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Hepsomali P, Costabile A, Schoemaker M, Imakulata F, Allen P. Adherence to unhealthy diets is associated with altered frontal gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations and grey matter volume: preliminary findings. Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38794782 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2355603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Common mental disorders (CMD) are associated with impaired frontal excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance and reduced grey matter volume (GMV). Larger GMV (in the areas that are implicated in CMD-pathology) and improved CMD-symptomatology have been observed in individuals who adhere to high quality diets. Moreover, preclinical studies have shown altered neurometabolites (primarily gamma-aminobutyric acid: GABA and glutamate: GLU) in relation to diet quality. However, neurochemical correlates of diet quality and how these neurobiological changes are associated with CMD and with its transdiagnostic factor, rumination, is unknown in humans. Therefore, in this study, we examined the associations between diet quality and frontal cortex neuro-chemistry and structure, as well as CMD and rumination in humans. METHODS Thirty adults were classified into high and low diet quality groups and underwent 1H-MRS to measure medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) metabolite concentrations and volumetric imaging to measure GMV. RESULTS Low (vs High) diet quality group had reduced mPFC-GABA and elevated mPFC-GLU concentrations, as well as reduced right precentral gyrus (rPCG) GMV. However, CMD and rumination were not associated with diet quality. Notably, we observed a significant negative correlation between rumination and rPCG-GMV and a marginally significant association between rumination and mPFC-GLU concentrations. There was also a marginally significant association between mPFC-GLU concentrations and rPCG-GMV. DISCUSSION Adhering to unhealthy dietary patterns may be associated with compromised E/I balance, and this could affect GMV, and subsequently, rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piril Hepsomali
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Adele Costabile
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Allen
- Department of Neuroimaging, Kings College London, Institute of Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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Ren Z, Su B, Du Y, Zhou T, Zheng X, Liu J. Effect modifications of BMI transition and trajectory in the associations of adverse childhood experiences with new-onset dementia and its subtypes in older US adults. Gen Psychiatr 2023; 36:e101092. [PMID: 37622031 PMCID: PMC10445386 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2023-101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and dementia are associated and comorbid with obesity. However, according to emerging research, the role of obesity in the association between ACEs and dementia seems controversial. Aims This analysis aimed to explore the associations between ACEs and different dementia subtypes and the effect modification of long-term body mass index (BMI). Methods Data were obtained from the US Health and Retirement Study. Six ACEs were categorised as 0, 1 and 2 or more. All-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias were defined by self-reported or proxy-reported physician diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to explore the associations of ACEs with new-onset all-cause dementia, AD and other dementias from 2010 to 2020. Effect modification of BMI in 2010 and BMI transition and trajectory (fitted by group-based trajectory modelling) from 2004 to 2010 were assessed. Results 15 282 participants with a mean age of 67.0 years (58.0-75.0) were included in the 2010 data analysis. Significant interactions of ACEs with baseline BMI, BMI transition and BMI trajectory in their associations with new-onset all-cause dementia and AD were observed (all p<0.05). For instance, positive associations of two or more ACEs (vs none) with all-cause dementia and AD were found in those with a BMI trajectory of maintaining ≥30 kg/m2 (maintain obesity) rather than a decline to or maintaining <25 kg/m2 (decline to or maintain normal weight), with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.87 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45 to 2.42) and 1.85 (95% CI: 1.22 to 2.80), respectively. Conclusions ACEs were associated with dementia and AD in US adults with long-term abnormally elevated BMI but not with long-term normal or decreasing BMI. Integrated weight management throughout life could prevent dementia among those with childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Su
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Du
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjing Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jufen Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- APEC Health Science Academy (HeSAY), Peking University, Beijing, China
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Identification of a Link between Suspected Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Impairment within Pharmaceutical Care in Adults over 75 Years of Age. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050718. [PMID: 36900723 PMCID: PMC10000537 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive impairment (CI) is increasing with age. MetS reduces overall cognition, and CI predicts an increased risk of drug-related problems. We investigated the impact of suspected MetS (sMetS) on cognition in an aging population receiving pharmaceutical care in a different state of old age (60-74 vs. 75+ years). Presence or absence of sMetS (sMetS+ or sMetS-) was assessed according to criteria modified for the European population. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, being ≤24 points, was used to identify CI. We found a lower MoCA score (18.4 ± 6.0) and a higher rate of CI (85%) in the 75+ group when compared to younger old subjects (23.6 ± 4.3; 51%; p < 0.001). In the age group of 75+, a higher occurrence, of MoCA ≤ 24 points, was in sMetS+ (97%) as compared to sMetS- (80% p < 0.05). In the age group of 60-74 years, a MoCA score of ≤24 points was identified in 63% of sMetS+ when compared to 49% of sMetS- (NS). Conclusively, we found a higher prevalence of sMetS, the number of sMetS components and lower cognitive performance in subjects aged 75+. This age, the occurrence of sMetS and lower education can predict CI.
