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Dutra-Tavares AC, Souza TP, Silva JO, Semeão KA, Mello FF, Filgueiras CC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Manhães AC, Abreu-Villaça Y. Neonatal phencyclidine as a model of sex-biased schizophrenia symptomatology in adolescent mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2111-2129. [PMID: 37530885 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex-biased differences in schizophrenia are evident in several features of the disease, including symptomatology and response to pharmacological treatments. As a neurodevelopmental disorder, these differences might originate early in life and emerge later during adolescence. Considering that the disruption of the glutamatergic system during development is known to contribute to schizophrenia, we hypothesized that the neonatal phencyclidine model could induce sex-dependent behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with this disorder during adolescence. C57BL/6 mice received either saline or phencyclidine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) on postnatal days (PN) 7, 9, and 11. Behavioral assessment occurred in late adolescence (PN48-50), when mice were submitted to the open field, social interaction, and prepulse inhibition tests. Either olanzapine or saline was administered before each test. The NMDAR obligatory GluN1 subunit and the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) were evaluated in the frontal cortex and hippocampus at early (PN30) and late (PN50) adolescence. Neonatal phencyclidine evoked dose-dependent deficits in all analyzed behaviors and males were more susceptible. Males also had reduced GluN1 expression in the frontal cortex at PN30. There were late-emergent effects at PN50. Cortical GluN1 was increased in both sexes, while phencyclidine increased cortical and decreased hippocampal PSD-95 in females. Olanzapine failed to mitigate most phencyclidine-evoked alterations. In some instances, this antipsychotic aggravated the deficits or potentiated subthreshold effects. These results lend support to the use of neonatal phencyclidine as a sex-biased neurodevelopmental preclinical model of schizophrenia. Olanzapine null effects and deleterious outcomes suggest that its use during adolescence should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Dutra-Tavares
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Thainá P Souza
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Juliana O Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Keila A Semeão
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Felipe F Mello
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ, São Gonçalo, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil.
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Vizeli P, Cuccurazzu B, Drummond SPA, Acheson DT, Risbrough VB. Effects of total sleep deprivation on sensorimotor gating in humans. Behav Brain Res 2023; 449:114487. [PMID: 37169130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating is a measure of pre-attentional information processing and can be measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. Sleep deprivation has been shown to disrupt PPI in animals and humans, and has been proposed as an early phase 2 model to probe antipsychotic efficacy in heathy humans. To further investigate the reliability and efficacy of sleep deprivation to produce PPI deficits we tested the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on PPI in healthy controls in a highly controlled sleep laboratory environment. Participants spent 4 days and nights in a controlled laboratory environment with their sleep monitored with polysomnography. Participants were randomly assigned to either normal sleep on all 4 nights (N=17) or 36hours of TSD on the 3rd or 4th night (N=40). Participants were assessed for sleepiness using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and underwent a daily PPI task (interstimlulus intervals 30-2000 ms) in the evening. Both within-subject effects (TSD vs. normal sleep in TSD group alone) and between-subject effects (TSD vs. no TSD group) of TSD on PPI were assessed. TSD increased subjective sleepiness measured with the KSS, but did not significantly alter overall startle, habituation or PPI. Sleep measures including duration, rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep duration were also not associated with PPI performance. The current results show that human sensorimotor gating may not be reliably sensitive to sleep deprivation. Further research is required for TSD to be considered a dependable model of PPI disruption for drug discovery in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vizeli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Bruna Cuccurazzu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dean T Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA, USA
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Lu C, Zhu X, Feng Y, Ao W, Li J, Gao Z, Luo H, Chen M, Cai F, Zhan S, Li H, Sun W, Hu J. Atypical antipsychotics antagonize GABA A receptors in the ventral tegmental area GABA neurons to relieve psychotic behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2107-2121. [PMID: 36754983 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Psychosis is an abnormal mental condition that can cause patients to lose contact with reality. It is a common symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, sleep deprivation, and other mental disorders. Clinically, antipsychotic medications, such as olanzapine and clozapine, are very effective in treatment for psychosis. To investigate the neural circuit mechanism that is affected by antipsychotics and identify more selective therapeutic targets, we employed a strategy by using these effective antipsychotics to identify antipsychotic neural substrates. We observed that local injection of antipsychotics into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) could reverse the sensorimotor gating defects induced by MK-801 injection in mice. Using in vivo fiber photometry, electrophysiological techniques, and chemogenetics, we found that antipsychotics could activate VTA gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons by blocking GABAA receptors. Moreover, we found that the VTAGABA nucleus accumbens (NAc) projection was crucially involved in such antipsychotic effects. In summary, our study identifies a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of psychosis and underscores the utility of a 'bedside-to-bench' approach for identifying neural circuits that influence psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yifan Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhen Ao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 310024, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huoqing Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulu Zhan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhi Sun
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, 102206, Beijing, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China.
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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Petty A, Howes O, Eyles D. Animal Models of Relevance to the Schizophrenia Prodrome. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:22-32. [PMID: 36712558 PMCID: PMC9874082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia often undergo a prodromal phase prior to diagnosis. Given the absence of significant therapeutic improvements, attention has recently shifted to the possibility of intervention during this early stage to delay or diminish symptom severity or even prevent onset. Unfortunately, the 20 or so trials of intervention to date have not been successful in either preventing onset or improving long-term outcomes in subjects who are at risk of developing schizophrenia. One reason may be that the biological pathways an effective intervention must target are not static. The prodromal phase typically occurs during late adolescence, a period during which a number of brain circuits and structures are still maturing. We propose that developing a deeper understanding of which circuits/processes and brain structures are still maturing at this time and which processes drive the transition to schizophrenia will take us a step closer to developing better prophylactic interventions. Fortunately, such knowledge is now emerging from clinical studies, complemented by work in animal models. Our task here is to describe what would constitute an appropriate animal model to study and to potentially intervene in such processes. Such a model would allow invasive analysis of the cellular and molecular substrates of the progressive neurobiology that defines the schizophrenia prodrome and hopefully offer valuable insights into potential prophylactic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Petty
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Gribkoff VK, Kaczmarek LK. The Difficult Path to the Discovery of Novel Treatments in Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:255-285. [PMID: 36928854 PMCID: PMC10599454 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
CNS diseases, including psychiatric disorders, represent a significant opportunity for the discovery and development of new drugs and therapeutic treatments with the potential to have a significant impact on human health. CNS diseases, however, present particular challenges to therapeutic discovery efforts, and psychiatric diseases/disorders may be among the most difficult. With specific exceptions such as psychostimulants for ADHD, a large number of psychiatric patients are resistant to existing treatments. In addition, clinicians have no way of knowing which psychiatric patients will respond to which drugs. By definition, psychiatric diagnoses are syndromal in nature; determinations of efficacy are often self-reported, and drug discovery is largely model-based. While such models of psychiatric disease are amenable to screening for new drugs, whether cellular or whole-animal based, they have only modest face validity and, more importantly, predictive validity. Multiple academic, pharmaceutical industry, and government agencies are dedicated to the translation of new findings about the neurobiology of major psychiatric disorders into the discovery and advancement of novel therapies. The collaboration of these agencies provide a pathway for developing new therapeutics. These efforts will be greatly helped by recent advances in understanding the genetic bases of psychiatric disorders, the ongoing search for diagnostic and therapy-responsive biomarkers, and the validation of new animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin K Gribkoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Omori NE, Malys MK, Woo G, Mansor L. Exploring the role of ketone bodies in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1142682. [PMID: 37139329 PMCID: PMC10149735 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1142682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, advances in the field of metabolomics have shed greater light on the role of metabolic disturbances in neuropsychiatric conditions. The following review explores the role of ketone bodies and ketosis in both the diagnosis and treatment of three major psychiatric disorders: major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Distinction is made between the potential therapeutic effects of the ketogenic diet and exogenous ketone preparations, as exogenous ketones in particular offer a standardized, reproducible manner for inducing ketosis. Compelling associations between symptoms of mental distress and dysregulation in central nervous system ketone metabolism have been demonstrated in preclinical studies with putative neuroprotective effects of ketone bodies being elucidated, including effects on inflammasomes and the promotion of neurogenesis in the central nervous system. Despite emerging pre-clinical data, clinical research on ketone body effectiveness as a treatment option for psychiatric disorders remains lacking. This gap in understanding warrants further investigating, especially considering that safe and acceptable ways of inducing ketosis are readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Elyse Omori
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Naomi Elyse Omori,
| | - Mantas Kazimieras Malys
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Woo
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Latt Mansor
- Health Via Modern Nutrition Inc. (H.V.M.N.), San Francisco, CA, United States
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Klomp AJ, Plumb A, Mehr JB, Madencioglu DA, Wen H, Williams AJ. Neuronal deletion of Ca V1.2 is associated with sex-specific behavioral phenotypes in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22152. [PMID: 36550186 PMCID: PMC9780340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene CACNA1C, which encodes the pore forming subunit of the L-type calcium channel CaV1.2, is associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, major depression, and bipolar disorder. Previous rodent work identified that loss or reduction of CaV1.2 results in cognitive, affective, and motor deficits. Most previous work has either included non-neuronal cell populations (haploinsufficient and Nestin-Cre) or investigated a discrete neuronal cell population (e.g. CaMKII-Cre, Drd1-Cre), but few studies have examined the effects of more broad neuron-specific deletion of CaV1.2. Additionally, most of these studies did not evaluate for sex-specific effects or used only male animals. Here, we sought to clarify whether there are sex-specific behavioral consequences of neuron-specific deletion of CaV1.2 (neuronal CaV1.2 cKO) using Syn1-Cre-mediated conditional deletion. We found that neuronal CaV1.2 cKO mice have normal baseline locomotor function but female cKO mice display impaired motor performance learning. Male neuronal CaV1.2 cKO display impaired startle response with intact pre-pulse inhibition. Male neuronal CaV1.2 cKO mice did not display normal social preference, whereas female neuronal CaV1.2 cKO mice did. Neuronal CaV1.2 cKO mice displayed impaired associative learning in both sexes, as well as normal anxiety-like behavior and hedonic capacity. We conclude that deletion of neuronal CaV1.2 alters motor performance, acoustic startle reflex, and social behaviors in a sex-specific manner, while associative learning deficits generalize across sexes. Our data provide evidence for both sex-specific and sex-independent phenotypes related to neuronal expression of CaV1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette J Klomp
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashley Plumb
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacqueline B Mehr
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Deniz A Madencioglu
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hsiang Wen
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aislinn J Williams
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Interactions between the cortical midline structures and sensorimotor network track maladaptive self-beliefs in clinical high risk for psychosis. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:74. [PMID: 36114173 PMCID: PMC9481626 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) report a maladaptive self-concept—with more negative and less positive self-beliefs—linked to clinical symptoms and functional impairment. Alterations have also been reported in brain networks associated with intrinsic (cortical midline structures, CMS) and extrinsic (sensorimotor network, SMN) self-processing. Theoretical accounts of multiple levels of self-experience in schizophrenia suggest that interactions between these networks would be relevant for self-beliefs. This study tested whether self-beliefs related to resting-state functional connectivity within and between the CMS and SMN. Participants were 56 individuals meeting CHR criteria and 59 matched healthy community participants (HC). Pearson correlations examined potential mediators and outcomes. The CHR group reported more negative and less positive self-beliefs. Greater resting-state functional connectivity between the posterior CMS (posterior cingulate cortex) and the SMN was associated with less positive self-beliefs in CHR, but more positive self-beliefs in HC. Attenuated negative symptoms and poorer social functioning were associated with CMS-SMN connectivity (trend level after FDR-correction) and self-beliefs. Reduced connectivity between the left and right PCC was associated with lower positive self-beliefs in CHR, although this effect was specific to very low levels of positive self-beliefs. Left-right PCC connectivity did not correlate with outcomes. Dynamic interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic self-processing supported positive self-beliefs in typically developing youth while undermining positive self-beliefs in CHR youth. Implications are discussed for basic self-fragmentation, narrative self-related metacognition, and global belief updating. Interventions for self-processing may be beneficial in the CHR syndrome.
