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Kenemans JL, Schutte I, Van Bijnen S, Logemann HNA. How salience enhances inhibitory control: An analysis of electro-cortical mechanisms. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108505. [PMID: 36669616 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stop-signal tasks (SSTs) combined with human electro-cortical recordings (Event-Related Potentials, ERPs) have revealed mechanisms associated with successful stopping (relative to failed), presumably contributing to inhibitory control. The corresponding ERP signatures have been labeled stop N1 (+/- 100-ms latency), stop N2 (200 ms), and stop P3 (160-250 ms), and argued to reflect more sensory-specific (N1) versus more generic (N2, P3) mechanisms. However, stop N1 and stop N2, as well as latencies of stop-P3, appear to be quite inconsistent across studies. The present work addressed the possible influence of stop-signal salience, expecting high salience to induce clear stop N1s but reduced stop N2s, and short-latency stop P3s. Three SST varieties were combined with high-resolution EEG. An imperative visual (go) stimulus was occasionally followed by a subsequent (stop) stimulus that signalled to withhold the just initiated response. Stop-Signal Reaction Times (SSRTs) decreased linearly from visual-low to visual-high-salience to auditory. Auditory Stop N1 was replicated. A C1-like visual evoked potential (latency < 100 ms) was observed only with high salience, but not robustly associated with successful versus failed stops. Using the successful-failed contrast a visual stop-N1 analogue (112-156 ms post-stop-signal) was identified, as was right-frontal stop N2, but neither was sensitive to salience. Stop P3 had shorter latency for high than for low salience, and the extent of the early high-salience stop P3 correlated inversely with SSRT. These results suggest that salience-enhanced inhibitory control as manifest in SSRTs is associated with generic rather than sensory-specific electrocortical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leon Kenemans
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Iris Schutte
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Van Bijnen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H N Alexander Logemann
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Smit D, Trevino L, Mohamed SMH, Enriquez-Geppert S. Theta power and functional connectivity as neurophysiological markers of executive functions in individuals with cognitive complaints in daily life. Biol Psychol 2023; 178:108503. [PMID: 36681295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in executive functions (EFs) are common across psychological disorders. Research into the neural oscillations underlying EFs has the potential to help understand these impairments and contribute to the development of interventions. The aim of this study is to assess theta power and functional theta connectivity in the sensor space of the regions of the superordinate network for the core EFs: conflict monitoring, response inhibition, set-shifting, and working memory updating. We recruited adults with self-reported everyday EFs complaints and formed two groups: one with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n=27) and another without any diagnosis (n=22), and compared them to controls (n=21) on the Stroop, Stop-signal, Switching, and N-back task using EEG. Power and functional connectivity analyses were conducted for four regions of interest: frontal-midline, frontolateral left and right, and parietal region. For all four EFs, the groups showed a dynamical increase in theta power over time in the four regions of interest, as well as in functional theta connectivity between these regions. Group differences were found especially for conflict monitoring, with differences in theta power in the frontal-midline and frontolateral right region. These neural markers are also associated with behavioural performance and complaints in daily life. For set-shifting, group differences were less pronounced and for response inhibition and working memory updating no group differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Smit
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lorena Trevino
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saleh M H Mohamed
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Skippen P, Fulham WR, Michie PT, Matzke D, Heathcote A, Karayanidis F. Reconsidering electrophysiological markers of response inhibition in light of trigger failures in the stop‐signal task. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13619. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Skippen
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory School of Psychology University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - W. R. Fulham
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory School of Psychology University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - P. T. Michie
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory School of Psychology University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - D. Matzke
- Psychological Methods Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Heathcote
- School of Psychology University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - F. Karayanidis
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory School of Psychology University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
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4
