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Suparmaniam U, Lam MK, Lim JW, Rawindran H, Ho YC, Tan IS, Kansedo J, Lim S, Cheng YW, Raza Naqvi S. Enhancing high-density microalgae cultivation via exogenous supplementation of biostimulant derived from onion peel waste for sustainable biodiesel production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120988. [PMID: 38701587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae demonstrate significant potential as a source of liquid-based biofuels. However, increasing biomass productivity in existing cultivation systems is a critical prerequisite for their successful integration into large-scale operations. Thus, the current work aimed to accelerate the growth of C. vulgaris via exogenous supplementation of biostimulant derived from onion peel waste. Under the optimal growth conditions, which entailed a biostimulant dosage of 37.5% v/v, a pH of 3, an air flow rate of 0.4 L/min, and a 2% v/v inoculum harvested during the mid-log phase, yielded a maximum biomass concentration of 1.865 g/L. Under the arbitrarily optimized parameters, a comparable growth pattern was evident in the upscaled cultivation of C. vulgaris, underscoring the potential commercial viability of the biostimulant. The biostimulant, characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, revealed a composition rich in polyphenolic and organo-sulphur compounds, notably including allyl trisulfide (28.13%), methyl allyl trisulfide (23.04%), and allyl disulfide (20.78%), showcasing potent antioxidant properties. Additionally, microalgae treated with the biostimulant consistently retained their lipid content at 18.44% without any significant reduction. Furthermore, a significant rise in saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was observed, with C16:0 and C18:1 dominating both bench-scale (44.08% and 14.01%) and upscaled (51.12% and 13.07%) microalgae cultures, in contrast to the control group where C18:2 was prevalent. Consequently, SFA contents reached 54.35% and 65.43% in bench-scale and upscaled samples respectively, compared to 33.73% in the control culture. These compositional characteristics align well with the requirements for producing high-quality crude biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uganeeswary Suparmaniam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yeek Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Smart and Sustainable Living, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Inn Shi Tan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jibrail Kansedo
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Steven Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Wang Cheng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 138602, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Salman Raza Naqvi
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Sweden
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Russo GL, Langellotti AL, Verardo V, Martín-García B, Oliviero M, Baselice M, Di Pierro P, Sorrentino A, Viscardi S, Marileo L, Sacchi R, Masi P. Bioconversion of Cheese Whey and Food By-Products by Phaeodactylum tricornutum into Fucoxanthin and n-3 Lc-PUFA through a Biorefinery Approach. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030190. [PMID: 36976239 PMCID: PMC10054534 DOI: 10.3390/md21030190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the potential of utilizing three food wastes: cheese whey (CW), beet molasses (BM), and corn steep liquor (CSL) as alternative nutrient sources for the cultivation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a promising source of polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the carotenoid fucoxanthin. The CW media tested did not significantly impact the growth rate of P. tricornutum; however, CW hydrolysate significantly enhances cell growth. BM in cultivation medium enhances biomass production and fucoxanthin yield. The optimization of the new food waste medium was conducted through the application of a response surface methodology (RSM) using hydrolyzed CW, BM, and CSL as factors. The results showed a significant positive impact of these factors (p < 0.005), with an optimized biomass yield of 2.35 g L-1 and a fucoxanthin yield of 3.64 mg L-1 using a medium composed of 33 mL L-1 of CW, 2.3 g L-1 of BM, and 2.24 g L-1 of CSL. The experimental results reported in this study showed that some food by-products from a biorefinery perspective could be utilized for the efficient production of fucoxanthin and other high-added-value products such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Russo
- CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | | | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-García
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn., 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Oliviero
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marco Baselice
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Construction and Chemistry (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Prospero Di Pierro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Unit of Food Science and Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Angela Sorrentino
- CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Sharon Viscardi
- Biotechnology of Functional Foods Laboratory, Camino Sanquilco, Parcela 18, Padre Las Casas 4850827, La Araucanía, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco 4780694, La Araucanía, Chile
| | - Luis Marileo
- Biotechnology of Functional Foods Laboratory, Camino Sanquilco, Parcela 18, Padre Las Casas 4850827, La Araucanía, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco 4813302, La Araucanía, Chile
| | - Raffaele Sacchi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Unit of Food Science and Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Paolo Masi
- CAISIAL Center, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Unit of Food Science and Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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3
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Sahoo S, Dehury B, Narang PK, Raina V, Misra N, Suar M. Comprehensive sequence and structure analysis of algal lipid catabolic enzyme Triacylglycerol lipase: an in silico study to vitalize the development of optimum engineered strains with high lipid productivity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11989-12007. [PMID: 34415234 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1967194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae as an alternative renewable resource for biofuel production have captured much significance. Nonetheless, its economic viability is a field of major concern for researchers. Unraveling the lipid catabolic pathway and gaining insights into the sequence-structural features of its primary functioning enzyme, Triacylglycerol lipase, will impart valuable information to target microalgae for augmented lipid content. In the present study, a genome-wide comparative study on putative Triacylglycerol lipase (TAGL) enzyme from algal species belonging to varied phylogenetic lineages was performed. The comprehensive sequence analysis revealed that TAGL comprises of three distinct conserved domains, such as, Patatin, Class III Lipase, and Abhydro_lipase, and also confirmed the ubiquitous presence of GXSXG motif in the sequences analyzed. In the absence of a crystal structure of algal TAGL till date, we developed the first 3D model of patatin domain of TAGL from an oleaginous microalga, Phaedactylum tricornutum, employing homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamic simulations methods. The domain-substrate complex having the low-ranking docking score revealed the binding of palmitic acid to the TAGL patatin domain surface with strong hydrogen bond interactions. The simulation results implied that the substrate-complexed patatin domain and the free enzyme adopted a more stable conformation after 40 ns. This is the first ever attempt to provide in-silico insights into the structural and dynamical insights on catalytic mechanism of the TAGL patatin domain. Subsequently, these findings aided our understanding on their structural stability, folding mechanism and protein-substrate interactions, which could be further utilized to design site-specific mutagenic experiments for engineering microalgal strains.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susrita Sahoo
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Parminder Kaur Narang
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India.,SGTB Khalsa College, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Vishakha Raina
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, India
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4
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Shen XF, Xu YP, Tong XQ, Huang Q, Zhang S, Gong J, Chu FF, Zeng RJ. The mechanism of carbon source utilization by microalgae when co-cultivated with photosynthetic bacteria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 365:128152. [PMID: 36265788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) co-culture, which is promising for wastewater treatment and lipid production, is lacking of study. In this work, the combinations of 3 microalgae and 3 PSB strains were firstly screened and then different inoculation ratios of the co-cultures were investigated. It was found the best promotion was Chlorella pyrenoidosa/Rhodobacter capsulatus co-culture (1:1), where the biomass productivity, acetate assimilation rate and lipid productivity were 1.64, 1.61 and 2.79 times than that of the sum of pure microalgae and PSB cultures, respectively. Meanwhile, the inoculation ratio significantly affected the growth rate and lipid productivity of co-culture systems. iTRAQ analysis showed that PSB played a positive effect on acetate assimilation, TCA cycle and glyoxylate cycle of microalgae, but decreased the carbon dioxide utilization and photosynthesis, indicating PSB promoted the microalgae metabolism of organic carbon utilization and weakened inorganic carbon utilization. These findings provide in-depth understanding of carbon utilization in microalgae-PSB co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qin Tong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Qi Huang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Jing Gong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Fei-Fei Chu
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang 310018, PR China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002, PR China.
