1
|
Zhang W, He T, Zhou N, Duan L, Chi P, Lin X. Children's oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and neural synchrony in mother-child interactions: An fNIRS study. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120736. [PMID: 39009247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) between mothers and children responds to the temporal similarity of brain signals in joint behavior between dyadic partners and is considered an important neural indicator of the formation of adaptive social interaction bonds. Parent-child interactions are particularly important for the development and maintenance of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in children, but the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms are unknown. Therefore, in the current study we measured INS between mothers and children in interactions by using simultaneous functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), and explored its association with ODD symptoms in children. Seventy-two mother-child dyads were recruited to participate in the study, including 35 children with ODD and 37 healthy children to be used as a control. Each mother-child dyad was measured for neural activity in frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe regions while completing free-play as well as positive, and negative topic discussion tasks. We used Phase-locked value to calculate the synchrony strength and then used the K-means algorithm and k-space based alignment tests to confirm the specific patterns of parent-child synchrony in different brain areas. The results showed that, in free-play (right MFG and bilateral SFG), positive (left TPJ and bilateral SFGdor), and negative (bilateral SFGmed, right ANG, and left MFG) topic discussions, the mother-child pairs showed different patterns of INS. These specific INS patterns were significantly lower in the ODD group compared to the control group and were negatively associated with ODD symptoms in children. Network analyses showed that these INS patterns were connected to different nodes in the ODD symptom network. Our findings suggest that ODD mother-child dyads exhibit lower neural synchrony across a wide range of parent-child interactions. Neural synchrony in the context of interpersonal interactions provides new insights into understanding the neural mechanisms of ODD and can be used as an indicator of neural and socio-environmental factors in the network of psychological disorder symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ting He
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peilian Chi
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Xiuyun Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hawes DJ, Gardner F, Dadds MR, Frick PJ, Kimonis ER, Burke JD, Fairchild G. Oppositional defiant disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:31. [PMID: 37349322 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a disruptive behaviour disorder involving an ongoing pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviour and vindictiveness. Onset is typically before 8 years of age, although ODD can be diagnosed in both children and adults. This disorder is associated with substantial social and economic burden, and childhood ODD is one of the most common precursors of other mental health problems that can arise across the lifespan. The population prevalence of ODD is ~3 to 5%. A higher prevalence in males than females has been reported, particularly before adolescence. No single risk factor accounts for ODD. The development of this disorder seems to arise from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, and mechanisms embedded in social relationships are understood to contribute to its maintenance. The treatment of ODD is often successful, and relatively brief parenting interventions produce large sized treatment effects in early childhood. Accordingly, ODD represents an important focus for research, practice and policy concerning early intervention and prevention in mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Frances Gardner
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark R Dadds
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eva R Kimonis
- Parent-Child Research Clinic, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Burke
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hornstra R, Groenman AP, van der Oord S, Luman M, Dekkers TJ, van der Veen-Mulders L, Hoekstra PJ, van den Hoofdakker BJ. Review: Which components of behavioral parent and teacher training work for children with ADHD? - a metaregression analysis on child behavioral outcomes. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2022; 28:258-268. [PMID: 35417075 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This metaregression analysis examined which behavioral techniques that are commonly used in behavioral parent and teacher training programs for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were related to program effectiveness on children's behavioral outcomes. METHODS We included 32 randomized controlled trials (N = 2594 children) investigating behavioral parent training, teacher training, or a combination, in children with ADHD under 18 years. Outcomes were symptom counts of total ADHD, inattention, and hyperactivity-impulsivity and behavioral problems. The dosage of techniques was extracted from the intervention manuals. Metaregression was used to assess which techniques and intervention characteristics (setting, delivery method, duration, and home-school collaboration) were associated with intervention effectiveness. RESULTS Higher dosage of psycho-education for parents was associated with smaller effects on behavioral problems and, only in case of parent training, also with smaller effects on ADHD symptoms. Higher dosage of teaching parents/teachers to use negative consequences was associated with larger effects on behavioral problems. Individual training compared with group training was associated with larger effects on ADHD and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study provides first insights into the specific techniques that are essential in behavioral parent and teacher training programs for children with ADHD. This knowledge can eventually be used to improve and tailor interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Hornstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annabeth P Groenman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Oord
- Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Department of Clinical, Developmental and Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tycho J Dekkers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne van der Veen-Mulders
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J van den Hoofdakker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dekkers TJ, Hornstra R, van der Oord S, Luman M, Hoekstra PJ, Groenman AP, van den Hoofdakker BJ. Meta-analysis: Which Components of Parent Training Work for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:478-494. [PMID: 34224837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral parent training is an evidence-based intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it is unknown which of its components are most effective. This meta-regression analysis investigated which specific behavioral techniques that parents learn in parent training are associated with effects on parental outcomes. METHOD A search was performed for randomized controlled trials on parent training for children with ADHD, with positive parenting, negative parenting, parenting sense of competence, parent-child relationship quality, and parental mental health as outcome measures. After screening 23,026 publications, 29 studies contributing 138 effect sizes were included (N = 2,345). For each study, the dosage of 39 behavioral techniques was derived from intervention manuals, and meta-regression determined which techniques were related to outcomes. RESULTS Parent training had robust small- to medium-sized positive effects on all parental outcomes relative to control conditions, both for unblinded and probably blinded measures. A higher dosage of techniques focusing on the manipulation of antecedents of behavior was associated with better outcomes on parenting sense of competence and parental mental health, and a higher dosage of techniques focusing on reinforcement of desired behaviors was related to larger decreases in negative parenting. Higher dosages of psychoeducation were negatively related to parental outcomes. CONCLUSION Although techniques were not investigated in isolation, the results suggested that manipulation of antecedents of behavior and reinforcement techniques are key components of parent training for children with ADHD in relation to parental outcomes. These exploratory findings may help to strengthen and tailor parent training interventions for children with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J Dekkers
- University of Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Levvel, Academic Center for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry and Specialized Youthcare, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Saskia van der Oord
- University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KU Leuven, Research Group Clinical Psychology, Belgium
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Levvel, Academic Center for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry and Specialized Youthcare, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Annabeth P Groenman
- University of Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Levantini V, Powe C, Lochman JE, Glenn A. Monoamine Oxidase-A and Conduct Problems in Children: The Role of Affective Decision-Making. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Li JJ. Children's Reward and Punishment Sensitivity Moderates the Association of Negative and Positive Parenting Behaviors in Child ADHD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:1585-1598. [PMID: 29556859 PMCID: PMC7191994 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atypical reward processing, including abnormal reward responsivity and sensitivity to punishment, has long been implicated in the etiology of ADHD. However, little is known about how these facets of behavior interact with positive (e.g., warmth, praise) and negative (e.g., hostility, harsh discipline) parenting behavior in the early expression of ADHD symptoms in young children. Understanding the interplay between children's reward processing and parenting may be crucial for identifying specific treatment targets in psychosocial interventions for ADHD, especially given that not all children benefit from contingency-based treatments (e.g., parent management training). The study consisted of a sample of kindergarten children (N = 201, 55% male) and their parents, who completed questionnaires about their parenting practices, their child's behaviors and participated in an observed parent-child play task in the laboratory. Children's reward responsivity and sensitivity to punishment were positively associated with child ADHD symptoms. However, children with high reward responsivity had more symptoms of ADHD but only under conditions of low negative parenting (self-reported and observed) and high self-reported positive parenting, compared to children with low reward responsivity. Children with high sensitivity to punishment had more ADHD symptoms relative to children with low sensitivity to punishment, but only under conditions in which observed praise was infrequent. Results provide evidence that individual differences in sensitivity to reward/punishment may be an important of marker of risk for ADHD, but also highlights how children's responses to positive and negative parenting behavior may vary by children's sensitivities. Clinical and treatment implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Li