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Miranda P, Cox CD, Alexander M, Danev S, Lakey JRT. In Quest of Pathognomonic/Endophenotypic Markers of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Potential of EEG-Based Frequency Analysis and ERPs to Better Detect, Prevent and Manage ADHD. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2020; 13:115-137. [PMID: 32547262 PMCID: PMC7250294 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s241205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic heritable developmental delay psychiatric disorder requiring chronic management, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, hyperkinectivity and impulsivity. Subjective clinical evaluation still remains crucial in its diagnosis. Discussed are two key aspects in the “characterizing ADHD” and on the quest for objective “pathognomonic/endophenotypic diagnostic markers of ADHD”. The first aspect briefly revolves around issues related to identification of pathognomonic/endophenotypic diagnostic markers in ADHD. Issues discussed include changes in ADHD definition, remission/persistence and overlapping-symptoms cum shared-heritability with its co-morbid cross-border mental disorders. The second aspect discussed is neurobiological and EEG-based studies on ADHD. Given the neurobiological and temporal aspects of ADHD symptoms the electroencephalograph (EEG) like NeuralScan by Medeia appears as an appropriate tool. The EEGs appropriateness is further enhanced when coupled with suitable behavior/cognitive/motor/psychological tasks/paradigms yielding EEG-based markers like event-related-potential (ERPs like P3 amplitudes and latency), reaction time variability (RTV), Theta:Beta ratio (TBR) and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). At present, these markers could potentially help in the neurobiological characterization of ADHD and either help in identifying or lay the groundwork for identifying pathognomonic and/or endophenotypic EEG-based markers enabling its diagnosis, treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Miranda
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Berger C, Müller-Godeffroy J, Marx I, Reis O, Buchmann J, Dück A. Methylphenidate promotes the interaction between motor cortex facilitation and attention in healthy adults: A combined study using event-related potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01155. [PMID: 30417982 PMCID: PMC6305964 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated simultaneously the impact of methylphenidate (MPH) on the interaction of inhibitory and facilitative pathways in regions processing motor and cognitive functions. METHOD Neural markers of attention and response control (event-related potentials) and motor cortical excitability (transcranial magnetic stimulation) and their pharmacological modulation by MPH were measured simultaneously in a sample of healthy adults (n = 31) performing a cued choice reaction test. RESULTS Methylphenidate modulated attentional gating and response preparation processes (increased contingent negative variation) and response inhibition (increased nogo P3). N1, cue- and go-P3 were not affected by MPH. Motor cortex facilitation, measured with long-interval cortical facilitation, was increased under MPH in the nogo condition and was positively correlated with the P3 amplitude. CONCLUSION Methylphenidate seems particularly to enhance response preparation processes. The MPH-induced increased motor cortex facilitation during inhibitory task demands was accompanied by increased terminal response inhibition control, probably as a compensatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Berger
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Juliane Müller-Godeffroy
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ivo Marx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olaf Reis
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Dück
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Hammond-Tooke GD, Grajeda FT, Macrorie H, Franz EA. Response inhibition in patients with functional neurological symptom disorder. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 56:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pievsky MA, McGrath RE. Neurocognitive effects of methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:447-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhang DD, Zhang YQ, Zhang XH. Prefrontal AMPA receptors are involved in the effect of methylphenidate on response inhibition in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:607-615. [PMID: 29265108 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is a critical executive control function in many species. Deficits in response inhibition have been observed in many disorders, eg, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The stop-signal task (SST) is a unique behavior task for evaluating response inhibition via measuring the covert latency of a stop process, and it is widely used in studies of humans, nonhuman primates and rodents. Methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin®) is a psychostimulant that is widely used for the treatment of ADHD and that effectively improves response inhibition in individuals with ADHD and normal subjects. However, its mechanism of improving response inhibition remains unknown. In this study we adopted a rodent nose-poking version of the SST to examine response inhibition by estimating the stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in rats. Administration of MPH (1 mg/kg, sc) 25 min before the SST test exerted a baseline-dependent effect of MPH on response inhibition, ie, it shortened the SSRTs only in the rats with larger baseline SSRTs, thereby improving response inhibition in these rats. The effect of MPH on response inhibition remained 3 h after MPH administration. Co-administration of PP2 (1 mg/kg, sc), a Src-protein tyrosine kinase (Src-PTKs) inhibitor that inhibited the upregulation of glutamate receptor expression on the plasma membrane of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), abolished the MPH-caused improvement in response inhibition. Furthermore, intra-PFC infusion of a selective AMPAR antagonist.NASPM (0.3 mmol/L, per side) via stainless guide cannulas implanted earlier abolished the effect of MPH on SSRT. These results suggest that AMPA receptors in the PFC are involved in the effect of MPH on response inhibition in rats.
