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Zhu B, Jiang X, Li S, Zhu M. An Overview of Recycling Phenolic Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1255. [PMID: 38732725 PMCID: PMC11085933 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Over a century ago, phenolic formaldehyde (PF) resin was developed and continues to increase in yield due to its diverse applications. However, PF resin is a thermosetting plastic lacking fluidity and moldability, which are nondegradable in natural environments, leading to severe threats to fossil resources as well as global environmental crises. As a result, recycling PF resin is extremely important. In this review, we provide the recent advances in the recycling of PF resin, which includes mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and utilization of carbon-based materials. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are evaluated from a green chemistry perspective. This article aims to attract interest in PF resin design, synthesizing, application and recycling, offering useful suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Songjun Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Maiyong Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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2
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Song WM, Zhang LY, Li P, Ni YP, Liu Y. The fabrication of flame-retardant viscose fabrics with phytic acid-based flame retardants: Balancing efficient flame retardancy and tensile strength. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129596. [PMID: 38253158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Viscose fabrics have been widely used in various applications, but their potential fire hazard has been a concern. To address this issue, improving the flame retardancy of viscose fabrics has become a significant priority. Phytic acid (PA) and xylitol were used to create a novel flame retardant, PAXY. PAXY was finished on viscose fabrics by pad-dry-curing process, and the performance of coated viscose fabrics was investigated. The results showed that the limiting oxygen index value of PAXY13-100 (fabrics finished with a 100 g/L flame-retardant solution and the flame retardant synthesized by a 1: 3 M ratio of PA to xylitol) reached 32.8 % and the heat release rate value was decreased by 77 %. Based on the findings from the analysis of both the gas phase and condensed phase products, PAXY promoted the dehydration of viscose fabrics to produce a denser char layer, which inhibited the production of flammable gases. Surprisingly, the breaking force retention of PAXY13-100 reached 90 % in warp and 114 % in weft. Compared with that of 100 g/L PA-treated fabrics, the breaking force of PAXY13-100 increased by nearly 400 %. This work provides a new strategy for PA-based flame-retardant finishing with the synergy of flame retardancy and breaking force retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Meng Song
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li-Yao Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan-Peng Ni
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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3
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Zhao Y, Qiu X, Wang J, Chen X, Chen J, Zhang J. Preparation and characterization of
CO
2
/
O
2
selective facilitated transport films by coating polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene glycol/aminated sodium lignosulfonate on
TiO
2
/
ZnO
‐modified
LDPE. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Xiaolin Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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4
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Pei S, Fu Z, Gou J, Lu Y. Preparation and Properties Study of Wood-Based Cushioning Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061417. [PMID: 36987199 PMCID: PMC10054834 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cushioning package materials, such as Expended Polystyrene (EPS) and Expanded Polyethylene (EPE), were made with petroleum-based plastics, which are harmful to the environment. It is crucial to develop renewable bio-based cushioning materials that can replace the aforementioned foams due to the rising energy demands of human society and the depletion of fossil fuels. Herein, we report an effective strategy for creating anisotropic elastic wood with special spring-like lamellar structures. Selective removal of lignin and hemicellulose by simple chemical treatment and thermal treatment of the samples after freeze-drying results in an elastic material with good mechanical properties. The resulting elastic wood has a reversible compression rate of 60% and a high elastic recovery (99% height retention after 100 cycles at 60% strain). Drop tests revealed that the elastic wood has excellent cushioning properties. In addition, the chemical and thermal treatments also enlarge the pores in the material, which is favorable for subsequent functionalization. By loading the elastic wood with a muti-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), electromagnetic shielding properties are achieved, while the mechanical properties of elastic wood remain unchanged. Electromagnetic shielding materials can effectively suppress various electromagnetic waves propagating through space and the resulting electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic radiation, improve the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic systems and electronic equipment, and ensure the safety of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zongying Fu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jinsheng Gou
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yun Lu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Y.L.)
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5
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Improved Light Hydrocarbon, Furans, and BTEX Production from the Catalytic Assisted Pyrolysis of Agave salmiana Bagasse over Silica Mesoporous Catalysts. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrolysis of the biomass Agave salmiana bagasse (10 K/min, ambient to 700 °C) was investigated in the absence and presence of Aerosil and MCM-41 catalysts. MCM-41 was synthetized using a typical hydrothermal method and characterized with XRD, SAXS, SEM, TEM, and nitrogen physisorption to confirm the presence of unidimensional 3.4 nm diameter pores. Pyrolysis products were monitored online with mass spectrometry (MS), analyzing the production of 29 different compounds, clustered in several groups, namely, olefins (ethene, 2-butene, 1,3-butadiene), oxygenated compounds (methanol, 2-methylbutanol, acetic acid), furan derivatives (furan, furfural, 2-methylfurane), and aromatic compounds (BTEX). Complete decomposition of the cellulose and hemicellulose content of the biomass was observed at temperatures below 400 °C. Lignin decomposition was completed by 550 °C. Catalyst-assisted pyrolysis showed reduced acetic acid and methanol formation with Aerosil and MCM-41. The use of Aerosil does not affect the overall production of olefins, yet increases benzene yield, while reducing the production of phenol, furan, and furan derivatives. With MCM-41, there is increased production of olefins, furan, furan derivatives, cyclohexanone and BTEX, yet phenol production is decreased. At temperatures below 400 °C, the product formation pattern is comparable to non-catalytic pyrolysis.