- Department of Psychology, Waisman Center and University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sidlauskaite J, González-Madruga K, Smaragdi A, Riccelli R, Puzzo I, Batchelor M, Cornwell H, Clark L, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Fairchild G. Sex differences in risk-based decision making in adolescents with conduct disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:1133-1142. [PMID: 28688012 PMCID: PMC6133105 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered decision making processes and excessive risk-seeking behaviours are key features of conduct disorder (CD). Previous studies have provided compelling evidence of abnormally increased preference for risky options, higher sensitivity to rewards, as well as blunted responsiveness to aversive outcomes in adolescents with CD. However, most studies published to date have focused on males only; thus, it is not known whether females with CD show similar alterations in decision making. The current study investigated potential sex differences in decision making and risk-seeking behaviours in adolescents with CD. Forty-nine adolescents with CD (23 females) and 51 control subjects (27 females), aged 11-18 years, performed a computerised task assessing decision making under risk-the Risky Choice Task. Participants made a series of decisions between two gamble options that varied in terms of their expected values and probability of gains and losses. This enabled the participants' risk preferences to be determined. Taking the sample as a whole, adolescents with CD exhibited increased risk-seeking behaviours compared to healthy controls. However, we found a trend towards a sex-by-group interaction, suggesting that these effects may vary by sex. Follow-up analyses showed that males with CD made significantly more risky choices than their typically developing counterparts, while females with CD did not differ from typically developing females in their risk-seeking behaviours. Our results provide preliminary evidence that sex may moderate the relationship between CD and alterations in risk attitudes and reward processing, indicating that there may be sex differences in the developmental pathways and neuropsychological deficits that lead to CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justina Sidlauskaite
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK.
| | - Karen González-Madruga
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Areti Smaragdi
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Roberta Riccelli
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Ignazio Puzzo
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Molly Batchelor
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Harriet Cornwell
- 0000 0004 1936 9297grid.5491.9Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Building 44, Southampton, UK
| | - Luke Clark
- 0000 0001 2288 9830grid.17091.3eDepartment of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Graeme Fairchild
- 0000 0001 2162 1699grid.7340.0Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Classroom social experiences in early elementary school relate to diurnal cortisol levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 87:1-8. [PMID: 29032322 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social stress has been linked to altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocorticol (HPA) axis activation. During elementary school, children can become exposed to negative peer relations, such as poor appraisal among classroom peers, which is considered a social stressor. However, little is known about the association between classroom peer appraisal and the physiological stress system in children. The goal of this study was to examine the association of peer acceptance and peer non-acceptance with diurnal cortisol concentrations in 222 children from 20 mainstream elementary schools (Mage=6.97years, SD=0.99, 55% boys) in the Netherlands. Saliva samples were collected at awakening, 30min post-awakening, at noon and at 8 pm during a weekend day. From these assessments, the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR), diurnal cortisol concentration (AUCg) and diurnal cortisol slope were calculated. Peer nominations of peer acceptance (being liked), and peer non-acceptance (being disliked) were collected across a one year interval. Associations were controlled for peer victimization, age, sex and SES and children's levels of emotional problems and behavioural problems. Results showed that low peer acceptance was associated with heightened diurnal cortisol concentration (i.e., heightened AUGg), lower cortisol reductions across the day (i.e., less decreasing cortisol slope) and heightened cortisol awakening response (i.e., heightened CAR). Peer non-acceptance and the interaction between peer acceptance and peer non-acceptance (known as peer rejection) were not associated with AUCg, cortisol slope or the CAR. The findings emphasize the association between poor appraisal among classroom peers and children's heightened HPA-axis activation. This underscores the importance of the physiological stress system in studying the consequences of negative peer relations in children.
