PET imaging studies. Moreover, we also summarized the PET imaging findings of heroin addiction studies, including heroin-induced DA increases and the reinforcement, role of DA in the long-term effects of heroin abuse, DA and vulnerability to heroin abuse and the treatment implications. PET imaging studies have corroborated the role of DA in drug addiction and increase our understanding the mechanism of drug addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Hou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Food and drug cues activate similar brain regions: a meta-analysis of functional MRI studies. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:317-24. [PMID: 22450260 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In healthy individuals, food cues can trigger hunger and feeding behavior. Likewise, smoking cues can trigger craving and relapse in smokers. Brain imaging studies report that structures involved in appetitive behaviors and reward, notably the insula, striatum, amygdala and orbital frontal cortex, tend to be activated by both visual food and smoking cues. Here, by carrying out a meta-analysis of human neuro-imaging studies, we investigate the neural network activated by: 1) food versus neutral cues (14 studies, 142 foci) 2) smoking versus neutral cues (15 studies, 176 foci) 3) smoking versus neutral cues when correlated with craving scores (7 studies, 108 foci). PubMed was used to identify cue-reactivity imaging studies that compared brain response to visual food or smoking cues to neutral cues. Fourteen articles were identified for the food meta-analysis and fifteen articles were identified for the smoking meta-analysis. Six articles were identified for the smoking cue correlated with craving analysis. Meta-analyses were carried out using activation likelihood estimation. Food cues were associated with increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response in the left amygdala, bilateral insula, bilateral orbital frontal cortex, and striatum. Smoking cues were associated with increased BOLD signal in the same areas, with the exception of the insula. However, the smoking meta-analysis of brain maps correlating cue-reactivity with subjective craving did identify the insula, suggesting that insula activation is only found when craving levels are high. The brain areas identified here are involved in learning, memory and motivation, and their cue-induced activity is an index of the incentive salience of the cues. Using meta-analytic techniques to combine a series of studies, we found that food and smoking cues activate comparable brain networks. There is significant overlap in brain regions responding to conditioned cues associated with natural and drug rewards.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yalachkov Y, Kaiser J, Naumer MJ. Functional neuroimaging studies in addiction: multisensory drug stimuli and neural cue reactivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:825-35. [PMID: 22198678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies on cue reactivity have substantially contributed to the understanding of addiction. In the majority of studies drug cues were presented in the visual modality. However, exposure to conditioned cues in real life occurs often simultaneously in more than one sensory modality. Therefore, multisensory cues should elicit cue reactivity more consistently than unisensory stimuli and increase the ecological validity and the reliability of brain activation measurements. This review includes the data from 44 whole-brain functional neuroimaging studies with a total of 1168 subjects (812 patients and 356 controls). Correlations between neural cue reactivity and clinical covariates such as craving have been reported significantly more often for multisensory than unisensory cues in the motor cortex, insula and posterior cingulate cortex. Thus, multisensory drug cues are particularly effective in revealing brain-behavior relationships in neurocircuits of addiction responsible for motivation, craving awareness and self-related processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yavor Yalachkov
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe-University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 10, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kühn S, Gallinat J. Common biology of craving across legal and illegal drugs - a quantitative meta-analysis of cue-reactivity brain response. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:1318-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Ghitza UE, Preston KL, Epstein DH, Kuwabara H, Endres CJ, Bencherif B, Boyd SJ, Copersino ML, Frost JJ, Gorelick DA. Brain mu-opioid receptor binding predicts treatment outcome in cocaine-abusing outpatients. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:697-703. [PMID: 20579973 PMCID: PMC2949457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine users not seeking treatment have increased regional brain mu-opioid receptor (mOR) binding that correlates with cocaine craving and tendency to relapse. In cocaine-abusing outpatients in treatment, the relationship of mOR binding and treatment outcome is unknown. METHODS We determined whether regional brain mOR binding before treatment correlates with outcome and compared it with standard clinical predictors of outcome. Twenty-five individuals seeking outpatient treatment for cocaine abuse or dependence (DSM-IV) received up to 12 weeks of cognitive-behavioral therapy and cocaine abstinence reinforcement, whereby each cocaine-free urine was reinforced with vouchers redeemable for goods. Regional brain mOR binding was measured before treatment using positron emission tomography with [¹¹C]]-carfentanil (a selective mOR agonist). Main outcome measures were: 1) overall percentage of urines positive for cocaine during first month of treatment; and 2) longest duration (weeks) of abstinence from cocaine during treatment, all verified by urine toxicology. RESULTS Elevated mOR binding in the medial frontal and middle frontal gyri before treatment correlated with greater cocaine use during treatment. Elevated mOR binding in the anterior cingulate, medial frontal, middle frontal, middle temporal, and sublobar insular gyri correlated with shorter duration of cocaine abstinence during treatment. Regional mOR binding contributed significant predictive power for treatment outcome beyond that of standard clinical variables such as baseline drug and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Elevated mOR binding in brain regions associated with reward sensitivity is a significant independent predictor of treatment outcome in cocaine-abusing outpatients, suggesting a key role for the brain endogenous opioid system in cocaine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udi E. Ghitza
