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Guimarães A, Mota AC, Pereira AS, Fernandes AM, Lopes M, Belo I. Rice Husk, Brewer's Spent Grain, and Vine Shoot Trimmings as Raw Materials for Sustainable Enzyme Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:935. [PMID: 38399185 PMCID: PMC10890580 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Solid by-products with lignocellulosic structures are considered appropriate substrates for solid-state fermentation (SSF) to produce enzymes with diverse industrial applications. In this work, brewer's spent grain (BSG), rice husk (RH), and vine shoot trimmings (VSTs) were employed as substrates in SSF with Aspergillus niger CECT 2088 to produce cellulases, xylanases, and amylases. The addition of 2% (NH4)2SO4 and 1% K2HPO4 to by-products had a positive effect on enzyme production. Substrate particle size influenced enzyme activity and the overall highest activities were achieved at the largest particle size (10 mm) of BSG and RH and a size of 4 mm for VSTs. Optimal substrate composition was predicted using a simplex centroid mixture design. The highest activities were obtained using 100% BSG for β-glucosidase (363 U/g) and endo-1,4-β-glucanase (189 U/g), 87% BSG and 13% RH for xylanase (627 U/g), and 72% BSG and 28% RH for amylase (263 U/g). Besides the optimal values found, mixtures of BSG with RH or VSTs proved to be alternative substrates to BSG alone. These findings demonstrate that SSF bioprocessing of BSG individually or in mixtures with RH and VSTs is an efficient and sustainable strategy to produce enzymes of significant industrial interest within the circular economy guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guimarães
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (M.L.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Mota
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (M.L.)
| | - Ana S. Pereira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (M.L.)
| | - Ana M. Fernandes
- CITEVE—Technological Centre for the Textile and Clothing Industry, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Marlene Lopes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (M.L.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Isabel Belo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal (M.L.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Zheng S, Zhang W, Ren Q, Wu J, Zhang J, Wang B, Meng N, Li J, Huang M. The Production of Intensified Qu and Its Microbial Communities and Aroma Variation during the Fermentation of Huangjiu (Chinese Rice Wine). Foods 2023; 12:2674. [PMID: 37509766 PMCID: PMC10378853 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, intensified Qu (IQ) has been gradually applied to brewing in order to improve the aroma of Huangjiu (Chinese rice wine). In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wickerhamomyces anomalus solutions were added to Fengmi Qu (FMQ) from Fangxian, China to produce IQ, and brewing trial was conducted. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) was used to analyze the microbial community in fermentation broth of IQ (IQFB). Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and sensory evaluation were performed to analyze volatile aroma compounds (VACs) in sample without Qu and both fermentation broths. The results showed that Pediococcus, Cronobacter, Enterococcus, Weissella, and Acinetobacter and Saccharomycopsis, Wickerhamomyces, and Saccharomyces were dominant bacterial and fungal groups, respectively. A total of 115 VACs were detected, and the content of esters including ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and so on was noticeably higher in IQFB. The finding of sensory evaluation reflected that adding pure yeast to Qu could enhance fruit and floral aromas. Correlation analysis yielded 858 correlations between significant microorganisms and different VACs. In addition, prediction of microbial community functions in IQFB revealed global and overview maps and carbohydrate metabolism to be the main one. This study is advantageous for further regulation of the fermentation process of Huangjiu by microbial means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siman Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wendi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Nan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
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Matrawy AA, Khalil AI, Marey HS, Embaby AM. Use of Wheat Straw for Value-Added Product Xylanase by Penicillium chrysogenum Strain A3 DSM105774. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090696. [PMID: 34575734 PMCID: PMC8472069 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work highlights the valorization of the bulky recalcitrant lignocellulose byproduct wheat straw (WS) for the enhanced production of value-added xylanase by the locally sourced novel Penicillium chrysogenum strain A3 DSM105774 for the first time. The optimized production of xylanase by submerged state of fermentation of WS was achieved using a three-step statistical and sequential approach: one factor at a time (OFAT), Plackett–Burman design (PBD), and Box Behnken design (BBD). Incubation temperature (30 °C), WS, and ammonium sulphate were the key determinants prompting xylanase production; inferred from OFAT. The WS concentration (%(w/v)), yeast extract concentration (%(w/v)), and initial pH of the production medium imposed significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) on the produced xylanase, realized from PBD. The predicted levels of WS concentration, initial pH of the production medium, and yeast extract concentration provoking the ultimate xylanase levels (53.7 U/mL) with an 8.95-fold enhancement, localized by the estimated ridge of the steepest ascent of the ridge analysis path, were 3.8% (w/v), 5.1, and 0.098% (w/v), respectively; 94.7% lab validation. The current data underpin the up-scaling of xylanase production using this eco-friendly, cheap, and robust methodology for the valorization of WS into the value-added product xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A. Matrawy
- Environmental Studies Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (A.I.K.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Ahmed I. Khalil
- Environmental Studies Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (A.I.K.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Heba S. Marey
- Environmental Studies Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (A.I.K.); (H.S.M.)
