1
|
Huang S, Riley AL. Drug discrimination learning: Interoceptive stimulus control of behavior and its implications for regulated and dysregulated drug intake. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 244:173848. [PMID: 39137873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Drug discrimination research has generated rich evidence for the capacity of interoceptive drug stimuli to control behavior by serving as discriminative cues. Owing to its neuropharmacological specificity, drug discrimination learning has been widely used to characterize the stimulus effects and neuropharmacological underpinning of drugs. Apart from such utility, discriminative drug stimuli may help regulate drug use by disambiguating conditioned associations and post-intake outcomes. First, this review summarizes the evidence supporting interoceptive regulation of drug intake from the literature of exteroceptive discriminative control of drug-related behavior, effects of drug priming, and self-titration of drug intake. Second, an overview of interoceptive control of reward-seeking and the animal model of discriminated goal-tracking is provided to illustrate interoceptive stimulus control of the initiation and patterning of drug intake. Third, we highlight the importance of interoceptive control of aversion-avoidance in the termination of drug-use episodes and describe the animal model of discriminated taste avoidance that supports such a position. In bridging these discriminative functions of drug stimuli, we propose that interoceptive drug stimuli help regulate intake by disambiguating whether intake will be rewarding, nonrewarding, or aversive. The reflection and discussion on current theoretical formulations of interoceptive control of drug intake may further scientific advances to improve animal models to study the mechanisms by which interoceptive stimuli regulate drug intake, as well as how alterations of interoceptive processes may contribute to the transition to dysregulated drug use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Huang
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Anthony L Riley
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ndiaye NA, Shamleh SA, Casale D, Castaneda-Ouellet S, Laplante I, Robinson MJF, Samaha AN. Relapse after intermittent access to cocaine: Discriminative cues more effectively trigger drug seeking than do conditioned cues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:2015-2032. [PMID: 38767684 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE When people with drug addiction encounter cues associated with drug use, this can trigger cravings and relapse. These cues can include conditioned stimuli (CSs) signaling drug delivery and discriminative stimuli (DSs) signaling drug availability. Compared to CS effects, DS effects are less explored in preclinical studies on cue-induced relapse. OBJECTIVE We compared CS and DS effects on reward seeking following abstinence from intermittent-access cocaine (or sucrose) self-administration. METHODS During 15-20 intermittent-access sessions, rats self-administered i.v. cocaine or sucrose pellets paired with a light-tone CS. Cocaine/sucrose was available for 5-min (signalled by a light; DS+) and unavailable for 25 min (signalled by different lighting conditions; DS-), and this cycled for 4 h/session. Following abstinence, we measured cocaine/sucrose seeking under extinction triggered by CS and DS presentation, and instrumental responding reinforced by these cues. RESULTS Across intermittent-access sessions, rats increased lever pressing for cocaine or sucrose during DS+ periods and decreased responding during DS- periods. On days 2 and 21 of abstinence, only presentation of the DS+ or DS+ and CS combined elicited increased cocaine/sucrose-seeking behaviour (i.e., increased active lever presses). Presenting the DS- alongside the DS+ suppressed the increased cocaine-seeking behaviour otherwise produced by the DS+ . Finally, on day 21 of abstinence, rats showed equivalent levels of lever pressing reinforced by the DS+ , CS and by the DS+ and CS combined, suggesting comparable conditioned reinforcing value. CONCLUSIONS After intermittent self-administration, cocaine-associated DSs and CSs acquire similar conditioned reinforcing properties, but DSs more effectively trigger increases in drug seeking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ndeye Aissatou Ndiaye
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sema Abu Shamleh
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Domiziana Casale
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Isabel Laplante
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mike J F Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Neural Signaling and Circuitry Research Group (SNC), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research On the Brain and Learning (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lenoir M, Engeln M, Navailles S, Girardeau P, Ahmed SH. A large-scale c-Fos brain mapping study on extinction of cocaine-primed reinstatement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1459-1467. [PMID: 38664549 PMCID: PMC11251268 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with cocaine addiction can experience many craving episodes and subsequent relapses, which represents the main obstacle to recovery. Craving is often favored when abstinent individuals ingest a small dose of cocaine, encounter cues associated with drug use or are exposed to stressors. Using a cocaine-primed reinstatement model in rat, we recently showed that cocaine-conditioned interoceptive cues can be extinguished with repeated cocaine priming in the absence of drug reinforcement, a phenomenon we called extinction of cocaine priming. Here, we applied a large-scale c-Fos brain mapping approach following extinction of cocaine priming in male rats to identify brain regions implicated in processing the conditioned interoceptive stimuli of cocaine priming. We found that cocaine-primed reinstatement is associated with increased c-Fos expression in key brain regions (e.g., dorsal and ventral striatum, several prefrontal areas and insular cortex), while its extinction mostly disengages them. Moreover, while reinstatement behavior was correlated with insular and accumbal activation, extinction of cocaine priming implicated parts of the ventral pallidum, the mediodorsal thalamus and the median raphe. These brain patterns of activation and inhibition suggest that after repeated priming, interoceptive signals lose their conditioned discriminative properties and that action-outcome associations systems are mobilized in search for new contingencies, a brain state that may predispose to rapid relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Lenoir
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Michel Engeln
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | | | - Paul Girardeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Odontologiques, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge H Ahmed
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moorman DE, Aston-Jones G. Prelimbic and infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex neuron activity signals cocaine seeking variables across multiple timescales. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:575-594. [PMID: 36464693 PMCID: PMC10406502 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The prefrontal cortex is critical for execution and inhibition of reward seeking. Neural manipulation of rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) subregions differentially impacts execution and inhibition of cocaine seeking. Dorsal, or prelimbic (PL), and ventral, or infralimbic (IL) mPFC are implicated in cocaine seeking or extinction of cocaine seeking, respectively. This differentiation is not seen across all studies, indicating that further research is needed to understand specific mPFC contributions to drug seeking. METHODS We recorded neuronal activity in mPFC subregions during cocaine self-administration, extinction, and cue- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. RESULTS Both PL and IL neurons were phasically responsive around lever presses during cocaine self-administration, and activity in both areas was reduced during extinction. During both cue- and, to a greater extent, cocaine-induced reinstatement, PL neurons exhibited significantly elevated responses, in line with previous studies demonstrating a role for the region in relapse. The enhanced PL signaling in cocaine-induced reinstatement was driven by strong excitation and inhibition in different groups of neurons. Both of these response types were stronger in PL vs. IL neurons. Finally, we observed tonic changes in activity in all tasks phases, reflecting both session-long contextual modulation as well as minute-to-minute activity changes that were highly correlated with brain cocaine levels and motivation associated with cocaine seeking. CONCLUSIONS Although some differences were observed between PL and IL neuron activity across sessions, we found no evidence of a go/stop dichotomy in PL/IL function. Instead, our results demonstrate temporally heterogeneous prefrontal signaling during cocaine seeking and extinction in both PL and IL, revealing novel and complex functions for both regions during these behaviors. This combination of findings argues that mPFC neurons, in both PL and IL, provide multifaceted contributions to the regulation of drug seeking and addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mesa JR, Wesson DW, Schwendt M, Knackstedt LA. The roles of rat medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices in relapse to cocaine-seeking: A comparison across methods for identifying neurocircuits. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 4:100031. [PMID: 36277334 PMCID: PMC9583858 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A large body of research supports the notion that regions of the rodent frontal cortex regulate reinstatement of cocaine seeking after cessation of intravenous cocaine self-administration. However, earlier studies identifying the roles of medial (mPFC) and orbital prefrontal cortices (OFC) in reinstatement relied on pharmacological inactivation methods, which indiscriminately inhibited cells within a target region. Here, we first review the anatomical borders and pathways of the rat mPFC and OFC. Next, we compare and contrast findings from more recent cocaine seeking and reinstatement studies that used chemogenetics, optogenetics, or advanced tracing to manipulate specific local cell types or input/output projections of the mPFC and OFC subregions. We found that these studies largely corroborated the roles for mPFC subregions as ascribed by pharmacological inactivation studies. Namely, the prelimbic cortex generally drives cocaine seeking behaviors while the infralimbic cortex is recruited to inhibit cocaine seeking by extinction training but may contribute to seeking after prolonged abstinence. While the OFC remains understudied, we suggest it should not be overlooked, and, as with prelimbic and infralimbic cortices, we identify specific pathways of interest for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier R. Mesa
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. (J.R. Mesa)
| | - Daniel W. Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marek Schwendt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lori A. Knackstedt
