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Meena R AA, J M, Banu J R, Bhatia SK, Kumar V, Piechota G, Kumar G. A review on the pollution assessment of hazardous materials and the resultant biorefinery products in Palm oil mill effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121525. [PMID: 37062401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The voluminous nature of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is directly associated with environmental hazards and could be turned into biorefinery products. The POME, rich in BOD, COD, and oil and grease, with few hazardous materials such as siloxanes, fatty acid methyl ester, and phenolic compounds that may significantly increase the risk of violating the effluent quality standards. Recently, the application of chemical and biological risk assessment that can use electrochemical sensors and microalgae-like species has gained paramount attention towards its remediation. This review describes the existing risk assessment for POME and recommends a novel assessment approach using fish species including invasive ones as suitable for identifying the toxicants. Various physico-chemical and biological treatments such as adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, photo-oxidation, solar-assisted extraction, anaerobic digestion, integrated anaerobic-aerobic, and microalgae cultivation has been investigated. This paper offers an overview of anaerobic technologies, with particular emphasis on advanced bioreactors and their prospects for industrial-level applications. To illustrate, palmitic acid and oleic acid, the precursors of fatty acid methyl ester found in POME pave the way to produce biodiesel with 91.45%. Although there are some challenges in attaining production at an economic scale, this review offers some opportunities that could help in overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Alias Meena R
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Merrylin J
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sadakathullah Appa College, Tirunelveli, 627011, India
| | - Rajesh Banu J
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamilnadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, 610005, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, 4036, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Study for the Bio-CNG Recovery of Methane Gas in the Anaerobic Co-digestion Using Malaysian POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent). BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cheng YW, Chong CC, Lam MK, Ayoub M, Cheng CK, Lim JW, Yusup S, Tang Y, Bai J. Holistic process evaluation of non-conventional palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment technologies: A conceptual and comparative review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124964. [PMID: 33418292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thriving oil palm agroindustry comes at a price of voluminous waste generation, with palm oil mill effluent (POME) as the most cumbersome waste due to its liquid state, high strength, and great discharge volume. In view of incompetent conventional ponding treatment, a voluminous number of publications on non-conventional POME treatments is filed in the Scopus database, mainly working on alternative or polishing POME treatments. In dearth of such comprehensive review, all the non-conventional POME treatments are rigorously reviewed in a conceptual and comparative manner. Herein, non-conventional POME treatments are sorted into the five major routes, viz. biological (bioconversions - aerobic/anaerobic biodegradation), physical (flotation & membrane filtration), chemical (Fenton oxidation), physicochemical (photooxidation, steam reforming, coagulation-flocculation, adsorption, & ultrasonication), and bioelectrochemical (microbial fuel cell) pathways. For aforementioned treatments, the constraints, pros, and cons are qualitatively and quantitatively (with compiled performance data) detailed to indicate their process maturity. Authors recommended (i) bioconversions, adsorption, and steam reforming as primary treatments, (ii) flotation and ultrasonication as pretreatments, (iii) Fenton oxidation, photooxidation, and membrane filtration as polishing treatments, and (iv) microbial fuel cell and coagulation-flocculation as pretreatment or polishing treatment. Life cycle assessments are required to evaluate the environmental, economic, and energy aspects of each process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Wang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HiCoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, University Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Chi Cheng Chong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HiCoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, University Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HiCoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, University Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HiCoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, University Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chin Kui Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Yusup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HiCoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, University Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jiaming Bai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials, Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM, Lynam JG. Non-catalytic ozonation of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Otieno B, Apollo S, Naidoo B, Ochieng A. Modeling ozonation pretreatment parameters of distillery wastewater for improved biodegradability. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1066-1074. [PMID: 31221003 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1631089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ozonation pretreatment of real distillery wastewater (DWW) for biodegradability enhancement was undertaken. Response surface methodology was used to model the value of effective parameters, including ozonation duration and initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, and to estimate linear interactions and quadratic effects. The analysis of variance confirmed the adequate description of all the responses by the quadratic model employed. During ozonation, the pH of the DWW increased in acidity from 4.53 to 4.05, indicating the formation of acidic intermediates. A 60% reduction in color was observed signifying the oxidation of the color causing biorecalcitrant aromatic compounds and confirmed by the reduction in ultraviolet absorbance at λmax of 254 nm. Moreover, an increase in change in oxidation state from -0.1 to 0.4 was attributed to the declined aromaticity and the formation of aliphatic structures. From the measurement of the ratio of biochemical: chemical oxygen demand (BOD5:COD), an increase from 0.48 to 0.72 confirmed improved biodegradability. Optimization studies aimed at achieving maximum improved biodegradability at maximum ozone transfer efficiency yielded optimum ozonation pretreatment parameters of initial COD of 4.1 g L-1 and duration of 64 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
- Centre for Renewable Energy and Water, Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
| | - Seth Apollo
- Centre for Renewable Energy and Water, Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
| | - Bobby Naidoo
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
- Centre for Renewable Energy and Water, Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
| | - Aoyi Ochieng
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology , Palapye , Botswana
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Brooms TJ, Otieno B, Onyango MS, Ochieng A. Photocatalytic degradation of P-Cresol using TiO 2/ZnO hybrid surface capped with polyaniline. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:99-107. [PMID: 29028457 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1377583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the photocatalytic activity of polyaniline (PANI)-capped titanium dioxide and zinc oxide (TiO2/ZnO) hybrid, for the degradation of P-Cresol. The hybrid was synthesized by precipitating ZnO on the surface of commercial TiO2. An "in situ" chemical oxidative polymerization method was used to prepare the PANI capped hybrid (TiO2/ZnO/PANI). The photocatalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), a Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analyzer, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectroscopies, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). During photodegradation under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ZnO, TiO2, TiO2/ZnO hybrid and TiO2/ZnO/PANI composite had P-Cresol removal of 43%, 50%, 61% and 99%, respectively. The higher activity of the TiO2/ZnO hybrid as compared to TiO2 and ZnO was attributed to a reduced electron-hole pair recombination. The recombination was further significantly reduced upon introduction of PANI; hence, the highest activity observed with TiO2/ZnO/PANI. The initial reaction rate constant for TiO2/ZnO/PANI (0.9679 min-1) was more than twice compared to that for TiO2/ZnO hybrid (0.1259 min-1). A synergistic effect between PANI and TiO2/ZnO resulted in a highly efficient charge separation caused by the transfer of photogenerated holes from the hybrid to highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) of PANI. The best TiO2/ZnO/PANI (PANI to TiO2/ZnO) ratio observed was 0.5:2 for the photodegradation of P-Cresol. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis indicated a 97.4% mineralization of P-Cresol with PANI/TiO2/ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo J Brooms
- a Department of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering , Tshwane University of Technology , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Benton Otieno
- b Centre for Renewable Energy and Water , Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
| | - Maurice S Onyango
- a Department of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering , Tshwane University of Technology , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Aoyi Ochieng
- b Centre for Renewable Energy and Water , Vaal University of Technology , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
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Anaerobic Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent in Pilot-Scale Anaerobic EGSB Reactor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:398028. [PMID: 26167485 PMCID: PMC4488516 DOI: 10.1155/2015/398028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Large volumes of untreated palm oil mill effluent (POME) pose threat to aquatic environment due to the presence of very high organic content. The present investigation involved two pilot-scale anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors, continuously operated for 1 year to treat POME. Setting HRT at 9.8 d, the anaerobic EGSB reactors reduced COD from 71179 mg/L to 12341 mg/L and recycled half of sludge by a dissolved air flotation (DAF). The average effluent COD was 3587 mg/L with the consistent COD removal efficiency of 94.89%. Adding cationic polymer (PAM) dose of 30 mg/L to DAF unit and recycling its half of sludge caused granulation of anaerobic sludge. Bacilli and small coccid bacteria were the dominant microbial species of the reactor. The reactor produced 27.65 m(3) of biogas per m(3) of POME which was utilized for electricity generation.