| | - Amira M. Embaby
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Narra M, Rudakiya DM, Macwan K, Patel N. Black liquor: A potential moistening agent for production of cost-effective hydrolytic enzymes by a newly isolated cellulo-xylano fungal strain Aspergillus tubingensis and its role in higher saccharification efficiency. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123149. [PMID: 32179401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, black liquor generated during mild alkali pre-treatment was evaluated as a moistening agent to produce cost effective hydrolytic enzymes using novel cellulo-xylano fungal strain Aspergillus tubingensis M7. The fungus competently produced 21.90 and 22.46 filter paper, 1004 and 1369 endoglucanase, 117 and 142 β-glucosidase and 8188 and 7981 U/g xylanase activity by using modified Mandel & weber's and black liquor medium, respectively. The crude hydrolytic enzymes from black liquor were evaluated for saccharification of pre-treated biomass. Reducing sugar yields (mg/g substrate) and the corresponding saccharification efficiency (%) from rice straw, corncob, sugarcane bagasse and banana stem were 745.50 (86.02; 18 h); 596 (74.50; 24 h); 358.15 (42.98; 24 h) and 245.70 (33.00; 24 h), respectively. Residual biomass compositional analysis revealed that reduced onset temperature, increased activation energy and pre-exponential factor in saccharified biomass as compared to pre-treated and untreated biomass, suggesting their utilization for pyrolysis to obtain value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Narra
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Darshan M Rudakiya
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Kumud Macwan
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Nidhi Patel
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
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Alokika, Singh B. Production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8763-8784. [PMID: 31641815 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microbial xylanases have gathered great attention due to their biotechnological potential at industrial scale for many processes. A variety of lignocellulosic materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, rice bran, wheat straw, wheat bran, corn cob, and ragi bran, are used for xylanase production which also solved the great issue of solid waste management. Both solid-state and submerged fermentation have been used for xylanase production controlled by various physical and nutritional parameters. Majority of xylanases have optimum pH in the range of 4.0-9.0 with optimum temperature at 30-60 °C. For biochemical, molecular studies and also for successful application in industries, purification and characterization of xylanase have been carried out using various appropriate techniques. Cloning and genetic engineering are used for commercial-level production of xylanase, to meet specific economic viability and industrial needs. Microbial xylanases are used in various biotechnological applications like biofuel production, pulp and paper industry, baking and brewing industry, food and feed industry, and deinking of waste paper. This review describes production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alokika
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Life Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India.
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Chadha BS, Kaur B, Basotra N, Tsang A, Pandey A. Thermostable xylanases from thermophilic fungi and bacteria: Current perspective. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 277:195-203. [PMID: 30679061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermostable xylanases from thermophilic fungi and bacteria have a wide commercial acceptability in feed, food, paper and pulp and bioconversion of lignocellulosics with an estimated annual market of USD 500 Million. The genome wide analysis of thermophilic fungi clearly shows the presence of elaborate genetic information coding for multiple xylanases primarily coding for GH10, GH11 in addition to GH7 and GH30 xylanases. The transcriptomics and proteome profiling has given insight into the differential expression of these xylanases in some of the thermophilic fungi. Bioprospecting has resulted in identification of novel thermophilic xylanases that have been endorsed by the industrial houses for heterologous over- expression and formulations. The future use of xylanases is expected to increase exponentially for their role in biorefineries. The discovery of new and improvement of existing xylanases using molecular tools such as directed evolution is expected to be the mainstay to meet increasing demand of thermostable xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India.
| | - Baljit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Neha Basotra
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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Nonstoichiometric Mesoporous Cu1.90S Nanoparticles Hydrothermally Prepared from a Copper Anthranilato Complex Inhibit Cellulases of Phytopathogenic Fungi. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Ding C, Li M, Hu Y. High-activity production of xylanase by Pichia stipitis: Purification, characterization, kinetic evaluation and xylooligosaccharides production. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:72-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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9
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated Alfa fibers ( Stipa tenacissima ) using β- d -glucosidase and xylanase of Talaromyces thermophilus from solid-state fermentation. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:543-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Chen H. Correlations of medium physical properties and process performance in solid-state fermentation. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Determination of the fungal community of pit mud in fermentation cellars for Chinese strong-flavor liquor, using DGGE and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Food Res Int 2017; 91:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Bharathiraja S, Suriya J, Krishnan M, Manivasagan P, Kim SK. Production of Enzymes From Agricultural Wastes and Their Potential Industrial Applications. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 80:125-148. [PMID: 28215322 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is the significant technique for the conversion of agricultural wastes into valuable products. Agroindustrial wastes such as rice bran, wheat bran, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and corncob are cheapest and plentifully available natural carbon sources for the production of industrially important enzymes. Innumerable enzymes that have numerous applications in industrial processes for food, drug, textile, and dye use have been produced from different types of microorganisms from agricultural wastes. Utilization of agricultural wastes offers great potential for reducing the production cost and increasing the use of enzymes for industrial purposes. This chapter focuses on economic production of actinobacterial enzymes from agricultural wastes to make a better alternative for utilization of biomass generated in million tons as waste annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bharathiraja
- CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Porto Novo, India
| | - J Suriya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - M Krishnan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - P Manivasagan
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - S-K Kim
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Specialized Graduate School Science & Technology Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Seemakram W, Boonrung S, Katekaew S, Aimi T, Boonlue S. Purification and characterization of low molecular weight alkaline xylanase from Neosartorya tatenoi KKU-CLB-3-2-4-1. MYCOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharma M, Mahajan C, Bhatti MS, Chadha BS. Profiling and production of hemicellulases by thermophilic fungus Malbranchea flava and the role of xylanases in improved bioconversion of pretreated lignocellulosics to ethanol. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:30. [PMID: 28330103 PMCID: PMC4713398 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports thermophilic fungus Malbranchea flava as a potent source of xylanase and xylan-debranching accessory enzymes. M. flava produced high levels of xylanase on sorghum straw containing solidified culture medium. The optimization of culture conditions for production of hemicellulases was carried out using one factor at a time approach and Box–Behnken design of experiments with casein (%), inoculum age (h) and inoculum level (ml) as process variables and xylanase, β-xylosidase, acetyl esterases and arabinofuranosidase as response variables. The results showed that casein concentration between 3.0 and 3.5 %, inoculum age (56–60 h) and inoculum level (2–2.5 ml) resulted in production of 16,978, 10.0, 67.7 and 3.8 (U/gds) of xylanase, β-xylosidase, acetyl esterase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase, respectively. Under optimized conditions M. flava produced eight functionally diverse xylanases with distinct substrate specificity against different xylan types. The peptide mass fingerprinting of 2-D gel electrophoresis resolved proteins indicated to the presence of cellobiose dehydrogenase and glycosyl hydrolases suggesting the potential of this strain in oxidative and classical cellulase-mediated hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. Addition of xylanase (300 U/g substrate) during saccharification (at 15 % substrate loading) of different pretreated (acid/alkali) substrates (cotton stalks, wheat straw, rice straw, carrot grass) by commercial cellulase (NS28066) resulted in 9–36 % increase in saccharification and subsequent fermentation to ethanol when compared to experiment with commercial enzyme only. High ethanol level 46 (g/l) was achieved with acid pretreated cotton stalk when M. flava xylanase was supplemented as compared to 39 (g/l) with xylanase without xylanase addition.
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Kallel F, Driss D, Chaari F, Zouari-Ellouzi S, Chaabouni M, Ghorbel R, Chaabouni SE. Statistical optimization of low-cost production of an acidic xylanase by Bacillus mojavensis UEB-FK: Its potential applications. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mahajan C, Basotra N, Singh S, Di Falco M, Tsang A, Chadha BS. Malbranchea cinnamomea: A thermophilic fungal source of catalytically efficient lignocellulolytic glycosyl hydrolases and metal dependent enzymes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:55-63. [PMID: 26476165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports thermophilic fungus Malbranchea cinnamomea as an important source of lignocellulolytic enzymes. The secretome analysis using LC-MS/MS orbitrap showed that fungus produced a spectrum of glycosyl hydrolases (cellulase/hemicellulase), polysaccharide lyases (PL) and carbohydrate esterases (CE) in addition to cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) indicating the presence of functional classical and oxidative cellulolytic mechanisms. The protein fractions in the secretome resolved by ion exchange chromatography were analyzed for ability to hydrolyze alkali treated carrot grass (ATCG) in the presence of Mn(2+)/Cu(2+). This strategy in tandem with peptide mass fingerprinting led to identification of metal dependent protein hydrolases with no apparent hydrolytic activity, however, showed 5.7 folds higher saccharification in presence of Mn(2+). Furthermore, adding different protein fractions to commercial cellulase (Novozymes: Cellic CTec2) resulted in enhanced hydrolysis of ATCG ranging between 1.57 and 3.43 folds indicating the enzymes from M. cinnamomea as catalytically efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Neha Basotra
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Surender Singh
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - B S Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
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Zhang H, Sang Q. Production and extraction optimization of xylanase and β-mannanase by Penicillium chrysogenum QML-2 and primary application in saccharification of corn cob. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Adhyaru DN, Bhatt NS, Modi HA. Optimization of upstream and downstream process parameters for cellulase-poor-thermo-solvent-stable xylanase production and extraction by Aspergillus tubingensis FDHN1. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-014-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Xylanases are important members of the hemicellulolytic enzyme system. Xylanase plays a vital role in the hydrolysis of major hemicellulosic component xylan and converts it into xylooligosaccharides and ultimately yields xylose. Cellulase-lacking or cellulase-poor xylanase with high temperature and pH stability has gained special attention, especially in paper and pulp industries. Most of the available literature highlighted the fungal xylanase production by optimizing environmental and cultural parameters. However, the importance of enzyme recovery from fermented biomass still needs attention. In this study, upstream and downstream process parameters were studied for enhancing xylanase production and extraction by a newly isolated Aspergillus tubingensis FDHN1 under solid-state fermentation using low-cost agro-residues.