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Oliveras I, Soria-Ruiz OJ, Sampedro-Viana D, Cañete T, Río-Álamos C, Tobeña A, Fernández-Teruel A. Different maturation patterns for sensorimotor gating and startle habituation deficits in male and female RHA vs RLA rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114021. [PMID: 35872331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental anomalies are thought to play a crucial role in the emergence of schizophrenia. The Roman high-avoidance (RHA) rats exhibit impaired prepulse inhibition (PPI), as well as other behavioral and cognitive singularities related to schizophrenia syndromes compared to the Roman low-avoidance (RLA) rats. In the present study, we aimed at elucidating whether PPI deficits in the RHA rats take place during prepubescence, adolescence, or adulthood. Thus, we evaluated the levels of PPI of both strains and both sexes during these three developmental phases. Additionally, we also investigated the onset of startle habituation deficits in the same groups. The results showed that male RHA rats exhibit a clear-cut PPI reduction compared to their RLA counterparts in adulthood. In female RHA rats, we observed lower levels of PPI since adolescence and through adulthood. We also found no differences between PPI percentages among the three ages in RHA male rats. Contrarily, in male RLA rats, PPI levels were increased in adults compared to their adolescent and prepubescent counterparts. Finally, a deficit in startle habituation was observed in adulthood of both male and female RHA rats, although in the latter case the disturbance in startle habituation was more profound. These results further the description of the maturational trajectory of cognitive markers relevant to schizophrenia prodrome and they add face validity to the RHA rats as a model of schizophrenia-relevant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Oliveras
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine & Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain.
| | - Oscar J Soria-Ruiz
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine & Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Sampedro-Viana
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine & Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Toni Cañete
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine & Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | | | - Adolf Tobeña
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine & Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Teruel
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine & Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain.
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10
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Li W, Mao Z, Bo Q, Sun Y, Wang Z, Wang C. Pre-pulse inhibition deficits in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:794-806. [PMID: 32705810 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neurophysiological markers of schizophrenia may help identify individuals who are at an increased risk of developing psychosis. As an operational measure of sensorimotor gating, pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) deficit has been investigated in clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that investigated PPI in CHR individuals. METHODS Relevant studies published as of July 2019 were retrieved from the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, PscyINFO, EBSCO and Chinese databases. PPI was evaluated by calculating the standard mean differences (SMDs) between CHR individuals and healthy controls (HC) in meta-analysis. Quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. I2 index was used to assess heterogeneity and Egger's test was used to assess publication bias. RESULTS Eight studies were found to be eligible. The meta-analysis included five studies with a combined study population of 184 CHR subjects and 161 HC. CHR individuals showed lower PPI levels compared to HC in 120 ms inter-stimulus interval or stimulus onset asynchrony paradigm (P = .491, SMD = -0.62). No significant heterogeneity was observed in 120 ms PPI paradigm (χ2 = 3.41, P = .491, I2 = 0.0%). CONCLUSION CHR individuals had lower PPI level compared to HC in 120 ms paradigm, which were relatively stable and significant. The results indicate the presence of information processing and inhibitory problems prior to the development of full-blown psychosis. PPI may be clinically used as an objective indicator to supplement the understanding of CHR individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Sommer JL, Low AM, Jepsen JRM, Fagerlund B, Vangkilde S, Habekost T, Glenthøj B, Oranje B. Effects of methylphenidate on sensory and sensorimotor gating of initially psychostimulant-naïve adult ADHD patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 46:83-92. [PMID: 33663902 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deficient information processing in ADHD theoretically results in sensory overload, which in turn may underlie its symptoms. If this sensory overload is caused by deficient filtering of environmental stimuli, then one would expect finding deficits in P50 gating and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI). Previous reports on these measures in ADHD have shown inconsistent findings, which may have been caused by either medication use or comorbidity (e.g. ASD). The primary aim of this study was therefore to explore P50 suppression and PPI in adult, psychostimulant-naïve patients with ADHD without major comorbidity, and to examine the effects of 6 weeks treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) on these measures. A total of 42 initially psychostimulant-naive, adult ADHD patients without major comorbidity and 42 matched healthy controls, were assessed for their P50 gating, PPI, and habituation/sensitization abilities at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment with methylphenidate. Although six weeks of treatment with MPH significantly reduced symptomatology as well as improved daily life functioning in our patients, it neither significantly affected PPI, P50 suppression nor sensitization, but habituation unexpectedly decreased. The absence of PPI and P50 suppression deficits in our patients in the psychostimulant-naïve state indicates no gating deficits. In turn, this suggests that the difficulties to inhibit distraction of attention by irrelevant stimuli that many patients with (adult) ADHD report, have a different origin than the theoretical causes of sensory overload frequently reported in studies on patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijana le Sommer
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Denmark
| | - Ann-Marie Low
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | | | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Denmark
| | - Bob Oranje
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Psychiatry, UMC-Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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12
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Shafer RL, Lewis MH, Newell KM, Bodfish JW. Atypical neural processing during the execution of complex sensorimotor behavior in autism. Behav Brain Res 2021; 409:113337. [PMID: 33933522 PMCID: PMC8188828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stereotyped behavior is rhythmic, repetitive movement that is essentially invariant in form. Stereotypy is common in several clinical disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where it is considered maladaptive. However, it also occurs early in typical development (TD) where it is hypothesized to serve as the foundation on which complex, adaptive motor behavior develops. This transition from stereotyped to complex movement in TD is thought to be supported by sensorimotor integration. Stereotypy in clinical disorders may persist due to deficits in sensorimotor integration. The present study assessed whether differences in sensorimotor processing may limit the expression of complex motor behavior in individuals with ASD and contribute to the clinical stereotypy observed in this population. Adult participants with ASD and TD performed a computer-based stimulus-tracking task in the presence and absence of visual feedback. Electroencephalography was recorded during the task. Groups were compared on motor performance (root mean square error), motor complexity (sample entropy), and neural complexity (multiscale sample entropy of the electroencephalography signal) in the presence and absence of visual feedback. No group differences were found for motor performance or motor complexity. The ASD group demonstrated greater neural complexity and greater differences between feedback conditions than TD individuals, specifically in signals relevant to sensorimotor processing. Motor performance and motor complexity correlated with clinical stereotypy in the ASD group. These findings support the hypothesis that individuals with ASD have differences in sensorimotor processing when executing complex motor behavior and that stereotypy is associated with low motor complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Shafer
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 6133 Medical Research Building III, 465 21(st) Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100256, L4-100 McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 3261, USA.