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Lim JX, Vadivelu VM. Treatment of agro based industrial wastewater in sequencing batch reactor: performance evaluation and growth kinetics of aerobic biomass. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 146:217-225. [PMID: 25173730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a working volume of 8 L and an exchange ratio of 25% was used to enrich biomass for the treatment of the anaerobically treated low pH palm oil mill effluent (POME). The influent concentration was stepwise increased from 5000 ± 500 mg COD/L to 11,500 ± 500 mg COD/L. The performance of the reactor was monitored at different organic loading rates (OLRs). It was found that approximately 90% of the COD content of the POME wastewater was successfully removed regardless of the OLR applied to the SBR. Cycle studies of the SBR show that the oxygen uptake by the biomass while there is no COD reduction may be due to the oxidation of the storage product by the biomass. Further, the growth kinetic parameters of the biomass were determined in batch experiments using respirometer. The maximum specific growth rate (μmax) was estimated to be 1.143 day(-1) while the half saturation constant (Ks) with respect to COD was determined to be 0.429 g COD/L. The decay coefficient (bD) and biomass yield (Y) were found to be 0.131 day(-1) and 0.272 mg biomass/mg COD consumed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - V M Vadivelu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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Tanikkul P, Chantoom K, Phoochinda W, Pisutpaisal N. Improvement of Biomethane Production Yield from Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Ozonation Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Siddique MNI, Sakinah Abd Munaim M, Zularisam A. Mesophilic and thermophilic biomethane production by co-digesting pretreated petrochemical wastewater with beef and dairy cattle manure. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kaewmai R, H-Kittikun A, Suksaroj C, Musikavong C. Alternative technologies for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from palm oil mills in Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12417-12425. [PMID: 24074024 DOI: 10.1021/es4020585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative methodologies for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crude palm oil (CPO) production by a wet extraction mill in Thailand were developed. The production of 1 t of CPO from mills with biogas capture (four mills) and without biogas capture (two mills) in 2010 produced GHG emissions of 935 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq), on average. Wastewater treatment plants with and without biogas capture produced GHG emissions of 64 and 47% of total GHG emission, respectively. The rest of the emissions mostly originated from the acquisition of fresh fruit bunches. The establishment of a biogas recovery system must be the first step in the reduction of GHG emissions. It could reduce GHG emissions by 373 kgCO2eq/t of CPO. The main source of GHG emission of 163 kgCO2eq/t of CPO from the mills with biogas capture was the open pond used for cooling of wastewater before it enters the biogas recovery system. The reduction of GHG emissions could be accomplished by (i) using a wastewater-dispersed unit for cooling, (ii) using a covered pond, (iii) enhancing the performance of the biogas recovery system, and (iv) changing the stabilization pond to an aerated lagoon. By using options i-iv, reductions of GHG emissions of 216, 208, 92.2, and 87.6 kgCO2eq/t of CPO, respectively, can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roihatai Kaewmai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University , Hatyai 90112, Thailand
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Cesaro A, Belgiorno V. Sonolysis and ozonation as pretreatment for anaerobic digestion of solid organic waste. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2013; 20:931-936. [PMID: 23231941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the efficiency of sonolysis and ozonation in improving anaerobic biodegradability of source sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste, for the enhancing of biogas production and energy recovery as well. The methane yield of solid organic material anaerobic digestion is significantly affected by substrate availability, which can be favoured by pretreatments. In this investigation, both sonolysis and ozonation effects on substrate solubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability were evaluated under different treatment conditions. Results show that both pretreatments can significantly improve the solubilisation of organic solid waste. However, during ozonation experiments, no correlation was observed between increased solubilisation and biogas production: the application of higher ozone doses led to the formation of by-products less biodegradable than untreated substrate. This evidence makes the ultrasound process more efficient than ozonation and addresses further studies for sonolysis optimisation as pretreatment for solid waste anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cesaro
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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Kinetics of Biohydrogen Production from Ozonated Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using C. butyricum and C. acetobutylicum Co-Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics of mesophilic biohydrogen production from ozone-pretreated palm oil mill effluent (POME) using C. butyricum and C. acetobutylicum co-culture was investigated. All experiments were setup in 0.5-L batch reactors under mesophilic condition (37°C), pH 6, and POME concentration of 5,000-30,000 mg COD L-1. At the concentration of 15,000 mg COD L-1, maximum hydrogen production yield for non-ozone pretreated POME and ozone pretreated POME were 318 and 122 mL g-1 CODremoved, respectively. Acetic and butyric acids were dominant fermentation products in liquid phase. Ozone-pretreatment of POME showed no significant improvement on the hydrogen production by the co-culture.
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