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, 114 Psychology, 945 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pittaras E, Hamelin H, Granon S. Inter-Individual Differences in Cognitive Tasks: Focusing on the Shaping of Decision-Making Strategies. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:818746. [PMID: 35431831 PMCID: PMC9007591 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.818746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we review recent (published and novel) data showing inter-individual variation in decision-making strategies established by mice in a gambling task (MGT for Mouse Gambling Task). It may look intriguing, at first, that congenic animals develop divergent behaviors. However, using large groups of mice, we show that individualities emerge in the MGT, with about 30% of healthy mice displaying risk-averse choices while about 20-25% of mice make risk-prone choices. These strategies are accompanied by different brain network mobilization and individual levels of regional -prefrontal and striatal- monoamines. We further illustrate three ecological ways that influence drastically cognitive strategies in healthy adult mice: sleep deprivation, sucrose or artificial sweetener exposure, and regular exposure to stimulating environments. Questioning how to unmask individual strategies, what are their neural/neurochemical bases and whether we can shape or reshape them with different environmental manipulations is of great value, first to understand how the brain may build flexible decisions, and second to study behavioral plasticity, in healthy adult, as well as in developing brains. The latter may open new avenues for the identification of vulnerability traits to adverse events, before the emergence of mental pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Pittaras
- Heller Laboratory, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Héloïse Hamelin
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Saclay, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Saclay, France
- *Correspondence: Sylvie Granon,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brown RM, Dayas CV, James MH, Smith RJ. New directions in modelling dysregulated reward seeking for food and drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:1037-1048. [PMID: 34736883 PMCID: PMC8816817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral models are central to behavioral neuroscience. To study the neural mechanisms of maladaptive behaviors (including binge eating and drug addiction), it is essential to develop and utilize appropriate animal models that specifically focus on dysregulated reward seeking. Both food and cocaine are typically consumed in a regulated manner by rodents, motivated by reward and homeostatic mechanisms. However, both food and cocaine seeking can become dysregulated, resulting in binge-like consumption and compulsive patterns of intake. The speakers in this symposium for the 2021 International Behavioral Neuroscience Meeting utilize behavioral models of dysregulated reward-seeking to investigate the neural mechanisms of binge-like consumption, enhanced cue-driven reward seeking, excessive motivation, and continued use despite negative consequences. In this review, we outline examples of maladaptive patterns of intake and explore recent animal models that drive behavior to become dysregulated, including stress exposure and intermittent access to rewards. Lastly, we explore select behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying dysregulated reward-seeking for both food and drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan H James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Madangopal R, Ramsey LA, Weber SJ, Brenner MB, Lennon VA, Drake OR, Komer LE, Tunstall BJ, Bossert JM, Shaham Y, Hope BT. Inactivation of the infralimbic cortex decreases discriminative stimulus-controlled relapse to cocaine seeking in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1969-1980. [PMID: 34162997 PMCID: PMC8429767 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Persistent susceptibility to cue-induced relapse is a cardinal feature of addiction. Discriminative stimuli (DSs) are one type of drug-associated cue that signal drug availability (DS+) or unavailability (DS-) and control drug seeking prior to relapse. We previously established a trial-based procedure in rats to isolate DSs from context, conditioned stimuli, and other drug-associated cues during cocaine self-administration and demonstrated DS-controlled cocaine seeking up to 300 abstinence days. The behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying trial-based DS-control of drug seeking have rarely been investigated. Here we show that following discrimination training in our trial-based procedure, the DS+ and DS- independently control the expression and suppression of cocaine seeking during abstinence. Using microinjections of GABAA + GABAB receptor agonists (muscimol + baclofen) in medial prefrontal cortex, we report that infralimbic, but not prelimbic, subregion of medial prefrontal cortex is critical to persistent DS-controlled relapse to cocaine seeking after prolonged abstinence, but not DS-guided discriminated cocaine seeking or DS-controlled cocaine self-admininstration. Finally, using ex vivo whole-cell recordings from pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, we demonstrate that the disruption of DS-controlled cocaine seeking following infralimbic cortex microinjections of muscimol+baclofen is likely a result of suppression of synaptic transmission in the region via a presynaptic mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajtarun Madangopal
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leslie A Ramsey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sophia J Weber
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Megan B Brenner
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica A Lennon
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivia R Drake
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lauren E Komer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bossert
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Translation from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control: the Striatum in Drug Addiction. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Formiga MB, Galdino MKC, Vasconcelos SC, Neves JWJS, Lima MDDC. Executive functions and emotion regulation in substance use disorder. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective The executive functions (EF) and emotion regulation (ER) and their relationship with the substance use disorder (SUD) were analyzed. Methods A cross-sectional design was used. The sample consisted of 130 volunteers divided into three groups: group 01 (n = 60), composed of participants who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for any type of SUD; group 02 (n = 51), with users with alcohol and/or tobacco use disorder; group 03 (n = 19), with users with multiple substance use disorder, including at least one illicit substance. Results Group 02 presented worse performance in EF and ER when compared to group 01, and showed a significant correlation between the working memory and the use of maladaptive ER. Group 03 showed great losses in EF and ER when compared to the other groups. Conclusion This study supports the idea that EF, ER and SUD are related. In addition, it was observed that people with SUD had worse performance in EF and ER when compared to people without SUD, greater damage being observed in people with SUD of polysubstances.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vanderschuren LJMJ, Ahmed SH. Animal Models of the Behavioral Symptoms of Substance Use Disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a040287. [PMID: 32513674 PMCID: PMC8327824 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To more effectively manage substance use disorders, it is imperative to understand the neural, genetic, and psychological underpinnings of addictive behavior. To contribute to this understanding, considerable efforts have been made to develop translational animal models that capture key behavioral characteristics of addiction on the basis of DSM5 criteria of substance use disorders. In this review, we summarize empirical evidence for the occurrence of addiction-like behavior in animals. These symptoms include escalation of drug use, neurocognitive deficits, resistance to extinction, exaggerated motivation for drugs, increased reinstatement of drug seeking after extinction, preference for drugs over nondrug rewards, and resistance to punishment. The occurrence of addiction-like behavior in laboratory animals has opened the opportunity to investigate the neural, genetic, and psychological background of key aspects of addiction, which may ultimately contribute to the prevention and treatment of substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Serge H Ahmed
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Neurocampus, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
From head to tail (of the VTA): role of projections from prelimbic cortex to rostromedial tegmental nucleus in cocaine reinstatement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1395-1396. [PMID: 33452436 PMCID: PMC8208967 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Prelimbic cortical projections to rostromedial tegmental nucleus play a suppressive role in cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1399-1406. [PMID: 33230269 PMCID: PMC8209220 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prelimbic (PL) region of prefrontal cortex has been implicated in both driving and suppressing cocaine seeking in animal models of addiction. We hypothesized that these opposing roles for PL may be supported by distinct efferent projections. While PL projections to nucleus accumbens core have been shown to be involved in driving reinstatement of cocaine seeking, PL projections to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) may instead suppress reinstatement of cocaine seeking, due to the role of RMTg in behavioral inhibition. Here, we used a functional disconnection approach to temporarily disrupt the PL-RMTg pathway during cue- or cocaine-induced reinstatement. Male Sprague Dawley rats self-administered cocaine during daily 2-h sessions for ≥10 days and then underwent extinction training. Reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking was elicited by cocaine-associated cues or cocaine prime. Prior to reinstatement, rats received microinjections of the GABA agonists baclofen/muscimol (1/0.1 mM) into unilateral PL and the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (1 mM) into contralateral or ipsilateral RMTg. Functional disconnection of PL-RMTg via contralateral inactivation markedly increased cue-induced reinstatement, but did not increase cocaine-induced reinstatement or drive reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in the absence of cues or cocaine. Enhanced cue-induced reinstatement was also observed with ipsilateral inactivation of PL and RMTg, but not with unilateral inactivation of PL or RMTg alone, indicating that both ipsilateral and contralateral projections from PL to RMTg have an inhibitory influence on behavior. These data further support a suppressive role for PL in cocaine seeking by implicating PL efferent projections to RMTg in inhibiting cue-induced reinstatement.