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5
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Teh KY, Loh SH, Aziz A, Takahashi K, Toda T, Wahid MEA, Cha TS. Transcriptome analysis of mangrove-isolated Chlorella vulgaris UMT-M1 reveals insights for vigorous growth and lipid accumulation through reduced salinity. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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6
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Lin Y, Dai Y, Xu W, Wu X, Li Y, Zhu H, Zhou H. The Growth, Lipid Accumulation and Fatty Acid Profile Analysis by Abscisic Acid and Indol-3-Acetic Acid Induced in Chlorella sp. FACHB-8. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074064. [PMID: 35409427 PMCID: PMC8999460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are considered a promising source for biodiesel. The addition of plant hormone can exert a significant impact on the production of microalgae biomass and lipid accumulation. Nevertheless, the response of microalgae cells to hormones is species- or strain-dependent. It remains controversial which genes involved in strong increase of fatty acids production in response to abscisic acid (ABA) in Chlorella sp. FACHB-8 strain. We investigated cell growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition when ABA and indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) were used in the growth medium of Chlorella sp. FACHB-8. The four treatments, including 5 mg/L IAA (E1), 10 mg/L IAA (E2), 10 mg/L ABA (E3), the combination of 5 mg/L IAA and 5 mg/L ABA (E4), were found to increase cell growth, but only 10 mg/L ABA treatment could enhance the lipid accumulation. The fatty acid profile was changed by the addition of ABA, making fatty acids afflux from polyunsaturated fatty acids to monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids, which were suitable for diesel application. Furthermore, a transcriptome analysis was conducted, unraveling the differentially expressed genes enriched in fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of the unsaturated fatty acid pathway in response to ABA. Our results clarified the correlation of fatty acid synthesis-related genes and fatty acid profiles, helping understand the potential response mechanism of Chlorella sp. FACHB-8 strain respond to ABA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (X.W.); (Y.L.)
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yue Dai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
| | - Weinan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (X.W.); (Y.L.)
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaobin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (X.W.); (Y.L.)
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (X.W.); (Y.L.)
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hantao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.L.); (W.X.); (X.W.); (Y.L.)
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Li X, Lu Y, Li N, Wang Y, Yu R, Zhu G, Zeng RJ. Mixotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae Using Biogas as the Substrate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3669-3677. [PMID: 35239322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biogas utilization through biotechnology represents a potential and novel technology. We propose the microalgal mixotrophic cultivation to convert biogas to microalgae-based biodiesel, in which methanotroph was co-cultured to convert CH4 to organic intermediate (and CO2) for microalgal mixotrophic growth. This study constructed a co-culture of Methylocystis bryophila (methanotroph) and Scenedesmus obliquus (microalgae) with biogas feeding. Compared with the single culture of S. obliquus, higher microalgal biomass but a lower chlorophyll concentration was observed. The organic metabolism-related genes were upregulated, verifying microalgal mixotrophic growth. The stoichiometric calculation of M. bryophila culture shows that M. bryophila tends to release organic matter rather than grow under a low O2 content. M. bryophila rarely grew under five different light intensities, indicating that M. bryophila acts as a biocatalyst in the co-culture. The organic intermediate released by methanotroph increased the maximum biomass of microalgal culture, accelerated nitrogen absorption, accumulated more monounsaturated fatty acids, and improved the adaptation to light. The co-culture of microalgae and methanotroph may provide new opportunities for microalgae-based biodiesel production using biogas as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yongze Lu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Na Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yongzhen Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ran Yu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- Center of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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8
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Sheng Y, Mathimani T, Brindhadevi K, Basha S, Elfasakhany A, Xia C, Pugazhendhi A. Combined effect of CO 2 concentration and low-cost urea repletion/starvation in Chlorella vulgaris for ameliorating growth metrics, total and non-polar lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151969. [PMID: 34843758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Different CO2 concentration such as 0.03, 5, 10 and 15% and low-cost urea repletion/starvation in Chlorella vulgaris on growth, total and non-polar lipid content and fatty acid composition was studied. Chlorella vulgaris grown at 0.03% CO2 apparently revealed inferior biomass yield 0.55 g/L on 14th day compared to CO2 supplemented cells. In the case of CO2 supply, 15% CO2 has unveiled higher biomass yield at about 1.83 g/L on day 12 whereas biomass yield for 5 and 10% CO2 supplemented cells was 1.61 and 1.73 g/L, respectively on 12th day of cultivation. The biomass productivity (g) per liter per day was 32 mg in control condition whereas it was 125, 134 and 144 mg/L/d in 5, 10 and 15% CO2 supplied cells, respectively. Lipid content of the strain grown at control, 5, 10 and 15% CO2 was 21.2, 22.1, 23.4 and 24.6%, respectively and however, without CO2 addition in low-cost urea repleted and urea depleted medium grown cells revealed 21.2 and 24.2%, respectively. Interestingly, strain grown at 15% CO2 supply in urea deplete medium yielded 28.7% lipid and contribution of non-polar lipids in total lipids is 69.7%. Further, the fatty acid composition of the strain grown in 15% CO2 supply in urea depleted medium showed C16:0, C16:1, C18:1 and C18:3 in the level of 30.12, 9.98, 23.43, and 11.97%, respectively compared to control and urea amended condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yequan Sheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Thangavel Mathimani
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sakeenabi Basha
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, PO box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Elfasakhany
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand; College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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9
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Formulation of New Media from Dairy and Brewery Wastes for a Sustainable Production of DHA-Rich Oil by Aurantiochytrium mangrovei. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010039. [PMID: 35049894 PMCID: PMC8778784 DOI: 10.3390/md20010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mozzarella stretching water (MSW) is a dairy effluent generated from mozzarella cheese production that does not have a real use and is destined to disposal, causing environmental problems and representing a high disposal cost for dairy producers. Spent brewery yeast (SBY) is another promising food waste produced after brewery manufacturing that could be recycled in new biotechnological processes. Aurantiochytrium mangrovei is an aquatic protist known as producer of bioactive lipids such as omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work MSW and SBY have been used to formulate new sustainable growth media for A. mangrovei cultivation and production of DHA in an attempt to valorize these effluents. MSW required an enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance the biomass production. The new media obtained from hydrolysed MSW was also optimized using response surface methodologies, obtaining 10.14 g L-1 of biomass in optimized medium, with a DHA content of 1.21 g L-1.