Results
In the present study, A. tubingensis FDHN1 was used for the xylanase, with very low level of cellulase, production under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Among various agro-residues, sorghum straw enhanced the xylanase production. Under optimized upstream conditions, the highest xylanase production 2,449 ± 23 U/g was observed. Upon characterization, crude xylanase showed stability over a broad range of pH 3.0 to 8.0 up to 24 h. The temperature stability revealed the nature of the xylanase to be thermostable. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE) and zymogram analysis revealed the multiple forms of the xylanase. Due to the many industrially important characteristics of the xylanases, the study was elaborated for optimizing the downstream process parameters such as volume of extractant, extraction time, temperature and agitation speed to recover maximum xylanase from fermented sorghum straw. The highest amount of xylanase (4,105 ± 22 U/g) was recovered using 0.05 M sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.5) at 12:1 (v/w) extractant/solid ratio, 90-min extraction time, 150-rpm agitation speed and 40°C. Finally, detailed bioprocess optimization shows an overall 6.66-fold enhancement in the xylanase yield.
Conclusions
The present study consolidates the importance of upstream and downstream process optimization for the overall enhancement in the xylanase production. The xylanase from A. tubingensis FDHN1 shows the stability at different pH and temperature, and it was also active in the presence of organic solvents. These properties of xylanase are very much important from an industrial application point of view.
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de Cassia Pereira J, Paganini Marques N, Rodrigues A, Brito de Oliveira T, Boscolo M, da Silva R, Gomes E, Bocchini Martins D. Thermophilic fungi as new sources for production of cellulases and xylanases with potential use in sugarcane bagasse saccharification. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:928-39. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. de Cassia Pereira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Microbiology; São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE; São José do Rio Preto São Paulo State Brazil
| | - N. Paganini Marques
- Laboratory of Microbial Enzymes; São Paulo State University - UNESP/IQ; Araraquara São Paulo State Brazil
| | - A. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Ecology and Systematics of Fungi; São Paulo State University - IB/UNESP; Rio Claro São Paulo State Brazil
| | - T. Brito de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Ecology and Systematics of Fungi; São Paulo State University - IB/UNESP; Rio Claro São Paulo State Brazil
| | - M. Boscolo
- Laboratory of Sucrochemistry and Analytical Chemistry; São Paulo State University - IB/UNESP; Rio Claro São Paulo State Brazil
| | - R. da Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Microbiology; São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE; São José do Rio Preto São Paulo State Brazil
| | - E. Gomes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Microbiology; São Paulo State University - UNESP/IBILCE; São José do Rio Preto São Paulo State Brazil
| | - D.A. Bocchini Martins
- Laboratory of Microbial Enzymes; São Paulo State University - UNESP/IQ; Araraquara São Paulo State Brazil
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Mahajan C, Chadha BS, Nain L, Kaur A. Evaluation of glycosyl hydrolases from thermophilic fungi for their potential in bioconversion of alkali and biologically treated Parthenium hysterophorus weed and rice straw into ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 163:300-7. [PMID: 24835742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate glycosyl hydrolases produced by diverse thermophilic fungal strains for saccharification of alkali and biologically (Trametes hirusita/Myrothecium roridum) treated Parthenium hysterophorus and rice straw. The compositional analysis of hydrolysates by HPLC showed distinct profiles of hexose, pentose and oligomeric sugars. Malbranchea cinnamomea was most efficient source of glycosyl hydrolases producing 283.8, 35.9, 129.6, 27,193, 4.66, 7.26(units/gds) of endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, α-αrabinofuranosidase and β xylosidase, respectively. The saccharification of alkali and biologically treated carrot grass by culture extract of M. cinnamomea was further enhanced by supplementation of β-glucosidase produced by Aspergillus sp. mutant "O". The resultant hydrolysates containing glucose/xylose were fermented efficiently to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae owing to presence of xylose isomerase (0.8 units/gds) activity in culture extract of M. cinnamomea resulting in production of 16.5 and 15.0 g/l of ethanol from alkali treated rice straw and carrot grass, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - B S Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Lata Nain
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Amarjeet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
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Kaur B, Oberoi HS, Chadha BS. Enhanced cellulase producing mutants developed from heterokaryotic Aspergillus strain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 156:100-107. [PMID: 24491293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A heterokaryon 28, derived through protoplast fusion between Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus tubingensis (Dal8), was subjected cyclic mutagenesis followed by selection on increasing levels of 2-deoxy glucose (2-DG) as selection marker. The derived deregulated cellulase hyper producing mutant '64', when compared to fusant 28, produced 9.83, 7.8, 3.2, 4.2 and 19.74 folds higher endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, FPase and xylanase, respectively, under shake cultures. The sequence analysis of PCR amplified β-glucosidase gene from wild and mutant showed nucleotide deletion/substitution. The mutants showed highly catalytic efficient β-glucosidase as evident from low Km and high Vmax values. The expression profiling through zymogram analysis also indicated towards over-expression of cellulases. The up/down regulated expressed proteins observed through SDS-PAGE were identified by Peptide mass fingerprinting The cellulase produced by mutants in conjunction with cellulase free xylanase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus was used for efficient utilization of alkali treated rice straw for obtaining xylo-oligosaccharides and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India.
| | - H S Oberoi
- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering Technology (CIPHET), Ludhiana 141 004, India.
| | - B S Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, India.