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Richards JS, Vásquez AA, van Rooij D, van der Meer D, Franke B, Hoekstra PJ, Heslenfeld DJ, Oosterlaan J, Faraone SV, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK. Testing differential susceptibility: Plasticity genes, the social environment, and their interplay in adolescent response inhibition. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:308-321. [PMID: 27170266 PMCID: PMC5435559 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impaired inhibitory control is a key feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated gene-environment interaction (GxE) as a possible contributing factor to response inhibition variation in context of the differential susceptibility theory. This states individuals carrying plasticity gene variants will be more disadvantaged in negative, but more advantaged in positive environments. METHODS Behavioural and neural measures of response inhibition were assessed during a Stop-signal task in participants with (N = 197) and without (N = 295) ADHD, from N = 278 families (age M = 17.18, SD =3.65). We examined GxE between candidate plasticity genes (DAT1, 5-HTT, DRD4) and social environments (maternal expressed emotion, peer affiliation). RESULTS A DRD4 × Positive peer affiliation interaction was found on the right fusiform gyrus (rFG) activation during successful inhibition. Further, 5-HTT short allele carriers showed increased rFG activation during failed inhibitions. Maternal warmth and positive peer affiliation were positively associated with right inferior frontal cortex activation during successful inhibition. Deviant peer affiliation was positively related to the error rate. CONCLUSIONS While a pattern of differential genetic susceptibility was found, more clarity on the role of the FG during response inhibition is warranted before firm conclusions can be made. Positive and negative social environments were related to inhibitory control. This extends previous research emphasizing adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Richards
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vásquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- SUNY Upstate Medical University Center, Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, Syracuse, USA and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Cheung CHM, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Neurophysiological Correlates of Attentional Fluctuation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:320-332. [PMID: 28289850 PMCID: PMC5408051 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised, in part, by frequent fluctuations in response speed, resulting in high reaction time variability (RTV). RTV captures a large proportion of the genetic risk in ADHD but, importantly, is malleable, improving significantly in a fast-paced, rewarded task condition. Using the temporal precision offered by event-related potentials (ERPs), we aimed to examine the neurophysiological measures of attention allocation (P3 amplitudes) and preparation (contingent negative variation, CNV), and their associations with the fluctuating RT performance and its improvement in ADHD. 93 participants with ADHD and 174 controls completed the baseline and fast-incentive conditions of a four-choice reaction time task, while EEG was simultaneously recorded. Compared to controls, individuals with ADHD showed both increased RTV and reduced P3 amplitudes during performance on the RT task. In the participants with ADHD, attenuated P3 amplitudes were significantly associated with high RTV, and the increase in P3 amplitudes from a slow baseline to a fast-paced, rewarded condition was significantly associated with the RTV decrease. Yet, the individuals with ADHD did not show the same increase in CNV from baseline to fast-incentive condition as observed in controls. ADHD is associated both with a neurophysiological impairment of attention allocation (P3 amplitudes) and an inability to adjust the preparatory state (CNV) in a changed context. Our findings suggest that both neurophysiological and cognitive performance measures of attention are malleable in ADHD, which are potential targets for non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste H M Cheung
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gráinne McLoughlin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philip Asherson
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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11
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Haloperidol 2 mg impairs inhibition but not visuospatial attention. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:235-244. [PMID: 27747369 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The dopaminergic system has been implicated in visuospatial attention and inhibition, but the exact role has yet to be elucidated. Scarce literature suggests that attenuation of dopaminergic neurotransmission negatively affects attentional focusing and inhibition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the effect of dopaminergic antagonism on stopping performance. METHODS Dopaminergic neurotransmission was attenuated in 28 healthy male participants by using 2 mg haloperidol. A repeated-measures placebo-controlled crossover design was implemented, and performance indices of attention and inhibition were assessed in the visual spatial cueing task (VSC) and stop signal task (SST). Additionally, the effect of haloperidol on motoric parameters was assessed. It was expected that haloperidol as contrasted to placebo would result in a reduction of the "validity effect," the benefit of valid cueing as opposed to invalid cueing of a target in terms of reaction time. Furthermore, an increase in stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in the SST was expected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Results partially confirmed the hypothesis. Haloperidol negatively affected inhibitory motor control in the SST as indexed by SSRT, but there were no indications that haloperidol affected bias or disengagement in the VSC task as indicated by a lack of an effect on RTs. Pertaining to secondary parameters, motor activity increased significantly under haloperidol. Haloperidol negatively affected reaction time variability and errors in both tasks, as well as omissions in the SST, indicating a decreased sustained attention, an increase in premature responses, and an increase in lapses of attention, respectively.