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, G3 Aderhold Hall, 110 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - James W Bodfish
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 6133 Medical Research Building III, 465 21(st) Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 8310 Medical Center East, 1215 21(st) Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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13
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Drzewiecki CM, Willing J, Cortes LR, Juraska JM. Adolescent stress during, but not after, pubertal onset impairs indices of prepulse inhibition in adult rats. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:837-850. [PMID: 33629385 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stress during adolescence is a risk factor for developing several psychiatric disorders, many of which involve prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. The human PFC and analogous rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) continue to mature functionally and anatomically during adolescence, and some of these maturational events coincide with pubertal onset. As developing brain regions are more susceptible to the negative effects of stress, this may make puberty especially vulnerable. To test this, we exposed male and female rats to isolation and restraint stress during the onset of puberty or during the post-pubertal period of adolescence. In young adulthood, both stressed groups and an unstressed control group underwent testing on a battery of tasks to assess emotional and cognitive behaviors, and the volume of the mPFC was quantified postmortem. Factor analysis revealed only subjects stressed peri-pubertally showed a long-term deficiency compared to controls in prepulse inhibition. Additionally, both sexes showed volumetric mPFC decreases following adolescent stress, and these losses were most pronounced in females. Our findings suggest that pubertal onset may be a vulnerable window wherein adolescents are most susceptible to the negative consequences of stress exposure. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of accounting for pubertal status when studying adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Drzewiecki
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Laura R Cortes
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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14
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Hedberg M, Imbeault S, Erhardt S, Schwieler L. Disrupted sensorimotor gating in first-episode psychosis patients is not affected by short-term antipsychotic treatment. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:118-123. [PMID: 33434725 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired sensorimotor gating, commonly measured as disrupted prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, has been widely observed in psychotic diseases. However, most PPI studies published so far involve patients with long illness duration and different drug treatments. Few studies have investigated untreated patients at their first episode of psychotic symptoms. METHOD PPI is an acoustic startle paradigm (30, 60-, 120-ms interstimulus intervals). Startle reactivity and habituation were succesfully assessed in 49 antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and compared with 35 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. Mean age of patients was 28 years and 27 for controls. Patients treated with antipsychotics more than 30 days were not included in the study and twenty-three out of forty-nine patients received antipsychotic treatment with a mean treatment time of 13 days. RESULTS PPI was significantly lower in FEP patients, compared to healthy controls. The PPI deficiency found in these patients was not due to antipsychotic treatment since PPI did not differ between treated (n=23) and untreated patients n=(26). By using the latent curve modeling we identified a delayed habituation in patients treated with antipsychotics, suggesting that antipsychotic treatment should be considered as a confound when investigating habituation in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that acute pharmacological treatment does not normalize PPI in FEP patients but should be considered as a confound when investigating habituation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Hedberg
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Imbeault
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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- Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lilly Schwieler
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Banono NS, Gawel K, De Witte L, Esguerra CV. Zebrafish Larvae Carrying a Splice Variant Mutation in cacna1d: A New Model for Schizophrenia-Like Behaviours? Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:877-894. [PMID: 33057948 PMCID: PMC7843589 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Persons with certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CACNA1D gene (encoding voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha 1-D) have increased risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar, schizophrenia and autism. The molecular consequences of SNPs on gene expression and protein function are not well understood. Thus, the use of animal models to determine genotype-phenotype correlations is critical to understanding disease pathogenesis. Here, we describe the behavioural changes in larval zebrafish carrying an essential splice site mutation (sa17298) in cacna1da. Heterozygous mutation resulted in 50% reduction of splice variants 201 and 202 (haploinsufficiency), while homozygosity increased transcript levels of variant 201 above wild type (WT; gain-of-function, GOF). Due to low homozygote viability, we focused primarily on performing the phenotypic analysis on heterozygotes. Indeed, cacna1dasa17298/WT larvae displayed hyperlocomotion-a behaviour characterised in zebrafish as a surrogate phenotype for epilepsy, anxiety or psychosis-like behaviour. Follow-up tests ruled out anxiety or seizures, however, as neither thigmotaxis defects nor epileptiform-like discharges in larval brains were observed. We therefore focused on testing for potential "psychosis-like" behaviour by assaying cacna1dasa17298/WT larval locomotor activity under constant light, during light-dark transition and in startle response to dark flashes. Furthermore, exposure of larvae to the antipsychotics, risperidone and haloperidol reversed cacna1da-induced hyperactivity to WT levels while valproate decreased but did not reverse hyperactivity. Together, these findings demonstrate that cacna1da haploinsufficiency induces behaviours in larval zebrafish analogous to those observed in rodent models of psychosis. Future studies on homozygous mutants will determine how cacna1d GOF alters behaviour in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Saana Banono
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kinga Gawel
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Str. 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Linus De Witte
- Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, AP Hogeschool Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Camila V Esguerra
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, Forskningsparken, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælandsvei 24, 0371, Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Presta V, Paraboschi F, Marsella F, Lucarini V, Galli D, Mirandola P, Banchini A, Marchesi C, Galuppo L, Vitale M, Tonna M, Gobbi G. Posture and gait in the early course of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245661. [PMID: 33465166 PMCID: PMC7815098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While correlations between postural stability deficits and schizophrenia are well documented, information on dynamic motor alterations in schizophrenia are still scarce, and no data on their onset are available yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was i) to measure gait pattern(s) in patients with schizophrenia; ii) to identify posture and gait alterations which could potentially be used as a predictive clinical tool of the onset of the disorder. Body composition, posture and gait parameters were assessed in a group of 30 patients with schizophrenia and compared to 25 healthy subjects. Sway area was significantly higher in the schizophrenia group compared to controls regardless of whether the participants were in eyes open or eyes closed condition. Gait cadence and speed were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia, while stride length was similar. We concluded that the combination of an increased sway area (independent from eye closure) and a gait cadence reduction—in the presence of normal gait speed and stride length—might be considered peculiar postural and gait profile characteristic of early schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Presta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Marsella
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Banchini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Movement Analysis Laboratory (LAM)–Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Tonna
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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17
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Zhukov DA, Vinogradova EP. Trace Amines and Behavior. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Bo Q, Mao Z, Tian Q, Yang N, Li X, Dong F, Zhou F, Li L, Wang C. Impaired Sensorimotor Gating Using the Acoustic Prepulse Inhibition Paradigm in Individuals at a Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:128-137. [PMID: 32743658 PMCID: PMC7825103 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many robust studies have investigated prepulse inhibition (PPI) in patients with schizophrenia. Recent evidence indicates that PPI may help identify individuals who are at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). Selective attention to prepulse stimulus can specifically enhance PPI in healthy subjects; however, this enhancement effect is not observed in patients with schizophrenia. Modified PPI measurement with selective attentional modulation using perceived spatial separation (PSS) condition may be a more robust and sensitive index of PPI impairment in CHR individuals. The current study investigated an improved PSSPPI condition in CHR individuals compared with patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and healthy controls (HC) and evaluated the accuracy of PPI in predicting CHR from HC. We included 53 FESs, 55 CHR individuals, and 53 HCs. CHRs were rated on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes. The measures of perceived spatial co-location PPI (PSCPPI) and PSSPPI conditions were applied using 60- and 120-ms lead intervals. Compared with HC, the CHR group had lower PSSPPI level (Inter-stimulus interval [ISI] = 60 ms, P < .001; ISI = 120 ms, P < .001). PSSPPI showed an effect size (ES) between CHR and HC (ISI = 60 ms, Cohen's d = 0.91; ISI = 120 ms, Cohen's d = 0.98); on PSSPPI using 60-ms lead interval, ES grade increased from CHR to FES. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for PSSPPI was greater than that for PSCPPI. CHR individuals showed a PSSPPI deficit similar to FES, with greater ES and sensitivity. PSSPPI appears a promising objective approach for preliminary identification of CHR individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijing Bo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Tian
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningbo Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xianbin Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Dong
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuchun Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, China; tel: +86-10-58303195, fax: +86-10-58303133, e-mail:
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19
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Togay B, Çıkrıkçılı U, Bayraktaroglu Z, Uslu A, Noyan H, Üçok A. Lower prepulse inhibition in clinical high-risk groups but not in familial risk groups for psychosis compared with healthy controls. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:196-202. [PMID: 31264797 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although the lower level of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is well known in schizophrenia, the onset of this difference is not clear. The aim of the present study was to compare PPI in individuals with clinical and familial high risk for psychosis, and healthy controls. METHODS We studied PPI in individuals within three groups: ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR, n = 29), familial high risk for psychosis (FHR, n = 24) and healthy controls (HC, n = 28). The FHR group was chosen among siblings of patients with schizophrenia, whereas UHR was defined based on the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS). We collected clinical data using the BPRS-E, SANS and SAPS when individuals with UHR were antipsychotic-naïve. A cognitive battery that assessed attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, verbal learning and memory domains was applied to all participants. RESULTS PPI was lower in the UHR group compared with both the FHR and HC groups. Those with a positive family history for schizophrenia had lower PPI than others in the UHR group. There was no difference in PPI between the FHR and HC groups. We found no relationship between PPI and cognitive performance in the three groups. Startle reactivity was not different among the three groups. Positive and negative symptoms were not related to PPI and startle reactivity in the UHR group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that clinical and familial high-risk groups for psychosis have different patterns of PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Togay
- University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Psychiatry, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Zubeyir Bayraktaroglu
- Istanbul Medipol University, International School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atilla Uslu
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Noyan
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Research, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alp Üçok
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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The Neurofunctional Basis of Affective Startle Modulation in Humans: Evidence From Combined Facial Electromyography and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:548-558. [PMID: 31547934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The startle eye-blink is the cross-species translational tool to study defensive behavior in affective neuroscience with relevance to a broad range of neuropsychiatric conditions. It makes use of the startle reflex, a defensive response elicited by an immediate, unexpected sensory event, which is potentiated when evoked during threat and inhibited during safety. In contrast to skin conductance responses or pupil dilation, modulation of the startle reflex is valence specific. Rodent models implicate a modulatory pathway centering on the brainstem (i.e., nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis) and the centromedial amygdala as key hubs for flexibly integrating valence information into differential startle magnitude. Technical advances now allow for the investigation of this pathway using combined facial electromyography and functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans. METHODS We employed a multimethodological approach combining trial-by-trial facial eye-blink startle electromyography and brainstem- and amygdala-specific functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans. Validating the robustness and reproducibility of our findings, we provide evidence from two different paradigms (fear-potentiated startle, affect-modulated startle) in two independent studies (N = 43 and N = 55). RESULTS We provide key evidence for a conserved neural pathway for acoustic startle modulation between humans and rodents. Furthermore, we provide the crucial direct link between electromyography startle eye-blink magnitude and neural response strength. Finally, we demonstrate a dissociation between arousal-specific amygdala responding and triggered valence-specific amygdala responding. CONCLUSIONS We provide neurobiologically based evidence for the strong translational value of startle responding and argue that startle-evoked amygdala responding and its affective modulation may hold promise as an important novel tool for affective neuroscience and its clinical translation.