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu H, Gong Y, Huang P, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Zhu X, You X. Effect of Repeated Anodal HD-tDCS on Executive Functions: Evidence From a Pilot and Single-Blinded fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:583730. [PMID: 33536886 PMCID: PMC7847848 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.583730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are of vital importance in the process of active cognition, which is thought to be associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). As a valid brain stimulation technology, high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) has been used to optimize cognitive function in healthy adults. Substantial evidence indicates that short-term or single anodal tDCS sessions over the left DLPFC will enhance the performance of executive functions. However, the changes in performance and cortical activation of executive functions after modulation by repeated anodal HD-tDCS is as yet unexplored. This study aims to examine changes in three core components of executive functions (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) produced by nine HD-tDCS sessions (1.5 mA, over left DLPFC, 20 min per session), and to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to bilaterally record DLPFC neural activity. A total of 43 participants were divided randomly into two study groups (anodal group vs. sham group) to complete nine interventions. Our results demonstrate that the enhancement of cognitive flexibility in the anodal group was significantly better than that in the sham group. Additionally, a Stroop effect-related decrease in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration in the DLPFC was observed in the anodal group but not the sham group. In conclusion, our study found that repeated anodal HD-tDCS sessions can significantly promote cognitive flexibility, one of the core components of executive function, and that alterations in DLPFC activation can enhance our understanding of the neuroplastic modifications modulated by HD-tDCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Lu
- Faculty of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yue Gong
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Faculty of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Faculty of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhihua Guo
- Faculty of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Faculty of Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Piantadosi PT, Yeates DCM, Floresco SB. Prefrontal cortical and nucleus accumbens contributions to discriminative conditioned suppression of reward-seeking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:429-440. [PMID: 32934096 PMCID: PMC7497111 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051912.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fear can potently inhibit ongoing behavior, including reward-seeking, yet the neural circuits that underlie such suppression remain to be clarified. Prior studies have demonstrated that distinct subregions of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) differentially affect fear behavior, whereby fear expression is promoted by the more dorsal prelimbic cortex (PL) and inhibited by the more ventral infralimbic cortex (IL). These mPFC regions project to subregions of the nucleus accumbens, the core (NAcC) and shell (NAcS), that differentially contribute to reward-seeking as well as affective processes that may be relevant to fear expression. Here, we investigated how these mPFC and NAc subregions contribute to discriminative fear conditioning, assessed by conditioned suppression of reward-seeking. Bilateral inactivation of the NAcS or PL reduced the expression of conditioned suppression to a shock-associated CS+, whereas NAcC inactivation reduced reward-seeking without affecting suppression. IL inactivation caused a general reduction in conditioned suppression following discriminative conditioning, but not when using a single-stimulus design. Pharmacological disconnection of the PL → NAcS pathway revealed that this projection mediates conditioned suppression. These data add to a growing literature implicating discrete cortico-striatal pathways in the suppression of reward-seeking in response to aversive stimuli. Dysfunction within related structures may contribute to aberrant patterns of behavior in psychiatric illnesses including substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Piantadosi
- Department of Psychology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dylan C M Yeates
- Department of Psychology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lennon VA, Brenner MB, Weber SJ, Komer LE, Madangopal R. Trial-based Discrimination Procedure for Studying Drug Relapse in Rats. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3445. [PMID: 33654940 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In abstinent drug addicts, cues formerly associated with drug-taking experiences gain relapse-inducing potency ('incubate') over time. Animal models of incubation may help in developing treatments for relapse prevention. However, these models have primarily focused on the role of conditioned stimuli (CSs) signaling drug delivery and not on discriminative stimuli (DSs), which signal drug availability and are also known to play a major role in drug relapse. We recently showed that DS-controlled cocaine seeking in rats also incubates during abstinence and persists up to 300 days. We used a trial-based procedure to train male and female rats to discriminate between two light cues: one light cue (DS+) signaled the availability of cocaine reward and the second light cue (DS-) signaled the absence of reward. Rats learned to press a central retractable lever during trials in which the DS+ cue was presented and to suppress responding when the DS- cue was presented. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the behavioral procedure used in our study. The trial-based design of this behavior lends itself well to time-locked in vivo recording and manipulation approaches that can be used to identify neurobiological mechanisms underlying the contributions of DSs to drug relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A Lennon
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Megan B Brenner
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Sophia J Weber
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lauren E Komer
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rajtarun Madangopal
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Laque A, L De Ness G, Wagner GE, Nedelescu H, Carroll A, Watry D, M Kerr T, Koya E, Hope BT, Weiss F, Elmer GI, Suto N. Anti-relapse neurons in the infralimbic cortex of rats drive relapse-suppression by drug omission cues. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3934. [PMID: 31477694 PMCID: PMC6718661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder of compulsive drug use. Studies of the neurobehavioral factors that promote drug relapse have yet to produce an effective treatment. Here we take a different approach and examine the factors that suppress-rather than promote-relapse. Adapting Pavlovian procedures to suppress operant drug response, we determined the anti-relapse action of environmental cues that signal drug omission (unavailability) in rats. Under laboratory conditions linked to compulsive drug use and heightened relapse risk, drug omission cues suppressed three major modes of relapse-promotion (drug-predictive cues, stress, and drug exposure) for cocaine and alcohol. This relapse-suppression is, in part, driven by omission cue-reactive neurons, which constitute small subsets of glutamatergic and GABAergic cells, in the infralimbic cortex. Future studies of such neural activity-based cellular units (neuronal ensembles/memory engram cells) for relapse-suppression can be used to identify alternate targets for addiction medicine through functional characterization of anti-relapse mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Laque
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Genna L De Ness
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Grant E Wagner
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hermina Nedelescu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ayla Carroll
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Debbie Watry
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tony M Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Greg I Elmer
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Nobuyoshi Suto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Relapse to cocaine use persists following extinction of drug-primed craving. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:185-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
19
|
Nestler EJ, Lüscher C. The Molecular Basis of Drug Addiction: Linking Epigenetic to Synaptic and Circuit Mechanisms. Neuron 2019; 102:48-59. [PMID: 30946825 PMCID: PMC6587180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a disease in which, after a period of recreational use, a subset of individuals develops compulsive use that does not stop even in light of major negative consequences. Here, we review the evidence for underlying epigenetic remodeling in brain in two settings. First, excessive dopamine signaling during drug use may modulate gene expression, altering synaptic function and circuit activity and leading over time to maladaptive behaviors in vulnerable individuals. Second, on a longer timescale, life experience can shape the epigenetic landscape in brain and thereby may contribute to an individual's vulnerability by amplifying drug-induced changes in gene expression that drive the transition to addiction. We conclude by exploring how epigenetic mechanisms might serve as therapeutic targets for addiction treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nestler
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Clinic of Neurology, Departement of Clinical Neurosiences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Madangopal R, Tunstall BJ, Komer LE, Weber SJ, Hoots JK, Lennon VA, Bossert JM, Epstein DH, Shaham Y, Hope BT. Discriminative stimuli are sufficient for incubation of cocaine craving. eLife 2019; 8:e44427. [PMID: 30801248 PMCID: PMC6417857 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In abstinent drug addicts, cues formerly associated with drug-taking experiences gain relapse-inducing potency ('incubate') over time. Animal models of incubation may help develop treatments to prevent relapse, but these models have ubiquitously focused on the role of conditioned stimuli (CSs) signaling drug delivery. Discriminative stimuli (DSs) are unique in that they exert stimulus-control over both drug taking and drug seeking behavior and are difficult to extinguish. For this reason, incubation of the excitatory effects of DSs that signal drug availability, not yet examined in preclinical studies, could be relevant to relapse prevention. We trained rats to self-administer cocaine (or palatable food) under DS control, then investigated DS-controlled incubation of craving, in the absence of drug-paired CSs. DS-controlled cocaine (but not palatable food) seeking incubated over 60 days of abstinence and persisted up to 300 days. Understanding the neural mechanisms of this DS-controlled incubation holds promise for drug relapse treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajtarun Madangopal
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Lauren E Komer
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Sophia J Weber
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jennifer K Hoots
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Veronica A Lennon
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jennifer M Bossert