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Anh Vo T, Koo Y, Kim J, Kim SS. Non-precious metal catalysts supported by activated carbon and TiO2–SiO2: Facile preparation and application for highly effective hydrodeoxygenation of syringol–a lignin-derived model compound. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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7
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Lu X, Gu X. A review on lignin-based epoxy resins: Lignin effects on their synthesis and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:778-790. [PMID: 36603715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin can be used as a sustainable alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) to prepared lignin-based epoxy resins. Lignin effects including molecular weight, phenolic content, G/S unit ratio and flexible/rigid linkage ratio on epoxy synthesis and performance were summarized comprehensively. The incorporation of lignin with a higher molecular weight would lead to the higher rigidity of epoxy crosslinking network. Higher contents of ether bonds in lignin would provide higher structural flexibility of lignin incorporated epoxy thermosets. Lignin with higher contents of phenolic hydroxyls was more beneficial for improving the reactivity of its epoxy products after glycidylation. Due to the excellent charring capacity of lignin, higher contents of residue char can be produced at higher additions of lignin at high temperatures, while the loss of crosslinking density caused by the increasing lignin addition (especially for the macromolecular lignin) would deteriorate the thermal stability of their thermosets. Several applications of lignin-based epoxy resins were also mentioned based on their mechanical, thermal and chemical properties, such as coatings (with anticorrosion and UV-blocking), adhesives (with highly crosslinking network, excellent mechanical, and thermal properties) and flame retardants (with high charring capability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Wang J, Jiang H, Chen Y, Han Y, Cai J, Peng Y, Feng Y. Emission characteristics and influencing mechanisms of PAHs and EC from the combustion of three components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) of biomasses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160359. [PMID: 36423835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental carbon (EC), but the formation mechanisms are still unclear. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the three major components of biomass. In this study, the three-components extracted from three typical biomass raw materials were used for laboratory combustion experiments, to investigate the differences in the emission factors and chemical compositions of PAHs and EC. The average emission factors of the 16 kinds of PAHs were showing as lignin (135 ± 180 mg/kg) > cellulose (97.8 ± 124 mg/kg) > hemicellulose (48.9 ± 65.2 mg/kg), and the average emission factors of EC presented in the descending order of cellulose (1.65 ± 3.02 g/kg), lignin (1.30 ± 1.04 g/kg), and hemicellulose (0.450 ± 0.480 g/kg), respectively. The proportion of naphthalene emitted from cellulose and hemicellulose combustion is higher, while fluoranthene and pyrene accounted significantly higher proportion for lignin. Moreover, the influence of ignition temperature and oxygen content on the emission characteristics of PAHs and EC were also discussed. The influence of ignition temperature on the emission of EC and PAHs is more significant compared to oxygen content, because it obviously promoted the PAHs and EC formations through resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon-radical chain reaction (RSR) pathway. However, correlation analysis combined with cluster analysis showed that the RSR-pathway probably had different effects on PAH growth for the three-components, as the indene-involved RSR-pathway were mainly related to 4-6 ring PAHs for cellulose and lignin (except fluoranthene and pyrene), but 2-4 ring PAHs for hemicellulose. We also found that the fitted results according to the proportion of three-components were significantly higher than the measured values of raw materials for indene, medium-molecular-weight PAHs, and soot-EC. These results presented the different formation pathways for medium-molecular-weight PAHs and the two EC components emitted by biomass combustion, which are worthy of further studies in exploring the generation mechanisms of PAHs and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongxing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yong Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junjie Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanli Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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9
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Akiba N, Omori AT, Gaubeur I. Kraft lignin and its derivates - A study on the adsorption of mono and multielement metals, potential use for noble metal recycling and an alternative material for solid base catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136538. [PMID: 36150491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a natural polymer containing diverse functional groups and displaying an affinity for metals. Kraft lignin can be used as a carbon source, as a cleaving lignin structure for aromatic macromers or in the addition and modification of functional groups by the development of new active chemical sites. In this context, the aim of the present study is to investigate the adsorption of mono and multi-element metals solutions on lignin derivatives (unmodified Kraft lignin, acetylated Kraft lignin, charcoal Kraft lignin and activated carbon Kraft lignin). Parameters that affect adsorption processes, such as pH, contact time and adsorbent dose, were optimized in each case. The best adsorption condition was obtained at pH 7.00, a contact time of 120 min and with adsorbent dose of 30 mg. Also, unmodified Kraft lignin shows high adsorption selectivity (99%) for gold and palladium in acidic solutions. Acetylated and charcoal Kraft lignin resulted in lower adsorption levels in comparison with unmodified Kraft lignin. Activated carbon, however, reached adsorptions of over 86% for all metals. Finally, unmodified Kraft lignin impregnated with palladium presents a promising heterogeneous support in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Akiba
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT), Avenida Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Prédio 2, 05508-901, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alvaro T Omori
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivanise Gaubeur
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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Zhou Y, Li W, Zhu J, Liang S, Xie Q, Jiang M. Superior flame retardant and cost-effective aromatic polyoxydiazole fibers enabled by 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Chen H, Wang JJ, Ku PJ, Tsui MTK, Abney RB, Berhe AA, Zhang Q, Burton SD, Dahlgren RA, Chow AT. Burn Intensity Drives the Alteration of Phenolic Lignin to (Poly) Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Revealed by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12678-12687. [PMID: 35947441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity wildfires alter the chemical composition of organic matter, which is expected to be distinctly different from low-intensity prescribed fires. Herein, we used pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), in conjunction with solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, to assess chemical alterations from three wildfires and a long-term frequent prescribed fire site. Our results showed that black ash formed under moderate intensity burns contained less aromatic (ArH), polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and nitrogen-containing compounds (Ntg) but more lignin (LgC) and phenol compounds (PhC), compared to white ash formed under high intensity burns. Both 13C NMR and FT-IR confirmed a higher relative percentage of carboxyl carbon in white ash, indicating the potential for higher water solubility and more mobile carbon, relative to black ash. Compared to wildfires, ash from low-intensity prescribed fire contained less ArH, PAH, and Ntg and more LgC and PhC. Controlled laboratory burning trials indicated that organic matter alteration was sensitive to the burn temperature, but not related to the fuel type (pine vs fir) nor oxygen absence/presence at high burn temperatures. This study concludes that higher burn temperatures resulted in higher (poly)aromatic carbon/nitrogen and lower lignin/phenol compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | - Jun-Jian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pei-Jia Ku
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Martin Tsz-Ki Tsui
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rebecca B Abney
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sarah D Burton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Randy A Dahlgren
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alex T Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
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12
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Evaluation of the Zinc Sulfate Catalytic Effect in Empty Fruit Bunches Pyrolysis. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of zinc sulfate as a catalyst on the pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches (EFB) from oil palm was assessed. Thus, a thermo-gravimetric analyzer coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) was used, while the percentage of catalyst varied between 0 wt% and 3 wt% at different heating rates (10, 30, and 50 K/min). The kinetic parameters (activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order) and activation energy distribution were calculated using three kinetic models. The thermogravimetric curves for the EFB pyrolysis showed three prominent peaks in which the maximum mass loss rate was mainly due to cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. On the other hand, FTIR analysis indicated that the main gaseous products were CO2, CO, H2O, CH4, NH3, acids, and aldehydes (CH3COOH). The samples with 2 wt% of catalyst presented higher activation energies in pseudo reactions 1 and 2, ranging between 181,500 kJ/mol–184,000 kJ/mol and 165,200 kJ/mol–165,600 kJ/mol, respectively. It was highlighted that the first pseudo reaction with an activation energy range between 179,500 kJ/mol and 184,000 kJ/mol mainly contributes to the cellulose pyrolysis, and the second pseudo reaction (165,200 kJ/mol–165,600 kJ/mol) could be ascribed to the hemicellulose pyrolysis.