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Escamilla-Alvarado C, Poggi-Varaldo HM, Ponce-Noyola MT. Use of organic waste for the production of added-value holocellulases with Cellulomonas flavigena PR-22 and Trichoderma reesei MCG 80. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2013; 31:849-858. [PMID: 23877254 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x13492841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the production of holocellulases from the cellulolytic microorganisms Cellulomonas flavigena PR-22 and Trichoderma reesei MCG 80 using as substrates the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and digestates from a hydrogenogenic-methanogenic bioenergy production process. The first set of experiments (E1) used the mutant actinobacteria C. flavigena PR-22 whereas another set (E2) used the mutant filamentous fungi T. reesei MCG 80. In E1 with OFMSW as substrate, xylanolytic activities ranged from 1800 to 3900 international units g(holocellulose)(-1) (IU g(hol)(-1)), whereas the cellulolytic activities ranged from 220 to 420 IU g(hol)(-1). The variation of agitation speed did not have a significant effect on enzyme activity, whereas the increase of substrate concentration had a significant negative effect on both xylanolytic and cellulolytic activities on a holocellulose feed basis. Regarding E2, the OFMSW was evaluated at 1, 2 and 3 % volatile solids (VS). At 2 % VS the best filter paper activities were 1200 filter paper units (FPU) l(-1); however, in a holocellulase basis the best result was 67 FPU g(hol)(-1), corresponding to 1 % VS. Next, OFMSW was compared with OFMSW supplemented with lactose, digested solids from hydrogenogenic fermentation (D1) and digested solids from a two-stage process (D2). Against expectations, no positive effect was found in OFMSW due to lactose. The best enzymatic titres were in the order D1 > OFMSW ≈ OFMSW + lactose > D2. The use of digestates from hydrogenogenic fermentation for enzyme production holds promise for waste management. It promotes energy and added-value bioproduct generation-a green alternative to common practice of management and disposal of organic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Escamilla-Alvarado
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico DF, México
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Carvalho AFA, Neto PDO, da Silva DF, Pastore GM. Xylo-oligosaccharides from lignocellulosic materials: Chemical structure, health benefits and production by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Proteome-Based Profiling of Hypercellulase-Producing Strains Developed Through Interspecific Protoplast Fusion Between Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus tubingensis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Soliman HM, A. Sherief AD, Tanash ABEL. Production of Xylanase by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride using Some Agriculture Residues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijar.2012.46.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Samanta AK, Kolte AP, Senani S, Sridhar M, Jayapal N. A simple and efficient diffusion technique for assay of endo β-1,4-xylanase activity. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1349-53. [PMID: 24031763 PMCID: PMC3768722 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110004000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endo-β-1, 4-xylanases is thought to be of great significance for several industries namely paper, pharmaceuticals, food, feed etc. in addition to better utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. The present investigation was aimed to develop an easy, simple and efficient assay technique for endo-β-1, 4-xylanases secreted by the aerobic fungi. Under the proposed protocol, 9 g/L xylan containing agar was prepared in 100 mM phosphate buffer at different pH (4.5, 5.5 and 6.5). The sterilized xylan agar was dispensed in 90 mm petri dishes. 100 µl of culture supernatant of 12 fungal isolates was added to the wells and left overnight at 31±10C. The petri dishes were observed for zone of clearance by naked eye and diameter was measured. Congo red solution (1 g/L) was applied over the petri dishes as per the established protocol and thereafter plates were flooded with 1M Sodium chloride solution for the appearance of zone of clearance. The diameter for zone of clearance by the proposed method and the established protocol was almost identical and ranged from 21 to 42 mm at different pH depending upon the activity of endo-β-1, 4-xylanases. Change of pH towards alkaline side enabled similar or marginal decrease of diameter for the zone of clearance in most of the fungal isolates. The specific activities of these fungal isolates varied from 1.85 to 11.47 IU/mg protein. The present investigation revealed that the proposed simple diffusion technique gave similar results as compared to the established Congo red assay for endo-β-1, 4-xylanases. Moreover, the present technique avoided the cumbersome steps of staining by Congo red and de-staining by sodium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Samanta
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Hosur Road, Bangalore - 560030, Karnataka , India
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Nagar S, Mittal A, Kumar D, Kumar L, Kuhad RC, Gupta VK. Hyper production of alkali stable xylanase in lesser duration by Bacillus pumilus SV-85S using wheat bran under solid state fermentation. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:581-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Joshi C, Khare SK. Utilization of deoiled Jatropha curcas seed cake for production of xylanase from thermophilic Scytalidium thermophilum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:1722-1726. [PMID: 20855195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is a major biodiesel crop. Large amount of deoiled cake is generated as by-product during biodiesel production from its seeds. Deoiled J. curcas seed cake was assessed as substrate for the production of xylanase from thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum by solid-state fermentation. The seed cake was efficiently utilized by S. thermophilum for its growth during which it produced good amount of heat stable extracellular xylanase. The solid-state fermentation conditions were optimized for maximum xylanase production. Under the optimized conditions viz. deoiled seed cake supplemented with 1% oat-spelt xylan, adjusted to pH 9.0, moisture content 1:3 w/v, inoculated with 1×10(6) spores per 5 g cake and incubated at 45 °C, 1455 U xylanase/g deoiled seed cake was obtained. The xylanase was useful in biobleaching of paper pulp. Solid-state fermentation of deoiled cake appears a potentially viable approach for its effective utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Joshi