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - David H Epstein
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith RJ, Laiks LS. Behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying habitual and compulsive drug seeking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:11-21. [PMID: 28887182 PMCID: PMC5837910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Here we review studies that indicate that compulsive drug use, and in particular punishment resistance in animal models of addiction, is related to impaired cortical control over habitual behavior. In humans and animals, instrumental behavior is supported by goal-directed and habitual systems that rely on distinct corticostriatal networks. Chronic exposure to addictive drugs or stress has been shown to bias instrumental response strategies toward habit learning, and impair prefrontal cortical (PFC) control over responding. Moreover, recent work has implicated prelimbic PFC hypofunction in the punishment resistance that has been observed in a subset of animals with an extended history of cocaine self-administration. This may be related to a broader role for prelimbic PFC in mediating adaptive responding and behavioral flexibility, including exerting goal-directed control over behavior. We hypothesize that impaired cortical control and reduced flexibility between habitual and goal-directed systems may be critically involved in the development of maladaptive, compulsive drug use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Smith
- Corresponding author at: 3474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Antinori S, Fattore L, Saba P, Fratta W, Gessa GL, Devoto P. Levodopa prevents the reinstatement of cocaine self-administration in rats via potentiation of dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex. Addict Biol 2018; 23:556-568. [PMID: 28429835 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine agonists have been proposed as therapeutic tools for cocaine addiction. We have recently demonstrated that indirect dopamine agonists, including levodopa (L-DOPA), markedly increase cocaine-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats leading to the suppression of cocaine-seeking behavior. This study was aimed to understand the behavioral and neurochemical effects of L-DOPA on cocaine-taking and cocaine-seeking in rats. After reaching a stable pattern of intravenous cocaine self-administration under a continuous fixed ratio (FR-1) schedule of reinforcement, male rats were treated with L-DOPA at different steps of the self-administration protocol. We found that L-DOPA reduced cocaine self-administration under FR-1 schedule of reinforcement and decreased the breaking points and the amount of cocaine self-administered under the progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Levodopa also decreased cocaine-seeking behavior both in a saline substitution test and in the cue priming-induced reinstatement test, without affecting general motor activity. Importantly, L-DOPA greatly potentiated cocaine-induced dopamine release in the mPFC of self-administering rats while reducing their cocaine intake. In the same brain area, L-DOPA also increased dopamine levels during cue priming-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. The potentiating effect was also evident in the mPFC but not nucleus accumbens core of drug-naïve rats passively administered with cocaine. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that L-DOPA efficaciously reduces the reinforcing and motivational effects of cocaine likely potentiating dopamine transmission in the mPFC. Its ability to prevent cue priming-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking suggests that it might be effective in reducing the risk to relapse to cocaine in abstinent patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Antinori
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari; National Research Council (CNR); Italy
- Center of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Addiction’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Pierluigi Saba
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Center of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Addiction’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari; National Research Council (CNR); Italy
- ‘Guy Everett Laboratory’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| | - Paola Devoto
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari; Italy
- Center of Excellence ‘Neurobiology of Addiction’; University of Cagliari; Italy
- ‘Guy Everett Laboratory’; University of Cagliari; Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gutman AL, Ewald VA, Cosme CV, Worth WR, LaLumiere RT. The infralimbic and prelimbic cortices contribute to the inhibitory control of cocaine-seeking behavior during a discriminative stimulus task in rats. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1719-1730. [PMID: 27549035 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The infralimbic and prelimbic (IL and PL, respectively) regions of the medial prefrontal cortex regulate the control of drug-seeking behavior. However, their roles in cocaine seeking in a discriminative stimulus (DS)-based self-administration task are unclear. To address this issue, male Sprague Dawley rats were trained on a DS task in which, on a trial-by-trial basis, a DS+ indicated that a lever press would produce a cocaine infusion, whereas a distinct DS- indicated that a lever press would produce nothing. IL and PL inactivation via GABA receptor activation decreased performance accuracy and disinhibited behavioral responding on DS- trials, resulting in greater lever pressing during the DS- presentation. This was accompanied by a decrease in cocaine infusions obtained, a finding confirmed in a subsequent experiment using a standard FR1 cocaine self-administration paradigm. We repeated the DS study using a food reward and found that inactivation of each region decreased performance accuracy but had no effect on the total number of food pellets earned. Additional experiments with the cocaine DS task found that dopamine receptor blockade in the IL, but not PL, reduced performance accuracy and disinhibited behavioral responding on DS- trials, whereas AMPA receptor blockade in the IL and PL had no effect on performance accuracy. These findings strongly suggest that, in a DS-based self-administration task in which rats must actively decide whether to engage in lever pressing (DS+) or withhold lever pressing (DS-) on a trial-by-trial basis, both the IL and PL contribute to the inhibitory control of drug-seeking behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Gutman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Victoria A. Ewald
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Caitlin V. Cosme
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Wensday R. Worth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Ryan T. LaLumiere
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Muller Ewald VA, LaLumiere RT. Neural systems mediating the inhibition of cocaine-seeking behaviors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 174:53-63. [PMID: 28720520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, research has targeted the neurobiology regulating cocaine-seeking behaviors, largely in the hopes of identifying potential targets for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Although much of this work has focused on those systems driving cocaine seeking, recently, studies examining the inhibition of cocaine-related behaviors have made significant progress in uncovering the neural systems that attenuate cocaine seeking. Such systems include the infralimbic cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, and hypothalamus. Research in this field has focused largely on the infralimbic cortex, as activity in this region appears to attenuate cocaine seeking during reinstatement and contribute to extinction learning. However, an overarching theory of function for this region that includes its role in other types of reward seeking and learning remains to be determined. Furthermore, the precise relationship between other regions involved in attenuating cocaine-seeking behavior and the infralimbic cortex remains unclear. Recent advances in the use of viral vectors combined with optogenetics, chemogenetics, and other approaches have greatly affected our capacity to investigate those systems inhibiting behavior dependent on cocaine-associated memories. This review will present current understanding regarding the neurobiology underlying the inhibition of such behaviors, especially focusing on the extinction of such memories, and explore how viral-vector targeting of specific brain circuits has begun to alter, and will continue to enrich, our knowledge regarding this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victória A Muller Ewald
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Ryan T LaLumiere
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scofield MD, Heinsbroek JA, Gipson CD, Kupchik YM, Spencer S, Smith ACW, Roberts-Wolfe D, Kalivas PW. The Nucleus Accumbens: Mechanisms of Addiction across Drug Classes Reflect the Importance of Glutamate Homeostasis. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:816-71. [PMID: 27363441 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic exposure to several classes of drugs of abuse disrupts plasticity in this region, allowing drug-associated cues to engender a pathologic motivation for drug seeking. A number of alterations in glutamatergic transmission occur within the nucleus accumbens after withdrawal from chronic drug exposure. These drug-induced neuroadaptations serve as the molecular basis for relapse vulnerability. In this review, we focus on the role that glutamate signal transduction in the nucleus accumbens plays in addiction-related behaviors. First, we explore the nucleus accumbens, including the cell types and neuronal populations present as well as afferent and efferent connections. Next we discuss rodent models of addiction and assess the viability of these models for testing candidate pharmacotherapies for the prevention of relapse. Then we provide a review of the literature describing how synaptic plasticity in the accumbens is altered after exposure to drugs of abuse and withdrawal and also how pharmacological manipulation of glutamate systems in the accumbens can inhibit drug seeking in the laboratory setting. Finally, we examine results from clinical trials in which pharmacotherapies designed to manipulate glutamate systems have been effective in treating relapse in human patients. Further elucidation of how drugs of abuse alter glutamatergic plasticity within the accumbens will be necessary for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of addiction across all classes of addictive substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Scofield
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - J A Heinsbroek
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - C D Gipson
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - Y M Kupchik
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - S Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - A C W Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - D Roberts-Wolfe