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21
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Rydkjaer J, Jepsen JRM, Pagsberg AK, Fagerlund B, Glenthoej BY, Oranje B. Do young adolescents with first-episode psychosis or ADHD show sensorimotor gating deficits? Psychol Med 2020; 50:607-615. [PMID: 30873927 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification is important for patients with early-onset schizophrenia (SZ). Assessment of (candidate) endophenotypic markers for SZ, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI), may help distinguish between the early-onset SZ and other psychiatric disorders. We explored whether PPI deficits usually seen in adult-onset SZ are present in young adolescents with either early-onset psychosis or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Twenty-five adolescents with first-episode, non-affective psychosis (FEP), 28 adolescents with ADHD and 43 healthy controls (HC), aged 12-17 years, were assessed with an auditory PPI paradigm. RESULTS No significant group differences were found in PPI. However, when the FEP group was divided into those already diagnosed with SZ (n = 13) and those without (N-SZ) (n = 12), and all four groups (SZ, N-SZ, ADHD and HC) were compared on percentage PPI in the 85/60 trials, significantly less PPI was found in patients with SZ than in the HC as well as the ADHD group. No significant group differences were found in explorative analyses on the other trial types. Additionally, startle magnitude was significantly higher in SZ than in N-SZ patients. CONCLUSION Young adolescents with SZ showed sensorimotor gating deficits similar to those usually found in adults with SZ and had larger startle magnitude than patients with other types of non-affective early-onset psychosis. No sensorimotor gating deficits were found in adolescents with ADHD. Our findings support the theory that deficient PPI is endophenotypic for SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Rydkjaer
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Moellegaard Jepsen
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Katrine Pagsberg
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Yding Glenthoej
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bob Oranje
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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22
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Biagianti B, Fisher M, Loewy R, Brandrett B, Ordorica C, LaCross K, Schermitzler B, McDonald M, Ramsay I, Vinogradov S. Specificity and Durability of Changes in Auditory Processing Efficiency After Targeted Cognitive Training in Individuals With Recent-Onset Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:857. [PMID: 33005156 PMCID: PMC7484996 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that the high heterogeneity of response to computerized Auditory Training (AT) in psychosis can be ascribed to individual differences in sensory processing efficiency and neural plasticity. In particular, we showed that Auditory Processing Speed (APS) serves as a behavioral measure of target engagement, with faster speed predicting greater transfer effects to untrained cognitive domains. Here, we investigate whether the ability of APS to function as a proxy for target engagement is unique to AT, or if it applies to other training interventions, such as Executive Functioning Training (EFT). Additionally, we examine whether changes in APS are durable after these two forms of training. METHODS One hundred and twenty-five participants with Recent Onset Psychosis (ROP) were randomized to AT (n = 66) and EFT (n = 59), respectively. APS was captured at baseline, after treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. Mixed models repeated measures analysis with restricted maximum likelihood was used to examine whether training condition differentiated APS trajectories. Within-group correlational analyses were used to study the relationship between APS and performance improvements in each of the training exercises. RESULTS The two groups were matched for age, gender, education, and baseline APS. Participants showed high inter-individual variability in APS at each time point. The mixed model showed a significant effect of time (F = 5.99, p = .003) but not a significant group-by-time effect (F = .73, p = .48). This was driven by significant APS improvements AT patients after treatment (d = .75) that were maintained after 6 months (d = .63). Conversely, in EFT patients, APS improvements did not reach statistical significance after treatment (p = .33) or after 6 months (p = .24). In AT patients, baseline APS (but not APS change) highly predicted peak performance for each training exercise (all r's >.42). CONCLUSIONS Participant-specific speed in processing basic auditory stimuli greatly varies in ROP, and strongly influences the magnitude of response to auditory but not executive functioning training. Importantly, enhanced auditory processing efficiency persists 6 months after AT, suggesting the durability of neuroplasticity processes induced by this form of training. Future studies should aim to identify markers of target engagement and durability for cognitive training interventions that target sensory modalities beyond the auditory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Biagianti
- Department of R&D, Posit Science Corporation, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Rachel Loewy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Catalina Ordorica
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kristin LaCross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Schermitzler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michelle McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ian Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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23
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Cadenhead KS, Duncan E, Addington J, Bearden C, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Mathalon D, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Seidman LJ, Tsuang M, Walker EF, Woods SW, Bauchman P, Belger A, Carrión RE, Donkers F, Johannesen J, Light G, Niznikiewicz M, Nunag J, Roach B. Evidence of Slow Neural Processing, Developmental Differences and Sensitivity to Cannabis Effects in a Sample at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis From the NAPLS Consortium Assessed With the Human Startle Paradigm. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:833. [PMID: 33005152 PMCID: PMC7479820 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biomarkers are important in the study of the prodromal period of psychosis because they can help to identify individuals at greatest risk for future psychotic illness and provide insights into disease mechanism underlying neurodevelopmental abnormalities. The biomarker abnormalities can then be targeted with treatment, with an aim toward prevention or mitigation of disease. The human startle paradigm has been used in translational studies of psychopathology including psychotic illness to assess preattentive information processing for over 50 years. In one of the largest studies to date in clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis participants, we aimed to evaluate startle indices as biomarkers of risk along with the role of age, sex, treatment, and substance use in this population of high risk individuals. METHODS Startle response reactivity, latency, and prepulse inhibition (PPI) were assessed in 543 CHR and 218 Normal Comparison (NC) participants between the ages of 12 and 35. RESULTS At 1 year follow-up, 58 CHR participants had converted to psychosis. CHR and NC groups did not differ across any of the startle measures but those CHR participants who later converted to psychosis had significantly slower startle latency than did those who did not convert to psychosis, and this effect was driven by female CHR participants. PPI was significantly associated with age in the CHR, but not the NC, participants with the greatest positive age correlations present in those CHR participants who later converted to psychosis, consistent with a prior report. Finally, there was a significant group by cannabis use interaction due to greater PPI in cannabis users and opposite PPI group effects in users (CHR>NC) and non-users (NC>CHR). DISCUSSION This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship of startle response latency to psychotic conversion in a CHR population. PPI is an important biomarker that may be sensitive to the neurodevelopmental abnormalities thought to be present in psychosis prone individuals and the effects of cannabis. The significant correlations with age in this sample as well as the finding of greater PPI in CHR cannabis users replicate findings from another large sample of CHR participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Erica Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jean Addington
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carrie Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States.,The Zucker Hillside Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dan Mathalon
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, VA, United States
| | - Thomas H McGlashan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States.,University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ming Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Peter Bauchman
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, VA, United States
| | - Ayse Belger
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ricardo E Carrión
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States.,The Zucker Hillside Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Franc Donkers
- University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jason Johannesen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Gregory Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Jason Nunag
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brian Roach
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, VA, United States
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24
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Kleineidam L, Frommann I, Ruhrmann S, Klosterkötter J, Brockhaus-Dumke A, Wölwer W, Gaebel W, Maier W, Wagner M, Ettinger U. Antisaccade and prosaccade eye movements in individuals clinically at risk for psychosis: comparison with first-episode schizophrenia and prediction of conversion. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:921-930. [PMID: 30635714 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements are well-described markers of cerebral function and have been widely studied in schizophrenia spectrum populations. However, less is known about saccades in individuals clinically at risk for schizophrenia. Therefore, we studied individuals in an at-risk mental state (ARMS) (N = 160), patients in their first episode of schizophrenia (N = 32) and healthy controls (N = 75). N = 88 ARMS participants showed an early at-risk mental state (E-ARMS), defined by cognitive-perceptive basic symptoms (COPER) or a combination of risk and loss of function, whereas N = 72 were in a late at-risk mental state (L-ARMS), defined by attenuated psychotic symptoms or brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms. We examined prosaccades, reflecting overt attentional shifts, and antisaccades, measuring inhibitory control, as well as their relationship as an indicator of the interplay of bottom-up and top-down influences. L-ARMS but not E-ARMS participants had increased antisaccade latencies compared to controls. First-episode patients had higher antisaccade error rates compared to E-ARMS participants and controls, and increased latencies compared to all other groups. Prosaccade latencies did not differ between groups. We observed the expected negative correlation between prosaccade latency and antisaccade error rate, indicating that individuals with shorter prosaccade latencies made more antisaccade errors. The magnitude of the association did not differ between groups. No saccadic measure predicted conversion to psychosis within 2 years. These findings confirm the existence of antisaccade impairments in patients with schizophrenia and provide evidence that volitional response generation in the antisaccade task may be affected even before onset of clinically overt psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Kleineidam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo Frommann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Klosterkötter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anke