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13
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Fan Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Yu H, Kong X, Li P, Li M, Xiao R, Liu C. Radical footprinting and regularity revealing during the pyrolysis of technical lignins. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127648. [PMID: 35868468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Revealing radical-mediated reactions is conducive to illustrate lignin pyrolysis and achieve subsequent regulation. Three technical lignins (hot-water-extracted lignin, kraft lignin, and soda lignin) were selected in this study and pyrolyzed from 400 °C to 700 °C, and their pyrolysis radicals in both chars and bio-oils were monitored with the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer. Results showed that spin concentrations of char radicals had a volcanic trend against the pyrolysis temperature, and reached the maximum values at 550-600 °C. However, the contents of bio-oil radicals were low during pyrolysis at low and medium temperature, but their spin concentrations exploded abruptly over 600-650 °C. Meanwhile, the bio-oil yields were found to drop after 550-600 °C, and the three inflection temperatures for char radicals, bio-oil radicals, and bio-oil yields were perfectly matched. These findings systematically elucidated the radical regularity in technical lignin pyrolysis and fundamentally contributed to the development of radical-mediated lignin pyrolysis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Zhengxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Peijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
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14
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Nardella F, Bellavia S, Mattonai M, Ribechini E. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic: Synergistic effects and estimation of elemental composition of pyrolysis oil by analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127170. [PMID: 35436539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the pyrolytic behavior of mixtures of lignocellulosic biomass with hydrocarbon plastics using analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS. Semi-quantitative analysis using chromatographic peak areas was used to investigate the composition of the pyrolysis oils and to highlight the occurrence of synergistic effects. A new method is also proposed to estimate the elemental composition of the pyrolysis oil based on the peak areas and brute formulas of the pyrolysis products. The results indicate that synergistic effects during co-pyrolysis favor secondary pyrolysis of holocellulose and polystyrene oligomers, and hinder radical chain-scission of polyethylene chains. H/C and O/C values of the pyrolysis oils were improved by the addition of plastic, indicating a decrease in the content of oxygenated pyrolysis products. The best performances were observed for the mixture containing 70% fir wood and 30% polyethylene, in which synergistic effects led to both an increase of H/C and a decrease of O/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Nardella
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Bellavia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Wu K, Sang Y, Kasipandi S, Ma Y, Jiao H, Liu Q, Chen H, Li Y. Catalytic roles of Mo-based sites on MoS2 for ethanolysis of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin into aromatic monomers. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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16
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Xu K, He Y, Tian X, Wang B, Cao Y, Wang B, Xia Y, Quan F. Smoldering suppression and synergistic effect of alginate fiber‐based composite paper by flame‐retardant lyocell fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials Qingdao University Qingdao China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Yaqi He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Xing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ying Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Fengyu Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials Qingdao University Qingdao China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao China
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17
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Ma XYD, Zeng Z, Wang Z, Xu L, Zhang Y, Ang JM, Wan MP, Ng BF, Lu X. Robust microhoneycomb-like nanofibrous aerogels derived from cellulose and lignin as highly efficient, low-resistant and anti-clogging air filters. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Han H, Ge Q, Zhang M, Chen Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Song H, Zhang C. Production of phenolic compounds in catalytic pyrolysis of bagasse lignin in the presence of Ca0.5Pr0.5FeO3. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Lee JG, Lee S, Lee H, Kurisingal JF, Han SH, Kim YH, An K. Complete utilization of waste lignin: preparation of lignin-derived carbon supports and conversion of lignin-derived guaiacol to nylon precursors. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new catalytic process was developed to produce raw materials for nylon production utilizing 100% of waste lignin emitted from industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gyeong Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintu Francis Kurisingal
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangjin An
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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20
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Volli V, Gollakota ARK, Shu CM. Comparative studies on thermochemical behavior and kinetics of lignocellulosic biomass residues using TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148392. [PMID: 34147787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, similarities and variances in thermochemical behavior and composition of degradation products among cellulose, lignin, and agricultural residues (sawdust, black tea, barley, bagasse, rice husk, and corncob) were assessed using TG analysis, DSC, TG-FTIR, and Py-GC/MS. The experimental results indicated the temperature range of maximum mass loss between 295-430 °C for cellulose, 155-600 °C for lignin, and 150-500 °C for agricultural residues representing the feedstock's active pyrolysis region. The FTIR analysis established the presence of CO, CC, CO2, CO, CO, and CH4 gaseous functional groups with a strong synergistic effect. The CO2 was the primary product in gaseous mixtures, and their yield enhanced at elevated temperature. The characteristically dependent pyrolysis product groups were anhydro-sugars (84.9%-90.1%) and furans (4.1%-5.6%) in cellulose; phenols (69.6%-77.4%) and aldehydes (5.9%-7.9%) in lignin; furans (1.4%-47.7%) and acids (15.8%-37.3%) in agricultural residues, respectively. Bagasse and corncob trailed similar thermal behavior with furans (30.8%-47.7%) as major pyrolysis products, whereas acids (83.1%-88.7%) were prevalent in rice husk. The mean values of apparent activation energy evaluated by the isoconversional Friedman method were 174.8, 123.1, 160.7-217.3 kJ mol-1, respectively, for cellulose, lignin, and agricultural residues. The results presented comprehensive data in elucidating the influence of individual biomass components at optimized temperatures for higher selectivity of value-added chemicals and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikranth Volli
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Anjani Ravi Kiran Gollakota
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Min Shu
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, ROC.
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21
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Zhao M, Feng X, Wang L, Yang H, Ma H, Zhou J. Effects of Torrefaction on the Lignin of Apricot Shells and Its Catalytic Conversion to Aromatics. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25742-25748. [PMID: 34632230 PMCID: PMC8495837 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using apricot shell lignin as a raw material, the effects of torrefaction temperatures (160, 200, 240, and 280 °C) on the properties of torrefied products were studied, and the catalytic pyrolysis experiments of the torrefied lignin under the HZSM-5 catalyst were carried out. The results showed that the oxygen content in lignin was greatly reduced and the higher heating values (HHV) gradually increased, the absorption peak of oxygen-containing functional groups gradually became weaker, and the content of the β-O-4 bond gradually decreased. At 280 °C, the C/O ratio reaches the maximum value of 2.17, and the calorific value increases to 24.22 MJ/kg. The removed oxygen element is converted into oxygen-containing components in the gas (mainly CO2 and H2O) and liquid products (mainly guaiacol phenol). After catalytic pyrolysis of torrefied lignin, it was found that with the increase of torrefaction temperature, the relative content of aromatics increased first and then decreased slightly; the aromatics reached the maximum value of 60.63% at 240 °C; acids decreased significantly; ketones, aldehydes, and furans changed little; and torrefaction played a positive role in the conversion of lignin to aromatics.