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - P W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gao P, de Munck JC, Limpens JHW, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Voorn P. A neuronal activation correlate in striatum and prefrontal cortex of prolonged cocaine intake. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3453-3475. [PMID: 28393262 PMCID: PMC5676843 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive changes in the involvement of striatal and frontal cortical regions in drug use are thought to underlie the progression to habitual drug use and loss of cognitive control over drug intake that occur with accumulating drug experience. The present experiments focus on changes in neuronal activity in these regions associated with short-term (10 days) and long-term (60 days) self-administration of cocaine. Quantitative in situ hybridization for the immediate early gene Mkp1 was combined with statistical parametric mapping to assess the distribution of neuronal activity. We hypothesized that neuronal activity in striatum would increase in its dorsal part and that activity in frontal cortex would decrease with prolonged cocaine self-administration experience. Expression of Mkp1 was profoundly increased after cocaine self-administration, and the magnitude of this effect was greater after short-term compared to long-term self-administration. Increased neuronal activity was seen in both dorsal and ventral sectors of the striatum after 10 days exposure to cocaine. However, enhanced activity was restricted to dorsomedial and dorsocentral striatum after 60 days cocaine self-administration. In virtually all medial prefrontal and most orbitofrontal areas, increased expression of Mkp1 was observed after 10 days of cocaine taking, whereas after 60 days, enhanced expression was restricted to caudal parts of medial prefrontal and caudomedial parts of orbitofrontal cortex. Our data reveal functional changes in cellular activity in striatum and frontal cortex with increasing cocaine self-administration experience. These changes might reflect the neural processes that underlie the descent from recreational drug taking to compulsive cocaine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C de Munck
- Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules H W Limpens
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Voorn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Smith MA, Zhang H, Robinson AM. The Effects of Excitatory and Inhibitory Social Cues on Cocaine-Seeking Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:217. [PMID: 27881957 PMCID: PMC5101205 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social partners influence the likelihood of using drugs, developing a substance use disorder and relapse to drug use after a period of abstinence. Preclinical studies report that social cues influence the acquisition of cocaine use, the escalation of cocaine use over time, and the compulsive patterns of cocaine use that emerge during an extended binge. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of social cues on the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior after a period of abstinence. Male rats were obtained at weaning, assigned to triads (three rats/cage), reared to adulthood and implanted with intravenous catheters. Rats from each triad were then assigned to one of three conditions: (1) test rats were trained to self-administer cocaine and were tested for reinstatement; (2) cocaine partners were trained to self-administer cocaine and were predictive of response-contingent cocaine delivery; and (3) abstinent partners were not given access to cocaine and were predictive of extinction. The test rats alternated social partners every 5 days for 20 days such that responding was reinforced with cocaine in the presence of the cocaine partner (S+) for 10 days and not reinforced with cocaine in the presence of the abstinent partner (S−) for 10 days. Responding of the test rats was then extinguished over 7 days under isolated conditions. Tests of reinstatement were then conducted in the presence of the cocaine partner and abstinent partner under extinction conditions. Neither social partner reinstated responding relative to that observed on the final day of extinction; however, responding was greater in the presence of the cocaine partner (S+) than the abstinent partner (S−) during the reinstatement test. These data fail to demonstrate that a social partner reinstates cocaine-seeking behavior after a period of abstinence, but they do indicate that social partners can serve as either excitatory or inhibitory discriminative stimuli to influence drug-seeking responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College Davidson, NC, USA
| | - Huailin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College Davidson, NC, USA
| | - Andrea M Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College Davidson, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Somkuwar SS, Fannon-Pavlich MJ, Ghofranian A, Quigley JA, Dutta RR, Galinato MH, Mandyam CD. Wheel running reduces ethanol seeking by increasing neuronal activation and reducing oligodendroglial/neuroinflammatory factors in the medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:357-368. [PMID: 27542327 PMCID: PMC5067224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of wheel running (WR) during abstinence on reinstatement of ethanol seeking behaviors in rats that self-administered ethanol only (ethanol drinking, ED) or ED with concurrent chronic intermittent ethanol vapor experience (CIE-ED) were investigated. Neuronal activation as well as oligodendroglial and neuroinflammatory factors were measured in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) tissue to determine cellular correlates associated with enhanced ethanol seeking. CIE-ED rats demonstrated escalated and unregulated intake of ethanol and maintained higher drinking than ED rats during abstinence. CIE-ED rats were more resistant to extinction from ethanol self-administration, however, demonstrated similar ethanol seeking triggered by ethanol contextual cues compared to ED rats. Enhanced seeking was associated with reduced neuronal activation, and increased number of myelinating oligodendrocyte progenitors and PECAM-1 expression in the mPFC, indicating enhanced oligodendroglial and neuroinflammatory response during abstinence. WR during abstinence enhanced self-administration in ED rats, indicating a deprivation effect. WR reduced reinstatement of ethanol seeking in CIE-ED and ED rats, indicating protection against relapse. The reduced ethanol seeking was associated with enhanced neuronal activation, reduced number of myelinating oligodendrocyte progenitors, and reduced PECAM-1 expression. The current findings demonstrate a protective role of WR during abstinence in reducing ethanol seeking triggered by ethanol contextual cues and establish a role for oligodendroglia-neuroinflammatory response in ethanol seeking. Taken together, enhanced oligodendroglia-neuroinflammatory response during abstinence may contribute to brain trauma in chronic alcohol drinking subjects and be a risk factor for enhanced propensity for alcohol relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita S Somkuwar
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - McKenzie J Fannon-Pavlich
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Atoosa Ghofranian
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Quigley
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rahul R Dutta
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melissa H Galinato
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Martín-García E, Bourgoin L, Cathala A, Kasanetz F, Mondesir M, Gutiérrez-Rodriguez A, Reguero L, Fiancette JF, Grandes P, Spampinato U, Maldonado R, Piazza PV, Marsicano G, Deroche-Gamonet V. Differential Control of Cocaine Self-Administration by GABAergic and Glutamatergic CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2192-205. [PMID: 26612422 PMCID: PMC4946049 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) modulates numerous neurobehavioral processes and is therefore explored as a target for the treatment of several mental and neurological diseases. However, previous studies have investigated CB1 by targeting it globally, regardless of its two main neuronal localizations on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. In the context of cocaine addiction this lack of selectivity is critical since glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal transmission is involved in different aspects of the disease. To determine whether CB1 exerts different control on cocaine seeking according to its two main neuronal localizations, we used mutant mice with deleted CB1 in cortical glutamatergic neurons (Glu-CB1) or in forebrain GABAergic neurons (GABA-CB1). In Glu-CB1, gene deletion concerns the dorsal telencephalon, including neocortex, paleocortex, archicortex, hippocampal formation and the cortical portions of the amygdala. In GABA-CB1, it concerns several cortical and non-cortical areas including the dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, thalamic, and hypothalamic nuclei. We tested complementary components of cocaine self-administration, separating the influence of primary and conditioned effects. Mechanisms underlying each phenotype were explored using in vivo microdialysis and ex vivo electrophysiology. We show that CB1 expression in forebrain GABAergic neurons controls mouse sensitivity to cocaine, while CB1 expression in cortical glutamatergic neurons controls associative learning processes. In accordance, in the nucleus accumbens, GABA-CB1 receptors control cocaine-induced dopamine release and Glu-CB1 receptors control AMPAR/NMDAR ratio; a marker of synaptic plasticity. Our findings demonstrate a critical distinction of the altered balance of Glu-CB1 and GABA-CB1 activity that could participate in the vulnerability to cocaine abuse and addiction. Moreover, these novel insights advance our understanding of CB1 neuropathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martín-García
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucie Bourgoin
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Cathala
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fernando Kasanetz
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Miguel Mondesir
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ana Gutiérrez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Leire Reguero
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Jean- François Fiancette
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Umberto Spampinato
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pier Vincenzo Piazza
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,INSERM U862, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Deroche-Gamonet