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Homayoonfar M, Roosta Azad R, Sardari S. Analytical methods in fatty acid analysis for microbial applications: the recent trends. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 51:937-952. [PMID: 34506247 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1881910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are among the most important components of many biological systems and have been highlighted in many research fields in recent decades. In the food industry, it is important to check the amount and types of fatty acids in edible oils, beverages and other foods products, and checking the fatty acids parameters are among the quality control parameters for those products. In medical applications, investigation of fatty acids in biological samples and comparing imbalances in them can help to diagnose some diseases. On the other hand, the development of cell factories for the production of biofuels and other valuable chemicals requires the accurate analysis of fatty acids, which serve as precursors in development of those products. As a result, given all these different applications of fatty acids, rapid and accurate methods for characterization and quantification of fatty acids are essential. In recent years, various methods for the analysis of fatty acids have been proposed, which according to the specific purpose of the analysis, some of them can be used with consideration of speed, accuracy and cost. In this article, the available methods for the analysis of fatty acids are reviewed with a special emphasis on the analysis of microbial samples to pave the way for more widespread metabolic engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Homayoonfar
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tahran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Roosta Azad
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tahran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Enhanced fatty acid methyl esters recovery through a simple and rapid direct transesterification of freshly harvested biomass of Chlorella vulgaris and Messastrum gracile. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2720. [PMID: 33526809 PMCID: PMC7851148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional microalgae oil extraction applies physicochemical destruction of dry cell biomass prior to transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). This report presents a simple and rapid direct transesterification (DT) method for FAMEs production and fatty acid profiling of microalgae using freshly harvested biomass. Results revealed that the FAMEs recovered from Chlorella vulgaris were 50.1 and 68.3 mg with conventional oil-extraction-transesterification (OET) and DT method, respectively. While for Messastrum gracile, the FAMEs recovered, were 49.9 and 76.3 mg, respectively with OET and DT methods. This demonstrated that the DT method increased FAMEs recovery by 36.4% and 53.0% from C. vulgaris and M. gracile, respectively, as compared to OET method. Additionally, the DT method recovered a significantly higher amount of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids from both species, which indicated the important role of these fatty acids in the membranes of cells and organelles. The DT method performed very well using a small volume (5 mL) of fresh biomass coupled with a shorter reaction time (~ 15 min), thus making real-time monitoring of FAMEs and fatty acid accumulation in microalgae culture feasible.
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12
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Cha TS, Yee W, Phua PSP, Loh SH, Aziz A. A brief period of darkness induces changes in fatty acid biosynthesis towards accumulation of saturated fatty acids in Chlorella vulgaris UMT-M1 at stationary growth phase. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:803-812. [PMID: 33438120 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of a brief (3 days) and prolonged (6 days) period of incubation in darkness and light on the biomass content, lipid content and fatty acid profile in Chlorella vulgaris UMT-M1 were determined. RESULTS Three days of incubation in darkness increased saturated fatty acid (SFA) content from 34.0 to 41.4% but decreased monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content from 36.7 to 29.8%. Palmitic acid (C16:0) content was increased from 23.2 to 28.9%, whereas oleic acid (C18:1) content was reduced from 35.4 to 28.8%. Total oil content was slightly decreased from 20.4 to 18.7% after 3 days of darkness, without a significant reduction in biomass compared to 3 days of incubation in light. Biomass and oil content was highest in cultures incubated for 6 days in light, however the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of darkness (or light) on SFA and MUFA content was no longer present at 6 days of incubation. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggests that fatty acid composition in C. vulgaris could be modulated to favor either C16:0 or C18:1 by a brief period of either darkness or light incubation, prior to harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thye San Cha
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Willy Yee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Pamela Szu Phin Phua
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Saw Hong Loh
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Aziz
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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13
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Double-high in palmitic and oleic acids accumulation in a non-model green microalga, Messastrum gracile SE-MC4 under nitrate-repletion and -starvation cultivations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:381. [PMID: 33431982 PMCID: PMC7801397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprospecting for biodiesel potential in microalgae primarily involves a few model species of microalgae and rarely on non-model microalgae species. Therefore, the present study determined changes in physiology, oil accumulation, fatty acid composition and biodiesel properties of a non-model microalga Messastrum gracile SE-MC4 in response to 12 continuous days of nitrate-starve (NS) and nitrate-replete (NR) conditions respectively. Under NS, the highest oil content (57.9%) was achieved despite reductions in chlorophyll content, biomass productivity and lipid productivity. However, under both NS and NR, palmitic acid and oleic acid remained as dominant fatty acids thus suggesting high potential of M. gracile for biodiesel feedstock consideration. Biodiesel properties analysis returned high values of cetane number (CN 61.9-64.4) and degree of unsaturation (DU 45.3-57.4) in both treatments. The current findings show the possibility of a non-model microalga to inherit superior ability over model species in oil accumulation for biodiesel development.