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22
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Rojas-Lema S, Arevalo J, Gomez-Caturla J, Garcia-Garcia D, Torres-Giner S. Peroxide-Induced Synthesis of Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Poly(butylene succinate) and Its Compatibilizing Effect on Poly(butylene succinate)/Pistachio Shell Flour Composites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195927. [PMID: 34641470 PMCID: PMC8512837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Framing the Circular Bioeconomy, the use of reactive compatibilizers was applied in order to increase the interfacial adhesion and, hence, the physical properties and applications of green composites based on biopolymers and food waste derived lignocellulosic fillers. In this study, poly(butylene succinate) grafted with maleic anhydride (PBS-g-MAH) was successfully synthetized by a reactive melt-mixing process using poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and maleic anhydride (MAH) that was induced with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a radical initiator and based on the formation of macroradicals derived from the hydrogen abstraction of the biopolymer backbone. Then, PBS-g-MAH was used as reactive compatibilizer for PBS filled with different contents of pistachio shell flour (PSF) during melt extrusion. As confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), PBS-g-MAH acted as a bridge between the two composite phases since it was readily soluble in PBS and could successfully form new esters by reaction of its multiple MAH groups with the hydroxyl (–OH) groups present in cellulose or lignin of PSF and the end ones in PBS. The resultant compatibilized green composites were, thereafter, shaped by injection molding into 4-mm thick pieces with a wood-like color. Results showed significant increases in the mechanical and thermomechanical rigidity and hardness, meanwhile variations on the thermal stability were negligible. The enhancement observed was related to the good dispersion and the improved filler-matrix interfacial interactions achieved by PBS-g-MAH and also to the PSF nucleating effect that increased the PBS’s crystallinity. Furthermore, water uptake of the pieces progressively increased as a function of the filler content, whereas the disintegration in controlled compost soil was limited due to their large thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rojas-Lema
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.A.); (J.G.-C.); (D.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.-L.); (S.T.-G.)
| | - Jordi Arevalo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.A.); (J.G.-C.); (D.G.-G.)
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.A.); (J.G.-C.); (D.G.-G.)
| | - Daniel Garcia-Garcia
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.A.); (J.G.-C.); (D.G.-G.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Research Institute of Food Engineering for Development (IIAD), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.R.-L.); (S.T.-G.)
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23
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Production of Gasolines and Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: From Fossil Raw Materials to Green Processes. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14134061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The properties and the applications of the main monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and the three xylene isomers) and the industrial processes for their manufacture from fossil raw materials are summarized. Potential ways for their production from renewable sources with thermo-catalytic processes are described and discussed in detail. The perspectives of the future industrial organic chemistry in relation to the production of high-octane bio-gasolines and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as renewable chemical intermediates are discussed.
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24
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Effect of Exogenous Auxin Treatment on Cell Wall Polymers of Strawberry Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126294. [PMID: 34208198 PMCID: PMC8230797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of auxin in the fruit-ripening process during the early developmental stages of commercial strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa) has been previously described, with auxin production occurring in achenes and moving to the receptacle. Additionally, fruit softening is a consequence of the depolymerization and solubilization of cell wall components produced by the action of a group of proteins and enzymes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of exogenous auxin treatment on the physiological properties of the cell wall-associated polysaccharide contents of strawberry fruits. We combined thermogravimetric (TG) analysis with analyses of the mRNA abundance, enzymatic activity, and physiological characteristics related to the cell wall. The samples did not show a change in fruit firmness at 48 h post-treatment; by contrast, we showed changes in the cell wall stability based on TG and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis curves. Less degradation of the cell wall polymers was observed after auxin treatment at 48 h post-treatment. The results of our study indicate that auxin treatment delays the cell wall disassembly process in strawberries.
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25
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Dörrstein J, Schwarz D, Scholz R, Walther F, Zollfrank C. Tuneable material properties of Organosolv lignin biocomposites in response to heat and shear forces. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Li C, Ji G, Qu Y, Irfan M, Zhu K, Wang X, Li A. Influencing mechanism of zinc mineral contamination on pyrolysis kinetic and product characteristics of corn biomass. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 281:111837. [PMID: 33418387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metal mineral has a complex influence on the thermal decomposition of biomass due to the sophisticated structure of biomass and parallel reactions. Therefore, the influencing mechanisms of metal minerals on biomass decomposition kinetic expressions needed to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, the decomposition of the three major components of biomass was considered separately. The iso-conversional method and integral master-plots method based on thermogravimetry were firstly introduced to explore the kinetic model changes after the introduction of zinc mineral. The thermogravimetric results showed that the presence of zinc mineral had discrepant influences on different biomass components, demoting the fragmentation of hemicellulose while promoting cellulose degradation. In the kinetic analysis, the presence of zinc mineral, the activation energy of three pseudo-components (91.90, 184.64 and 210.91 kJ mol-1) increased to 178.84, 299.05, and 359.45 kJ mol-1, respectively. The kinetic models were altered from 2.0-order reaction (F2.0) for hemicellulose, random nucleation (A1.8) for cellulose, and 2.3-order reaction (F2.3) for lignin to F2.8, F3.0, and F3.2, respectively. This indicated that the zinc mineral was beneficial to the occurrence of multimolecular repolymerization of the primary degradation products. In products analysis, the increment of biochar yields and the C4-C5 products of cellulose (especially furfural) in metal-polluted biomass pyrolysis were detected, which confirmed the simulated reaction mechanisms. The obtained results are expected to provide a mechanism reference to practical applications of metal-contaminated biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Guozhao Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Yi Qu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China; International Faculty of Applied Technology, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kongyun Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Xuexue Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, PR China.