- Intramural Research Program, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kenzie L. Preston
- Intramural Research Program, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Baltimore, MD
| | - David H. Epstein
- Intramural Research Program, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hiroto Kuwabara
- Departments of Radiology and Radiological Sciences and of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher J. Endres
- Departments of Radiology and Radiological Sciences and of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Badreddine Bencherif
- Departments of Radiology and Radiological Sciences and of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan J. Boyd
- Intramural Research Program, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marc L. Copersino
- Intramural Research Program, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Baltimore, MD
| | - J. James Frost
- Departments of Radiology and Radiological Sciences and of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - David A. Gorelick
- Intramural Research Program, Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Caputo F, Francini S, Stoppo M, Lorenzini F, Vignoli T, Del Re A, Comaschi C, Leggio L, Addolorato G, Zoli G, Bernardi M. Incidence of craving for and abuse of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in different populations of treated alcoholics: an open comparative study. J Psychopharmacol 2009; 23:883-90. [PMID: 18635689 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug currently used for the treatment of alcohol dependence. The aim of our study was to investigate the incidence of craving for and abuse of GHB in 47 patients enrolled and divided into four groups: group A (pure alcoholics), group B (alcoholics with a sustained full remission from cocaine dependence), group C (alcoholics with a sustained full remission from heroin dependence) and group D (alcoholics in a methadone maintenance treatment [MMT] programme). All patients were treated with an oral dose of GHB (50 mg/kg of body weight t.i.d.) for three months. Craving for GHB was statistically significant higher in group B than in group A (P < 0.001), C (P = 0.01) and D (P < 0.001), and in group C than in group D (P < 0.05). Abuse of GHB proved to be statistically significant higher in group B than in group A (P < 0.001) and D (P < 0.01), and in group C than in group A (P = 0.01) and D (P < 0.05). Thus, the administration of GHB in alcoholics with a sustained full remission from heroin or cocaine dependence is not recommended; however, this should not discourage physicians from using GHB for the treatment of pure alcoholics or alcohol dependents following a MMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Caputo
- G. Fontana Centre for the Study and Multidisciplinary Treatment of Alcohol Addiction, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardioangiology and Hepatology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:295-342. [PMID: 19665479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an extremely addictive and harmful form of nicotine (NIC) consumption, but unfortunately also the most prevalent. Although disproportionately high frequencies of smoking and its health consequences among psychiatric patients are widely known, the neurobiological background of this epidemiological association is still obscure. The diverse neuroactive effects of NIC and some other major tobacco smoke constituents in the central nervous system may underlie this association. This present paper summarizes the pharmacology of NIC and its receptors (nAChR) based on a systematic review of the literature. The role of the brain's reward system(s) in NIC addiction and the results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies on smoking-related states and behaviors (i.e. dependence, craving, withdrawal) are also discussed. In addition, the epidemiological, neurobiological, and genetic aspects of smoking in several specific neuropsychiatric disorders are reviewed and the clinical relevance of smoking in these disease states addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dome
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kutvolgyi ut 4, 1125 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Enhanced dopamine release by nicotine in cigarette smokers: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:413-7. [PMID: 17949514 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145707008103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of smoking on dopamine release in humans were investigated only in smokers. Using nicotine gum, we examined the effect of nicotine on dopamine release in smokers and non-smokers and its relation to the degree of nicotine dependence. Smokers and non-smokers participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study. They participated in two PET measurements with [11C]raclopride, in which they received either nicotine or placebo. Changes in [11C]raclopride non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) following nicotine administration were quantified. Smokers showed significant decrease in BP in the striatum following nicotine administration, but non-smokers did not show such a decrease. The BPND difference between the two scanning sessions was correlated with the degree of nicotine dependence. The BPND difference might reflect enhanced dopamine release in smokers and the reinforced effect of nicotine. These data suggest the feasibility of our gum method as well as the importance of the degree of dependence in future studies of the nicotine effect on the dopamine system.
Collapse
|