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14
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Lipid accumulation patterns and role of different fatty acid types towards mitigating salinity fluctuations in Chlorella vulgaris. Sci Rep 2021; 11:438. [PMID: 33432049 PMCID: PMC7801682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove-dwelling microalgae are well adapted to frequent encounters of salinity fluctuations across their various growth phases but are lesser studied. The current study explored the adaptive changes (in terms of biomass, oil content and fatty acid composition) of mangrove-isolated C. vulgaris UMT-M1 cultured under different salinity levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 ppt). The highest total oil content was recorded in cultures at 15 ppt salinity (63.5% of dry weight) with uncompromised biomass productivity, thus highlighting the ‘trigger-threshold’ for oil accumulation in C. vulgaris UMT-M1. Subsequently, C. vulgaris UMT-M1 was further assessed across different growth phases under 15 ppt. The various short, medium and long-chain fatty acids (particularly C20:0), coupled with a high level of C18:3n3 PUFA reported at early exponential phase represents their physiological importance during rapid cell growth. Accumulation of C18:1 and C18:2 at stationary growth phase across all salinities was seen as cells accumulating substrate for C18:3n3 should the cells anticipate a move from stationary phase into new growth phase. This study sheds some light on the possibility of ‘triggered’ oil accumulation with uninterrupted growth and the participation of various fatty acid types upon salinity mitigation in a mangrove-dwelling microalgae.
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15
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Influence of nutrient status on the biohydrogen and lipid productivity in Parachlorella kessleri: a biorefinery approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10293-10305. [PMID: 33025127 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The commercial reality of microalgal biotechnology for the production of individual bioactives is constrained by the high cost of production and requires a biorefinery approach. In this investigation, we examined the influence of different nutrient deprivation (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and manganese (Mn)) on growth, chlorophyll a (Chl a), biohydrogen (H2) and fatty acid profiles in Parachlorella kessleri EMCCN 3073 under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic conditions combined with the nutrient deprivation resulted in cell division blockage, reduction in Chl a and remarkable changes in pH, whereas a significant increase in the H2 production was observed after 24 h. The highest cumulative H2 productivity was observed in N-deficient medium (300 μL/L, day 9) followed by Mn-deficient medium (250 μL/L, day 7). The highest H2 production rate (3.37 μL/L/h) was achieved by Mn-deficient medium after 24 h. In terms of fatty acid composition, P. kessleri exhibited a differential response to different nutrient stresses. Under aerobic conditions, N-deficient media resulted in the highest lipid content (119% compared to control, day 7), whereas earlier lipid induction at (1-3 days) was observed with Mn- and S-deficient media with 18-91% and 25-34% increase, respectively, compared with the replete control. Meanwhile, higher lipid content was observed under anaerobic conditions combined with Mn-, N-, P- and S-deprived media (day 1) with 20%, 13%, 8% and 7% increases respectively compared with the control. This investigation, for the first time clearly, highlights the potential of P. kessleri as a sustainable biorefinery platform, for H2 and fatty acid bio-production under anaerobic conditions. KEY POINTS: • Parachlorella kessleri could provide a future sustainable biorefinery platform. • Nutrient-deprived anaerobic conditions blocked cell growth but differentially induced H2 production. • Nutrient status, under both aerobic/anaerobic conditions, alters lipids and fatty acids profile of P. kessleri. • Nutrient-deprived (N- and Mn-) anaerobic conditions: future biorefinery platform.
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16
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Agro-industrial by-product in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture of Tetradesmus obliquus: Production of ω3 and ω6 essential fatty acids with biotechnological importance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6411. [PMID: 32286383 PMCID: PMC7156709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have highlighted the role of low cost-efficient agro-industrial by-products used as supplements in algal culture media. The aim of the study was to identify and characterize the basic metabolic pathways in Tetradesmus obliquus cells induced by supplementation with beet molasses in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture conditions. To assess the impact of the nutritional strategy in unicellular algae, growth curves were plotted and lipid, carbohydrate, and protein levels were determined. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was applied to measure the Tetradesmus obliquus cell composition. Additionally, the C16-C18 fatty acid profile of Tetradesmus obliquus was determined by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry. The switch from autotrophy to photoheterotrophy and mixotrophy contributes to shortening of the adaptation growth phase. The highest protein content was obtained in the mixotrophic growth. This study has demonstrated high content of 18:1, cisΔ9, 18:2, cisΔ9,12, ω6, and 18:3, cisΔ9,12,15, ω3 in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture conditions. High levels of proteins and essential fatty acids make Tetradesmus obliquus cell biomass important for human and animals health.