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12
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Schevernels H, van Bochove ME, De Taeye L, Bombeke K, Vonck K, Van Roost D, De Herdt V, Santens P, Raedt R, Boehler CN. The effect of vagus nerve stimulation on response inhibition. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:171-179. [PMID: 27743550 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we explored whether vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in patients with epilepsy, which is believed to increase norepinephrine (NE) levels via activation of the locus coeruleus, would positively affect response inhibition. Moreover, we tried to identify the dynamics of the underlying neural processes by investigating event-related potentials (ERPs) and pupil size. Patients performed a stop-signal task once when stimulation was switched on and once when it was switched off. We found a correlational pattern suggesting that patients who clinically benefit more from VNS treatment also show a larger behavioral advantage, in terms of faster response inhibition, when the vagus nerve is being stimulated. Event-related potential (ERP) results suggested more pronounced reactive inhibition when stimulation was switched on, independent of the individual amount of seizure reduction. Transient go-locked pupil size was increased from go trials to successful stop trials to unsuccessful stop trials but without displaying a clear VNS effect, which however, might relate to limited sensitivity. We conclude that VNS likely has a positive effect on response inhibition, at least in patients with epilepsy that benefit clinically from the treatment, presumably relating to enhancements of response-inhibition mechanisms and, therefore, identify enhanced response inhibition as a possible cognitive benefit of VNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Schevernels
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marlies E van Bochove
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leen De Taeye
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology (LCEN3), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Bombeke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology (LCEN3), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Roost
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veerle De Herdt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology (LCEN3), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology (LCEN3), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Elchlepp H, Verbruggen F. How to withhold or replace a prepotent response: An analysis of the underlying control processes and their temporal dynamics. Biol Psychol 2016; 123:250-268. [PMID: 27756580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study isolated and compared ERP components associated with flexible behavior in two action-control tasks. The 'withhold' groups had to withhold all responses when a signal appeared. The 'change' groups had to replace a prepotent go response with a different response on signal trials. We proposed that the same chain of processes determined the effectiveness of action control in both tasks. Consistent with this idea, lateral (Experiment 1) and central (Experiment 2) signal presentation elicited the same perceptual and response-related components in both tasks with similar latencies. Thus, completely withholding a response and replacing a response required a similar chain of processes. Furthermore, latency analyses revealed intra-individual differences: When the signal occurred in the periphery, differences between fast and slow change trials arose at early perceptual stages; by contrast, differences arose at later processing stages when signal detection was easy but stimulus discrimination and response selection were harder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Elchlepp
- University of Exeter, School of Psychology, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - F Verbruggen
- University of Exeter, School of Psychology, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK; Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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Tamminga HGH, Reneman L, Huizenga HM, Geurts HM. Effects of methylphenidate on executive functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan: a meta-regression analysis. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1791-1807. [PMID: 27019103 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and adulthood is often treated with the psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH). However, it is unknown whether cognitive effects of MPH depend on age in individuals with ADHD, while animal studies have suggested age-related effects. In this meta-analysis, we first determined the effects of MPH on response inhibition, working memory and sustained attention, but our main goal was to examine whether these effects are moderated by age. A systematic literature search using PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and MEDLINE for double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with MPH resulted in 25 studies on response inhibition (n = 775), 13 studies on working memory (n = 559) and 29 studies on sustained attention (n = 956) (mean age range 4.8-50.1 years). The effects of MPH on response inhibition [effect size (ES) = 0.40, p < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22-0.58], working memory (ES = 0.24, p = 0.053, 95% CI 0.00-0.48) and sustained attention (ES = 0.42, p < 0.0001, 95% CI 26-0.59) were small to moderate. No linear or quadratic age-dependencies were observed, indicating that effects of MPH on executive functions are independent of age in children and adults with ADHD. However, adolescent studies are lacking and needed to conclude a lack of an age-dependency across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G H Tamminga
- Department of Radiology,Academic Medical Center Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - L Reneman
- Department of Radiology,Academic Medical Center Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - H M Huizenga
- Department of Psychology,University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - H M Geurts