Brockhaus-Dumke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Rheinhessen-Fachklinik Alzey, Dautenheimer Landstraße 66, 55232, Alzey, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wölwer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Lima-Ojeda JM, Mallien AS, Brandwein C, Lang UE, Hefter D, Inta D. Altered prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in BDNF-deficient mice in a model of early postnatal hypoxia: implications for schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:439-447. [PMID: 29453493 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a major proliferative agent in the nervous system. Both BDNF-deficiency and perinatal hypoxia represent genetic/environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. Moreover, a decreased BDNF response to birth hypoxia was associated with the disease. BDNF expression is influenced by neuronal activity and environmental conditions such as hypoxia. Thus, it may partake in neuroprotective and reparative mechanisms in acute or chronic neuronal insults. However, the interaction of hypoxia and BDNF is insufficiently understood and the behavioral outcome unknown. Therefore, we conducted a battery of behavioral tests in a classical model of chronic early postnatal mild hypoxia (10% O2), known to significantly impair brain development, in BDNF-deficient mice. We found selective deficits in measures associated with sensorimotor gating, namely enhanced acoustic startle response (ASR) and reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of ASR in BDNF-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the alterations of sensorimotor gating were caused only by BDNF-deficiency alone, whereas hypoxia failed to evoke severe deficits and even leads to a milder phenotype in BDNF-deficient mice. As deficits in sensorimotor gating are present in schizophrenia and animal models of the disease, our results are of relevance regarding the involvement of BDNF in its pathogenesis. On the other hand, they suggest that the effect of perinatal hypoxia on long-term brain abnormalities is complex, ranging from protective to deleterious actions, and may critically depend on the degree of hypoxia. Therefore, future studies may refine existing hypoxia protocols to better understand neurodevelopmental consequences associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Lima-Ojeda
- RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anne S Mallien
- RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Brandwein
- RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Hefter
- RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) display prodromal schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:169-176. [PMID: 30500412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) strain has been suggested as an animal model of schizophrenia, considering that adult SHRs display behavioral abnormalities that mimic the cognitive, psychotic and negative symptoms of the disease and are characteristic of its animal models. SHRs display: (I) deficits in fear conditioning and latent inhibition (modeling cognitive impairments), (II) deficit in prepulse inhibition of startle reflex (reflecting a deficit in sensorimotor gating, and associated with psychotic symptoms), (III) diminished social behavior (modeling negative symptoms) and (IV) hyperlocomotion (modeling the hyperactivity of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system/ psychotic symptoms). These behavioral abnormalities are reversed specifically by the administration of antipsychotic drugs. Here, we performed a behavioral characterization of young (27-50 days old) SHRs in order to investigate potential early behavioral abnormalities resembling the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. When compared to Wistar rats, young SHRs did not display hyperlocomotion or PPI deficit, but exhibited diminished social interaction and impaired fear conditioning and latent inhibition. These findings are in accordance with the clinical course of schizophrenia: manifestation of social and cognitive impairments and absence of full-blown psychotic symptoms in the prodromal phase. The present data reinforce the SHR strain as a model of schizophrenia, expanding its validity to the prodromal phase of the disorder.
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27
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Missault S, Anckaerts C, Ahmadoun S, Blockx I, Barbier M, Bielen K, Shah D, Kumar-Singh S, De Vos WH, Van der Linden A, Dedeurwaerdere S, Verhoye M. Hypersynchronicity in the default mode-like network in a neurodevelopmental animal model with relevance for schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:303-316. [PMID: 30807809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune activation during pregnancy is an important risk factor for schizophrenia. Brain dysconnectivity and NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction have been postulated to be central to schizophrenia pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to investigate resting-state functional connectivity (resting-state functional MRI-rsfMRI), microstructure (diffusion tension imaging-DTI) and response to NMDAR antagonist (pharmacological fMRI-phMRI) using multimodal MRI in offspring of pregnant dams exposed to immune challenge (maternal immune activation-MIA model), and determine whether these neuroimaging readouts correlate with schizophrenia-related behaviour. METHODS Pregnant rats were injected with Poly I:C or saline on gestational day 15. The maternal weight response was assessed. Since previous research has shown behavioural deficits can differ between MIA offspring dependent on the maternal response to immune stimulus, offspring were divided into three groups: controls (saline, n = 11), offspring of dams that gained weight (Poly I:C WG, n = 12) and offspring of dams that lost weight post-MIA (Poly I:C WL, n = 16). Male adult offspring were subjected to rsfMRI, DTI, phMRI with NMDAR antagonist, behavioural testing and histological assessment. RESULTS Poly I:C WL offspring exhibited increased functional connectivity in default mode-like network (DMN). Poly I:C WG offspring showed the most pronounced attenuation in NMDAR antagonist response versus controls. DTI revealed no differences in Poly I:C offspring versus controls. Poly I:C offspring exhibited anxiety. CONCLUSIONS MIA offspring displayed a differential pathophysiology depending on the maternal response to immune challenge. While Poly I:C WL offspring displayed hypersynchronicity in the DMN, altered NMDAR antagonist response was most pronounced in Poly I:C WG offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Missault
- Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Cynthia Anckaerts
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Soumaya Ahmadoun
- Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ines Blockx
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Michaël Barbier
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kenny Bielen
- Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Disha Shah
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Cell Systems & Imaging, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Experimental Laboratory of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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28
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Mahmood Z, Kelsven S, Cadenhead K, Wyckoff J, Reyes-Madrigal F, de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Twamley EW. Compensatory Cognitive Training for Latino Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:951. [PMID: 31998163 PMCID: PMC6967834 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early psychosocial interventions targeting cognitive and functional outcomes in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis are a research priority. An even greater need is the identification of effective interventions in underserved populations. Compensatory Cognitive Training (CCT) is a psychosocial intervention with demonstrated efficacy in chronic schizophrenia and first episode psychosis, but remains to be evaluated in pre-illness phases. The aim of this study was to describe the development and implementation of an ongoing pilot randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of group-based, manualized CCT, as compared to recreational therapy (RT), for Latino participants at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) in both the United States and Mexico. It is hypothesized that, in comparison to those receiving RT, participants receiving CCT will show significant improvements in neurocognitive performance and functional capacity (co-primary outcomes) and self-rated functioning and clinical symptoms (secondary outcomes). Methods: Latino CHR participants aged 12-30 years will be included in the study. Both CCT and RT will be delivered in either Spanish or English, depending on group preference. Additionally, all assessments will be administered in participants' preferred language. A comprehensive assessment of neurocognitive and functional performance and clinical symptomatology will be performed at baseline, mid-intervention (4 weeks, 8 weeks), post-intervention (12 weeks) and 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome measures are neurocognition and functional capacity, as assessed by the MATRICS (Measurement and Treatment Research in Cognition in Schizophrenia) Consensus Cognitive Battery and the University of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment-Brief, respectively. Furthermore, secondary outcomes measures will be used to examine change in clinical symptoms and self-reported functioning in response to CCT versus RT. Discussion: The evaluation of a novel treatment such as CCT in CHR youth will provide empirical support for a low risk, comprehensive cognitive intervention that could have important implications for public health if it improves neurocognition and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanjbeel Mahmood
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, United States.,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Skylar Kelsven
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kristin Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Janae Wyckoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.,Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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29
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Quednow BB, Ejebe K, Wagner M, Giakoumaki SG, Bitsios P, Kumari V, Roussos P. Meta-analysis on the association between genetic polymorphisms and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:52-59. [PMID: 29287625 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) has been proposed as one of the most promising electrophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia. During the past decade, a number of publications have reported significant associations between genetic polymorphisms and PPI in samples of schizophrenia patients and healthy volunteers. However, an overall evaluation of the robustness of these results has not been published so far. Therefore, we performed the first meta-analysis of published and unpublished associations between gene polymorphisms and PPI of ASR. Unpublished associations between genetic polymorphisms and PPI were derived from three independent samples. In total, 120 single observations from 16 independent samples with 2660 study participants and 43 polymorphisms were included. After correction for multiple testing based on false discovery rate and considering the number of analyzed polymorphisms, significant associations were shown for four variants, even though none of these associations survived a genome-wide correction (P<5∗10-8). These results imply that PPI might be modulated by four genotypes - COMT rs4680 (primarily in males), GRIK3 rs1027599, TCF4 rs9960767, and PRODH rs385440 - indicating a role of these gene variations in the development of early information processing deficits in schizophrenia. However, the overall impact of single genes on PPI is still rather small suggesting that PPI is - like the disease phenotype - highly polygenic. Future genome-wide analyses studies with large sample sizes will enhance our understanding on the genetic architecture of PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kenechi Ejebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and GeriatricPsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, Gallos University campus, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Voutes University campus, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, USA.