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17
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Norlina R, Norashikin MN, Loh SH, Aziz A, Cha TS. Exogenous Abscisic Acid Supplementation at Early Stationary Growth Phase Triggers Changes in the Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris UMT-M1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1653-1669. [PMID: 32198601 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) has been known to exist in a microalgal system and serves as one of the chemical stimuli in various biological pathways. Nonetheless, the involvement of ABA in fatty acid biosynthesis, particularly at the transcription level in microalgae is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous ABA on growth, total oil content, fatty acid composition, and the expression level of beta ketoacyl-ACP synthase I (KAS I) and omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (ω-3 FAD) genes in Chlorella vulgaris UMT-M1. ABA was applied to early stationary C. vulgaris cultures at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 80 μM for 48 h. The results showed that ABA significantly increased biomass production and total oil content. The increment of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids was coupled by decrement in linoleic (C18:2) and α-linolenic (C18:3n3) acids. Both KAS I and ω-3 FAD gene expression were downregulated, which was negatively correlated to saturated fatty acid (SFAs), but positively correlated to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) accumulations. Further analysis of both KAS I and ω-3 FAD promoters revealed the presence of multiple ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) in addition to other phytohormone-responsive elements. However, the role of these phytohormone-responsive elements in regulating KAS I and ω-3 FAD gene expression still remains elusive. This revelation might suggest that phytohormone-responsive gene regulation in C. vulgaris and microalgae as a whole might diverge from higher plants which deserve further scientific research to elucidate its functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramlee Norlina
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Md Nor Norashikin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Saw Hong Loh
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Aziz
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Thye San Cha
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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18
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Anne-Marie K, Yee W, Loh SH, Aziz A, Cha TS. Influence of nitrogen availability on biomass, lipid production, fatty acid profile, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase genes in Messastrum gracile SE-MC4. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:17. [PMID: 31912247 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of limited and excess nitrate on biomass, lipid production, and fatty acid profile in Messastrum gracile SE-MC4 were determined. The expression of fatty acid desaturase genes, namely stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD), omega-6 fatty acid desaturase (ω-6 FAD), omega-3 fatty acid desaturase isoform 1 (ω-3 FADi1), and omega-3 fatty acid desaturase isoform 2 (ω-3 FADi2) was also assessed. It was found that nitrate limitation generally increased the total oil, α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents in M. gracile. The reduction of nitrate concentration from 1.76 to 0.11 mM increased the total oil content significantly from 32.5 to 41.85% (dry weight). Palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids as the predominant fatty acids in this microalgae constituted between 82 and 87% of the total oil content and were relatively consistent throughout all nitrate concentrations tested. The expression of SAD, ω-6 FAD, and ω-3 FADi2 genes increased under nitrate limitation, especially at 0.11 mM nitrate. The ω-3 FADi1 demonstrated a binary up-regulation pattern of expression under both nitrate-deficient (0.11 mM) and -excess (3.55 mM) conditions. Thus, findings from this study suggested that limited or excess nitrate could be used as part of a cultivation strategy to increase oil and PUFA content following media optimisation and more efficient culture methodology. Data obtained from the expression of desaturase genes would provide valuable insights into their roles under excess and limited nitrate conditions in M. gracile, potentially paving the way for future genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaben Anne-Marie
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Willy Yee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Saw Hong Loh
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Aziz
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Thye San Cha
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. .,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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19
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Anne-Marie K, Yee W, Loh SH, Aziz A, Cha TS. Effects of Excess and Limited Phosphate on Biomass, Lipid and Fatty Acid Contents and the Expression of Four Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes in the Tropical Selenastraceaen Messastrum gracile SE-MC4. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1438-1456. [PMID: 31782088 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of limited and excess phosphate on biomass content, oil content, fatty acid profile and the expression of three fatty acid desaturases in Messastrum gracile SE-MC4 were determined. It was found that total biomass (0.67-0.83 g L-1), oil content (30.99-38.08%) and the duration for cells to reach stationary phase (25-27 days) were not considerably affected by phosphate limitation. However, excess phosphate slightly reduced total biomass and oil content to 0.50 g L-1 and 25.36% respectively. The dominant fatty acids in M. gracile, pamitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) which constitute more than 81% of the total fatty acids remained relatively high and constant across all phosphate concentrations. Reduction of phosphate concentration to 25% and below significantly increased total MUFA, whereas increasing phosphate concentration to ≥ 50% and ≥ 100% significantly increased total SFA and PUFA content respectively. The expression of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (ω-3 FADi1, ω-3 FADi2) and omega-6 fatty acid desaturase (ω-6 FAD) was increased under phosphate limitation, especially at ≤ 12.5% phosphate, whereas levels of streoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) transcripts were relatively unchanged across all phosphate concentrations. The first isoform of ω-3 FAD (ω-3 FADi) displayed a binary upregulation under limited (≤ 12.5%) and excess (200%) phosphate. The expression of ω-6 FAD, ω-3 FAD and SAD were inconsistent with the accumulation of oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3), suggesting that these genes may be regulated indirectly by phosphate availability via post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaben Anne-Marie
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Willy Yee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Saw Hong Loh
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Aziz
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Thye San Cha
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. .,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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20
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Teh KY, Afifudeen CLW, Aziz A, Wong LL, Loh SH, Cha TS. De novo whole genome sequencing data of two mangrove-isolated microalgae from Terengganu coastal waters. Data Brief 2019; 27:104680. [PMID: 31720332 PMCID: PMC6838400 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in harvesting potential benefits from microalgae renders it necessary to have the many ecological niches of a single species to be investigated. This dataset comprises de novo whole genome assembly of two mangrove-isolated microalgae (from division Chlorophyta); Chlorella vulgaris UMT-M1 and Messastrum gracile SE-MC4 from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. Library runs were carried out with 2 × 150 base paired-ends reads, whereas sequencing was conducted using Illumina Novaseq 2500 platform. Sequencing yielded raw reads amounting to ∼11 Gb in total bases for both species and was further assembled de novo. Genome assembly resulted in a 50.15 Mbp and 60.83 Mbp genome size for UMT-M1 and SE-MC4, respectively. All filtered and assembled genomic data sequences have been submitted to National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and can be located at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession of VJNP00000000 (UMT-M1) and VIYE00000000 (SE-MC4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Yinn Teh
- Satreps-Cosmos Laboratory, Central Laboratory Complex, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - C L Wan Afifudeen
- Satreps-Cosmos Laboratory, Central Laboratory Complex, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Aziz
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Li Lian Wong
- Satreps-Cosmos Laboratory, Central Laboratory Complex, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Saw Hong Loh
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.,Satreps-Cosmos Laboratory, Central Laboratory Complex, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Thye San Cha
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.,Satreps-Cosmos Laboratory, Central Laboratory Complex, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
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21