- Department of Psychology,University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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Delorme C, Salvador A, Valabrègue R, Roze E, Palminteri S, Vidailhet M, de Wit S, Robbins T, Hartmann A, Worbe Y. Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain 2015; 139:605-15. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tics are sometimes described as voluntary movements performed in an automatic or habitual way. Here, we addressed the question of balance between goal-directed and habitual behavioural control in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and formally tested the hypothesis of enhanced habit formation in these patients. To this aim, we administered a three-stage instrumental learning paradigm to 17 unmedicated and 17 antipsychotic-medicated patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and matched controls. In the first stage of the task, participants learned stimulus-response-outcome associations. The subsequent outcome devaluation and ‘slip-of-action’ tests allowed evaluation of the participants’ capacity to flexibly adjust their behaviour to changes in action outcome value. In this task, unmedicated patients relied predominantly on habitual, outcome-insensitive behavioural control. Moreover, in these patients, the engagement in habitual responses correlated with more severe tics. Medicated patients performed at an intermediate level between unmedicated patients and controls. Using diffusion tensor imaging on a subset of patients, we also addressed whether the engagement in habitual responding was related to structural connectivity within cortico-striatal networks. We showed that engagement in habitual behaviour in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome correlated with greater structural connectivity within the right motor cortico-striatal network. In unmedicated patients, stronger structural connectivity of the supplementary motor cortex with the sensorimotor putamen predicted more severe tics. Overall, our results indicate enhanced habit formation in unmedicated patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Aberrant reinforcement signals to the sensorimotor striatum may be fundamental for the formation of stimulus-response associations and may contribute to the habitual behaviour and tics of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Delorme
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Salvador
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience - INSERM U894, 2 ter Rue d'Alésia – Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 29 rue d’Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Romain Valabrègue
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Palminteri
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neuroscience - INSERM U894, 2 ter Rue d'Alésia – Paris, France
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House 17 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
- French Reference Centre for Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 975, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
- French Reference Centre for Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris, France
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16
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Kenemans JL. Specific proactive and generic reactive inhibition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:115-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Impulsivity is associated with various psychopathologies, and elevated impulsivity is typically disadvantageous. This manuscript reviews recent investigations into the neurobiology of impulsivity using human imaging techniques and animal models. Both human imaging and preclinical pharmacological manipulations have yielded important insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of impulsivity. A more thorough understanding of the complex neurobiology underlying aspects of impulsivity may provide insight into new treatment options that target elevated impulsivity and psychopathologies such as addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci R Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT ; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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18
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Reward prospect rapidly speeds up response inhibition via reactive control. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:593-609. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nombela C, Rittman T, Robbins TW, Rowe JB. Multiple modes of impulsivity in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85747. [PMID: 24465678 PMCID: PMC3897514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive problems are a major factor determining quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease. These include deficits in inhibitory control, ranging from subclinical alterations in decision-making to severe impulse control disorders. Based on preclinical studies, we proposed that Parkinson's disease does not cause a unified disorder of inhibitory control, but rather a set of impulsivity factors with distinct psychological profiles, anatomy and pharmacology. We assessed a broad set of measures of the cognitive, behavioural and temperamental/trait aspects of impulsivity. Sixty adults, including 30 idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients (Hoehn and Yahr stage I–III) and 30 healthy controls, completed a neuropsychological battery, objective behavioural measures and self-report questionnaires. Univariate analyses of variance confirmed group differences in nine out of eleven metrics. We then used factor analysis (principal components method) to identify the structure of impulsivity in Parkinson's disease. Four principal factors were identified, consistent with four different mechanisms of impulsivity, explaining 60% of variance. The factors were related to (1) tests of response conflict, interference and self assessment of impulsive behaviours on the Barrett Impulsivity Scale, (2) tests of motor inhibitory control, and the self-report behavioural approach system, (3) time estimation and delay aversion, and (4) reflection in hypothetical scenarios including temporal discounting. The different test profiles of these four factors were consistent with human and comparative studies of the pharmacology and functional anatomy of impulsivity. Relationships between each factor and clinical and demographic features were examined by regression against factor loadings. Levodopa dose equivalent was associated only with factors (2) and (3). The results confirm that impulsivity is common in Parkinson's disease, even in the absence of impulse control disorders, and that it is not a unitary phenomenon. A better understanding of the structure of impulsivity in Parkinson's disease will support more evidence-based and effective strategies to treat impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nombela