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,CRI U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, Neurocentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33077, France, Tel: +33 5 57 57 36 80, Fax: +33 5 57 57 36 69, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gourley SL, Taylor JR. Going and stopping: Dichotomies in behavioral control by the prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:656-664. [PMID: 29162973 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rodent dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), specifically the prelimbic cortex (PL), regulates the expression of conditioned fear and behaviors interpreted as reward-seeking. Meanwhile, the ventral medial PFC, namely the infralimbic cortex (IL), is essential to extinction conditioning in both appetitive and aversive domains. Here we review evidence that supports, or refutes, this "PL-go/IL-stop" dichotomy. We focus on the extinction of conditioned fear and the extinction and reinstatement of cocaine- or heroin-reinforced responding. We then synthesize evidence that the PL is essential for developing goal-directed response strategies, while the IL supports habit behavior. Finally, we propose that some functions of the orbital PFC parallel those of the medial PFC in the regulation of response selection. Integration of these discoveries may provide points of intervention for inhibiting untethered drug seeking in drug use disorders, failures in extinction in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, or co-morbidities between the two.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Gourley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Latagliata EC, Saccoccio P, Milia C, Puglisi-Allegra S. Norepinephrine in prelimbic cortex delays extinction of amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:973-82. [PMID: 26660648 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug-associated cues exposure to induce extinction is a useful strategy to contrast cue-induced drug seeking. Treatments aimed at reducing motivational properties of cues are considered highly promising since they could decrease their ability to induce drug-conditioned behaviors. Norepinephrine (NE) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical for attribution of motivational salience to highly salient stimuli, suggesting a major role in prelimbic (PL) mpFC to modulate the motivational properties of drug-related cues, invigorating them, and consequently, delaying extinction. OBJECTIVES To investigate if NE in PL fosters the maintenance of drug-seeking behavior, we assessed its role on amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Moreover, to affirm the specificity of NE in PL, we also assessed the role of NE in the infralimbic (IL) mPFC. METHODS The effects of selective NE depletion in the PL or in the IL of C57BL/6J mice were assessed on the expression of amphetamine-induced CPP before and after extinction procedure. RESULTS NE-depleted mice in PL extinguished preference for Amph-paired chamber long before sham animals. By contrast, IL-depleted animals maintained place preference for more than 4 weeks after the procedure of extinction, having at that moment interrupted the test. CONCLUSIONS Inactivation of NE in PL cortex blunts amphetamine-induced CPP, thus fostering extinction and showing to be critical for the maintenance of conditioned Amph-seeking behavior. Opposite effects of NE depletion in IL, seemingly in agreement with literature on extinction, are discussed in terms of balance of activity between PL and IL in extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Saccoccio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia e Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Milia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia e Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Dipartimento di Psicologia e Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Individual behavioral and neurochemical markers of unadapted decision-making processes in healthy inbred mice. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:4615-4629. [PMID: 26860089 PMCID: PMC5102946 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of decision-making processes is the inter-individual variability between healthy subjects. These behavioral patterns could constitute risk factors for the development of psychiatric disorders. Therefore, finding predictive markers of safe or risky decision-making is an important challenge for psychiatry research. We set up a mouse gambling task (MGT)-adapted from the human Iowa gambling task with uncertain contingencies between response and outcome that furthermore enables the emergence of inter-individual differences. Mice (n = 54) were further individually characterized for locomotive, emotional and cognitive behavior. Individual basal rates of monoamines and brain activation after the MGT were assessed in brain regions related to reward, emotion or cognition. In a large healthy mice population, 44 % showed a balanced strategy with limited risk-taking and flexible choices, 29 % showed a safe but rigid strategy, while 27 % adopted risky behavior. Risky mice took also more risks in other apparatus behavioral devices and were less sensitive to reward. No difference existed between groups regarding anxiety, working memory, locomotion and impulsivity. Safe/rigid mice exhibited a hypoactivation of prefrontal subareas, a high level of serotonin in the orbitofrontal cortex combined with a low level of dopamine in the putamen that predicted the emergence of rigid behavior. By contrast, high levels of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenalin in the hippocampus predicted the emergence of more exploratory and risky behaviors. The coping of C57bl/6J mice in MGT enables the determination of extreme patterns of choices either safe/rigid or risky/flexible, related to specific neurochemical and behavioral markers.
Collapse
|
33
|
Moorman DE, James MH, McGlinchey EM, Aston-Jones G. Differential roles of medial prefrontal subregions in the regulation of drug seeking. Brain Res 2015; 1628:130-46. [PMID: 25529632 PMCID: PMC4472631 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in shaping cognition and behavior. Many studies have shown that medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in seeking, extinction, and reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rodent models of relapse. Subregions of mPFC appear to play distinct roles in these behaviors, such that the prelimbic cortex (PL) is proposed to drive cocaine seeking and the infralimbic cortex (IL) is proposed to suppress cocaine seeking after extinction. This dichotomy of mPFC function may be a general attribute, as similar dorsal-ventral distinctions exist for expression vs. extinction of fear conditioning. However, other results indicate that the role of mPFC neurons in reward processing is more complex than a simple PL-seek vs. IL-extinguish dichotomy. Both PL and IL have been shown to drive and inhibit drug seeking (and other types of behaviors) depending on a range of factors including the behavioral context, the drug-history of the animal, and the type of drug investigated. This heterogeneity of findings may reflect multiple subcircuits within each of these PFC areas supporting unique functions. It may also reflect the fact that the mPFC plays a multifaceted role in shaping cognition and behavior, including those overlapping with cocaine seeking and extinction. Here we discuss research leading to the hypothesis that dorsal and ventral mPFC differentially control drug seeking and extinction. We also present recent results calling the absolute nature of a PL vs. IL dichotomy into question. Finally, we consider alternate functions for mPFC that correspond less to response execution and inhibition and instead incorporate the complex cognitive behavior for which the mPFC is broadly appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
| | - Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Ellen M McGlinchey
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Program in Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Giustino TF, Maren S. The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in the Conditioning and Extinction of Fear. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:298. [PMID: 26617500 PMCID: PMC4637424 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Once acquired, a fearful memory can persist for a lifetime. Although learned fear can be extinguished, extinction memories are fragile. The resilience of fear memories to extinction may contribute to the maintenance of disorders of fear and anxiety, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As such, considerable effort has been placed on understanding the neural circuitry underlying the acquisition, expression, and extinction of emotional memories in rodent models as well as in humans. A triad of brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala, form an essential brain circuit involved in fear conditioning and extinction. Within this circuit, the prefrontal cortex is thought to exert top-down control over subcortical structures to regulate appropriate behavioral responses. Importantly, a division of labor has been proposed in which the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulate the expression and suppression of fear in rodents, respectively. Here, we critically review the anatomical and physiological evidence that has led to this proposed dichotomy of function within mPFC. We propose that under some conditions, the PL and IL act in concert, exhibiting similar patterns of neural activity in response to aversive conditioned stimuli and during the expression or inhibition of conditioned fear. This may stem from common synaptic inputs, parallel downstream outputs, or cortico-cortical interactions. Despite this functional covariation, these mPFC subdivisions may still be coding for largely opposing behavioral outcomes, with PL biased towards fear expression and IL towards suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Giustino
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Haight JL, Fraser KM, Akil H, Flagel SB. Lesions of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus differentially affect sign- and goal-tracking conditioned responses. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2478-88. [PMID: 26228683 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, evidence has emerged suggesting a role for the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) in the processing of reward-associated cues. However, the specific role of the PVT in these processes has yet to be elucidated. Here we use an animal model that captures individual variation in response to discrete reward-associated cues to further assess the role of the PVT in stimulus-reward learning. When rats are exposed to a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, wherein a discrete cue predicts food reward, two distinct conditioned responses emerge. Some rats, termed sign-trackers, approach and manipulate the cue, whereas others, termed goal-trackers, approach the location of reward delivery upon cue presentation. For both sign- and goal-trackers the cue is a predictor, but only for sign-trackers is it also an incentive stimulus. We investigated the role of the PVT in the acquisition and expression of these conditioned responses using an excitotoxic lesion. Results indicate that PVT lesions prior to acquisition amplify the differences between phenotypes - increasing sign-tracking and attenuating goal-tracking behavior. Lesions of the PVT after rats had acquired their respective conditioned responses also attenuated the expression of the goal-tracking response, and increased the sign-tracking response, but did so selectively in goal-trackers. These results suggest that the PVT acts to suppress the attribution of incentive salience to reward cues, as disruption of the functional activity within this structure enhances the tendency to sign-track.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Haight
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kurt M Fraser
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5720, USA