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India
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29
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Improvement of xylanase production by thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus SDYKY-1 using response surface methodology. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sharma M, Chadha BS, Saini HS. Purification and characterization of two thermostable xylanases from Malbranchea flava active under alkaline conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:8834-8842. [PMID: 20630749 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two xylanases, MFX I and MFX II, from the thermophilic fungus Malbranchea flava MTCC 4889 with molecular masses of 25.2 and 30kDa and pIs of 4.5 and 3.7, respectively were purified to homogeneity. The xylanases were optimally active at pH 9.0 and at 60 degrees C, exhibited a half-life of 4h at 60 degrees C, and showed distinct mode of action and product profiles when applied to birchwood, oat spelt, and larchwood xylan, and to wheat and rye arabinoxylan. The xylanases were most active on larchwood xylan with K(m) values of 1.25 and 3.7mg/ml. K(cat)/K(m) values suggested that the xylanases preferentially hydrolyzed rye arabinoxylan. LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) analysis of tryptic digests of MFX I and MFX II revealed similarity with known fungal xylanases and suggests that that they belonged to the GH 11 and 10 glycosyl hydrolase super families, respectively. These xylanases can potentially be used in enzyme-assisted bleaching of the pulp derived from agro-residues, as well as production of xylooligosaccharides for pre-biotic functional food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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31
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Sanghvi GV, Koyani RD, Rajput KS. Thermostable xylanase production and partial purification by solid-state fermentation using agricultural waste wheat straw. Mycology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2010.484029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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32
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Characterization of a β-xylosidase produced by a mutant derivative of Humicola lanuginosa in solid state fermentation. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ng IS, Li CW, Chan SP, Chir JL, Chen PT, Tong CG, Yu SM, Ho THD. High-level production of a thermoacidophilic beta-glucosidase from Penicillium citrinum YS40-5 by solid-state fermentation with rice bran. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:1310-1317. [PMID: 19837582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A high yield of beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) of 159.1 U/g-solid activity on 4-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG) was achieved by rice bran-based solid-state fermentation (SSF) of the recently characterized fungus Penicillium citrinum YS40-5. The enzyme was both thermophilic and acidophilic at the optimized temperature and pH of 70 degrees C and 5.0, respectively. Over 95% of the original beta-glucosidase activity was maintained after a prolonged storage at ambient temperature for 4 weeks. The kinetic parameters V(max), K(m) and K(I) were 85.93 U/mg, 1.2 mM and 17.59 mM with pNPG, and 72.49 U/mg, 32.17 mM and 8.29 mM with cellobiose, respectively. The protein band with beta-glucosidase activity was characterized by native PAGE followed by MUG-zymogram analysis, and its identity confirmed by nanoLC-MS/MS. A 3.43-fold synergistic effect by combining this beta-glucosidase with Trichoderma reesei cellulases was observed, indicating this enzyme could potentially be used for improving the efficiency of cellulosic bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Son Ng
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, 2F, No. 22, Lane 31, Sec. 1, Huandong Rd., Sinshih Township, Tainan 74146, Taiwan, ROC
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Optimization of xylanase production by Thermomyces lanuginosus in solid state fermentation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:2640-4. [PMID: 19966485 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular xylanase production by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus 195 in solid state fermentation (SSF) was found to be significantly affected by fermentation temperature, duration, and inoculum volume (p < or = 0.001). Optimization of these parameters corresponded to a 21.7% increase in xylanase yield. Maximum activity (2,335 U/g of wheat bran) was obtained when 10 g of wheat bran was inoculated with 10 ml of liquid culture and cultivated at 45 degrees C for 40 h. The influence of supplemental carbon and nitrogen sources (3% w/v) on xylanase production was also assessed. Wheat bran, supplemented with glucose and cellulose, facilitated 10% and 7% increases in relative activity respectively. Ammonium based salts, nitrates, and a number of organic nitrogen sources served only to reduce xylanase production (p < or = 0.005) significantly. The enhanced xylanase titers achieved in the present study emphasize the need for optimizing growth conditions for maximum enzyme production in SSF.