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Department of Psychology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James B. Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Bari A, Robbins TW. Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 108:44-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1193] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Logemann HNA, Böcker KBE, Deschamps PKH, Kemner C, Kenemans JL. The effect of noradrenergic attenuation by clonidine on inhibition in the stop signal task. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:104-11. [PMID: 23792541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neuropharmacology of inhibition is of importance to fuel optimal treatment for disorders such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of noradrenergic antagonism by clonidine on behavioral-performance and brain-activity indices of inhibition. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, crossover design was implemented. Male (N=21) participants performed in a visual stop signal task while EEG was recorded under clonidine in one session and under placebo in another. We expected that 100 μg clonidine would have a negative effect on EEG indices of inhibition, the Stop N2 and Stop P3. Furthermore, we expected that clonidine would negatively affect the behavioral measure of inhibition, the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). Behavioral analyses were performed on data of 17 participants, EEG analyses on a subset (N=13). Performance data suggested that clonidine negatively affected attention (response variability, omissions) without affecting inhibition as indexed by SSRT. Electrophysiological data show that clonidine reduced the Stop P3, but not the Stop N2, indicating a partial negative effect on inhibition. Results show that it is unlikely that the Stop P3 reduction was related to the effect of clonidine on lapses of attention and on peripheral cardiovascular functioning. In conclusion, the current dose of clonidine had a negative effect on attention and a partial effect on inhibitory control. This inhibitory effect was restricted to the dorsal region of the prefrontal cortex (presumably the superior frontal gyrus) as opposed to the ventral region of the prefrontal cortex (right inferior frontal gyrus).
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Alexander Logemann
- Helmholtz Research Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Arns M, Kenemans JL. Neurofeedback in ADHD and insomnia: vigilance stabilization through sleep spindles and circadian networks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 44:183-94. [PMID: 23099283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review article an overview of the history and current status of neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD and insomnia is provided. Recent insights suggest a central role of circadian phase delay, resulting in sleep onset insomnia (SOI) in a sub-group of ADHD patients. Chronobiological treatments, such as melatonin and early morning bright light, affect the suprachiasmatic nucleus. This nucleus has been shown to project to the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) thereby explaining the vigilance stabilizing effects of such treatments in ADHD. It is hypothesized that both Sensori-Motor Rhythm (SMR) and Slow-Cortical Potential (SCP) neurofeedback impact on the sleep spindle circuitry resulting in increased sleep spindle density, normalization of SOI and thereby affect the noradrenergic LC, resulting in vigilance stabilization. After SOI is normalized, improvements on ADHD symptoms will occur with a delayed onset of effect. Therefore, clinical trials investigating new treatments in ADHD should include assessments at follow-up as their primary endpoint rather than assessments at outtake. Furthermore, an implication requiring further study is that neurofeedback could be stopped when SOI is normalized, which might result in fewer sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Arns
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research Institute Brainclinics, Bijleveldsingel 34, 6524 AD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J Leon Kenemans
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Pauls AM, O'Daly OG, Rubia K, Riedel WJ, Williams SCR, Mehta MA. Methylphenidate effects on prefrontal functioning during attentional-capture and response inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:142-9. [PMID: 22552046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate improves motor response inhibition, typically assessed with the stop-signal task. The exact underlying mechanism for this, however, remains unknown. In addition, recent studies highlight that stop signals can have a confounding attentional-capture effect because of their low frequency in the task. In the current study, we assessed the effects of methylphenidate on neural networks of inhibitory control and attentional-capture within the context of two inhibitory control tasks. METHODS The effects of methylphenidate (40 mg) were assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 16 healthy volunteers in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. RESULTS Methylphenidate significantly reduced activation of different regions within the right inferior frontal gyrus/insula to infrequent stimuli associated with successful inhibition, failed inhibition, and attentional capture. These inferior frontal gyrus regions showed different interregional connections with inhibitory and attention networks. For failed inhibitions, methylphenidate increased activation within performance-monitoring regions, including the superior frontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal-occipital cortices, but only after controlling for attentional capture. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the improvement of response inhibition seen following methylphenidate administration is due to its influence on underlying attentional mechanisms linked to response control requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Pauls