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27
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Akbari S, Bahi A, Farahani A, Milani AS, Ko F. Fabrication and Characterization of Lignin/Dendrimer Electrospun Blended Fiber Mats. Molecules 2021; 26:518. [PMID: 33498227 PMCID: PMC7863965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blending lignin as the second most abundant polymer in Nature with nanostructured compounds such as dendritic polymers can not only add value to lignin, but also increase its application in various fields. In this study, softwood Kraft lignin/polyamidoamine dendritic polymer (PAMAM) blends were fabricated by the solution electrospinning to produce bead-free nanofiber mats for the first time. The mats were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, zeta potential, and thermogravimetry analyses. The chemical intermolecular interactions between the lignin functional groups and abundant amino groups in the PAMAM were verified by FTIR and viscosity measurements. These interactions proved to enhance the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the lignin/PAMAM mats, suggesting their potential applications e.g. in membranes, filtration, controlled release drug delivery, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Akbari
- Textile Engineering Department, School of Materials and Advanced Processes Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 15875-4413, Iran;
| | - Addie Bahi
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Ali Farahani
- Textile Engineering Department, School of Materials and Advanced Processes Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 15875-4413, Iran;
| | - Abbas S. Milani
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Frank Ko
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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28
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Xu L, He Z, Zhang H, Wu S, Dong C, Fang Z. Production of aromatic amines via catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignin and phenol-formaldehyde resins with ammonia over commercial HZSM-5 zeolites. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124252. [PMID: 33137639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines could be produced from organic wastes via catalytic pyrolysis with ammonia that served not only as a carrier gas but also as a reactant. Aromatic amines of 14.2 C% with selectivity of 57.6% were obtained from phenol-formaldehyde resins via pyrolysis over commercial HZSM-5-3 zeolite (Si/Al ratio of 80) catalyst at 650 °C. Significant synergetic effects have been observed when lignin was added, which improved aromatic amines yield by 32.2% to 11.8 C% at the mixing weight ratio of lignin to PF resins of 1:1. HZSM-5-3 was slightly deactivated after 3 cycles with acid sites loss. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of plastics and biomass wastes is a fast and effective method to produce aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujiang Xu
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Zijian He
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Shenghong Wu
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Chengyu Dong
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing 210031, China. http://biomass-group.njau.edu.cn/
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29
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Sun Y, Tong S, Li X, Wang F, Hu Z, Dacres OD, Edreis EMA, Worasuwannarak N, Sun M, Liu H, Hu H, Luo G, Yao H. Gas-pressurized torrefaction of biomass wastes: The optimization of pressurization condition and the pyrolysis of torrefied biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124216. [PMID: 33254449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel gas-pressurized (GP) torrefaction with high oxygen removal efficiency at mild temperature was proposed in our previous work. However, the optimal condition of the GP torrefaction and subsequent pyrolysis of the torrefied biomass were not clear. In this work, the effect of pressure on the GP torrefaction and pyrolysis product properties of the torrefied biomass were studied in detail. The results show that the pressure increasing from 1.7 MPa to 5.0 MPa just slightly contributed to further oxygen removal, and 1.7 MPa was thus selected as the optimum pressure. The GP torrefaction significantly improved the product property of biomass pyrolysis compared to the conventional torrefaction (AP torrefaction). The acids content in bio-oil was reduced from 15-20% to less than 5%, and the calorific value of biogas increased to as high as 16.57-19.31 MJ/Nm3. Furthermore, an overall conversion mechanism of combined GP torrefaction and subsequent pyrolysis of biomass was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenzhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Omar D Dacres
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Elbager M A Edreis
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nakorn Worasuwannarak
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-Uthit Rd., Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Mingyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangqian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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30
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Mateo W, Lei H, Villota E, Qian M, Zhao Y, Huo E, Zhang Q, Lin X, Wang C. One-step synthesis of biomass-based sulfonated carbon catalyst by direct carbonization-sulfonation for organosolv delignification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124194. [PMID: 33039844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-based sulfonated carbon catalyst (SCC) was prepared from corncob via direct sulfuric acid carbonization-sulfonation treatment. Central composite design was used to evaluate temperature and time for optimizing SCC yield and sulfonic acid (SO3H) density. The SO3H groups were successfully introduced to the SCC as evidenced by FTIR and sulfur analysis. Numerical optimization results showed that 100 °C and 5.78 h are the optimal conditions for maximizing yield (61.24%) and SO3H density (1.1408 mmol/g). The highest ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) yield of 63.56% with a substrate yield of 39.08% was achieved at 20% SCC loading in the ethanol organosolv delignification of lignocellulosic biomass. The FTIR spectra of the isolated lignin revealed typical features of G-lignin, indicating that no drastic changes took place in the lignin structure during the process. This study developed a simple one-step preparation method of SCC, which was successfully used as a catalyst in an organosolv delignification of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Mateo
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States.
| | - Elmar Villota
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Moriko Qian
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Erguang Huo
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Qingfa Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Xiaona Lin
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, United States
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Yue X, Suopajärvi T, Mankinen O, Mikola M, Mikkelson A, Ahola J, Hiltunen S, Komulainen S, Kantola AM, Telkki VV, Liimatainen H. Comparison of Lignin Fractions Isolated from Wheat Straw Using Alkaline and Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15074-15084. [PMID: 33290067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the characteristics of two solid lignin fractions isolated from wheat straw using alkaline and acidic deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The chemical properties and morphological characteristics of the two lignin fractions were evaluated by measuring their purity, elemental composition, molecular weight and particle size distributions, and microstructure. Their chemical structure was evaluated using DRIFT (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform) spectroscopy, GPC (gel permeation chromatography), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), 13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 31P NMR, and HSQC NMR. Our findings showed that the lignin isolated using alkaline DESs was less pure and had a smaller particle size, higher molecular weight, and thermal stability compared to the lignin isolated using acidic DESs. Their lignin structure was also determined to be different due to varying selective fractures on the linkages of lignin. These results suggest that the DES treatments could selectively extract lignin from wheat straw with different yields, compositions, morphologies, and structures, which could then provide a theoretical basis for the selection of DESs for specially appointed lignin extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Fiber and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Suopajärvi
- Fiber and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Otto Mankinen
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Functional NeuroImaging Group, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 50, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja Mikola
- Chemical Process Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Atte Mikkelson
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Juha Ahola
- Chemical Process Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Hiltunen
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Komulainen
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu M Kantola
- NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- Fiber and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Mattonai M, Watanabe A, Ribechini E. Characterization of volatile and non-volatile fractions of spices using evolved gas analysis and multi-shot analytical pyrolysis. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Dicko M, Ferrari R, Tangthirasunun N, Gautier V, Lalanne C, Lamari F, Silar P. Lignin Degradation and Its Use in Signaling Development by the Coprophilous Ascomycete Podospora anserina. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E278. [PMID: 33187140 PMCID: PMC7712204 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Podospora anserina is a good model to study the breakdown of lignocellulose, owing to its ease of culture and genetical analysis. Here, we show that the fungus is able to use a wide range of lignocellulosic materials as food sources. Using color assays, spectroscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry, we confirm that this ascomycete is able to degrade lignin, primarily by hydrolyzing β-O-4 linkages, which facilitates its nutrient uptake. We show that the limited weight loss that is promoted when attacking Miscanthus giganteus is due to a developmental blockage rather than an inefficiency of its enzymes. Finally, we show that lignin, and, more generally, phenolics, including degradation products of lignin, greatly stimulate the growth and fertility of the fungus in liquid cultures. Analyses of the CATΔΔΔΔΔ mutant lacking all its catalases, pro-oxidants and antioxidants indicate that improved growth and fertility of the fungus is likely caused by augmented reactive oxygen species levels triggered by the presence of phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Dicko
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS LSPM UPR 3407, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; (M.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Roselyne Ferrari
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), F-75006 Paris, France; (R.F.); (N.T.); (V.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Narumon Tangthirasunun
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), F-75006 Paris, France; (R.F.); (N.T.); (V.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Valérie Gautier
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), F-75006 Paris, France; (R.F.); (N.T.); (V.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Christophe Lalanne
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), F-75006 Paris, France; (R.F.); (N.T.); (V.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Farida Lamari
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CNRS LSPM UPR 3407, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; (M.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Philippe Silar
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), F-75006 Paris, France; (R.F.); (N.T.); (V.G.); (C.L.)