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Everly J, Plummer J, Lohman M, Neils-Strunjas J. A Tutorial for Speech-Language Pathologists: Physical Activity and Social Engagement to Prevent or Slow Cognitive Decline in Older Adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2023; 32:83-95. [PMID: 36450149 DOI: 10.1044/2022_ajslp-22-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This tutorial provides an overview of two behavioral approaches, physical activity and social engagement, to prevent or slow cognitive decline in older adults and to increase awareness in the field of speech-language pathology of the important role that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play in an interprofessional team working with this population. METHOD A review of exercise science, neuroscience, and social science literature was used to synthesize evidence and to outline the impact of physical activity and social engagement on cognition. The following topics were explored: How do exercise and social engagement support cognition? What are modifiable risk factors of dementia? What is the impact of inactivity and isolation on cognition? What is the potential role of the SLP on an interprofessional team focusing on preventive measures for cognitive decline? What is the impact of physical exercise and social engagement on nursing home residents? RESULTS Research increasingly points to the critical importance of physical activity and social engagement to prevent cognitive decline in normal aging and to slow cognitive decline associated with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Research suggests that physical activity maintains or improves memory, attention, executive function, visuospatial function, speed of processing, and general cognitive function. Social engagement has been found to maintain and improve general cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral interventions are an effective strategy to prevent or slow cognitive decline in the older adult population. SLPs have a role to play on an interprofessional team that works to prevent cognitive decline. By considering factors that play a role in the prevention of cognitive decline, such as physical activity and social engagement, the quality of life and overall health of older adults can be improved. Areas of improvement include memory, attention, executive function, visuospatial function, speed of processing, and general cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Everly
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jamie Plummer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Matthew Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jean Neils-Strunjas
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
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Al Haj Ahmad RM, Ababneh NA, Al-Domi HA. Brain insulin resistance as a mechanistic mediator links peripheral metabolic disorders with declining cognition. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102468. [PMID: 35364449 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies continue to investigate the underlying mechanism of the association between the increased risk of different types of cognitive decline and metabolic dysregulation. Brain insulin resistance (BIR) has been suggested to explain this association. The vital role of insulin in the body has been examined intensively and extensively; however, its role in the brain requires further investigation. Herein, we confined our focus to summarize the role of brain insulin signaling and the negative effect of dysmetabolism on insulin functioning in the brain. METHODS Published scientific manuscripts between 1998 and 2020 that discussed the effect of selected metabolic disorder conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and high-fat diet (HFD) on brain functions were reviewed. The main keywords used were insulin resistance, brain insulin resistance, obesity, T2DM, and cognition. RESULTS Various metabolic disorders were linked to the increased risk of BIR, and was suggested to increase the probability of cognition impairment occurrence. Several proposed mechanisms explain this association among which insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia were primary factors attributed to an increased risk of BIR among various metabolic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the trajectory of the association between metabolic disorders and alternation in cognition status could expand our vision of those overlapping conditions and pave the road to both treatment and preventative strategies for cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Al Haj Ahmad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Nidaa A Ababneh
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Hayder A Al-Domi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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6
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Chen Y, Qiu C, Yu W, Shao X, Zhou M, Wang Y, Shao X. The relationship between brain glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in subjects with normal cognition - a study based on 18F-FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:275-283. [PMID: 34816810 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance can increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Our purpose is to use 18F-FDG PET imaging to explore the effect of insulin resistance on brain glucose metabolism in cognitively normal subjects. METHODS A total of 189 cognitively normal subjects who underwent PET examinations were enrolled. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to evaluate the presence of insulin resistance. Multivariate linear regression and generalized additive models were used to analyze the association between HOMA-IR and glucose metabolism in the whole brain and evaluate the effects of various covariates. The SPM12 software was used to evaluate the regional effect of insulin resistance on brain glucose metabolism. RESULTS After being fully adjusted for confounding factors, HOMA-IR showed an approximately linear negative correlation with brain glucose metabolism (β = -0.219, T = -3.331, P = 0.021). Compared with normal subjects, insulin-resistant subjects had reduced glucose metabolism in bilateral middle temporal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right cuneiform lobe and bilateral cerebellar regions. In cognitively normal subjects, systemic insulin resistance has a significant effect on brain glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS 18F-FDG brain PET imaging could be helpful for the early diagnosis and treatment of changes in brain glucose metabolism caused by insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Chun Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Wenji Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Mingge Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuetao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