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Jusoh M, Loh SH, Aziz A, Cha TS. Gibberellin Promotes Cell Growth and Induces Changes in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Upregulates Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Genes in Chlorella vulgaris UMT-M1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 188:450-459. [PMID: 30536033 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-02937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae lipids and oils are potential candidates for renewable biofuels and nutritional inventions. Recent studies from our lab have shown that two plant hormones, auxin and jasmonic acid, influence microalgae growth and fatty acid accumulation. Therefore, in this study, a high oil-producing strain Chlorella vulgaris UMT-M1 was selected for hormonal study using gibberellin (GA). Exogenous GA3 was applied to early stationary culture of C. vulgaris UMT-M1. Results showed that GA3 gradually increases the cell density of C. vulgaris to up to 42% on days after treatment (DAT)-8 and also capable of delaying the algal senescence. However, the increment in cell density did not enhance the total oil production albeit transient modification of fatty acid compositions was observed for saturated (SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. This illustrates that GA3 only promotes cell division and growth but not the oil accumulation. In addition, application of GA3 in culture medium was shown to promote transient increment of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids from DAT-4 to DAT-6 and these changes are correlated with the expression of β-ketoacyl ACP synthase I (KAS I) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinna Jusoh
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Saw Hong Loh
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Aziz
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Thye San Cha
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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22
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Norashikin MN, Loh SH, Aziz A, Cha TS. Metabolic engineering of fatty acid biosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris using an endogenous omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene with its promoter. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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The Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Cell Growth, Protein, Carotenoid, PUFAs and Lipid Production of Chlorella pyrenoidosa ZF Strain. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Effects of disrupted omega-3 desaturase gene construct on fatty acid composition and expression of four fatty acid biosynthetic genes in transgenic Chlorella vulgaris. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Bouyam S, Choorit W, Sirisansaneeyakul S, Chisti Y. Heterotrophic production of Chlorella
sp. TISTR 8990-biomass growth and composition under various production conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1589-1600. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somruethai Bouyam
- Biotechnology Program, School of Agricultural Technology; Walailak University; Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand
| | - Wanna Choorit
- Biotechnology Program, School of Agricultural Technology; Walailak University; Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand
- Biomass and Oil Palm Center of Excellence, Walailak University; Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161 Thailand
| | - Sarote Sirisansaneeyakul
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
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Giridhar Babu A, Wu X, Kabra AN, Kim DP. Cultivation of an indigenous Chlorella sorokiniana with phytohormones for biomass and lipid production under N-limitation. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shen XF, Liu JJ, Chauhan AS, Hu H, Ma LL, Lam PK, Zeng RJ. Combining nitrogen starvation with sufficient phosphorus supply for enhanced biodiesel productivity of Chlorella vulgaris fed on acetate. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shekh AY, Shrivastava P, Gupta A, Krishnamurthi K, Devi SS, Mudliar SN. Biomass and lipid enhancement in Chlorella sp. with emphasis on biodiesel quality assessment through detailed FAME signature. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 201:276-86. [PMID: 26679050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of MgSO4, salinity and light intensity were optimised for maximum biomass productivity and lipid content in Chlorella sp. Lipid synthesized at varied experimental conditions was also assessed in detail for biodiesel properties through FAME analysis. FAMEs mainly composed of C16:0, C16:1(9), C16:3(7, 10, 13), C18:0, C18:1(11), C18:2(9, 12), C18:3(9, 12, 15). The optimum biomass productivity (372.50mgL(-1)d(-1)) and lipid content (32.57%) was obtained at MgSO4-150ppm; salinity-12.5ppm, and light intensity-25μmolm(-2)s(-1). However, at this condition the cetane number, a major biodiesel property was not complying with worldwide biodiesel standard. Therefore, further optimisations were done to check the suitability of biodiesel fuel. The optimum biomass productivity (348.47mgL(-1)d(-1)) and lipid content (12.43%) with suitable biodiesel fuel properties was obtained at MgSO4-50ppm, salinity-25ppm and light intensity-100μmolm(-2)s(-1). The validation experiments confirmed the closeness of predicted and measured response values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajam Yakub Shekh
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Preeti Shrivastava
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Ankit Gupta
- Environmental Systems Design and Modeling Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Sivanesan Saravana Devi
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Sandeep N Mudliar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
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Kobayashi N, Barnes A, Jensen T, Noel E, Andlay G, Rosenberg JN, Betenbaugh MJ, Guarnieri MT, Oyler GA. Comparison of biomass and lipid production under ambient carbon dioxide vigorous aeration and 3% carbon dioxide condition among the lead candidate Chlorella strains screened by various photobioreactor scales. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:246-255. [PMID: 26398668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella species from the UTEX collection, classified by rDNA-based phylogenetic analysis, were screened based on biomass and lipid production in different scales and modes of culture. The lead candidate strains of C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 and C. vulgaris UTEX 395 and 259 were compared between conditions of vigorous aeration with filtered atmospheric air and 3% CO2 shake-flask cultivation. The biomass of UTEX 1230 produced 2 times higher at 652 mg L(-1) dry weight under both ambient CO2 vigorous aeration and 3% CO2 conditions, while UTEX 395 and 259 under 3% CO2 increased to 3 times higher at 863 mg L(-1) dry weight than ambient CO2 vigorous aeration. The triacylglycerol contents of UTEX 395 and 259 increased more than 30 times to 30% dry weight with 3% CO2, indicating that additional CO2 is essential for both biomass and lipid accumulation in UTEX 395 and 259.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Austin Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Travis Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Eric Noel
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1104 T Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Gunjan Andlay
- Synaptic Research, 1448 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, United States
| | - Julian N Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Michael T Guarnieri
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - George A Oyler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Synaptic Research, 1448 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, United States
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31
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Ma NL, Teh KY, Lam SS, Kaben AM, Cha TS. Optimization of cell disruption methods for efficient recovery of bioactive metabolites via NMR of three freshwater microalgae (chlorophyta). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 190:536-542. [PMID: 25812996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of NMR techniques coupled with chemometric analysis as a high throughput data mining method to identify and examine the efficiency of different disruption techniques tested on microalgae (Chlorella variabilis, Scenedesmus regularis and Ankistrodesmus gracilis). The yield and chemical diversity from the disruptions together with the effects of pre-oven and pre-freeze drying prior to disruption techniques were discussed. HCl extraction showed the highest recovery of oil compounds from the disrupted microalgae (up to 90%). In contrast, NMR analysis showed the highest intensity of bioactive metabolites obtained for homogenized extracts pre-treated with freeze-drying, indicating that homogenizing is a more favorable approach to recover bioactive substances from the disrupted microalgae. The results show the potential of NMR as a useful metabolic fingerprinting tool for assessing compound diversity in complex microalgae extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyuk Ling Ma
- School of Fundamental Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Kit Yinn Teh
- School of Fundamental Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group (ECRE), School of Ocean Engineering, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Anne Marie Kaben
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Thye San Cha
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
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32