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Tricker AW, Stellato MJ, Kwok TT, Kruyer NS, Wang Z, Nair S, Thomas VM, Realff MJ, Bommarius AS, Sievers C. Similarities in Recalcitrant Structures of Industrial Non-Kraft and Kraft Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4624-4632. [PMID: 32539201 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work compares the structure of industrially isolated lignin samples from kraft pulping and three alternative processes: butanol organosolv, supercritical water hydrolysis, and sulfur dioxide/ethanol/water fractionation. Kraft processes are known to produce highly condensed lignin, with reduced potential for catalytic depolymerization, whereas the alternative processes have been hypothesized to impact the lignin less. The structural properties most relevant to catalytic depolymerization are characterized by elemental analysis, quantitative 13 C and 2 D HQSC NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. Quantification of the β-O-4 ether bond content shows partial depolymerization, with all samples having less than 12 bonds per 100 aromatic units. This results in theoretical monomer yields of less than 5 %, strongly suggesting the alternative fractionation processes generate highly condensed lignin structures that are no more suitable for catalytic depolymerization than kraft lignin. However, the different thermal degradation profiles suggest there are physicochemical differences that could be leveraged in other valorization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Tricker
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Michael J Stellato
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Thomas T Kwok
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Nicholas S Kruyer
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Zhongzhen Wang
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sankar Nair
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Valerie M Thomas
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and System Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 755 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Matthew J Realff
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Andreas S Bommarius
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Carsten Sievers
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th St NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Grząbka-Zasadzińska A, Klapiszewski Ł, Jesionowski T, Borysiak S. Functional MgO-Lignin Hybrids and Their Application as Fillers for Polypropylene Composites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040864. [PMID: 32079079 PMCID: PMC7070590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic-organic hybrids are a group of materials that have recently become the subject of intense scientific research. They exhibit some of the specific properties of both highly durable inorganic materials (e.g., titanium dioxide, zinc) and organic products with divergent physicochemical traits (e.g., lignin, chitin). This combination results in improved physicochemical, thermal or mechanical properties. Hybrids with defined characteristics can be used as fillers for polymer composites. In this study, three types of filler with different MgO/lignin ratio were used as fillers for polypropylene (PP). The effectiveness of MgO-lignin binding was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The fillers were also tested in terms of thermal stability, dispersive-morphological properties as well as porous structure. Polymer composites containing 3 wt.% of each filler were subjected to wide angle X-ray diffraction tests, differential scanning calorimetry and microscopic studies to define their structure, morphology and thermal properties. Additionally, tensile tests of the composites were performed. It was established that the composition of the filler has a significant influence on the crystallization of polypropylene-either spherulites or transcrystalline layers were formed. The value of Young's modulus and tensile strength remained unaffected by filler type. However, composites with hybrid fillers exhibited lower elongation at break than unfilled polypropylene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Correspondence: (A.G.-Z.); (L.K.); Tel.: +48-61-665-36-14 (A.G.-Z.); +48-61-665-37-48 (Ł.K.)
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36
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Mo-doped Al2O3-ZrO2-based composite as catalyst for one-step production of alkyl-substituted monophenols from lignin via direct deoxygenation. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-01031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Kumar A, Kumar A, Kumar J, Bhaskar T. Catalytic pyrolysis of soda lignin over zeolites using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121822. [PMID: 31352163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic fast pyrolysis of soda lignin was examined at different temperatures (500,600,700,800 and 900 °C) in the presence of three zeolites with different Si/Al ratio using the Py-GC/MS in order to investigate best catalytic system. The three zeolites are y-zeolite (8-9), mordenite (15-17), ZSM-5 (30-40), which have static pore sizes 0.74, 0.65, and 0.59 nm respectively. The shape and acidity of zeolites, as well as pyrolysis temperature, have a significant effect on product distribution in catalytic fast pyrolysis. Y-zeolite was the most effective catalytic system among all catalysts for deomethoxylation and dehydroxylation of small oxygenates as well as bulky oxygenates to produce aromatics. However, mordenite and ZSM-5 could not convert the large oxygenates due to size exclusion and pore blockage. Highest yield of aromatics with significant amount of aromatic dimers was obtained over y-zeolite and then yield of aromatics followed in order by mordenite and ZSM-5 at 800 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) at CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248005, India
| | - Avnish Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) at CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248005, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248005, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) at CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248005, India.
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38
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Tang T, Zhang B, Liu X, Wang W, Chen X, Fei B. Synergistic effects of tung oil and heat treatment on physicochemical properties of bamboo materials. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12824. [PMID: 31492890 PMCID: PMC6731322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for green and sustainable modification method to produce durable bamboo materials remains a challenge in industry. Here, heat treatment in tung oil at 100–200 °C was employed to modify bamboo materials. Oil permeation and distribution in the structure of bamboo samples during heat treatment were explored. The synergistic effects of tung oil and heat treatment on the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of bamboo materials, and their mutual relationships were also investigated in detail. Results showed that the tung oil heat treated bamboo not only had an enhanced hydrophobic property and dimensional stability, improved fungi resistance, but also displayed good mechanical performance. Compared with the untreated sample, the water-saturated swelling reduced from 3.17% to 2.42% for the sample after oil heat treatment at 200 °C, and the contact angles of the sample after oil heat treatment at 200 °C can keep >100° after 300 s in radial direction. Such improvement can be attributed to changes of chemical components, increased crystallinity structure, and the formation of oily films inside or over the bamboo surface. Therefore, tung oil heat treatment can be a highly promising technology for bamboo modification in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology of the State Forestry Administration, Department of Bio-materials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Futong Dong Dajie, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Xianmiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology of the State Forestry Administration, Department of Bio-materials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Futong Dong Dajie, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiufang Chen
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
| | - Benhua Fei
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology of the State Forestry Administration, Department of Bio-materials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Futong Dong Dajie, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.