Collapse
|
9
|
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): An RDoC perspective. J Affect Disord 2017; 216:117-122. [PMID: 27554606 PMCID: PMC5305694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been much debate regarding the most appropriate diagnostic classification of children exhibiting emotion dysregulation in the form of irritability and severe temper outbursts. Most recently, this has resulted in the addition of a new diagnosis, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) in the DSM 5. The impetus for including this new disorder was to reduce the number of diagnoses that these children would typically receive; however, there is concern that it has only complicated matters rather than simplifying them. For example, a recent epidemiologic study shows that DMDD cannot be differentiated from oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) based on symptoms alone. Thus, these children are an ideal population in which to apply RDoC constructs in order to obtain greater clarity in terms of underlying processes and ultimately, inform nosology and appropriate interventions. The aim of this article is to provide a foundation for future research by examining extant theoretical and empirical evidence for the role of four key RDoC constructs in DMDD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Granero R, Domènech JM, de la Osa N, Ezpeleta L. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire for Children (SPSRQ-C). PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Dekkers TJ, Popma A, Agelink van Rentergem JA, Bexkens A, Huizenga HM. Risky decision making in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 45:1-16. [PMID: 26978323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ADHD has been associated with various forms of risky real life decision making, for example risky driving, unsafe sex and substance abuse. However, results from laboratory studies on decision making deficits in ADHD have been inconsistent, probably because of between study differences. We therefore performed a meta-regression analysis in which 37 studies (n ADHD=1175; n Control=1222) were included, containing 52 effect sizes. The overall analysis yielded a small to medium effect size (standardized mean difference=.36, p<.001, 95% CI [.22, .51]), indicating that groups with ADHD showed more risky decision making than control groups. There was a trend for a moderating influence of co-morbid Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD): studies including more participants with co-morbid DBD had larger effect sizes. No moderating influence of co-morbid internalizing disorders, age or task explicitness was found. These results indicate that ADHD is related to increased risky decision making in laboratory settings, which tended to be more pronounced if ADHD is accompanied by DBD. We therefore argue that risky decision making should have a more prominent role in research on the neuropsychological and -biological mechanisms of ADHD, which can be useful in ADHD assessment and intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J Dekkers
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, The Netherlands; De Bascule, Academic Center for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, The Netherlands.
| | - Arne Popma
- De Bascule, Academic Center for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, The Netherlands; Free University Medical Center (VUmc) Amsterdam, Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Netherlands; University of Leiden, Department of Criminology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anika Bexkens
- University of Leiden, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, The Netherlands; GGZ Delfland, Center for Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry in Individuals with Intellectual Disability, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M Huizenga
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Research Priority Area Yield, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sonuga-Barke EJS, Cortese S, Fairchild G, Stringaris A. Annual Research Review: Transdiagnostic neuroscience of child and adolescent mental disorders--differentiating decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:321-49. [PMID: 26705858 PMCID: PMC4762324 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ineffective decision making is a major source of everyday functional impairment and reduced quality of life for young people with mental disorders. However, very little is known about what distinguishes decision making by individuals with different disorders or the neuropsychological processes or brain systems underlying these. This is the focus of the current review. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY We first propose a neuroeconomic model of the decision-making process with separate stages for the prechoice evaluation of expected utility of future options; choice execution and postchoice management; the appraisal of outcome against expectation; and the updating of value estimates to guide future decisions. According to the proposed model, decision making is mediated by neuropsychological processes operating within three domains: (a) self-referential processes involved in autobiographical reflection on past, and prospection about future, experiences; (b) executive functions, such as working memory, inhibition, and planning, that regulate the implementation of decisions; and (c) processes involved in value estimation and outcome appraisal and learning. These processes are underpinned by the interplay of multiple brain networks, especially medial and lateralized cortical components of the default mode network, dorsal corticostriatal circuits underpinning higher order cognitive and behavioral control, and ventral frontostriatal circuits, connecting to brain regions implicated in emotion processing, that control valuation and learning processes. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Based on clinical insights and considering each of the decision-making stages in turn, we outline disorder-specific hypotheses about impaired decision making in four childhood disorders: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), depression, and anxiety. We hypothesize that decision making in ADHD is deficient (i.e. inefficient, insufficiently reflective, and inconsistent) and impulsive (biased toward immediate over delayed alternatives). In CD, it is reckless and insensitive to negative consequences. In depression, it is disengaged, perseverative, and pessimistic, while in anxiety, it is hesitant, risk-averse, and self-deprecating. A survey of current empirical indications related to these disorder-specific hypotheses highlights the limited and fragmentary nature of the evidence base and illustrates the need for a major research initiative in decision making in childhood disorders. The final section highlights a number of important additional general themes that need to be considered in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graeme Fairchild
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antonini TN, Becker SP, Tamm L, Epstein JN. Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:584-95. [PMID: 26416095 PMCID: PMC4589250 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
While neuropsychological deficits in both "hot" and "cool" executive functions (EFs) have been documented among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these EF deficits are not universal across all individuals with this diagnosis. One potential moderator of executive dysfunction may be the presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). This study examined the association between "hot" and "cool" EFs and comorbid ODD in children with ADHD. Thirty-three children with ADHD and comorbid ODD (ADHD+ODD), 67 with ADHD without ODD (ADHD-ODD), and 30 typically developing controls participated. Children were 7-12 years of age. "Cool" EFs were assessed with a spatial span task and a card sorting test. "Hot" EFs were assessed using a delay discounting task and a gambling task. ADHD-ODD and ADHD+ODD groups performed more poorly on "cool" EF tasks than controls, but did not differ from each other. Furthermore, the number of ADHD symptoms, but not ODD symptoms, was associated with "cool" EF scores. The three groups did not differ on "hot" EF tasks and the number of ADHD or ODD symptoms was unrelated to "hot" EF scores. In sum, children with ADHD presented with "cool" EF deficits which appear to be unrelated to ODD comorbidity. However, "hot" EF deficits were not present among children with ADHD, irrespective of comorbid ODD status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leanne Tamm
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,Ohio
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feedback May Harm: Role of Feedback in Probabilistic Decision Making of Adolescents with ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 43:1233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
15
|
Gopin CB, Berwid O, Marks DJ, Mlodnicka A, Halperin JM. ADHD Preschoolers with and without ODD: do they act differently depending on degree of task engagement/reward? J Atten Disord 2013; 17:608-19. [PMID: 22323121 DOI: 10.1177/1087054711432140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of reinforcement on reaction time (RT) and RT variability (RT standard deviation [RTSD]) in preschoolers with ADHD with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and a typically developing (TD) comparison group. METHOD Participants were administered a computerized task consisting of two conditions: simple RT (SRT) and reinforced SRT (SRTr). Data were analyzed using two-way (Group × Condition) mixed ANOVAs and followed-up using pairwise comparisons. RESULTS RTs were significantly shorter and less variable during the SRTr than the SRT condition. A significant Group x Condition interaction was observed for RTSD (F= 3.38, p < .05); post hoc analyses indicated that the RTSD of the ADHD + ODD group was significantly more variable than that of the TD group during the SRT condition (F = 4.81, p < .05). However, their RTSD was statistically indistinguishable from the other groups during the SRTr condition. CONCLUSION Preschoolers who are oppositional/defiant and hyperactive are the most responsive to feedback/reward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaya B Gopin
- 1The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Impaired neurocognitive functions affect social learning processes in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: implications for interventions. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2012; 15:234-46. [PMID: 22790712 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-012-0118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, a conceptualization of oppositional defiant (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) is presented according to which social learning processes in these disorders are affected by neurocognitive dysfunctions. Neurobiological studies in ODD and CD suggest that the ability to make associations between behaviors and negative and positive consequences is compromised in children and adolescents with these disorders due to reduced sensitivity to punishment and to reward. As a result, both learning of appropriate behavior and learning to refrain from inappropriate behavior may be affected. Likewise, problem solving is impaired due to deficiencies in inhibition, attention, cognitive flexibility, and decision making. Consequently, children and adolescents with ODD and CD may have difficulty learning to optimize their behavior in changeable environments. This conceptualization of ODD and CD is relevant for the improvement of the effect of psychological treatments. Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions that have been shown to be modestly effective in ODD and CD are based on social learning. Limited effectiveness of these interventions may be caused by difficulties in social learning in children and adolescents with ODD and CD. However, although these impairments have been observed at a group level, the deficits in reward processing, punishment processing, and cognitive control mentioned above may not be present to the same extent in each individual with ODD and CD. Therefore, the neurocognitive characteristics in children and adolescents with ODD and CD should be assessed individually. Thus, instead of delivering interventions in a standardized way, these programs may benefit from an individualized approach that depends on the weaknesses and strengths of the neurocognitive characteristics of the child and the adolescent.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hyatt CJ, Haney-Caron E, Stevens MC. Cortical thickness and folding deficits in conduct-disordered adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:207-14. [PMID: 22209639 PMCID: PMC3367056 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of pediatric conduct disorder (CD) have described frontal and temporal lobe structural abnormalities that parallel findings in antisocial adults. The purpose of this study was to examine previously unexplored cortical thickness and folding as markers for brain abnormalities in "pure CD"-diagnosed adolescents. On the basis of current frontotemporal theories, we hypothesized that CD youth would have thinner cortex or less cortical folding in temporal and frontal lobes than control subjects. METHODS We obtained T1-weighted brain structure images from 24 control and 19 CD participants aged 12 to 18 years, matched by gender and age. We measured group differences in cortical thickness and local gyrification index (regional cortical folding measure) using surface-based morphometry with clusterwise correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS The CD participants, compared with control subjects, showed both reduced cortical thickness and folding. Thinner cortex was located primarily in posterior brain regions, including left superior temporal and parietal lobes, temporoparietal junction and paracentral lobule, right superior temporal and parietal lobes, temporoparietal junction, and precuneus. Folding deficits were located mainly in anterior brain regions and included left insula, ventro- and dorsomedial prefrontal, anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices, temporal lobe, right superior frontal and parietal lobes, and paracentral lobule. CONCLUSIONS Our findings generally agree with previous CD volumetric studies but here show the unique contributions of cortical thickness and folding to gray matter reductions in pure CD in different brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hyatt
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
The neurobiology of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: altered functioning in three mental domains. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 25:193-207. [PMID: 22800761 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses neurobiological studies of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder within the conceptual framework of three interrelated mental domains: punishment processing, reward processing, and cognitive control. First, impaired fear conditioning, reduced cortisol reactivity to stress, amygdala hyporeactivity to negative stimuli, and altered serotonin and noradrenaline neurotransmission suggest low punishment sensitivity, which may compromise the ability of children and adolescents to make associations between inappropriate behaviors and forthcoming punishments. Second, sympathetic nervous system hyporeactivity to incentives, low basal heart rate associated with sensation seeking, orbitofrontal cortex hyporeactiviy to reward, and altered dopamine functioning suggest a hyposensitivity to reward. The associated unpleasant emotional state may make children and adolescents prone to sensation-seeking behavior such as rule breaking, delinquency, and substance abuse. Third, impairments in executive functions, especially when motivational factors are involved, as well as structural deficits and impaired functioning of the paralimbic system encompassing the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortex, suggest impaired cognitive control over emotional behavior. In the discussion we argue that more insight into the neurobiology of oppositional defiance disorder and conduct disorder may be obtained by studying these disorders separately and by paying attention to the heterogeneity of symptoms within each disorder.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ibanez A, Cetkovich M, Petroni A, Urquina H, Baez S, Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Kamienkowski JE, Torralva T, Torrente F, Strejilevich S, Teitelbaum J, Hurtado E, Guex R, Melloni M, Lischinsky A, Sigman M, Manes F. The neural basis of decision-making and reward processing in adults with euthymic bipolar disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PLoS One 2012; 7:e37306. [PMID: 22624011 PMCID: PMC3356275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) share DSM-IV criteria in adults and cause problems in decision-making. Nevertheless, no previous report has assessed a decision-making task that includes the examination of the neural correlates of reward and gambling in adults with ADHD and those with BD. Methodology/Principal Findings We used the Iowa gambling task (IGT), a task of rational decision-making under risk (RDMUR) and a rapid-decision gambling task (RDGT) which elicits behavioral measures as well as event-related potentials (ERPs: fERN and P3) in connection to the motivational impact of events. We did not observe between-group differences for decision-making under risk or ambiguity (RDMUR and IGT); however, there were significant differences for the ERP-assessed RDGT. Compared to controls, the ADHD group showed a pattern of impaired learning by feedback (fERN) and insensitivity to reward magnitude (P3). This ERP pattern (fERN and P3) was associated with impulsivity, hyperactivity, executive function and working memory. Compared to controls, the BD group showed fERN- and P3-enhanced responses to reward magnitude regardless of valence. This ERP pattern (fERN and P3) was associated with mood and inhibitory control. Consistent with the ERP findings, an analysis of source location revealed reduced responses of the cingulate cortex to the valence and magnitude of rewards in patients with ADHD and BD. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that neurophysiological (ERPs) paradigms such as the RDGT are well suited to assess subclinical decision-making processes in patients with ADHD and BD as well as for linking the cingulate cortex with action monitoring systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Ibanez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Reward and punishment sensitivity in children with ADHD: validating the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire for children (SPSRQ-C). JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 40:145-57. [PMID: 21789519 PMCID: PMC3268965 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study validates the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire for children (SPSRQ-C), using a Dutch sample of 1234 children between 6–13 years old. Factor analysis determined that a 4-factor and a 5-factor solution were best fitting, explaining 41% and 50% of the variance respectively. The 4-factor model was highly similar to the original SPSRQ factors found in adults (Punishment Sensitivity, Reward Responsivity, Impulsivity/Fun-Seeking, and Drive). The 5-factor model was similar to the 4-factor model, with the exception of a subdivision of the Punishment Sensitivity factor into a factor with ‘social-fear’ items and a factor with ‘anxiety’ items. To determine external validity, scores of three groups of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were compared on the EFA models: ADHD-only (n = 34), ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ADHD+ASD; n = 22), ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ADHD+ODD; n = 22). All ADHD groups scored higher than typical controls on Reward Responsivity and on the ‘anxiety’ factor (n = 75). The ADHD-only and ADHD+ODD group scored higher than other groups on Impulsivity/Fun-Seeking and Drive, while the ADHD+ASD group scored higher on Punishment Sensitivity. The findings emphasize the value of the SPSRQ-C to quickly and reliably assess a child’s sensitivity to reinforcement, with the aim to provide individually-tailored behavioral interventions that utilize reward and reprimands.
Collapse
|
21
|
Schutter DJLG, van Bokhoven I, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Lochman JE, Matthys W. Risky decision making in substance dependent adolescents with a disruptive behavior disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:333-9. [PMID: 21153697 PMCID: PMC3066399 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Of all psychiatric disorders, the disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) are the most likely to predispose to substance dependence (SD). One possible underlying mechanism for this increased vulnerability is risky decision making. The aim of this study was to examine decision making in DBD adolescents with and without SD. Twenty-five DBD adolescents (19 males) with SD (DBD+SD), 28 DBD adolescents (23 males) without SD (DBD-SD) and 99 healthy controls (72 males) were included in the study. DBD adolescents with co-morbid attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were excluded. Risky decision making was investigated by assessing the number of disadvantageous choices in the Iowa gambling task. DBD+SD made significantly more risky choices than healthy controls and DBD-SD. Healthy controls and DBD-SD did not differ on risky decision making. These results suggest that risky decision making is a vulnerability factor for the development of SD in a subgroup of adolescents with DBD without ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. L. G. Schutter
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irene van Bokhoven
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3548 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John E. Lochman
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348 USA
| | - Walter Matthys
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fairchild G. The developmental psychopathology of motivation in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2011; 1:414-29. [PMID: 22436564 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a key period for the emergence of psychopathology, with many psychiatric disorders having their modal age-of-onset during this period. Relative to other periods of the lifespan, susceptibility to a number of psychiatric disorders is greatest during adolescence, particularly in females. In addition, disorders which emerge during adolescence appear to be more enduring and serious than those with a later onset. Although these psychiatric conditions may appear different from each other in terms of their associated behavioral signs or symptoms, this review will argue that they involve common alterations in motivational processes or disturbances in reward processing, although the direction of such changes (hypersensitivity vs. hyposensitivity to reward) and the stage of processing affected (reward anticipation vs. receipt) may differ across broader groupings of disorder. Recent behavioral, neuropsychological and neuroimaging research on reward processing in children, adolescents, and adults with these conditions will be described and evaluated. In addition, this article will consider what these studies tell us about their etiology and highlight gaps in our knowledge base. The review will also attempt to explain why adolescence is a period of elevated risk for the development of psychopathology, by discussing normative changes in reward processing in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Fairchild
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|