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Lakshmi GS, Rao CS, Rao RS, Hobbs PJ, Prakasham RS. Enhanced production of xylanase by a newly isolated Aspergillus terreus under solid state fermentation using palm industrial waste: A statistical optimization. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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El-Gendy MMA. Keratinase production by endophytic Penicillium spp. Morsy1 under solid-state fermentation using rice straw. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:780-94. [PMID: 19826961 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among all endophytic keratinolytic fungal isolates recovered from marine soft coral Dendronephthya hemprichii, Penicillium spp. Morsy1 was selected as the hyperactive keratinolytic strain under solid substrate fermentation of different agriculture and poultry wastes. The optimization of extraction process, physicochemical parameters affecting the keratinase production in solid-state fermentation, and the purified keratinase parameters were studied. Maximum keratinase activity (1,600 U g(-1), initial dry substrate) was recovered from moldy bran with 0.1% Tween 80. The optimized production conditions were rice straw as carbon source, pH of medium 6, growth temperature 26 degrees C, initial moisture content of 80% (v/w), inoculum size of 10(5) spores ml(-1), and an average particle size of the substrate 0.6 mm (3,560 U g(-1), initial dry substrate after 5 days of fermentation). Two types of keratinase (Ahm1 and Ahm2) were purified from the culture supernatant through ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose, and gel filtration chromatography. Enzyme molecular weights were 19 kDa (Ahm1) and 40 kDa (Ahm2). The kinetic parameters of purified keratinases were optimized for the hydrolysis of azokeratin by Ahm1 (pH 7.0-8.0, stable in pH range of 6.0 to 8.0 at 50 degrees C) and Ahm2 enzymes (pH 10.0-11.0, stable in pH range of 6.0 to 11.0 at 60-65 degrees C). Whereas inhibitors of serine (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and cysteine (iodoacetamide) proteases had minor effects on both Ahm1 and Ahm2 activity, both keratinases were strongly inhibited by chelating agents EDTA and EGTA. These findings suggest that serine and cysteine residues are not involved in the catalytic mechanisms, and they are metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat Morsy A El-Gendy
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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37
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Ying H, Chen X, Cao H, Xiong J, Hong Y, Bai J, Li Z. Enhanced uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine production using whole-cell catalysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:677-83. [PMID: 19415266 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDPAG) can be produced by chemical, enzymatic, chemoenzymatic, and fermentative methods. In this study, we used whole-cell catalysis method to produce UDPAG for the first time by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In order to increase the ATP utilization efficiency and UDPAG conversion yield, the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the whole-cell catalytic conditions for UDPAG production. Firstly, effects of uridine 5'-monophosphate (5'-UMP), glucosamine, vitamin B1, glycerol, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, temperature, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium acetate, fructose, and pH on UDPAG production were evaluated by a fractional factorial design. Results showed that UDPAG production was mainly affected by sodium dihydrogen phosphate, temperature, and vitamin B1. Then, the concentrations of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and vitamin B1 and temperature were further investigated with a central composite design and response surface analysis. The cultivation conditions to obtain the optimal UDPAG production were determined: sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 31.2 g/L; temperature, 29 degrees C, and vitamin B1, 0.026 g/L. This optimization strategy led to an enhancement of UDPAG production from 2.51 to 4.25 g/L, yield from 44.6% to 75.6% based on the initial 5'-UMP concentration, and ATP utilization efficiency from 7.43% to 12.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Chen XC, Bai JX, Cao JM, Li ZJ, Xiong J, Zhang L, Hong Y, Ying HJ. Medium optimization for the production of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate by Microbacterium sp. no. 205 using response surface methodology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:919-924. [PMID: 18778935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Response surface methodology was employed to optimize medium composition for the production of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) with Microbacterium sp. no. 205. A fractional factorial design (2(11-7)) was applied to evaluate the effects of different components in the medium. K(2)HPO(4), MgSO(4) and NaF were found to significantly influence on the cAMP production. The steepest ascent method was used to access the optimal region of the medium composition. The concentrations of the three factors were optimized subsequently using central composite design and response surface methodology. The optimal medium composition to achieve the optimal cAMP production was determined (g/L): K(2)HPO(4), 12.78; MgSO(4), 3.53 and NaF, 0.18. The corresponding cAMP concentration was 8.50 g/L, which was about 1.8-fold increase compared with that using the original medium. Validation experiments were also carried out to prove the adequacy and the accuracy of the model obtained. The cAMP fermentation in 5L fermenter reached 9.87 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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39
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Shaligram NS, Singh SK, Singhal RS, Szakacs G, Pandey A. Compactin production in solid-state fermentation using orthogonal array method by P. brevicompactum. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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40
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Rodríguez Couto S. Exploitation of biological wastes for the production of value-added products under solid-state fermentation conditions. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:859-70. [PMID: 18543242 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological wastes contain several reusable substances of high value such as soluble sugars and fibre. Direct disposal of such wastes to soil or landfill causes serious environmental problems. Thus, the development of potential value-added processes for these wastes is highly attractive. These biological wastes can be used as support-substrates in solid-state fermentation (SSF) to produce industrially relevant metabolites with great economical advantage. In addition, it is an environmentally friendly method of waste management. This paper reviews the reutilization of biological wastes for the production of value-added products using the SSF technique.
