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Niu J, Yan R, Zhou H, Ma B, Lu Z, Meng F, Lu F, Zhu P. Self-cascade deoxynivalenol detoxification by an artificial enzyme with bifunctions of dehydrogenase and aldo/keto reductase from genome mining. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129512. [PMID: 38246466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to the severe health risks for human and animal caused by the intake of toxic deoxynivalenol (DON) derived from Fusarium species, elimination DON in food and feed has been initiated as a critical issue. Enzymatic cascade catalysis by dehydrogenase and aldo-keto reductase represents a fascinating strategy for DON detoxification. Here, one quinone-dpendent alcohol dehydrogenase DADH oxidized DON into less-toxic 3-keto-DON and NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase AKR13B3 reduced 3-keto-DON into relatively non-toxic 3-epi-DON were identified from Devosia strain A6-243, indicating that degradation of DON on C3 are two-step sequential cascade processes. To establish the bifunctions, fusion enzyme linking DADH and AKR13B3 was successfully assembled to promote one-step DON degradations with accelerated specific activity and efficiency, resulting 93.29 % of DON removal rate in wheat sample. Three-dimensional simulation analysis revealed that the bifunctional enzyme forms an artificial intramolecular channel to minimize the distance of intermediate from DADH to AKR13B3 for two-step enzymatic reactions, and thereby accelerates this enzymatic process. As the first report of directing single step DON detoxification by an interesting bifunctional artificial enzyme, this work revealed a facile and eco-friendly approach to detoxify DON with application potential and gave valuable insights into execute other mycotoxin detoxification for ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Niu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruxue Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fanqiang Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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2
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Xue G, Qu Y, Wu D, Huang S, Che Y, Yu J, Song P. Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B 1 in the Baijiu Brewing Process by Bacillus cereus. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:65. [PMID: 36668884 PMCID: PMC9860622 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is a potent mycotoxin and a common source of grain contamination that leads to great economic losses and health problems. Although distilled baijiu cannot be contaminated by aflatoxin, its presence in the brewing process affects the physiological activities of micro-organisms and reduces product quality. Bacillus cereus XSWW9 capable of degrading aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was isolated from daqu using coumarin as the sole carbon source. XSWW9 degraded 86.7% of 1 mg/L AFB1 after incubation at 37 °C for 72 h and tolerated up to 1 mg/L AFB1 with no inhibitory effects. Enzymes in the cell-free supernatant of XSSW9 played a significant role in AFB1 degradation. The AFB1-degradation activity was sensitive to protease K and SDS treatment, which indicated that extracellular proteins were responsible for the degradation of AFB1. In order to investigate the AFB1-degradation ability of XSSW9 during the baijiu brewing process, AFB1 and XSWW9 were added to grain fermentation (FG-T) and normal grain fermentation without AFB1, while normal grain fermentation without AFB1 and XSWW9 was used as a control (FG-C). At the end of the fermentation, 99% AFB1 was degraded in the residue of fermented grains. The differences of microbial communities in the fermented grains showed that there were no significant differences between FG-T and FG-C in the relative abundance of dominant genera. The analysis of volatile compounds of their distillation showed that the contents of skeleton flavor components was similar between FG-T and FG-C. These results offer a basis for the development of effective strategies to reduce the effect of AFB1 on the brewing process and ensure that the production of baijiu is stable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Yu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Song
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Vilar Nogueira W, Dias Remedi R, Vanessa Marimón-Sibaja K, David Moreira Gonçalves K, Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira M, Gardea-Buffon J. Tricothecenes and enzyme activities in the mashing step of the brewing process. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sánchez C, Santos S, Sánchez R, Lienemann CP, Todolí JL. Profiling of Organic Compounds in Bioethanol Samples of Different Nature and the Related Fractions. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20912-20921. [PMID: 32875226 PMCID: PMC7450645 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forty-one bioethanol real samples and related fractions, together with a biobutanol sample, have been analyzed with gas chromatography coupled to either mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Bioethanol with different water contents, samples originated from several sources of biomass, first- as well as second-generation specimens, distillation fractions, samples stocked in containers made of four different materials, and, finally, a biobutanol sample have been analyzed. The number of the compounds found through GC-MS has been 130, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, nitrogen compounds, organic acids, furane derivates as well as other species (e.g., limonene). Afterward, a quantitative determination of major components of bioethanol has been carried out. The achieved results have revealed that, besides ethanol and, in some cases, water, species such as acetaldehyde, methanol, and higher alcohols, as well as 1,1-diethoxyethane, may be present at concentrations above 500 mg L-1. While the source of bioethanol (nature of the raw material, ethanol generation, or water content) has a direct impact on its volatile organic compound (VOC) profile, the material of the container where the biofuel has been stored does not play a significant role. Finally, the results have demonstrated that, for a given production process, different distillation fractions contain unequal VOC profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Sergio Santos
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - José-Luis Todolí
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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5