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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24
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Sebastian A, Gerdes B, Feige B, Klöppel S, Lange T, Philipsen A, Tebartz van Elst L, Lieb K, Tüscher O. Neural correlates of interference inhibition, action withholding and action cancelation in adult ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2012; 202:132-41. [PMID: 22475505 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is marked by inhibitory and attentional deficits which can persist into adulthood. Those deficits have been associated with dysfunctional fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal circuits. The present study sought to delineate neural correlates of component specific inhibitory deficits in adult ADHD using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). 20 adult ADHD patients and 24 matched healthy controls were included. Brain activation was assessed during three stages of behavioral inhibition, i.e. interference inhibition (Simon task), action withholding (Go/no-go task) and action cancelation (Stop-signal task). Behaviorally, ADHD patients were affected in all tasks. Impaired interference inhibition was associated with hypoactivation in parietal and medial frontal regions. During action withholding and cancelation ADHD patients displayed hypoactivation in a fronto-striatal network. These findings support the notion of at least two disturbed neural circuits in ADHD differentially associated with deficits in separate inhibitory subcomponents. Thereby, deficits in inhibitory subcomponents which are closely connected to response interference were related to hypofunction in more attention related circuits, while stopping related deficits were rather associated with hypofunction in inhibitory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sebastian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany.
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25
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Winstanley CA. The utility of rat models of impulsivity in developing pharmacotherapies for impulse control disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1301-21. [PMID: 21410459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of impulsive behaviours are a clinically significant symptom in a range of psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, pathological gambling and substance abuse. Although often measured using questionnaire assessments, levels of different types of impulsivity can also be determined using behavioural tests. Rodent analogues of these paradigms have been developed, and similar neural circuitry has been implicated in their performance in both humans and rats. In the current review, the methodology underlying the measurement of different aspects of impulsive action and choice are considered from the viewpoint of drug development, with a focus on the continuous performance task (CPT), stop-signal task (SST), go/no-go and delay-discounting paradigms. Current issues impeding translation between animal and human studies are identified, and comparisons drawn between the acute effects of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic compounds across species. Although the field could benefit from a more systematic determination of different pharmacological agents across paradigms, there are signs of strong concordance between the animal and human data. However, the type of impulsivity measured appears to play a significant role, with the SST and delay discounting providing more consistent effects for dopaminergic drugs, while the CPT and SST show better predictive validity so far for serotonergic and noradrenergic compounds. Based on the available data, it would appear that these impulsivity models could be used more widely to identify potential pharmacotherapies for impulse control disorders. Novel targets within the glutamatergic and serotonergic system are also suggested.
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26
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Boehler CN, Appelbaum LG, Krebs RM, Chen LC, Woldorff MG. The role of stimulus salience and attentional capture across the neural hierarchy in a stop-signal task. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26386. [PMID: 22022611 PMCID: PMC3195690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory motor control is a core function of cognitive control. Evidence from diverse experimental approaches has linked this function to a mostly right-lateralized network of cortical and subcortical areas, wherein a signal from the frontal cortex to the basal ganglia is believed to trigger motor-response cancellation. Recently, however, it has been recognized that in the context of typical motor-control paradigms those processes related to actual response inhibition and those related to the attentional processing of the relevant stimuli are highly interrelated and thus difficult to distinguish. Here, we used fMRI and a modified Stop-signal task to specifically examine the role of perceptual and attentional processes triggered by the different stimuli in such tasks, thus seeking to further distinguish other cognitive processes that may precede or otherwise accompany the implementation of response inhibition. In order to establish which brain areas respond to sensory stimulation differences by rare Stop-stimuli, as well as to the associated attentional capture that these may trigger irrespective of their task-relevance, we compared brain activity evoked by Stop-trials to that evoked by Go-trials in task blocks where Stop-stimuli were to be ignored. In addition, region-of-interest analyses comparing the responses to these task-irrelevant Stop-trials, with those to typical relevant Stop-trials, identified separable activity profiles as a function of the task-relevance of the Stop-signal. While occipital areas were mostly blind to the task-relevance of Stop-stimuli, activity in temporo-parietal areas dissociated between task-irrelevant and task-relevant ones. Activity profiles in frontal areas, in turn, were activated mainly by task-relevant Stop-trials, presumably reflecting a combination of triggered top-down attentional influences and inhibitory motor-control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten N Boehler