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Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) Surgery during High Liquid Sucrose Diet Leads to Gut Microbiota-Related Systematic Alterations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031126. [PMID: 35163046 PMCID: PMC8835548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has been proven successful in weight loss and improvement of co-morbidities associated with obesity. Chronic complications such as malabsorption of micronutrients in up to 50% of patients underline the need for additional therapeutic approaches. We investigated systemic RYGB surgery effects in a liquid sucrose diet-induced rat obesity model. After consuming a diet supplemented with high liquid sucrose for eight weeks, rats underwent RYGB or control sham surgery. RYGB, sham pair-fed, and sham ad libitum-fed groups further continued on the diet after recovery. Notable alterations were revealed in microbiota composition, inflammatory markers, feces, liver, and plasma metabolites, as well as in brain neuronal activity post-surgery. Higher fecal 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) correlated with higher Bacteroidota and Enterococcus abundances in RYGB animals, pointing towards the altered enteric nervous system (ENS) and gut signaling. Favorable C-reactive protein (CRP), serine, glycine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate plasma profiles in RYGB rats were suggestive of reverted obesity risk. The impact of liquid sucrose diet and caloric restriction mainly manifested in fatty acid changes in the liver. Our multi-modal approach reveals complex systemic changes after RYGB surgery and points towards potential therapeutic targets in the gut-brain system to mimic the surgery mode of action.
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Ranson JM, Rittman T, Hayat S, Brayne C, Jessen F, Blennow K, van Duijn C, Barkhof F, Tang E, Mummery CJ, Stephan BCM, Altomare D, Frisoni GB, Ribaldi F, Molinuevo JL, Scheltens P, Llewellyn DJ. Modifiable risk factors for dementia and dementia risk profiling. A user manual for Brain Health Services-part 2 of 6. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:169. [PMID: 34635138 PMCID: PMC8507172 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We envisage the development of new Brain Health Services to achieve primary and secondary dementia prevention. These services will complement existing memory clinics by targeting cognitively unimpaired individuals, where the focus is on risk profiling and personalized risk reduction interventions rather than diagnosing and treating late-stage disease. In this article, we review key potentially modifiable risk factors and genetic risk factors and discuss assessment of risk factors as well as additional fluid and imaging biomarkers that may enhance risk profiling. We then outline multidomain measures and risk profiling and provide practical guidelines for Brain Health Services, with consideration of outstanding uncertainties and challenges. Users of Brain Health Services should undergo risk profiling tailored to their age, level of risk, and availability of local resources. Initial risk assessment should incorporate a multidomain risk profiling measure. For users aged 39-64, we recommend the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) Dementia Risk Score, whereas for users aged 65 and older, we recommend the Brief Dementia Screening Indicator (BDSI) and the Australian National University Alzheimer's Disease Risk Index (ANU-ADRI). The initial assessment should also include potentially modifiable risk factors including sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health factors. If resources allow, apolipoprotein E ɛ4 status testing and structural magnetic resonance imaging should be conducted. If this initial assessment indicates a low dementia risk, then low intensity interventions can be implemented. If the user has a high dementia risk, additional investigations should be considered if local resources allow. Common variant polygenic risk of late-onset AD can be tested in middle-aged or older adults. Rare variants should only be investigated in users with a family history of early-onset dementia in a first degree relative. Advanced imaging with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) or amyloid PET may be informative in high risk users to clarify the nature and burden of their underlying pathologies. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are not recommended for this setting, and blood-based biomarkers need further validation before clinical use. As new technologies become available, advances in artificial intelligence are likely to improve our ability to combine diverse data to further enhance risk profiling. Ultimately, Brain Health Services have the potential to reduce the future burden of dementia through risk profiling, risk communication, personalized risk reduction, and cognitive enhancement interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Ranson
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Deep Dementia Phenotyping (DEMON) Network, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy Rittman
- Deep Dementia Phenotyping (DEMON) Network, Exeter, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shabina Hayat
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene Tang
- Deep Dementia Phenotyping (DEMON) Network, Exeter, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine J Mummery
- Deep Dementia Phenotyping (DEMON) Network, Exeter, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Blossom C M Stephan
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniele Altomare
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federica Ribaldi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology (LANE), Saint John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Life Science Partners, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Llewellyn
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
- Deep Dementia Phenotyping (DEMON) Network, Exeter, UK.