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Takahashi H, Kamio Y. Acoustic startle response and its modulation in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder in Asian subjects. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:16-20. [PMID: 28578923 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The acoustic startle response (ASR) and its modulation, including prepulse inhibition (PPI), are considered to be promising neurophysiological indices for translational research in psychiatry. Impairment of the PPI has been reported in several psychiatric disorders, but particularly in schizophrenia, where PPI is considered to be a candidate endophenotype of the disorder. Although the profiles of the ASR differ between races, recent studies of single ethnicity samples in Asia were in accord with a number of studies from Western countries, in reporting that patients with schizophrenia exhibit impaired PPI. The PPI of the ASR is known to develop before 8years of age, and PPI impairment has only been reported in adults (not children) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which involves atypical features that are present from early development. Recent Asian studies of children with ASD suggest that comprehensive investigation of the ASR and its modulation, including the startle response to weak startle stimuli, peak startle latency, and PPI, may contribute to an understanding of the impairment of the neural circuitry in children with ASD and its comorbid behavioral problems. In this review, we review recent findings on the ASR and its modulation from Asian countries, and discuss its potential use for studying sensorimotor gating and its relationship to schizophrenia and ASD. In conclusion, the ASR and its modulation can provide a well-established global neurophysiological index for translational research in psychiatric disorders. Future studies investigating the development of sensorimotor gating in early development may contribute to prevention of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan; Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kamio
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashicho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
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Swerdlow NR, Light GA, Thomas ML, Sprock J, Calkins ME, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Gur RC, Lazzeroni LC, Nuechterlein KH, Radant AD, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Sugar CA, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Braff DL. Deficient prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia in a multi-site cohort: Internal replication and extension. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:6-15. [PMID: 28549722 PMCID: PMC5700873 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) collected case-control endophenotype and genetic information from 2457 patients and healthy subjects (HS) across 5 test sites over 3.5 years. Analysis of the first "wave" (W1) of 1400 subjects identified prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits in patients vs. HS. Data from the second COGS "wave" (W2), and the combined W(1+2), were used to assess: 1) the replicability of PPI deficits in this design; 2) the impact of response criteria on PPI deficits; and 3) PPI in a large cohort of antipsychotic-free patients. METHODS PPI in W2 HS (n=315) and schizophrenia patients (n=326) was compared to findings from W1; planned analyses assessed the impact of diagnosis, "wave" (1 vs. 2), and startle magnitude criteria. Combining waves allowed us to assess PPI in 120 antipsychotic-free patients, including many in the early course of illness. RESULTS ANOVA of all W(1+2) subjects revealed robust PPI deficits in patients across "waves" (p<0.0004). Strict response criteria excluded almost 39% of all subjects, disproportionately impacting specific subgroups; ANOVA in this smaller cohort confirmed no significant effect of "wave" or "wave x diagnosis" interaction, and a significant effect of diagnosis (p<0.002). Antipsychotic-free, early-illness patients had particularly robust PPI deficits. DISCUSSION Schizophrenia-linked PPI deficits were replicable across two multi-site "waves" of subjects collected over 3.5years. Strict response criteria disproportionately excluded older, male, non-Caucasian patients with low-normal hearing acuity. These findings set the stage for genetic analyses of PPI using the combined COGS wave 1 and 2 cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Corresponding Author: Neal R. Swerdlow, M.D., Ph.D., University of California San Diego, Dept. of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804 619-543-6270 (office); 619-543-2493 (fax);
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael L. Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - William S. Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA,Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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Lee AH, Brandon CL, Wang J, Frost WN. An Argument for Amphetamine-Induced Hallucinations in an Invertebrate. Front Physiol 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 29988540 PMCID: PMC6026665 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hallucinations – compelling perceptions of stimuli that aren’t really there – occur in many psychiatric and neurological disorders, and are triggered by certain drugs of abuse. Despite their clinical importance, the neuronal mechanisms giving rise to hallucinations are poorly understood, in large part due to the absence of animal models in which they can be induced, confirmed to be endogenously generated, and objectively analyzed. In humans, amphetamine (AMPH) and related psychostimulants taken in large or repeated doses can induce hallucinations. Here we present evidence for such phenomena in the marine mollusk Tritonia diomedea. Animals injected with AMPH were found to sporadically launch spontaneous escape swims in the absence of eliciting stimuli. Deafferented isolated brains exposed to AMPH, where real stimuli could play no role, generated sporadic, spontaneous swim motor programs. A neurophysiological search of the swim network traced the origin of these drug-induced spontaneous motor programs to spontaneous bursts of firing in the S-cells, the CNS afferent neurons that normally inform the animal of skin contact with its predators and trigger the animal’s escape swim. Further investigation identified AMPH-induced enhanced excitability and plateau potential properties in the S-cells. Taken together, these observations support an argument that Tritonia’s spontaneous AMPH-induced swims are triggered by false perceptions of predator contact – i.e., hallucinations—and illuminate potential cellular mechanisms for such phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cindy L Brandon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jean Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - William N Frost
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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Evaluation of startle response and prepulse inhibition based on changes in the range of vertical pressure force of the feet on the ground: a preliminary study. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:2139-2143. [PMID: 28963683 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of estimating a startle response and sensorimotor gating based on changes in the range of vertical pressure force of the feet on the ground during a dynamometric examination. The study encompassed 13 healthy and physically fit men (age: 23.3 ± 2.0 years; height: 178.0 ± 6.1 cm; and weight: 76.1 ± 9.0 kg). The inhibitory mechanisms of startle reflex were used as the measure of sensorimotor gating. It was triggered by a strong acoustic stimulus (106 dB SPL, 40 ms), which was preceded by a similar, weaker signal (80 dB SPL, 20 ms). Startle reflex was evaluated using a piezoelectric force platform. The results of the conducted study show that the range of vertical pressure force of the feet caused by the reaction to a strong acoustic stimulus is significantly smaller when this stimulus is preceded by a signal of lower intensity (prepulse). Such assessment is only possible with the participants' eyes open. The generalized startle response of a person may be estimated using a force platform, based on changes in the range of vertical pressure force of the feet on the ground, which are caused by unexpected acoustic stimuli. There is a strong indication that using a force platform to evaluate sensorimotor gating could be used as an alternative to electromyographic examinations.
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Deficient prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in schizophrenia using a cross-modal paradigm. Biol Psychol 2017; 128:112-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Shafer RL, Newell KM, Lewis MH, Bodfish JW. A Cohesive Framework for Motor Stereotypy in Typical and Atypical Development: The Role of Sensorimotor Integration. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28890690 PMCID: PMC5575145 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotyped motor behavior manifests as rhythmic, repetitive movements. It is common in several neurologic and psychiatric disorders where it is considered maladaptive. However, it also occurs early in typical development where it serves an adaptive function in the development of complex, controlled motor behavior. Currently, no framework accounts for both adaptive and maladaptive forms of motor stereotypy. We propose a conceptual model that implicates sensorimotor mechanisms in the phenomenology of adaptive and maladaptive stereotypy. The extensive structural and functional connectivity between sensory and motor neural circuits evidences the importance of sensory integration in the production of controlled movement. In support of our model, motor stereotypy in normative development occurs when the sensory and motor brain regions are immature and the infant has limited sensory and motor experience. With maturation and experience, complex movements develop and replace simple, stereotyped movements. This developmental increase in motor complexity depends on the availability of sensory feedback indicating that the integration of sensory information with ongoing movement allows individuals to adaptively cater their movements to the environmental context. In atypical development, altered neural function of sensorimotor circuitry may limit an individual's ability to integrate sensory feedback to adapt movements to appropriately respond to environmental conditions. Consequently, the motor repertoire would remain relatively simple, resulting in the persistence of motor stereotypy. A framework that considers motor stereotypy as a manifestation of low motor complexity resulting from poor sensorimotor integration has many implications for research, identification and treatment of motor stereotypy in a variety of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Shafer
- Vanderbilt Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, United States
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - James W Bodfish
- Vanderbilt Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, United States.,Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, United States
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Morales-Muñoz I, Martínez-Gras I, Ponce G, de la Cruz J, Lora D, Rodríguez-Jiménez R, Jurado-Barba R, Navarrete F, García-Gutiérrez MS, Manzanares J, Rubio G. Psychological symptomatology and impaired prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex are associated with cannabis-induced psychosis. J Psychopharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28648138 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117711920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder (CIPD) is a psychiatric disorder induced by cannabis consumption. The psychological and psychophysiological features of this disorder are still unknown. We aimed to examine the psychological, personality and psychophysiological features of patients with CIPD. This study is an analytical extension of our previously published data, which previously found prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits in the CIPD group used in this current paper. METHODS We used a sample of 45 patients with CIPD. After 9 months of follow up, these patients were assessed with a Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) questionnaire of psychopathology, with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and with a psychophysiological paradigm of inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI). These results were compared with a group of patients with schizophrenia and cannabis abuse (SCHZ) ( n = 54); patients with cannabis dependence (CD) ( n = 21); and healthy controls ( n = 50). RESULTS CIPD patients obtained significant higher scores in the SCL-90-R subscale of neuroticism. These patients showed PPI percentages similar to SCHZ patients within early attentional levels (30 ms). The variables with greater correlation, and that appeared in the CIPD group were interpersonal sensitivity, depression and phobia. CONCLUSIONS Neurotic symptomatology and difficulties in inhibition of the startle reflex might be risk factors for developing CIPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Morales-Muñoz