| | - Shelly B Flagel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Verdejo-Garcia A, Clark L, Verdejo-Román J, Albein-Urios N, Martinez-Gonzalez JM, Gutierrez B, Soriano-Mas C. Neural substrates of cognitive flexibility in cocaine and gambling addictions. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 207:158-64. [PMID: 26045346 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.152223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with cocaine and gambling addictions exhibit cognitive flexibility deficits that may underlie persistence of harmful behaviours. AIMS We investigated the neural substrates of cognitive inflexibility in cocaine users v. pathological gamblers, aiming to disambiguate common mechanisms v. cocaine effects. METHOD Eighteen cocaine users, 18 pathological gamblers and 18 controls performed a probabilistic reversal learning task during functional magnetic resonance imaging, and were genotyped for the DRD2/ANKK Taq1A polymorphism. RESULTS Cocaine users and pathological gamblers exhibited reduced ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) signal during reversal shifting. Cocaine users further showed increased dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) activation relative to pathological gamblers during perseveration, and decreased dorsolateral PFC activation relative to pathological gamblers and controls during shifting. Preliminary genetic findings indicated that cocaine users carrying the DRD2/ANKK Taq1A1+ genotype may derive unique stimulatory effects on shifting-related ventrolateral PFC signal. CONCLUSIONS Reduced ventrolateral PFC activation during shifting may constitute a common neural marker across gambling and cocaine addictions. Additional cocaine-related effects relate to a wider pattern of task-related dysregulation, reflected in signal abnormalities in dorsolateral and dmPFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, PhD, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada. Granada, Spain; Luke Clark, PhD, Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Canada; Juan Verdejo-Román, MSc, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Natalia Albein-Urios, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; José M. Martinez-Gonzalez, PhD, Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Diputacion de Granada, Granada, Spain; Blanca Gutierrez, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Carles Soriano-Mas, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luke Clark
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, PhD, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada. Granada, Spain; Luke Clark, PhD, Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Canada; Juan Verdejo-Román, MSc, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Natalia Albein-Urios, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; José M. Martinez-Gonzalez, PhD, Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Diputacion de Granada, Granada, Spain; Blanca Gutierrez, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Carles Soriano-Mas, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Verdejo-Román
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, PhD, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada. Granada, Spain; Luke Clark, PhD, Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Canada; Juan Verdejo-Román, MSc, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Natalia Albein-Urios, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; José M. Martinez-Gonzalez, PhD, Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Diputacion de Granada, Granada, Spain; Blanca Gutierrez, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Carles Soriano-Mas, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Albein-Urios
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, PhD, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada. Granada, Spain; Luke Clark, PhD, Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Canada; Juan Verdejo-Román, MSc, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Natalia Albein-Urios, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; José M. Martinez-Gonzalez, PhD, Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Diputacion de Granada, Granada, Spain; Blanca Gutierrez, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Carles Soriano-Mas, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Martinez-Gonzalez
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, PhD, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada. Granada, Spain; Luke Clark, PhD, Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Canada; Juan Verdejo-Román, MSc, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Natalia Albein-Urios, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; José M. Martinez-Gonzalez, PhD, Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Diputacion de Granada, Granada, Spain; Blanca Gutierrez, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Carles Soriano-Mas, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Gutierrez
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, PhD, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada. Granada, Spain; Luke Clark, PhD, Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Canada; Juan Verdejo-Román, MSc, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Natalia Albein-Urios, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; José M. Martinez-Gonzalez, PhD, Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Diputacion de Granada, Granada, Spain; Blanca Gutierrez, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Carles Soriano-Mas, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, PhD, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada. Granada, Spain; Luke Clark, PhD, Department of Psychology, Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, University of British Columbia, Canada; Juan Verdejo-Román, MSc, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Natalia Albein-Urios, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; José M. Martinez-Gonzalez, PhD, Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Diputacion de Granada, Granada, Spain; Blanca Gutierrez, PhD, Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Carles Soriano-Mas, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain and CIBERSAM, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Orsini CA, Moorman DE, Young JW, Setlow B, Floresco SB. Neural mechanisms regulating different forms of risk-related decision-making: Insights from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:147-67. [PMID: 26072028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years there has been a growing interest in the neural underpinnings of cost/benefit decision-making. Recent studies with animal models have made considerable advances in our understanding of how different prefrontal, striatal, limbic and monoaminergic circuits interact to promote efficient risk/reward decision-making, and how dysfunction in these circuits underlies aberrant decision-making observed in numerous psychiatric disorders. This review will highlight recent findings from studies exploring these questions using a variety of behavioral assays, as well as molecular, pharmacological, neurophysiological, and translational approaches. We begin with a discussion of how neural systems related to decision subcomponents may interact to generate more complex decisions involving risk and uncertainty. This is followed by an overview of interactions between prefrontal-amygdala-dopamine and habenular circuits in regulating choice between certain and uncertain rewards and how different modes of dopamine transmission may contribute to these processes. These data will be compared with results from other studies investigating the contribution of some of these systems to guiding decision-making related to rewards vs. punishment. Lastly, we provide a brief summary of impairments in risk-related decision-making associated with psychiatric disorders, highlighting recent translational studies in laboratory animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Orsini
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States; VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jasinska AJ, Chen BT, Bonci A, Stein EA. Dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) circuitry in rodent models of cocaine use: implications for drug addiction therapies. Addict Biol 2015; 20:215-26. [PMID: 24620898 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in cocaine addiction is well established, its precise contribution to cocaine seeking, taking and relapse remains incompletely understood. In particular, across two different models of cocaine self-administration, pharmacological or optogenetic activation of the dorsal MPFC has been reported to sometimes promote and sometimes inhibit cocaine seeking. We highlight important methodological differences between the two experimental paradigms and propose a framework to potentially reconcile the apparent discrepancy. We also draw parallels between these pre-clinical models of cocaine self-administration and human neuro-imaging studies in cocaine users, and argue that both lines of evidence point to dynamic interactions between cue-reactivity processes and control processes within the dorsal MPFC circuitry. From a translational perspective, these findings underscore the importance of interventions and therapeutics targeting not just a brain region, but a specific computational process within that brain region, and may have implications for the design and implementation of more effective treatments for human cocaine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J. Jasinska
- Intramural Research Program; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Billy T. Chen
- Intramural Research Program; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Psychiatry; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
- Intramural Research Program; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Intramural Research Program; National Institute on Drug Abuse; Baltimore MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pharmacological inactivation of the prelimbic cortex emulates compulsive reward seeking in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1628:210-8. [PMID: 25451128 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug use. Contemporary addiction theories state that loss of control over drug use is mediated by a combination of several processes, including a transition from goal-directed to habitual forms of drug seeking and taking, and a breakdown of the prefrontally-mediated cognitive control over drug intake. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the modelling of loss of control over drug use in animal models, but the neural substrates of compulsive drug use remain largely unknown. On the basis of their involvement in goal-directed behaviour, value-based decision making, impulse control and drug seeking behaviour, we identified the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as candidate regions to be involved in compulsive drug seeking. Using a conditioned suppression model, we have previously shown that prolonged cocaine self-administration reduces the ability of a conditioned aversive stimulus to reduce drug seeking, which may reflect the unflagging pursuit of drugs in human addicts. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that dysfunction of the PrL and OFC underlies loss of control over drug seeking behaviour, apparent as reduced conditioned suppression. Pharmacological inactivation of the PrL, using the GABA receptor agonists baclofen and muscimol, reduced conditioned suppression of cocaine and sucrose seeking in animals with limited self-administration experience. Inactivation of the OFC did not influence conditioned suppression, however. These data indicate that reduced neural activity in the PrL promotes persistent seeking behaviour, which may underlie compulsive aspects of drug use in addiction.