- Alan Turing Institute, London, UK.
- 2.04 College House, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2 LU, UK.
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Soldevila-Domenech N, Cuenca-Royo A, Babio N, Forcano L, Nishi S, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Gómez-Martínez C, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Carrión R, Gomis-González M, Alvarez-Sala A, Carlos S, Pintó X, Corella D, Díez-Espino J, Castañer O, Fernández-Aranda F, Salas-Salvadó J, de la Torre R. Metformin Use and Cognitive Function in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Following a Mediterranean Diet Intervention. Front Nutr 2021; 8:742586. [PMID: 34676236 PMCID: PMC8523839 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.742586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Both adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and the use of metformin could benefit the cognitive performance of individuals with type 2 diabetes, but evidence is still controversial. We examined the association between metformin use and cognition in older adults with type 2 diabetes following a MedDiet intervention. Methods: Prospective cohort study framed in the PREDIMED-Plus-Cognition sub-study. The PREDIMED-Plus clinical trial aims to compare the cardiovascular effect of two MedDiet interventions, with and without energy restriction, in individuals with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. The present sub-study included 487 cognitively normal subjects (50.5% women, mean ± SD age of 65.2 ± 4.7 years), 30.4% of them (N = 148) with type 2 diabetes. A comprehensive battery of neurocognitive tests was administered at baseline and after 1 and 3 years. Individuals with type 2 diabetes that exhibited a good glycemic control trajectory, either using or not using metformin, were compared to one another and to individuals without diabetes using mixed-effects models with inverse probability of treatment weights. Results: Most subjects with type 2 diabetes (83.1%) presented a good and stable glycemic control trajectory. Before engaging in the MedDiet intervention, subjects using metformin scored higher in executive functions (Cohen's d = 0.51), memory (Cohen's d = 0.38) and global cognition (Cohen's d = 0.48) than those not using metformin. However, these differences were not sustained during the 3 years of follow-up, as individuals not using metformin experienced greater improvements in memory (β = 0.38 vs. β = 0.10, P = 0.036), executive functions (β = 0.36 vs. β = 0.02, P = 0.005) and global cognition (β = 0.29 vs. β = -0.02, P = 0.001) that combined with a higher MedDiet adherence (12.6 vs. 11.5 points, P = 0.031). Finally, subjects without diabetes presented greater improvements in memory than subjects with diabetes irrespective of their exposure to metformin (β = 0.55 vs. β = 0.10, P < 0.001). However, subjects with diabetes not using metformin, compared to subjects without diabetes, presented greater improvements in executive functions (β = 0.33 vs. β = 0.08, P = 0.032) and displayed a higher MedDiet adherence (12.6 points vs. 11.6 points, P = 0.046). Conclusions: Although both metformin and MedDiet interventions are good candidates for future cognitive decline preventive studies, a higher adherence to the MedDiet could even outweigh the potential neuroprotective effects of metformin in subjects with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soldevila-Domenech
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nancy Babio
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere i Virgili, Human Nutrition Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Nishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere i Virgili, Human Nutrition Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere i Virgili, Human Nutrition Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rebeca Fernández-Carrión
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Gomis-González
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Alvarez-Sala
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Carlos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Lipid Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Díez-Espino
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere i Virgili, Human Nutrition Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Jensen DEA, Leoni V, Klein-Flügge MC, Ebmeier KP, Suri S. Associations of dietary markers with brain volume and connectivity: A systematic review of MRI studies. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101360. [PMID: 33991658 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of unhealthy dietary patterns and related brain disorders, such as dementia, emphasizes the importance of research that examines the effect of dietary factors on brain health. Identifying markers of brain health, such as volume and connectivity, that relate to diet is an important first step towards understanding the lifestyle determinants of healthy brain ageing. We conducted a systematic review of 52 studies (total n = 21,221 healthy participants aged 26-80 years, 55 % female) that assessed with a range of MRI measurements, which brain areas, connections, and cerebrovascular factors were associated with dietary markers. We report associations between regional brain measures and dietary health. Collectively, lower diet quality was related to reduced brain volume and connectivity, especially in white and grey matter of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobe, cingulate, entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus. Associations were also observed in connecting fibre pathways and in particular the default-mode, sensorimotor and attention networks. However, there were also some inconsistencies in research methods and findings. We recommend that future research use more comprehensive and consistent dietary measures, more representative samples, and examine the role of key subcortical regions previously highlighted in relevant animal work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria E A Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, OX37JX, UK.