- 1 Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Gras
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ponce
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de la Cruz
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Lora
- 6 Clinical Research Unit (i+12), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,7 CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Jiménez
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,8 Biomedical Research Center Network for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Jurado-Barba
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,8 Biomedical Research Center Network for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- 5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.,9 Institute for Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- 5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.,9 Institute for Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- 5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.,9 Institute for Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
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Biagianti B, Roach BJ, Fisher M, Loewy R, Ford JM, Vinogradov S, Mathalon DH. Trait aspects of auditory mismatch negativity predict response to auditory training in individuals with early illness schizophrenia. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY 2017; 3:2. [PMID: 28845238 PMCID: PMC5568850 DOI: 10.1186/s40810-017-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with schizophrenia have heterogeneous impairments of the auditory processing system that likely mediate differences in the cognitive gains induced by auditory training (AT). Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential component reflecting auditory echoic memory, and its amplitude reduction in schizophrenia has been linked to cognitive deficits. Therefore, MMN may predict response to AT and identify individuals with schizophrenia who have the most to gain from AT. Furthermore, to the extent that AT strengthens auditory deviance processing, MMN may also serve as a readout of the underlying changes in the auditory system induced by AT. METHODS Fifty-six individuals early in the course of a schizophrenia-spectrum illness (ESZ) were randomly assigned to 40 h of AT or Computer Games (CG). Cognitive assessments and EEG recordings during a multi-deviant MMN paradigm were obtained before and after AT and CG. Changes in these measures were compared between the treatment groups. Baseline and trait-like MMN data were evaluated as predictors of treatment response. MMN data collected with the same paradigm from a sample of Healthy Controls (HC; n = 105) were compared to baseline MMN data from the ESZ group. RESULTS Compared to HC, ESZ individuals showed significant MMN reductions at baseline (p = .003). Reduced Double-Deviant MMN was associated with greater general cognitive impairment in ESZ individuals (p = .020). Neither ESZ intervention group showed significant change in MMN. We found high correlations in all MMN deviant types (rs = .59-.68, all ps < .001) between baseline and post-intervention amplitudes irrespective of treatment group, suggesting trait-like stability of the MMN signal. Greater deficits in trait-like Double-Deviant MMN predicted greater cognitive improvements in the AT group (p = .02), but not in the CG group. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of ESZ individuals, AT had no effect on auditory deviance processing as assessed by MMN. In ESZ individuals, baseline MMN was significantly reduced relative to HCs, and associated with global cognitive impairment. MMN did not show changes after AT and exhibited trait-like stability. Greater deficits in the trait aspects of Double-Deviant MMN predicted greater gains in global cognition in response to AT, suggesting that MMN may identify individuals who stand to gain the most from AT. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00694889. Registered 1 August 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Biagianti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Brian J. Roach
- Department of Mental Health, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rachel Loewy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judith M. Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Mental Health, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Mental Health, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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McDiarmid TA, Bernardos AC, Rankin CH. Habituation is altered in neuropsychiatric disorders-A comprehensive review with recommendations for experimental design and analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:286-305. [PMID: 28579490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the simplest form of learning, habituation, have been reported in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders as etiologically diverse as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fragile X syndrome, Schizophrenia, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome, and Migraine. Here we provide the first comprehensive review of what is known about alterations in this form of non-associative learning in each disorder. Across several disorders, abnormal habituation is predictive of symptom severity, highlighting the clinical significance of habituation and its importance to normal cognitive function. Abnormal habituation is discussed within the greater framework of learning theory and how it may relate to disease phenotype either as a cause, symptom, or therapy. Important considerations for the design and interpretation of habituation experiments are outlined with the hope that these will aid both clinicians and basic researchers investigating how this simple form of learning is altered in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A McDiarmid
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Aram C Bernardos
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Catharine H Rankin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Iacono WG, Malone SM, Vrieze SI. Endophenotype best practices. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 111:115-144. [PMID: 27473600 PMCID: PMC5219856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the current state of electrophysiological endophenotype research and recommends best practices that are based on knowledge gleaned from the last decade of molecular genetic research with complex traits. Endophenotype research is being oversold for its potential to help discover psychopathology relevant genes using the types of small samples feasible for electrophysiological research. This is largely because the genetic architecture of endophenotypes appears to be very much like that of behavioral traits and disorders: they are complex, influenced by many variants (e.g., tens of thousands) within many genes, each contributing a very small effect. Out of over 40 electrophysiological endophenotypes covered by our review, only resting heart, a measure that has received scant advocacy as an endophenotype, emerges as an electrophysiological variable with verified associations with molecular genetic variants. To move the field forward, investigations designed to discover novel variants associated with endophenotypes will need extremely large samples best obtained by forming consortia and sharing data obtained from genome wide arrays. In addition, endophenotype research can benefit from successful molecular genetic studies of psychopathology by examining the degree to which these verified psychopathology-relevant variants are also associated with an endophenotype, and by using knowledge about the functional significance of these variants to generate new endophenotypes. Even without molecular genetic associations, endophenotypes still have value in studying the development of disorders in unaffected individuals at high genetic risk, constructing animal models, and gaining insight into neural mechanisms that are relevant to clinical disorder.
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Radford KD, Park TY, Lee BH, Moran S, Osborne LA, Choi KH. Dose-response characteristics of intravenous ketamine on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 153:130-140. [PMID: 28024909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians administer subanesthetic intravenous (IV) ketamine infusions for treatment of refractory depression, chronic pain, and post-traumatic stress disorder in humans. However, ketamine is administered via the subcutaneous (SC) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes to rodents in most pre-clinical research, which may limit translational application. The present study characterized the dose-response of a subanesthetic IV ketamine bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 1-h infusion (5, 10, and 20mg/kg/h) on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and thermal nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The secondary aim was to measure ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations following IV ketamine bolus at 1, 20, and 50min and at the conclusion of the 1-h infusion using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that ketamine bolus and infusions produced dose-dependent dissociative stereotypy. Bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 20mg/kg/h infusion increased locomotor activity while 5mg/kg/h infusion decreased locomotor activity. Both 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions reduced the acoustic startle reflex, while 5mg/kg bolus and 20mg/kg/h infusion impaired pre-pulse inhibition. Ketamine 5mg/kg bolus and the 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions induced significant and prolonged antinociception to the hotplate test. Plasma concentrations of ketamine decreased quickly after bolus while norketamine levels increased from 1 to 20min and plateaued from 20 to 50min. The peak ketamine plasma concentrations [ng/ml] were similar between 5mg/kg bolus [4100] vs. 20mg/kg/h infusion [3900], and 2mg/kg bolus [1700] vs. 10mg/kg/h infusion [1500]. These results support the findings from previous ketamine injection studies and further validate the feasibility of administering subanesthetic doses of IV ketamine infusion to rats for neuropharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennett D Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Y Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bong Hyo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean Moran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Osborne
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Sensory Gating Deficits in First-Episode Psychosis: Evidence From Neurophysiology, Psychophysiology, and Neuropsychology. J Nerv Ment Dis 2016; 204:877-884. [PMID: 27483114 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sensory gating deficits are commonly found in patients with schizophrenia. However, there is still scarce research on this issue. Thirty-eight patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) were compared to thirty-eight controls. A condition-test paradigm of event-related potentials (ERP), prepulse inhibition (PPI), and some specific tasks of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) were used (i.e., TMT, BACS-SC, and Fluency for processing speed and CPT-IP for attention and vigilance). The ERP components measured were P50, N1, and P2. The PPI intervals examined were 30, 60, and 120 msec. Regarding the MCCB, processing speed and attention/vigilance cognitive domains were selected. FEP patients showed significant deficits in N1 and P2 components, at 30 and 60 PPI levels and in all the MCCB subtests selected. We obtained significant relationships in N1 with PPI-60, and with one MCCB subtest for processing speed. In addition, this same subtest showed significant association with P2. Therefore, sensory gating functioning is widely impaired since the very early stages of schizophrenia.