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
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27
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Obeso I, Wilkinson L, Jahanshahi M. Levodopa medication does not influence motor inhibition or conflict resolution in a conditional stop-signal task in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res 2011; 213:435-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Hoegl T, Heinrich H, Albrecht B, Diruf M, Moll GH, Kratz O. Interplay of neuronal processes during response inhibition: results from a combined event-related potentials (ERPs)/transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study on methylphenidate. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 81:99-106. [PMID: 21620906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal processes underlying response inhibition are often studied using either event-related potentials (ERPs) or by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate excitatory and inhibitory processes in the motor system. We performed a more refined analysis of response inhibition by combining both approaches with the aim of identifying an interplay between ERPs and TMS parameters. During a go/nogo task, motor system excitability was measured using TMS single and double pulses and brain electrical activity was recorded in healthy adults (n=14). Each participant completed two testing sessions, once on placebo and once on methylphenidate (double-blind, crossover design). Studying the effects of methylphenidate served as an example application for this combined approach. Developing regression models, inhibition-related TMS measures (e.g., short intracortical inhibition) and the contingent negative variation explained about 85% of the variance of the nogo-P3 under both MPH and placebo medication. The smaller the inhibitory effect in the motor system, the more terminal response control was required and the more resources were allocated for the evaluation of the inhibitory process, respectively, as indicated by a larger P3. Thus, an interplay between processes in the motor system (cortex) and control processes with sources in the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may take place, acting complementarily to facilitate a correct nogo-response. While ERPs rather represent initiation and monitoring of inhibitory processes and response control, motor inhibition may be best analyzed using TMS. A combined ERP/TMS analysis may allow for the development of distinct models concerning the interplay of processes involved in response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoegl
- Dept. of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6+10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Kenemans JL, Kähkönen S. How human electrophysiology informs psychopharmacology: from bottom-up driven processing to top-down control. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:26-51. [PMID: 20927044 PMCID: PMC3055493 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review surveys human event-related brain potential (ERP) and event-related magnetic field (ERF) approaches to psychopharmacology and psychopathology, and the way in which they complement behavioral studies and other neuroimaging modalities. The major paradigms involving ERP/ERF are P50 suppression, loudness-dependent auditory evoked potential (LDAEP), mismatch negativity (MMN), P300, mental chronometry, inhibitory control, and conflict processing (eg, error-related negativity (ERN)). Together these paradigms cover a range of more bottom-up driven to more top-down controlled processes. A number of relationships between the major neurotransmitter systems and electrocortical mechanisms are highlighted. These include the role of dopamine in conflict processing, and perceptual processing vs motor preparation; the role of serotonin in P50 suppression, LDAEP, and MMN; glutamate/NMDA and MMN; and the role of acetylcholine in P300 generation and memory-related processes. A preliminary taxonomy for these relationships is provided, which should be helpful in attuning possible new treatments or new applications of existing treatments to various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leon Kenemans
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Human Psychopharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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30
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Biological markers of the effects of intravenous methylphenidate on improving inhibitory control in cocaine-dependent patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14455-9. [PMID: 20660731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002467107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research points to the importance of psychostimulants in improving self-control. However, the neural substrates underlying such improvement remain unclear. Here, in a pharmacological functional MRI study of the stop signal task, we show that methylphenidate (as compared with placebo) robustly decreased stop signal reaction time (SSRT), an index of improved control, in cocaine-dependent patients (a population in which inhibitory control is impaired). Methylphenidate-induced decreases in SSRT were positively correlated with inhibition-related activation of left middle frontal cortex (MFC) and negatively with activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in whole brain linear regressions. Inhibition-related MFC but not vmPFC activation distinguished individuals with short and long SSRT in 36 demographically matched healthy individuals, whereas vmPFC but not MFC activation, along with improvement in SSRT, was correlated with a previously implicated biomarker of methylphenidate response (systolic blood pressure). These results implicate a specific neural (i.e., vmPFC) mechanism whereby stimulants improve inhibitory control. Altered ventromedial prefrontal activation and increased blood pressure may represent useful CNS and peripheral biomarkers in individualized treatment with methylphenidate for patients with cocaine dependence.
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