| | - Virginia Leoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Miriam C Klein-Flügge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Tinsley building, OX1 3SR, UK
| | | | - Sana Suri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, OX37JX, UK
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11
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Dos Santos NV, Yariwake VY, Marques KDV, Veras MM, Fajersztajn L. Air Pollution: A Neglected Risk Factor for Dementia in Latin America and the Caribbean. Front Neurol 2021; 12:684524. [PMID: 34367051 PMCID: PMC8339300 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.684524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) rises with increasing age and polluted air. Currently, at least 172 million people breathe unhealthy levels of air pollution in LAC countries. Several cohort studies have indicated that air pollution increases the risk of developing dementia and neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanisms underlying the association are still not clear. Air pollution causes and aggravates five established risk factors for dementia (obesity, hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and heart diseases) and is linked to three other risk factors (physical inactivity, cognitive inactivity, and depression). Some of these risk factors could be mediating the association between air pollution and dementia. Reducing the risks for dementia is crucial and urgently needed in LAC countries. There is room for improving air quality in many urban areas in the LAC region and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), a routealready explored by many urban areas in developing regions. Moreover, reducing air pollution has proved to improve health outcomes before. In this article, we propose that despite the ongoing and valid scientific discussion, if air pollution can or cannot directly affect the brain and cause or aggravate dementia, we are ready to consider air pollution as a potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia in LAC and possibly in other LMICs. We suggest that controlling and reducing current air pollution levels in LAC and other LMIC regions now could strongly contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Villa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Poluição Ambiental, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Saude Ambiental, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Yuji Yariwake
- Laboratório de Poluição Ambiental, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Laboratório de Poluição Ambiental, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís Fajersztajn
- Laboratório de Poluição Ambiental, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Nassir CMNCM, Ghazali MM, Hashim S, Idris NS, Yuen LS, Hui WJ, Norman HH, Gau CH, Jayabalan N, Na Y, Feng L, Ong LK, Abdul Hamid H, Ahamed HN, Mustapha M. Diets and Cellular-Derived Microparticles: Weighing a Plausible Link With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:632131. [PMID: 33718454 PMCID: PMC7943466 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.632131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a spectrum of pathological processes of various etiologies affecting the brain microcirculation that can trigger neuroinflammation and the subsequent neurodegenerative cascade. Prevalent with aging, CSVD is a recognized risk factor for stroke, vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease. Despite being the most common neurodegenerative condition with cerebrocardiovascular axis, understanding about it remains poor. Interestingly, modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet including high intake of processed food, high-fat foods, and animal by-products are known to influence the non-neural peripheral events, such as in the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular stress through cellular inflammation and oxidation. One key outcome from such events, among others, includes the cellular activations that lead to elevated levels of endogenous cellular-derived circulating microparticles (MPs). MPs can be produced from various cellular origins including leukocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, microbiota, and microglia. MPs could act as microthrombogenic procoagulant that served as a plausible culprit for the vulnerable end-artery microcirculation in the brain as the end-organ leading to CSVD manifestations. However, little attention has been paid on the potential role of MPs in the onset and progression of CSVD spectrum. Corroboratively, the formation of MPs is known to be influenced by diet-induced cellular stress. Thus, this review aims to appraise the body of evidence on the dietary-related impacts on circulating MPs from non-neural peripheral origins that could serve as a plausible microthrombosis in CSVD manifestation as a precursor of neurodegeneration. Here, we elaborate on the pathomechanical features of MPs in health and disease states; relevance of dietary patterns on MP release; preclinical studies pertaining to diet-based MPs contribution to disease; MP level as putative surrogates for early disease biomarkers; and lastly, the potential of MPs manipulation with diet-based approach as a novel preventive measure for CSVD in an aging society worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazira Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Sabarisah Hashim
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Nur Suhaila Idris
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Lee Si Yuen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Wong Jia Hui
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haziq Hazman Norman
- Anatomy Unit, International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University (MSU), Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Chuang Huei Gau
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Nanthini Jayabalan
- Translational Neuroscience Lab, University of Queensland (UQ), Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuri Na
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Linqing Feng