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Jusoh M, Loh SH, Chuah TS, Aziz A, Cha TS. Elucidating the role of jasmonic acid in oil accumulation, fatty acid composition and gene expression in Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae) during early stationary growth phase. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Álvarez-Díaz PD, Ruiz J, Arbib Z, Barragán J, Garrido-Pérez MC, Perales JA. Wastewater treatment and biodiesel production by Scenedesmus obliquus in a two-stage cultivation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 181:90-96. [PMID: 25643954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The microalga Scenedesmus obliquus was cultured in two cultivation stages: (1) in batch with real wastewater; (2) maintaining the stationary phase with different conditions of CO2, light and salinity according to a factorial design in order to improve the lipid content. The presence of the three factors increased lipid content from 35.8% to 49% at the end of the second stage; CO2 presence presented the highest direct effect increasing lipid content followed by light presence and salt presence. The ω-3 fatty acids content increased with CO2 and light presence acting in isolation, nevertheless, when both factors acted together the interaction effect was negative. The ω-3 eicosapentaenoic acid content of the oil from S. obliquus slightly exceeded the 1% maximum to be used as biodiesel source (EU normative). Therefore, it is suggested the blend with other oils or the selective extraction of the ω-3 fatty acids from S. obliquus oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Álvarez-Díaz
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Andalusian Center of Science and Marine Technology (CACYTMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus of Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - J Ruiz
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Andalusian Center of Science and Marine Technology (CACYTMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus of Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Z Arbib
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Andalusian Center of Science and Marine Technology (CACYTMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus of Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; FCC Aqualia, Avenida Camino de Santiago 40, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Barragán
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Andalusian Center of Science and Marine Technology (CACYTMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus of Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Chiclana Natural S.A.M., Pza. de España S.N., 11130 Chiclana, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M C Garrido-Pérez
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Andalusian Center of Science and Marine Technology (CACYTMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus of Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J A Perales
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Andalusian Center of Science and Marine Technology (CACYTMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus of Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Jusoh M, Loh SH, Chuah TS, Aziz A, Cha TS. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced changes in oil content, fatty acid profiles and expression of four fatty acid biosynthetic genes in Chlorella vulgaris at early stationary growth phase. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 111:65-71. [PMID: 25583439 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae lipids and oils are potential candidates for renewable biodiesel. Many microalgae species accumulate a substantial amount of lipids and oils under environmental stresses. However, low growth rate under these adverse conditions account for the decrease in overall biomass productivity which directly influence the oil yield. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of exogenously added auxin (indole-3-acetic acid; IAA) on the oil content, fatty acid compositions, and the expression of fatty acid biosynthetic genes in Chlorella vulgaris (UMT-M1). Auxin has been shown to regulate growth and metabolite production of several microalgae. Results showed that oil accumulation was highest on days after treatment (DAT)-2 with enriched levels of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, while the linoleic (C18:2) and α-linolenic (C18:3n3) acids levels were markedly reduced by IAA. The elevated levels of saturated fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0) were consistent with high expression of the β-ketoacyl ACP synthase I (KAS I) gene, while low expression of omega-6 fatty acid desaturase (ω-6 FAD) gene was consistent with low production of C18:2. However, the increment of stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) gene expression upon IAA induction did not coincide with oleic acid (C18:1) production. The expression of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (ω-3 FAD) gene showed a positive correlation with the synthesis of PUFA and C18:3n3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinna Jusoh
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Saw Hong Loh
- School of Marine Science and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Tse Seng Chuah
- School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Aziz
- School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Thye San Cha
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia; Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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35
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Ojo EO, Auta H, Baganz F, Lye GJ. Engineering characterisation of a shaken, single-use photobioreactor for early stage microalgae cultivation using Chlorella sorokiniana. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 173:367-375. [PMID: 25314667 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the characterisation and culture performance of a novel, orbitally shaken, single-use photobioreactor (SUPBr) system for microalgae cultivation. The SUPBr mounted on an orbitally shaken platform was illuminated from below. Investigation of fluid hydrodynamics indicated a range of different flow regimes and the existence of 'in-phase' and 'out-of-phase' conditions. Quantification of the fluid mixing time (tm) indicated a decrease in tm values with increasing shaking frequency up to 90 rpm and then approximately constant tm values in the range 15-40 s. For batch cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana, the highest biomass concentration achieved was 6.6 g L(-1) at light intensity of 180 μmol m2 s(-1). Doubling the total working volume resulted in 35-40% reduction in biomass yield while shaking frequency had little influence on culture kinetics and fatty methyl esters composition. Overall this work demonstrates the utility of the SUPBr for early stage development of algal cultivation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Ojo
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - H Auta
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - F Baganz
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - G J Lye
- The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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36
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Wu H, Miao X. Biodiesel quality and biochemical changes of microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus in response to nitrate levels. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 170:421-427. [PMID: 25164333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel quality associated with biochemical components of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus under different nitrate levels were investigated. The highest lipid contents of 54.5% for C. pyrenoidosa and 47.7% for S. obliquus were obtained in nitrate absence. Carbohydrate peaked at 0.3gL(-1) with values of 40.7% for C. pyrenoidosa and 42.5% for S. obliquus. Protein content seemed species dependent, which decreased substantially to 11.2% in C. pyrenoidosa and 8.8% in S. obliquus under nitrate absence in present research. Better biodiesel quality (e.g. cetane number >58, iodine value <69) could be obtained from C. pyrenoidosa in nitrate absence and S. obliquus in 0.3gL(-1), where the highest saturated fatty acids (39.5 for C. pyrenoidosa, 31.2 for S. obliquus) and the lowest unsaturated fatty acids (60.5 for C. pyrenoidosa, 68.8 for S. obliquus) were obtained. These results suggest that microalgae grown in the presence of nitrogen may limit biodiesel quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoling Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Motor Vehicle Biofuel Technology, Nanyang 473000, China; Biomass Energy Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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37
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Huang Y, Hong A, Zhang D, Li L. Comparison of cell rupturing by ozonation and ultrasonication for algal lipid extraction from Chlorella vulgaris. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:931-937. [PMID: 24645476 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.856954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell disruption is essential for lipid collection from cultivated microalgae. This study examines the performance of ultrasonication (US), conventional bubbling ozonation (CBO), and pressure-assisted ozonation (PAO) as a cell rupturing technique to obtain algal lipid from a freshwater unicellular microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, which was grown in BG11 medium at a temperature of 25 degrees C and illuminated by artificial lighting with light/dark cycle of 12 h/12 h. Changes in total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, and chlorophyll contents in the algae suspension after ozonation and US treatments were measured to evaluate the effectiveness of cell rupture by these techniques. Lipid yields of 21 and 27 g/100 g biomass were obtained using US and PAO, respectively. Lipid yields of about 5 g/100 g biomass were obtained using CBO. In all rupturing treatments, C16 and C18 compounds were found to be predominant accounting for 90% of the fatty acids. Using US for rupturing, fatty acids of C 16:0, C18:1, and C18:2 were predominant, accounting for 76 +/- 4.2% of all the fatty acids. Using CBO and PAO involving ozone, fatty acids of C16:0 and C18:0 were predominant, accounting for 63-94% of the products. The results suggest that saturated fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) products are predominant with oxidative ozonation rupturing while unsaturated FAME products of lower-melting points predominant with physical ultrasonic rupturing means. PAO was an effective cell rupture method for biodiesel production with high lipid yield and more saturated hydrocarbon products.