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Pfliegler WP, Pócsi I, Győri Z, Pusztahelyi T. The Aspergilli and Their Mycotoxins: Metabolic Interactions With Plants and the Soil Biota. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2921. [PMID: 32117074 PMCID: PMC7029702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the highly diverse fungal genus Aspergillus are well-known agricultural pests, and, most importantly, producers of various mycotoxins threatening food safety worldwide. Mycotoxins are studied predominantly from the perspectives of human and livestock health. Meanwhile, their roles are far less known in nature. However, to understand the factors behind mycotoxin production, the roles of the toxins of Aspergilli must be understood from a complex ecological perspective, taking mold-plant, mold-microbe, and mold-animal interactions into account. The Aspergilli may switch between saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, may vary according to these fungal ways of life. Recent studies highlighted the complex ecological network of soil microbiotas determining the niches that Aspergilli can fill in. Interactions with the soil microbiota and soil macro-organisms determine the role of secondary metabolite production to a great extent. While, upon infection of plants, metabolic communication including fungal secondary metabolites like aflatoxins, gliotoxin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, and ochratoxin, influences the fate of both the invader and the host. In this review, the role of mycotoxin producing Aspergillus species and their interactions in the ecosystem are discussed. We intend to highlight the complexity of the roles of the main toxic secondary metabolites as well as their fate in natural environments and agriculture, a field that still has important knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Freire L, Furtado MM, Guerreiro TM, da Graça JS, da Silva BS, Oliveira DN, Catharino RR, Sant'Ana AS. The presence of ochratoxin A does not influence Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth kinetics but leads to the formation of modified ochratoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110756. [PMID: 31408721 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts are able to reduce the levels of ochratoxin A in fermentative processes; and, through their enzymatic complex, these micro-organisms are also capable of forming modified mycotoxins. These mycotoxins are often underreported, and may increase health risks after ingestion of contaminated food. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate whether the presence of ochratoxin A influences yeast growth kinetic parameters and to elucidate the formation of modified ochratoxin by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains during fermentation. Three S. cerevisiae strains (12 M, 01 PP, 41 PP) were exposed to OTA at the concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 μg/L. The Baranyi model was fitted to the growth data (Log CFU/mL), and the identification of modified ochratoxins was performed through High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. The presence of ochratoxin A did not influence the growth of S. cerevisiae strains. Four pathways were proposed for the metabolization of OTA: dechlorination, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, and conjugation. Among the elected targets, the following were identified: ochratoxin α, ochratoxin β, ochratoxin α methyl ester, ochratoxin B methyl ester, ethylamide ochratoxin A, ochratoxin C, hydroxy-ochratoxin A, hydroxy-ochratoxin A methyl ester, and ochratoxin A cellobiose ester. These derivatives formed from yeast metabolism may contribute to the occurrence of underreporting levels of total mycotoxin in fermented products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marianna M Furtado
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M Guerreiro
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana S da Graça
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S da Silva
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo N Oliveira
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Bartkiene E, Juodeikiene G, Zadeike D, Baliukoniene V, Bakutis B, Cizeikiene D. Influence of microbial and chemical contaminants on the yield and quality of ethanol from wheat grains. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2348-2355. [PMID: 30338535 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher alcohols and esters have a negative impact on ethanol quality; therefore, to analyze the influence of mycotoxins and pesticides on higher alcohols and esters formation during ethanol production from contaminated cereal grains is of outstanding importance. RESULTS In this study, the yield of ethanol and the composition of volatile by-products (acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methanol, propanol, isobutanol, amyl and isoamyl alcohols) after fermentation of wheat grains artificially contaminated with Fusarium sporotrichioides and pesticides (triasulfuron and sulfosulfuron) were analyzed. Wheat grains contamination with triasulfuron significantly reduced ethanol yield and increased isobutanol and ethyl acetate content. Moreover, wheat grains infection with F. sporotrichioides significantly increased methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isobutanol, and amyl and isoamyl alcohols content. Significant differences between pesticides and wheat variety on volatile compounds formation in ethanol has been estimated. CONCLUSION The results showed that grains contaminated with F. sporotrichioides and pesticides significantly influenced the process of alcoholic fermentation that leads to variation of by-products in ethanol, including higher alcohols, esters, and aldehydes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Grazina Juodeikiene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Zadeike
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Violeta Baliukoniene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Bronius Bakutis