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Hafizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Haja Nazeer Ahamed
- Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Alrafiah A. Thymoquinone Protects Neurons in the Cerebellum of Rats through Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Following High-Fat Diet Supplementation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:165. [PMID: 33513819 PMCID: PMC7911218 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) is a major problem causing neuronal damage. Thymoquinone (TQ) could regulate oxidative stress and the inflammatory process. Hence, the present study elucidated the significant role of TQ on oxidative stress, inflammation, as well as morphological changes in the cerebellum of rats with HFD. Rats were divided into three groups as (1) control, (2) saturated HFD for eight weeks and (3) HFD supplementation (four weeks) followed by TQ 300 mg/kg/day treated (four weeks). After treatment, blood samples were collected to measure oxidative stress markers glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, neuronal morphological changes were also observed in the cerebellum of the rats. HFD rats show higher body weight (286.5 ± 7.4 g) as compared with the control group (224.67 ± 1.78 g). TQ treatment significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the body weight (225.83 ± 13.15 g). TQ produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The antioxidative enzymes significantly reduced in HFD rats (GSH, 1.46 ± 0.36 mol/L and SOD, 99.13 ± 5.41 µmol/mL) as compared with the control group (GSH, 6.25 ± 0.36 mol/L and SOD, 159.67 ± 10.67 µmol/mL). MDA was increased significantly in HFD rats (2.05 ± 0.25 nmol/L) compared to the control group (0.695 ± 0.11 nmol/L). Surprisingly, treatment with TQ could improve the level of GSH, MDA, and SOD. TQ treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the inflammatory markers as compared with HFD alone. TQ treatment minimizes neuronal damage as well as reduces inflammation and improves antioxidant enzymes. TQ can be considered as a promising agent in preventing the neuronal morphological changes in the cerebellum of obese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Alrafiah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Association of Late Life Depression, (Non-) Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors with Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: Literature Review on Current Evidences, Preventive Interventions and Possible Future Trends in Prevention and Treatment of Dementia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207475. [PMID: 33066592 PMCID: PMC7602449 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of people living with dementia and Alzheimer’s disease is growing rapidly, making dementia one of the biggest challenges for this century. Many studies have indicated that depression plays an important role in development of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease; depression, especially, during the late life may either increase the risk of dementia or even being its prodromal stage. Despite a notably large number of carried observational studies and/or clinical trials, the association between the late life depression and dementia remains, due to the complexity of their relationship, still unclear. Moreover, during past two decades multiple other (non-)modifiable risk and possibly protective factors such as the hypertension, social engagement, obesity, level of education or physical (in)activity have been identified and their relationship with the risk for development of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease has been extensively studied. It has been proposed that to understand mechanisms of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease pathogeneses require their multifactorial nature represented by these multiple factors to be considered. In this review, we first summarize the recent literature findings on roles of the late life depression and the other known (non-)modifiable risk and possibly protective factors in development of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Then, we provide evidences supporting hypotheses that (i) depressive syndromes in late life may indicate the prodromal stage of dementia (Alzheimer’s disease) and, (ii) the interplay among the multiple (non-)modifiable risk and protective factors should be considered to gain a better understanding of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease pathogeneses. We also discuss the evidences of recently established interventions considered to prevent or delay the prodromes of dementia and provide the prospective future directions in prevention and treatment of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease using both the single-domain and multidomain interventions.
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15
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Zheng Q, Ma Y, Chen S, Che Q, Zhou Z, Chen D. Identification of genetic loci jointly influencing coronary artery disease risk and sleep traits of insomnia, sleep duration, and chronotype. Sleep Med 2020; 74:116-123. [PMID: 32846279 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests a relationship between coronary artery disease (CAD) and sleep problems. Our study is aimed to investigate the shared genetic loci underlying this phenotypic association. METHODS Combining summary statistics from different genome-wide association studies, we investigated overlap in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with CAD and sleep traits (insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, and chronotype) using conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (condFDR/conjFDR) approach. Relevant variants are further evaluated for differential expression analysis, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) functionality, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. RESULTS We observed substantial genetic enrichment in CAD condition on associations with sleep traits, which indicating polygenic overlap. Using conjFDR analysis, 26 loci jointly influencing CAD and sleep traits were identified. One locus was shared between CAD and sleep duration and represented the strongest shared signal detected (closest gene, MSL2; chromosome 3q22.3; conjFDR = 1.77 × 10-4). A consistent direction of allelic effect was observed between CAD and insomnia symptoms, while bi-directional effects were recognized between CAD, sleep duration, and chronotype. Replicable eQTL functionality was further identified for two loci: rs28398825 for FCHO1 in the frontal cortex and blood tissue, and rs8072451 for LRRC37A and its duplicate LRRC37A2 in several brain regions and blood tissue. GO analysis of the loci shared between CAD and sleep traits implicated cellular component related to synapse. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insight into the relationship between CAD and sleep traits. The mechanisms underlying these associations warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yujia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Qianzi Che