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39
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Ma Z, Wang J, Li C, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhao C, Chen D. New sight on the lignin torrefaction pretreatment: Relevance between the evolution of chemical structure and the properties of torrefied gaseous, liquid, and solid products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121528. [PMID: 31150968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to reveal the deoxygenation mechanism of lignin torrefaction, the relevance between evolution of chemical structure of torrefied lignin and the properties of torrefied gaseous, liquid, and solid products was established in this study. Results showed that the contents of oxygen element, βO4 linkages, oxygen-containing functional groups (aliphatic OH, aliphatic COOH, aromatic OCH3) in lignin decreased with the increase of the torrefaction temperature from 210 to 300 °C. The oxygen removal efficiency of lignin torrefaction reached the maximum value of 25.53% at 300 °C. The removed oxygen in the torrefied lignin was transferred into the torrefied gaseous product (e.g. CO2, H2O, and CO) and torrefied liquid product (e.g. G-type and P-type phenols, acids). Among the torrefied gaseous products, CO2 was the dominant oxygen carrier, followed by CO and H2O. Among the torrefied liquid products, G-type phenols were the dominant oxygen carrier, followed by P-type phenols and acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Junhao Wang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Youyou Yang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Xiaohuan Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Dengyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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40
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Tshikesho RS, Kumar A, Huhnke RL, Apblett A. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of red cedar with methane to produce upgraded bio-oil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 285:121299. [PMID: 31003206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis is a promising route to transform biomass into bio-oil for further refining into transportation fuels and chemicals. However, bio-oil applications suffer from several challenges due to its adverse properties. This study reports improving bio-oil properties through co-pyrolysis of biomass with methane over molybdenum/zinc (MoZn/ZHSM-5) and HZSM-5 catalysts that promote deoxygenation, decarbonylation, hydrogen transfer and aromatization reactions. The co-pyrolysis was conducted at 650 °C and 750 °C in a micro-scale reactor and a bench-scale reactor. The highest bio-oil yield, energy content, and energy yield of 53.4%, 10.2 MJ/kg, and 29.9%, respectively, were obtained with methane over MoZn/HZSM-5 at 650 °C. Acids, alcohols, aldehydes, benzene derivatives, BTEXs, furans, ketones, PAHs, and phenols were detected in bio-oils while phenols dominated under most conditions. Oxygenated compounds decreased using MoZn/HZSM-5 with methane at 750 °C. The results demonstrate that methane used with catalysts can reduce oxygenated compounds and improve properties and yield of bio-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redemptus S Tshikesho
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
| | - Raymond L Huhnke
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Allen Apblett
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
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Alzagameem A, Klein SE, Bergs M, Do XT, Korte I, Dohlen S, Hüwe C, Kreyenschmidt J, Kamm B, Larkins M, Schulze M. Antimicrobial Activity of Lignin and Lignin-Derived Cellulose and Chitosan Composites Against Selected Pathogenic and Spoilage Microorganisms. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E670. [PMID: 30979077 PMCID: PMC6523900 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. The polyphenolic structure of lignin in addition to the presence of O-containing functional groups is potentially responsible for these activities. This study used DPPH assays to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. The scavenging activity (SA) of both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems was affected by the percentage of the added lignin: the 5% addition showed the highest activity and the 30% addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source showing the following trend: organosolv of softwood > kraft of softwood > organosolv of grass. Testing the antimicrobial activities of lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low temperatures (0-7 °C). Purification of kraft lignin has a negative effect on the antimicrobial activity while storage has positive effect. The lignin release in the produced films affected the activity positively and the chitosan addition enhances the activity even more for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Testing the films against spoilage bacteria that grow at low temperatures revealed the activity of the 30% addition on HPMC/L1 film against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens while L5 was active only against B. thermosphacta. In HPMC/lignin/chitosan films, the 5% addition exhibited activity against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abla Alzagameem
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
- Brandenburg University of Technology BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, D-03046 Cottbus, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Elisabeth Klein
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Michel Bergs
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Xuan Tung Do
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Imke Korte
- Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-University Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sophia Dohlen
- Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-University Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Carina Hüwe
- Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-University Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Judith Kreyenschmidt
- Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-University Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Birgit Kamm
- Brandenburg University of Technology BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, D-03046 Cottbus, Germany.
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Strasse 69, A- 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Michael Larkins
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive Biltmore Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
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Duan D, Zhang Y, Lei H, Villota E, Ruan R. Renewable jet-fuel range hydrocarbons production from co-pyrolysis of lignin and soapstock with the activated carbon catalyst. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 88:1-9. [PMID: 31079620 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the effects of agricultural waste-derived activated carbon catalyst on the jet-fuel range hydrocarbons distribution from raw biomass pyrolysis under the hydrogen donor condition provided by a solid waste. Ex-situ catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of lignin with and without soapstock was carried out using the corn stover-derived activated carbon catalyst in a facile fixed bed reactor. Results showed that the soapstock, as the hydrogen donor, exhibited a positive synergistic effect with lignin on enhancing the production of valuable aromatics in the obtained bio-oil. Additionally, biomass-derived activated carbon catalyst has the robust catalytic ability to convert pyrolysis vapors into high-density jet fuel-ranged aromatic hydrocarbons rather than phenols with the assistance of soapstock solid waste. Results indicated that the proportions of jet-fuel range aromatics increased monotonically with elevating pyrolytic temperatures from 400 to 550 °C, and the optimal lignin/soapstock ratio was 1:2 with regarding the yield of attained bio-oils. The maximum proportion of jet-fuel ranged aromatics (87.8%) and H2 concentration (76.4 vol%) could be achieved with the pyrolytic temperature, lignin/soapstock ratio, and catalyst/feedstock ratio of 550 °C, 2:1, and 1:1, respectively. The current study may provide a novel route of converting solid wastes into value-added jet fuels and hydrogen-enriched fuel gases, which will advance the utilization of renewable biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengle Duan
- Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Yayun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Elmar Villota
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Zhang X, Shi M. Flame retardant vinylon/poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) blended fibers with synergistic flame retardancy for advanced fireproof textiles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:9-15. [PMID: 30399488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Superior flame retardant textiles are urgently needed to address high fire and heat risks. This study provides a simple and effective strategy to improve the flame retardancy of textiles through a synergistic effect between the blended fibers, and a system with synergistic in flame retardant vinylon (FRV)/poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) blended fibers is discovered. The FRV/PMIA 50/50 exhibits a much higher time to ignition and a lower peak heat release rate than those of the neat components, indicating a synergistic flame retardancy between constituents. The corresponding mechanism is explored. The residual char layer formed by blended fibers connects together and keeps the original fiber shape, which acts as a barrier slowing heat transmission and gas diffusion. Concurrently, thermal degradation analysis of blended fibers implies that both components mutually interact with each other, resulting in a higher experimental amount of incombustible gases at an early degradation stage and lower experimental amount of combustible gases at a later degradation stage as compared to the theoretical one. Therefore, the synergistic flame retardancy in FRV/PMIA blended fibers is attributed to the actions in the condensed and gas phases during pyrolysis. This work provides an effective strategy to design fireproof textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansheng Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Meiwu Shi
- The Military Engineering Technology Institute of System Engineering Research Institute for Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100082, PR China.