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Cizeikiene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Mastanjević K, Šarkanj B, Mastanjević K, Šantek B, Krstanović V. Fusarium culmorum mycotoxin transfer from wheat to malting and brewing products and by-products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to establish the impact of Fusarium culmorum infection and fungicide treatment on the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol and zearalenone in wheat, wheat malt and wort (beer). The concentrations of these compounds were also measured in the germ/rootlets, spent grains and spent yeast because these are the most important by-products and are further used as food or feed additives. Two wheat genotypes were obtained from the Agricultural Institute in Osijek, Croatia. The Osk.110/09 genotype, the genotype more susceptible to Fusarium infections, and Lucija, the genotype less susceptible to Fusarium, were analysed in this research. Each genotype was treated in four different ways at the field: (A) control, (B) treated with fungicide Prosaro® 250, (C) inoculated with F. culmorum spores and treated with fungicide Prosaro® 250, and (D) inoculated with F. culmorum spores. All samples were malted and brewed according to standard procedures, products and by-products were analysed for the mycotoxins by using LC-MS/MS. Since the majority of trichothecenes are polar molecules, the water after steeping was also analysed with LC-MS/MS. Mycotoxin concentrations were lower in malt samples treated with the fungicide. Elevated mycotoxin concentrations were observed in samples of both genotypes exposed to F. culmorum. Fungicide treatment was observed to suppress mycotoxin production and accumulation. However, samples with notably high mycotoxin concentrations, especially DON, retained elevated mycotoxin concentrations throughout the entire beer production process, even after a six-month storage period. DON proved to be the most frequently occurring mycotoxin in all of the by-products. The highest concentration of this compound was found in the steeping water from sample D (Osk.110/09), at 20,326 μg/l, leaving the spent grains of this sample with no detectable levels of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mastanjević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - B. Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University Center Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - K. Mastanjević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - B. Šantek
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V. Krstanović
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Mastanjević K, Šarkanj B, Krska R, Sulyok M, Warth B, Mastanjević K, Šantek B, Krstanović V. From malt to wheat beer: A comprehensive multi-toxin screening, transfer assessment and its influence on basic fermentation parameters. Food Chem 2018; 254:115-121. [PMID: 29548430 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine the mycotoxin transfer rate into beer during a semi-industrial production process and the effect of fungicide treatment in the field on mycotoxins concentrations in beer. To ensure the usual practical agronomical conditions, sample A was treated with fungicide Prosaro® 250, and sample B was infected with Fusarium culmorum spores, in order to obtain infected malt. Malt was produced using standard procedure and beer was produced in a semi-industrial unit. During fermentation measurement of sugars (maltotriose and maltose), glycerol and ethanol content was performed on a daily basis. Multiple toxins were determined in malt and beer. Deoxynivalenol (DON), its modified plant metabolite DON-3-glucoside (DON-glucoside), brevianamide F, tryptophol, linamarin, lotaustralin, culmorin (CUL), 15-hydroxy-CUL and 5-hydroyx-CUL were detected in all samples. Results indicate that F. culmorum infection did not influence the fermentation process or the alcohol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Mastanjević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry,Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln),University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,Vienna (BOKU),Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20,3430 Tulln,Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry,Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln),University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,Vienna (BOKU),Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20,3430 Tulln,Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringer Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Božidar Šantek
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vinko Krstanović
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Jakopović Ž, Hanousek Čiča K, Mrvčić J, Pucić I, Čanak I, Frece J, Pleadin J, Stanzer D, Zjalić S, Markov K. Properties and Fermentation Activity of Industrial Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. uvarum, Candida utilis and Kluyveromyces marxianus Exposed to AFB 1, OTA and ZEA. Food Technol Biotechnol 2018; 56:208-217. [PMID: 30228795 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.56.02.18.5582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper the effect of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenon on morphology, growth parameters and metabolic activity of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum, Candida utilis and Kluyveromyces marxianus was determined. The results showed that the three mycotoxins affected the morphology of all these yeasts, primarily the cell diameter, but not their final cell count. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the yeast membranes bound the mycotoxins, C. utilis in particular. The cell membranes of most yeasts underwent denaturation, except S. uvarum exposed to ochratoxin A and zearalenone. In the early stage of fermentation, all mycotoxin-exposed yeasts had lower metabolic activity and biomass growth than controls, but fermentation products and biomass concentrations reached the control levels by the end of the fermentation, except for C. utilis exposed to 20 µg/mL of zearalenone. The adaptive response to mycotoxins suggests that certain yeasts could be used to control mycotoxin concentrations in the production of fermented food and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Jakopović
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karla Hanousek Čiča
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Mrvčić
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irina Pucić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Čanak
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jadranka Frece
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelka Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Damir Stanzer
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slaven Zjalić
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, M. Pavlinovića 1, HR-23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Pascari X, Ramos AJ, Marín S, Sanchís V. Mycotoxins and beer. Impact of beer production process on mycotoxin contamination. A review. Food Res Int 2017; 103:121-129. [PMID: 29389598 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Its contamination with mycotoxins is of public health concern, especially for heavy drinkers. Beer production implies a variety of operations which might impact the initial level of mycotoxins in a positive or negative way. The complexity of these operations do not give to the brewer a complete control on chemical and biochemical reactions that take place in the batch, but the knowledge about mycotoxin properties can help in identifying the operations decreasing their level in foodstuffs and in the development of mitigation strategies. This review discusses available data about mycotoxin evolution during malting and brewing process. The operations that may lead to a decrease in mycotoxin load are found to be steeping, kilning, roasting, fermentation and stabilization operations applied over the process (e.g. clarification). Also, other general decontamination strategies usually employed in food industry, such as hot water treatment of barley, ozonation or even the use of lactic acid bacteria starter cultures during malting or fermentation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Pascari