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Xu YX, Li YL, Xu SC, Liu Y, Wang X, Tang JW. Improvement of xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 using response surface methodology for optimizing the medium composition. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 9:558-66. [PMID: 18600786 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the optimal medium composition for xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 in solid-state fermentation (SSF). METHODS Statistical methodology including the Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and the central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the individual crucial component of the medium that significantly affected the enzyme yield. RESULTS Firstly, NaNO(3), yeast extract, urea, Na(2)CO(3), MgSO(4), peptone and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) were screened as the significant factors positively affecting the xylanase production by PBD. Secondly, by valuating the nitrogen sources effect, urea was proved to be the most effective and economic nitrogen source for xylanase production and used for further optimization. Finally, the CCD and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to determine the optimal concentration of each significant variable, which included urea, Na(2)CO(3) and MgSO(4). Subsequently a second-order polynomial was determined by multiple regression analysis. The optimum values of the critical components for maximum xylanase production were obtained as follows: x(1) (urea)=0.163 (41.63 g/L), x(2) (Na(2)CO(3))=-1.68 (2.64 g/L), x(3) (MgSO(4))=1.338 (10.68 g/L) and the predicted xylanase value was 14374.6 U/g dry substrate. Using the optimized condition, xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 after 48 h fermentation reached 14637 U/g dry substrate with wheat bran in the shake flask. CONCLUSION By using PBD and CCD, we obtained the optimal composition for xylanase production by Aspergillus niger XY-1 in SSF, and the results of no additional expensive medium and shortened fermentation time for higher xylanase production show the potential for industrial utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Xing Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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Graminha E, Gonçalves A, Pirota R, Balsalobre M, Da Silva R, Gomes E. Enzyme production by solid-state fermentation: Application to animal nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sharma M, Chadha B, Kaur M, Ghatora S, Saini H. Molecular characterization of multiple xylanase producing thermophilic/thermotolerant fungi isolated from composting materials. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 46:526-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Camassola M, Dillon AJP. Production of cellulases and hemicellulases by Penicillium echinulatum grown on pretreated sugar cane bagasse and wheat bran in solid-state fermentation. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:2196-204. [PMID: 18045402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the solid-state fermentation (SSF) production of cellulase and hemicellulases (xylanases), by Penicillium echinulatum 9A02S1, in experiments carried out with different concentrations of the pretreated sugar cane bagasse (PSCB) and wheat bran (WB). METHODS AND RESULTS This study reports the production of xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by P. echinulatum 9A02S1 using a cheap medium containing PSCB and WB under SSF. The highest amounts of filter paper activity (FPA) could be measured on mixtures of PSCB and WB (32.89 +/- 1.90 U gdm(-1)). The highest beta-glucosidase activity was 58.95 +/- 2.58 U gdm(-1) on the fourth day. The highest activity for endoglucanases was 282.36 +/- 1.23 U gdm(-1) on the fourth day, and for xylanases the activity was around 10 U gdm(-1) from the second to the fourth day. CONCLUSIONS The present work has established the potential of P. echinulatum for FPA, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and xylanase productions in SSF, indicating that WB may be partially substituted by PSCB. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The incorporation of cheap sources, such as sugar cane bagasse, into media for the production of lignocellulose enzymes should help decrease the production costs of enzymatic complexes that can hydrolyse lignocellulose residues for the formation of fermented syrups, thus contributing to the economic production of bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Camassola
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul-RS, Brazil
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Optimization of xylanase production by Chaetomium thermophilum in wheat straw using response surface methodology. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Niture SK, Pant A. Production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by a pH tolerant estuarine fungal isolate Fusarium moniliforme NCIM1276 in different culture conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Production and partial characterization of endoxylanase by Bacillus pumilus using agro industrial residues. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yang SQ, Yan QJ, Jiang ZQ, Li LT, Tian HM, Wang YZ. High-level of xylanase production by the thermophilic Paecilomyces themophila J18 on wheat straw in solid-state fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2006; 97:1794-800. [PMID: 16230011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The production of extracellular xylanase by a newly isolated thermophilic fungus, Paecilomyces themophila J18, on the lignocellulosic materials was studied in solid-state fermentation (SSF). The strain grew well at 50 degrees C and produced a high-level of xylanase activity using the selected lignocellulosic materials, especially wheat straw. Production of xylanase by P. themophila J18 on wheat straw was enhanced by optimizing the particle size of wheat straw, nitrogen source, initial moisture level, growth temperature and initial pH of the culture medium. Under the optimized conditions, yield as high as 18,580 Ug(-1) of carbon source of xylanase was achieved. No CMCase activity was observed. The xylanase exhibited remarkable stability and retained more than 50% of its original activity at 70 degrees C for 4h at pH 7.0-8.0. Therefore, P. themophila J18 could to be a promising microorganism for thermostable, cellulase-free xylanase production in SSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Katapodis P, Christakopoulou V, Christakopoulos P. Optimization of Xylanase Production bySporotrichum thermophile Using Corn Cobs and Response Surface Methodology. Eng Life Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200520134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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