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Bassett AW, Breyta CM, Honnig AE, Reilly JH, Sweet KR, La Scala JJ, Stanzione JF. Synthesis and characterization of molecularly hybrid bisphenols derived from lignin and CNSL: Application in thermosetting resins. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Zhang R, Li C, Wang J, Yan Y. Microbial Ligninolysis: Toward a Bottom-Up Approach for Lignin Upgrading. Biochemistry 2018; 58:1501-1510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Zhang
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Chenyi Li
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yajun Yan
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Mallick D, Poddar MK, Mahanta P, Moholkar VS. Discernment of synergism in pyrolysis of biomass blends using thermogravimetric analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:294-305. [PMID: 29677657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports pyrolysis kinetics of biomass blends using isoconversional methods, viz. Friedman, FWO and KAS. Blends of three biomasses, viz. saw dust, bamboo dust and rice husk, were used. Extractives and volatiles in biomass and minerals in ash had marked influence on enhancement of reaction kinetics during co-pyrolysis, as indicated by reduction in activation energy and increase in decomposition intensity. Pyrolysis kinetics of saw dust and rice husk accelerated (positive synergy), while that of bamboo dust decelerated after blending (negative synergy). Predominant reaction mechanism of all biomass blends was 3-D diffusion in lower conversion range (α ≤ 0.5), while for α ≥ 0.5 pyrolysis followed random nucleation (or nucleation and growth mechanism). Higher reaction order for pyrolysis of blends of rice husk with saw dust and bamboo dust was attributed to catalytic effect of minerals in ash. Positive ΔH and ΔG was obtained for pyrolysis of all biomass blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Mallick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Maneesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Pinakeswar Mahanta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Vijayanand S Moholkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India.
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Thermal Decomposition of Kraft Lignin under Gas Atmospheres of Argon, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070729. [PMID: 30960654 PMCID: PMC6403746 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The behaviors of thermal decomposition of kraft lignin under three different gases (Ar, CO2, or H2) were analyzed and compared using a temperature-programmed decomposition-mass spectrometry (TPD-MS) system. Experimental results indicated that Ar atmosphere produced the highest yield of solid chars, while H2 atmosphere generated the highest yield of liquids and CO2 atmosphere had the highest yield of gases. TPD-MS results showed that H2 atmosphere was consumed at the temperature range from 205 to 810 °C and CO2 atmosphere was consumed at the temperature range from 185 to 1000 °C. The H2 promoted the cleavage of lignin side chains and significantly enhanced the formation of CH4, C6H6, HCHO, C6H5OH, CH3OH, and tars. The percentages of water in produced liquids were 90.1%, 85.3%, and 95.5% for Ar, H2, and CO2 as atmosphere, respectively. The H2 yielded more organic chemicals in produced liquids compared to the other two gases. The observed organic chemicals were mainly acetic acid, phenols, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters. BET surface areas of solid products were 11.3, 98.5, and 183.9 m2/g for Ar., H2, and CO2 as the atmosphere, respectively. C–H–O–N–S elemental and morphology analyses on solid products indicated that the lowest carbon content and the highest oxygen content were obtained if Ar atmosphere was used, while H2 and CO2 yielded more carbon in final solid products. Solid products obtained under CO2 or H2 atmosphere contained sphere-shaped nanoparticles.
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Zhang J, Fidalgo B, Shen D, Zhang X, Gu S. Mechanism of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) in anisole decomposition over metal loaded Brønsted acid sites: Density Functional Theory (DFT) study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhuo S, Yan X, Liu D, Si M, Zhang K, Liu M, Peng B, Shi Y. Use of bacteria for improving the lignocellulose biorefinery process: importance of pre-erosion. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:146. [PMID: 29796087 PMCID: PMC5964970 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological pretreatment is an important alternative strategy for biorefining lignocellulose and has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, current designs for this pretreatment mainly focus on using various white rot fungi, overlooking the bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we evaluated the potential contribution of bacteria to lignocellulose pretreatment, with and without a physicochemical process, based on the bacterial strain Pandoraea sp. B-6 (hereafter B-6) that was isolated from erosive bamboo slips. Moreover, the mechanism of the improvement of reducing sugar yield by bacteria was elucidated via analyses of the physicochemical changes of corn stover (CS) before and after pretreatment. RESULTS The digestibility of CS pretreated with B-6 was equivalent to that of untreated CS. The recalcitrant CS surface provided fewer mediators for contact with the extracellular enzymes of B-6. A pre-erosion strategy using a tetrahydrofuran-water co-solvent system was shown to destroy the recalcitrant CS surface. The optimal condition for pre-erosion showed a 6.5-fold increase in enzymatic digestibility compared with untreated CS. The pre-erosion of CS can expose more phenolic compounds that were chelated to oxidized Mn3+ and also provided mediators for combination with laccase, which was attributable to B-6 pretreatment. B-6 pretreatment following pre-erosion exhibited a sugar yield that was 91.2 mg/g greater than that of pre-erosion alone and 7.5-fold higher than that of untreated CS. This pre-erosion application was able to destroy the recalcitrant CS surface, thus leading to a rough and porous architecture that better facilitated the diffusion and transport of lignin derivatives. This enhanced the ability of laccase and manganese peroxidase secreted by B-6 to improve the efficiency of this biological pretreatment. CONCLUSION Bacteria were not found useful alone as a biological pretreatment, but they significantly improved enzymatic digestion after lignocellulose breakdown via other physicochemical methods. Nonetheless, phenyl or phenoxy radicals were used by laccase and manganese peroxidase in B-6 for lignin attack or lignin depolymerization. These particular mediators released from the recalcitrance network of lignocellulose openings are important for the efficacy of this bacterial pretreatment. Our findings thus offer a novel perspective on the effective design of biological pretreatment methods for lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhuo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Mengying Si
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Kejing Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Mingren Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Bing Peng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083 China
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50
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Eri Q, Wang B, Peng J, Zhao X, Li T. Detailed CFD modelling of fast pyrolysis of different biomass types in fluidized bed reactors. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qitai Eri
- School of Energy and Power Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
| | - Baolu Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
| | - Jing Peng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
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