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zechen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Dafang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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16
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High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Causes Sex-Specific Deficits in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0391-19.2019. [PMID: 31871124 PMCID: PMC6946541 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0391-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is suppressed by high-fat (HF) diet and metabolic disease, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Deficits in AHN may contribute to cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia and mood disorders, which have higher prevalence in women. However, sex differences in the effects of HF diet/metabolic disease on AHN have yet to be thoroughly investigated. Herein, male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed an HF or control (CON) diet from ∼2 to 6 months of age. After 3 months on the diet, mice were injected with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) then killed 4 weeks later. Cell proliferation, differentiation/maturation, and survival of new neurons in the dentate gyrus were assessed with immunofluorescence for EdU, Ki67, doublecortin (DCX), and NeuN. CON females had more proliferating cells (Ki67+) and neuroblasts/immature neurons (DCX+) compared with CON males; however, HF diet reduced these cells in females to the levels of males. Diet did not affect neurogenesis in males. Further, the numbers of proliferating cells and immature neurons were inversely correlated with both weight gain and glucose intolerance in females only. These effects were robust in the dorsal hippocampus, which supports cognitive processes. Assessment of microglia in the dentate gyrus using immunofluorescence for Iba1 and CD68 uncovered sex-specific effects of diet, which may contribute to observed differences in neurogenesis. These findings demonstrate sex-specific effects of HF diet/metabolic disease on AHN, and highlight the potential for targeting neurogenic deficits to treat cognitive decline and reduce the risk of dementia associated with these conditions, particularly in females.
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17
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Iozzo P, Guzzardi MA. Imaging of brain glucose uptake by PET in obesity and cognitive dysfunction: life-course perspective. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:R169-R183. [PMID: 31590145 PMCID: PMC6865363 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and keeps growing. Obesity seems implicated in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease and dementia, and vice versa. Growing scientific efforts are being devoted to the identification of central mechanisms underlying the frequent association between obesity and cognitive dysfunction. Glucose brain handling undergoes dynamic changes during the life-course, suggesting that its alterations might precede and contribute to degenerative changes or signaling abnormalities. Imaging of the glucose analog 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) by positron emission tomography (PET) is the gold-standard for the assessment of cerebral glucose metabolism in vivo. This review summarizes the current literature addressing brain glucose uptake measured by PET imaging, and the effect of insulin on brain metabolism, trying to embrace a life-course vision in the identification of patterns that may explain (and contribute to) the frequent association between obesity and cognitive dysfunction. The current evidence supports that brain hypermetabolism and brain insulin resistance occur in selected high-risk conditions as a transient phenomenon, eventually evolving toward normal or low values during life or disease progression. Associative studies suggest that brain hypermetabolism predicts low BDNF levels, hepatic and whole body insulin resistance, food desire and an unfavorable balance between anticipated reward from food and cognitive inhibitory control. Emerging mechanistic links involve the microbiota and the metabolome, which correlate with brain metabolism and cognition, deserving attention as potential future prevention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to P Iozzo:
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Abstract
Cerebral cortical thickness is associated with memory and intelligence test scores and serves as a measure for changes in cortical gray matter. Previous studies suggest reduced cortical thickness in patients with obesity. This study aimed to investigate changes in cortical thickness following bariatric surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of five patients were analyzed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively to assess changes in global measures of cortical thickness. No patients were lost to follow-up. This study provides preliminary evidence of brain change following surgery, suggests increases in cerebral cortical thickness in patients with greater excess weight loss, and indicates the need for further investigation using larger samples and correlation with neurocognitive measures, such as memory recall.