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De Gregorio D, Comai S, Posa L, Gobbi G. d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) as a Model of Psychosis: Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1953. [PMID: 27886063 PMCID: PMC5133947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is known for its hallucinogenic properties and psychotic-like symptoms, especially at high doses. It is indeed used as a pharmacological model of psychosis in preclinical research. The goal of this review was to understand the mechanism of action of psychotic-like effects of LSD. We searched Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and articles' reference lists for preclinical studies regarding the mechanism of action involved in the psychotic-like effects induced by LSD. LSD's mechanism of action is pleiotropic, primarily mediated by the serotonergic system in the Dorsal Raphe, binding the 5-HT2A receptor as a partial agonist and 5-HT1A as an agonist. LSD also modulates the Ventral Tegmental Area, at higher doses, by stimulating dopamine D₂, Trace Amine Associate receptor 1 (TAAR₁) and 5-HT2A. More studies clarifying the mechanism of action of the psychotic-like symptoms or psychosis induced by LSD in humans are needed. LSD's effects are mediated by a pleiotropic mechanism involving serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Thus, the LSD-induced psychosis is a useful model to test the therapeutic efficacy of potential novel antipsychotic drugs, particularly drugs with dual serotonergic and dopaminergic (DA) mechanism or acting on TAAR₁ receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Dorsal Raphe Nucleus/drug effects
- Dorsal Raphe Nucleus/metabolism
- Dorsal Raphe Nucleus/physiopathology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Hallucinogens/metabolism
- Hallucinogens/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/metabolism
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/pharmacology
- Psychotic Disorders/drug therapy
- Psychotic Disorders/metabolism
- Psychotic Disorders/physiopathology
- Rats
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Ventral Tegmental Area/drug effects
- Ventral Tegmental Area/metabolism
- Ventral Tegmental Area/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Stefano Comai
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Posa
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Kedzior KK, Wehmann E, Martin-Iverson M. Habituation of the startle reflex depends on attention in cannabis users. BMC Psychol 2016; 4:50. [PMID: 27782849 PMCID: PMC5080700 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-016-0158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is associated with an attention-dependent deficit in prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI). The aim of the current study was to investigate startle habituation in cannabis users and healthy controls during two attentional tasks. METHODS Auditory startle reflex was recorded from orbicularis oculi muscle while participants (12 controls and 16 regular cannabis users) were either attending to or ignoring 100 dB startling pulses. Startle habituation was measured as the absolute reduction in startle magnitude on block 2 (last nine trials) vs. block 1 (first nine trials). RESULTS Startle habituation with moderate effect sizes was observed in controls and cannabis users only while they were ignoring the startling pulses but not while they were attending to them. Similar results were also observed in controls (lifetime non-users of cannabis) and cannabis users with lifetime cannabis use disorders (CUD). CONCLUSION Startle habituation appears to depend on selective attention but not on cannabis use. Startle habituation was present when attention was directed away from auditory startling pulses in healthy controls and cannabis users. Such a similar pattern of results in both groups suggests that at least a trend exists towards presence of startle habituation regardless of cannabis use or CUD in otherwise healthy members of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina K Kedzior
- Institute of Psychology and Transfer, University of Bremen, (FB 11), Grazer Str. 2c, 28359, Bremen, Germany. .,School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany. .,Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Graylands Hospital and Pharmacology & Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Eileen Wehmann
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mathew Martin-Iverson
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Graylands Hospital and Pharmacology & Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex has been suggested as a candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia research, as it shows high heritability and has been found deficient in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The objectives of the study were to 1) identify common genetic variants associated with baseline startle and PPI; 2) estimate the single nucleotide polymorphism heritability; and 3) examine the relationship of polygenic score for schizophrenia with baseline startle and PPI. METHODS A cohort of healthy young male subjects (n = 1493) originating from the Learning on Genetics of Schizophrenia Spectrum project was assessed for baseline startle and PPI. The most recent genome-wide association study in schizophrenia from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 2 was used to calculate polygenic scores. RESULTS Eleven loci showed suggestive association (p < 10(-6)) with baseline startle and PPI in the discovery cohort. Additional genotyping in a replication cohort identified genome-wide significant association at two loci (rs61810702 and rs4718984). These loci were co-localized with expression quantitative trait loci associated with gene expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and calneuron 1 (CALN1) genes. Estimation of the genetic and environmental contributions to baseline startle and PPI showed a substantial single nucleotide polymorphism heritability for 120-ms PPI stimuli. Increased polygenic risk score for schizophrenia was associated with reduced PPI. CONCLUSIONS Common genetic variation has an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia and PPI impairments. Overall, these data support the idea that PPI is a valid endophenotype that can be used to explore the genetic architecture of schizophrenia.
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Landon J, Shepherd D, McGarry M, Theadom A, Miller R. When it’s quiet, it’s nice: Noise sensitivity in schizophrenia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15487768.2016.1162758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), described as a classical hallucinogen, began its journey from the middle of the last century following an accidental discovery. Since then, it was used as a popular and notorious substance of abuse in various parts of the world. Its beneficial role as an adjunct to psychotherapy was much unknown, until some 'benevolent' experiments were carried out over time to explore some of its potential uses. But, many of its effects were unclear and seemed to be a psychedelic enigma. In this review article, we have described the receptor pharmacology, mechanism of action, effects and adverse effects of LSD on the normal body system. We have also highlighted its addictive potentials and the chances of developing tolerance. We have assimilated some of the interesting therapeutic uses of this drug, such as an antianxiety agent, a creativity enhancer, a suggestibility enhancer, and a performance enhancer. We have also described LSD to be successfully used in drug and alcohol dependence, and as a part of psychedelic peak therapy in terminally ill patients. The relevant chronological history and literature in the light of present knowledge and scenarios have been discussed. Based on available evidence, LSD could be tried therapeutically in certain specific conditions under controlled settings. But as we mention, due to all the safety concerns, the use of this nonaddictive 'entheogen' in actual practice warrants a lot of expertise, caution, cooperation and ethical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632002, India
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Assessment of Startle Response and Its Prepulse Inhibition Using Posturography: Pilot Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8597185. [PMID: 27314041 PMCID: PMC4893433 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8597185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using static posturography in the assessment of sensorimotor gating. Subjects and Methods. Fourteen subjects took part in the experiment. The inhibitory mechanisms of startle reflex were used as the measure of sensorimotor gating. It was evoked by a strong acoustic stimulus (106 dB SPL, 40 ms) which was preceded by the weaker similar signal (80 dB SPL, 20 ms). A stabilographic platform was used to measure sensorimotor gating. Results. Results of static posturography show that the postural sway caused by the reaction to a strong acoustic stimulus is significantly smaller when this stimulus is preceded by the signal of lower intensity (prepulse). Such assessment is only possible in eyes open conditions. Conclusions. Static posturography can be simple and effective method used for diagnosis of sensorimotor gating in humans.
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Startle Modification and P50 Gating in Schizophrenia Patients and Controls: Russian Population. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 19:E8. [PMID: 26936103 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse modification of the acoustic startle response (ASR) and P50 gating are potential neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia and may be used in the construction of valid clinical biomarkers. Such approach requires a large amount of data obtained in the representative samples from different gender, socio-typological and ethnic groups, replicating studies using the similar protocols and meta-analyses. This is a replication study of ASR and the first study of P50 suppression in Russian patients with schizophrenia (n = 28) and healthy controls (n = 25). ASR and P50 were estimated according to standard protocols. Patients exhibited increased baseline ASR latency (d = 0.35, p = .026) and reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) at 60 ms interval (d = 0.39, p = .003) and 120 ms interval (d = 0.37, p = .005) relative to controls. In the P50 test patients displayed greater S2 response amplitude (d = 0.24, p = .036) and deficit of P50 suppression (d = 0.43, p = .001). No correlations of PPI and P50 suppression were found in both groups. Only in controls prepulse ASR facilitation (at 2500 ms interval) positively correlated with P50 suppression (r = -.514, p = .013). In patients PPI displayed significant correlations with Difficulty in abstract thinking (N5: r = -.49, p = .005) and Hallucination (P3: r = .40, p = .036) PANSS scales. Logistic regression showed that the combination of PPI and P50 suppression could serve as a diagnostic predictor. Obtained results demonstrated that both PPI and P50 could be regarded as potential schizophrenia biomarkers in Russian population.
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Carney R, Cotter J, Bradshaw T, Firth J, Yung AR. Cardiometabolic risk factors in young people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:290-300. [PMID: 26794596 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physical health of people with schizophrenia is poor, and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Unhealthy lifestyles and side-effects of antipsychotic medication contribute to cardiometabolic dysfunction. Yet it is unclear when this unhealthy profile starts. We aimed to see if people at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) have increased rates of cardiometabolic risk factors. METHOD An electronic search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted on 1st May 2015 using terms associated with the ultra-high risk state and health. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed English language research articles with populations that met at-risk diagnostic criteria and reported cardiometabolic risk factors. A meta-analysis was conducted on smoking data, the cardiometabolic risk factor that yielded the most studies. RESULTS Forty-seven eligible studies were identified. UHR samples had low levels of physical activity, and high rates of smoking and alcohol abuse compared with controls. No differences were found for body mass index. An overall pooled rate of smoking for UHR participants was 33% (95% CI=0.24-0.42) and significantly more UHR individuals smoked compared with controls with a pooled odds ratio of 2.3 (P<0.05; 95% CI=-1.48-3.48). CONCLUSIONS UHR samples display cardiometabolic risk factors which are largely modifiable. The UHR phase is an important opportunity for early intervention services to improve physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Carney
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Jack Cotter
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tim Bradshaw
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joseph Firth
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alison R Yung
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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50
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Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:544-53. [PMID: 25575620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After no research in humans for >40 years, there is renewed interest in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in clinical psychiatric research and practice. There are no modern studies on the subjective and autonomic effects of LSD, and its endocrine effects are unknown. In animals, LSD disrupts prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, and patients with schizophrenia exhibit similar impairments in PPI. However, no data are available on the effects of LSD on PPI in humans. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, LSD (200 μg) and placebo were administered to 16 healthy subjects (8 women, 8 men). Outcome measures included psychometric scales; investigator ratings; PPI of the acoustic startle response; and autonomic, endocrine, and adverse effects. RESULTS Administration of LSD to healthy subjects produced pronounced alterations in waking consciousness that lasted 12 hours. The predominant effects induced by LSD included visual hallucinations, audiovisual synesthesia, and positively experienced derealization and depersonalization phenomena. Subjective well-being, happiness, closeness to others, openness, and trust were increased by LSD. Compared with placebo, LSD decreased PPI. LSD significantly increased blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, pupil size, plasma cortisol, prolactin, oxytocin, and epinephrine. Adverse effects produced by LSD completely subsided within 72 hours. No severe acute adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS In addition to marked hallucinogenic effects, LSD exerts methylenedioxymethamphetamine-like empathogenic mood effects that may be useful in psychotherapy. LSD altered sensorimotor gating in a human model of psychosis, supporting the use of LSD in translational psychiatric research. In a controlled clinical setting, LSD can be used safely, but it produces significant sympathomimetic stimulation.
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