Collapse
|
40
|
Sangha S, Robinson PD, Greba Q, Davies DA, Howland JG. Alterations in reward, fear and safety cue discrimination after inactivation of the rat prelimbic and infralimbic cortices. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2405-13. [PMID: 24727732 PMCID: PMC4138751 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Accurate discrimination of environmental cues predicting reward, fear, or safety is important for survival. The prelimbic and infralimbic cortices are implicated in regulating reward-seeking and fear behaviors; however, no studies have examined their roles in discriminating among reward, fear, and safety cues. Using a discriminative conditioning task that includes presentations of a reward cue (paired with a reward pellet), fear cue (paired with footshock), and a compound fear+safety cue (no footshock) within the same sessions allowed us to assess the flexibility and precision of fear and reward-seeking behaviors to these cues. We found that fear behavior was appropriately limited to the fear cue in untreated rats, but during infralimbic cortical inactivation, similar levels of fear were seen to the fear and compound fear+safety cues. Reward-seeking behavior was also appropriately limited to the reward cue in untreated rats. Inactivating the prelimbic cortex altered discriminative reward seeking as rats with prelimbic inactivation did not increase their reward seeking behavior during the reward cue to the same degree as saline controls. Our results imply dissociable roles of the two cortical regions: the prelimbic cortex in precise discriminative reward seeking and the infralimbic cortex in discriminating between fear and safety cues. These data suggest that alterations in the balance of activity between areas homologous to the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices may be involved in the processes that go awry in anxiety and addiction disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sangha
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, GB33, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada, Tel: +1 306 966 2032, Fax: +1 306 966 4298, E-mail: or
| | - Paul D Robinson
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Quentin Greba
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Don A Davies
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John G Howland
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, GB33, Health Sciences Building, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada, Tel: +1 306 966 2032, Fax: +1 306 966 4298, E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martín-García E, Courtin J, Renault P, Fiancette JF, Wurtz H, Simonnet A, Levet F, Herry C, Deroche-Gamonet V. Frequency of cocaine self-administration influences drug seeking in the rat: optogenetic evidence for a role of the prelimbic cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2317-30. [PMID: 24633559 PMCID: PMC4138740 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency intake and high drug-induced seeking are associated with cocaine addiction in both human and animals. However, their relationships and neurobiological underpinnings remain hypothetical. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been shown to have a role in cocaine seeking. However, their involvement in regulating high-frequency intake and high cocaine-induced seeking is unclear. We manipulated frequency of cocaine self-administration and investigated whether it influenced cocaine seeking. The contribution of the aforementioned structures was evaluated using changes in expression of the immediate early gene c-Fos and targeted optogenetic manipulations. Rats that self-administered at High frequency (short inter-infusion intervals allowed by short time-out) showed higher cocaine-induced seeking than low frequency rats (long inter-infusions intervals imposed by long time-out), as measured with cocaine-induced reinstatement. c-Fos was enhanced in High frequency rats in the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) areas of the mPFC, the BLA, and the NAc core and shell. Correlational analysis of c-Fos revealed that the PL was a critical node strongly correlated with both the IL and NAc core in High frequency rats. Targeted optogenetic inactivation of the PL decreased cocaine-induced reinstatement, but increased cocaine self-administration, in High frequency rats. In contrast, optogenetic activation of the PL had no effect on Low frequency rats. Thus, high-frequency intake promotes a PL-dependent control of cocaine seeking, with the PL exerting a facilitatory or inhibitory effect, depending on operant contingencies. Individual differences in cocaine-induced PL activation might be a source of vulnerability for poorly controlled cocaine-induced seeking and/or cocaine intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martín-García
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, C/ Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julien Courtin
- University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,INSERM U862, Neuronal Circuits of Associative Learning, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France
| | - Prisca Renault
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France
| | - Jean- François Fiancette
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Wurtz
- University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,INSERM U862, Neuronal Circuits of Associative Learning, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France
| | - Amélie Simonnet
- University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,INSERM U862, Neuronal Circuits of Associative Learning, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France
| | - Florian Levet
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Imaging Center, Bordeaux, France,CNRS, Bordeaux Imaging Center, Bordeaux, France,INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Herry
- University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,INSERM U862, Neuronal Circuits of Associative Learning, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Deroche-Gamonet
- INSERM U862, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex, France,CRI U862, Team Pathophysiology of Addiction—Group Psychobiology of Addiction, Neurocentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, Cedex 33077, France, Tel: +33 5 57 57 36 80, Fax: +33 5 57 57 36 69, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Navailles S, Guillem K, Vouillac-Mendoza C, Ahmed SH. Coordinated Recruitment of Cortical–Subcortical Circuits and Ascending Dopamine and Serotonin Neurons During Inhibitory Control of Cocaine Seeking in Rats. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3167-81. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
43
|
van den Bos R, Koot S, de Visser L. A rodent version of the Iowa Gambling Task: 7 years of progress. Front Psychol 2014; 5:203. [PMID: 24672498 PMCID: PMC3957418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) subjects need to find a way to earn money in a context of variable wins and losses, conflicting short-term and long-term pay-off, and uncertainty of outcomes. In 2006, we published the first rodent version of the IGT (r-IGT; Behavior Research Methods 38, 470–478). Here, we discuss emerging ideas on the involvement of different prefrontal-striatal networks in task-progression in the r-IGT, as revealed by our studies thus far. The emotional system, encompassing, among others, the orbitofrontal cortex, infralimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens (shell and core area), may be involved in assessing and anticipating the value of different options in the early stages of the task, i.e., as animals explore and learn task contingencies. The cognitive control system, encompassing, among others, the prelimbic cortex and dorsomedial striatum, may be involved in instrumental goal-directed behavior in later stages of the task, i.e., as behavior toward long-term options is strengthened (reinforced) and behavior toward long-term poor options is weakened (punished). In addition, we suggest two directions for future research: (1) the role of the internal state of the subject in decision-making, and (2) studying differences in task-related costs. Overall, our studies have contributed to understanding the interaction between the emotional system and cognitive control system as crucial to navigating human and non-human animals alike through a world of variable wins and losses, conflicting short-term and long-term pay-offs, and uncertainty of outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud van den Bos
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Susanne Koot
- Division Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Leonie de Visser
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Haight JL, Flagel SB. A potential role for the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus in mediating individual variation in Pavlovian conditioned responses. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:79. [PMID: 24672443 PMCID: PMC3953953 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence to suggest that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) mediates cue-reward learning, especially as it relates to drug-seeking behavior. However, its exact role in these complex processes remains unknown. Here we will present and discuss data from our own laboratory which suggests that the PVT plays a role in multiple forms of stimulus-reward learning, and does so via distinct neurobiological systems. Using an animal model that captures individual variation in response to reward-associated cues, we are able to parse the incentive from the predictive properties of reward cues and to elucidate the neural circuitry underlying these different forms of cue-reward learning. When rats are exposed to a classical Pavlovian conditioning paradigm, wherein a cue predicts food reward, some rats, termed sign-trackers, approach and manipulate the cue upon its presentation. This behavior is indicative of attributing incentive salience to the cue. That is, the cue gains excessive control over behavior for sign-trackers. In contrast, other rats, termed goal-trackers, treat the cue as a mere predictor, and upon its presentation go to the location of reward delivery. Based on our own data utilizing this model, we hypothesize that the PVT represents a common node, but differentially regulates the sign- vs. goal-tracking response. We postulate that the PVT regulates sign-tracking behavior, or the attribution of incentive salience, via subcortical, dopamine-dependent mechanisms. In contrast, we propose that goal-tracking behavior, or the attribution of predictive value, is the product of “top-down” glutamatergic processing between the prelimbic cortex (PrL) and the PVT. Together, data from our laboratory and others support a role for the PVT in cue-motivated behaviors and suggest that it may be an important locus within the neural circuitry that goes awry in addiction and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Haight
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shelly B Flagel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stress and withdrawal from d-amphetamine alter 5-HT2A receptor mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2014; 559:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
46
|
Deroche-Gamonet V, Piazza PV. Psychobiology of cocaine addiction: Contribution of a multi-symptomatic animal model of loss of control. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:437-49. [PMID: 23916478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transition to addiction is the shift from controlled to uncontrolled drug use that occurs after prolonged drug intake in a limited number of drug users. A major challenge of addiction research in recent years has been to develop models for studying this pathological transition. Toward this goal, a DSM-IV/5-based multi-symptomatic model of cocaine addiction has been developed in the rat. It is based on an operational translation of the main features of the disease. 1. Addiction is not just taking drug; it is a non-adaptive drug use: The procedure models addiction in relation to its clinical definition. 2. All drug users do not face the same individual risk of developing addiction: The model includes an individual-based approach. 3. Addiction develops after protracted periods of controlled drug use: This procedure allows for the study of the long-term shift from controlled drug use to addiction. We describe this model in detail and show how it can contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of cocaine addiction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Deroche-Gamonet
- Pathophysiology of Neuronal Plasticity, Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U862, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F33077, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|