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Abstract
Small vessel disease (SVD) refers to conditions where damage to arterioles and capillaries is predominant, leading to reduced, or interrupted perfusion of the affected organ. Data suggest that when this condition is evident in any organ, it is already systemic in its occurrence and consequences. SVD affects primarily organs that receive significant portions of cardiac output such as the brain, the kidney, and the retina. Thus, SVD is a major etiologic cause in debilitating conditions such as renal failure, blindness, lacunar infarcts, and dementia. The factors that lead to this devastating condition include all the known vascular risk factors when they are not strictly controlled, but lifestyles that include sedentary existence, obesity, and poor sleep patterns are also recognized drivers of SVD. In addition, depression is now recognized as a vascular risk factor. Inflammation is a mediator of SVD, but it is not known which factor(s) predominate in its etiology. This article emphasizes the need for more investigations to define this link further and suggests clinical and societal responses that might reduce the major impacts of this condition on populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M Hakim
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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20
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Stanojlovic M, Pallais Yllescas JP, Mavanji V, Kotz C. Chemogenetic activation of orexin/hypocretin neurons ameliorates aging-induced changes in behavior and energy expenditure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R571-R583. [PMID: 30726119 PMCID: PMC6589608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00383.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging affects numerous physiological processes, as well as behavior. A large number of these processes are regulated, at least partially, by hypothalamic orexin neurons, and orexin tone may decrease with normal aging. In this study, we hypothesized that designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) stimulation of orexin neuronal activity will ameliorate the effect of aging on behavioral and metabolic alterations in young and middle-aged mice. DREADD targeting was achieved by stereotaxic injection of AAV vectors (AAV2-hSyn-DIO-hM3D(Gq)-mCherry) into the lateral hypothalamus of 5- and 12-mo old orexin-cre female mice and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of orexin A and mCherry expression. After recovery, animals were subjected to a behavioral test battery consisting of the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OFT), and novel object recognition tests (NORT) to assess effects of aging on anxiety-like behavior, general locomotion, and working memory. A comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system (CLAMS) was used to measure spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and energy expenditure (EE). The results indicate that activation of orexin neurons mitigates aging-induced reductions in anxiety-like behavior in middle-aged mice (P < 0.005) and increases locomotion in both young and middle-aged mice (P < 0.05). Activation of orexin neurons increases SPA (P < 0.01) and EE (P < 0.005) in middle-aged mice, restoring the levels to that observed in young animals. Results from this study identify orexin neurons as potential therapeutic targets for age-related impairments in cognitive and anxiety-related behavior, and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Stanojlovic
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Vijaya Mavanji
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Catherine Kotz
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Stillman CM, Donahue PT, Williams MF, Callas M, Lwanga C, Brown C, Wollam ME, Jedrziewski MK, Kang C, Erickson KI. Weight-Loss Outcomes from a Pilot Study of African Dance in Older African Americans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1893-1897. [PMID: 30358132 PMCID: PMC6249065 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a risk factor for both cognitive and physical impairment in late adulthood. Though the rates of obesity are high in many groups, older African Americans are disproportionately affected. A randomized pilot intervention of African Dance was conducted with 28 African American older adults with obesity (mean age = 68.4 ± 5.1 years; mean BMI = 33.4 ± 6.2). The goal of the study was to evaluate the physiological outcomes of a culturally sensitive exercise intervention and specifically changes in weight. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to an African Dance (experimental) or Culture Education (control) group. They attended their assigned class for 1 hour per session, 3 days per week, for 6 months. RESULTS There was a significant group × time interaction on weight (P = 0.005) such that the African Dance group lost weight (mean = 4.0 ± 6.0 lb) while the Culture Education group gained weight (mean = 2.6 ± 3.9 lb). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a culturally sensitive form of physical activity, African Dance, may be effective for promoting weight loss in a population at increased risk for obesity and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M. Stillman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
- Corresponding author , Address: 4805 Sennott Square, 210 S Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chaeryon Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh
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Cardoso S, Moreira PI. Diabesity and brain disturbances: A metabolic perspective. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 66:71-79. [PMID: 30321556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The last decades have been marked by an increased prevalence in non-communicable diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as by population aging and age-related (brain) diseases. The current notion that the brain and the body are interrelated units is gaining the attention of the scientific and medical community. Growing evidence demonstrates that there is a significant overlap in risk, comorbidity, and pathophysiological mechanisms across obesity, T2D and brain disturbances; settings that seem to be worsened when both obesity and T2D occur simultaneously, the so-called diabesity. Thereupon, there is a great concern to critically appraise and understand the mechanisms by which diabesity can affect brain responses, and may accelerate the decline in brain health. In this framework, metabolic disturbances mediated by altered insulin signaling and mitochondrial function arise among the multifactorial interactions described to occur between obesity, T2D and neurocognitive deficits. In this review we have compiled all the notions and evidence describing how diabesity negatively influences brain function putting the emphasis on insulin signaling pathway disturbances and mitochondrial anomalies. We also debate lifestyle interventions as amenable strategies to lessen metabolic anomalies and, consequently, diabesity-associated brain alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology - Faculty of Medicine - University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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