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanchís
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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12
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The lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus removes and transforms Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxins during fermentation of brewer’s wort. Food Chem 2016; 203:448-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Pinotti L, Ottoboni M, Giromini C, Dell'Orto V, Cheli F. Mycotoxin Contamination in the EU Feed Supply Chain: A Focus on Cereal Byproducts. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:45. [PMID: 26891326 PMCID: PMC4773798 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins represent a risk to the feed supply chain with an impact on economies and international trade. A high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. In most cases, the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with the European Union (EU) guidance values or maximum admitted levels. However, mycotoxin co-contamination might still exert adverse effects on animals due to additive/synergistic interactions. Studies on the fate of mycotoxins during cereal processing, such as milling, production of ethanol fuels, and beer brewing, have shown that mycotoxins are concentrated into fractions that are commonly used as animal feed. Published data show a high variability in mycotoxin repartitioning, mainly due to the type of mycotoxins, the level and extent of fungal contamination, and a failure to understand the complexity of food processing technologies. Precise knowledge of mycotoxin repartitioning during technological processes is critical and may provide a sound technical basis for feed managers to conform to legislation requirements and reduce the risk of severe adverse market and trade repercussions. Regular, economical and straightforward feed testing is critical to reach a quick and accurate diagnosis of feed quality. The use of rapid methods represents a future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Dell'Orto
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
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Pham TTH, Kim TH, Um BH. Recovery of Acetic Acid from An Ethanol Fermentation Broth by Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) Using Various Solvents. KOREAN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.9713/kcer.2015.53.6.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pfliegler WP, Pusztahelyi T, Pócsi I. Mycotoxins - prevention and decontamination by yeasts. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:805-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- Postdoctoral Fellowship Programme of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA); Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management; Central Laboratory; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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Bowers EL, Munkvold GP. Fumonisins in conventional and transgenic, insect-resistant maize intended for fuel ethanol production: implications for fermentation efficiency and DDGS co-product quality. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2804-25. [PMID: 25247264 PMCID: PMC4179161 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6092804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins in maize grain intended for ethanol production are enriched in co-product dried distiller's grains and solubles (DDGS) and may be detrimental to yeast in fermentation. This study was conducted to examine the magnitude of fumonisin enrichment in DDGS and to analyze the impacts of insect injury, Fusarium ear rot severity, and fumonisin contamination on final ethanol yield. Samples of naturally-contaminated grain (0 to 35 mg/kg fumonisins) from field trials conducted in 2008-2011 were fermented and DDGS collected and analyzed for fumonisin content. Ethanol yield (determined gravimetrically) was unaffected by fumonisins in the range occurring in this study, and was not correlated with insect injury or Fusarium ear rot severity. Ethanol production was unaffected in fumonisin B1-spiked grain with concentrations from 0 to 37 mg/kg. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize often has reduced fumonisins due to its protection from insect injury and subsequent fungal infection. DDGS derived from Bt and non-Bt maize averaged 2.04 mg/kg and 8.25 mg/kg fumonisins, respectively. Fumonisins were enriched by 3.0× for 50 out of 57 hybrid × insect infestation treatment combinations; those seven that differed were <3.0 (1.56 to 2.56×). This study supports the industry assumption of three-fold fumonisin enrichment in DDGS, with measurements traceable to individual samples. Under significant insect pest pressures, DDGS derived from Bt maize hybrids were consistently lower in fumonisins than DDGS derived from non-Bt hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Bowers
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, National Swine Research Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Gary P Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Seed Science Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Mikulski D, Kłosowski G, Rolbiecka A. Effect of Phytase Application During High Gravity (HG) Maize Mashes Preparation on the Availability of Starch and Yield of the Ethanol Fermentation Process. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1455-1470. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tawaba JCB, Béra F, Thonart P. Optimizing red sorghum malt quality whenBacillus subtilisis used during steeping to control mould growth. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - François Béra
- Department of Food Technology, Gembloux AgroBioTech; University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2; B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Philippe Thonart
- Department of Bioindustries, Gembloux AgroBioTech; University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2; B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
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