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Muthuraj M, Kumar V, Palabhanvi B, Das D. Evaluation of indigenous microalgal isolate Chlorella sp. FC2 IITG as a cell factory for biodiesel production and scale up in outdoor conditions. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:499-511. [PMID: 24445403 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports evaluation of an indigenous microalgal isolate Chlorella sp. FC2 IITG as a potential candidate for biodiesel production. Characterization of the strain was performed under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation conditions. Further, an open-pond cultivation of the strain under outdoor conditions was demonstrated to evaluate growth performance and lipid productivity under fluctuating environmental parameters and in the presence of potential contaminants. The key findings were: (1) the difference in cultivation conditions resulted in significant variation in the biomass productivity (73-114 mg l⁻¹ day⁻¹) and total lipid productivity (35.02-50.42 mg l⁻¹ day⁻¹) of the strain; (2) nitrate and phosphate starvation were found to be the triggers for lipid accumulation in the cell mass; (3) open-pond cultivation of the strain under outdoor conditions resulted in biomass productivity of 44 mg l⁻¹ day⁻¹ and total lipid productivity of 10.7 mg l⁻¹ day⁻¹; (4) a maximum detectable bacterial contamination of 7 % of the total number of cells was recorded in an open-pond system; and (5) fatty acid profiling revealed abundance of palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), which are considered to be the key elements for suitable quality biodiesel.
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Tian J, Zheng M, Yang G, Zheng L, Chen J, Yang B. Cloning and stress-responding expression analysis of malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase gene of Nannochloropsis gaditana. Gene 2013; 530:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Kobayashi N, Noel EA, Barnes A, Rosenberg J, DiRusso C, Black P, Oyler GA. Rapid detection and quantification of triacylglycerol by HPLC-ELSD in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella strains. Lipids 2013; 48:1035-49. [PMID: 23975573 PMCID: PMC3779595 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis and quantification are commonly performed by first obtaining a purified TAG fraction from a total neutral lipid extract using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and then analyzing the fatty acid composition of the purified TAG fraction by gas chromatography (GC). This process is time-consuming, labor intensive and is not suitable for analysis of small sample sizes or large numbers. A rapid and efficient method for monitoring oil accumulation in algae using high performance liquid chromatography for separation of all lipid classes combined with detection by evaporative light scattering (HPLC–ELSD) was developed and compared to the conventional TLC/GC method. TAG accumulation in two Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (21 gr and CC503) and three Chlorella strains (UTEX 1230, CS01 and UTEX 2229) grown under conditions of nitrogen depletion was measured. The TAG levels were found to be 3–6 % DW (Chlamydomonas strains) and 7–12 % DW (Chlorella strains) respectively by both HPLC–ELSD and TLC/GC methods. HPLC–ELSD resolved the major lipid classes such as carotenoids, TAG, diacylglycerol (DAG), free fatty acids, phospholipids, and galactolipids in a 15-min run. Quantitation of TAG content was based on comparison to calibration curves of trihexadecanoin (16:0 TAG) and trioctadecadienoin (18:2 TAG) and showed linearity from 0.2 to 10 μg. Algal TAG levels >0.5 μg/g DW were detectable by this method. Furthermore TAG content in Chlorella kessleri UTEX 2229 could be detected. TAG as well as DAG and TAG content were estimated at 1.6 % DW by HPLC–ELSD, while it was undetectable by TLC/GC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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41
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Talebi AF, Mohtashami SK, Tabatabaei M, Tohidfar M, Bagheri A, Zeinalabedini M, Hadavand Mirzaei H, Mirzajanzadeh M, Malekzadeh Shafaroudi S, Bakhtiari S. Fatty acids profiling: A selective criterion for screening microalgae strains for biodiesel production. ALGAL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Abstract
AbstractMicroalgae are an alternative and sustainable source of lipids that can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Nitrate is a good nitrogen source for many microalgae and affects biomass and lipid yields of microalgae. In this study, the effect of nitrate on cell growth and lipid production and composition in Monoraphidium contortum, Tetraselmis suecica, and Chlorella minutissima was investigated. Nitrate affected the production of biomass and the production and composition of lipids of the three microalgae tested. Increasing the nitrate concentration in the culture medium resulted in increased biomass production and higher biomass productivity. Furthermore, increasing the nitrate concentration resulted in a reduction in lipid content and productivity in M. contortum; however, the opposite effect was observed in T. suecica and C. minutissima cultures. C. minutissima and M. contortum lipids contain high levels of oleic acid, with values ranging from 26 to 45.7% and 36.4 to 40.1%, respectively. The data suggest that because of its high lipid productivity (13.79 mg L−1 d−1) and high oleic acid productivity (3.78 mg L−1 d−1), Chlorella minutissima is a potential candidate for the production of high quality biodiesel.
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43
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Salinity tolerance of Picochlorum atomus and the use of salinity for contamination control by the freshwater cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena limnetica. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63569. [PMID: 23667639 PMCID: PMC3647047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are ideal candidates for waste-gas and -water remediation. However, salinity often varies between different sites. A cosmopolitan microalga with large salinity tolerance and consistent biochemical profiles would be ideal for standardised cultivation across various remediation sites. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of salinity on Picochlorum atomus growth, biomass productivity, nutrient uptake and biochemical profiles. To determine if target end-products could be manipulated, the effects of 4-day nutrient limitation were also determined. Culture salinity had no effect on growth, biomass productivity, phosphate, nitrate and total nitrogen uptake at 2, 8, 18, 28 and 36 ppt. 11 ppt, however, initiated a significantly higher total nitrogen uptake. While salinity had only minor effects on biochemical composition, nutrient depletion was a major driver for changes in biomass quality, leading to significant increases in total lipid, fatty acid and carbohydrate quantities. Fatty acid composition was also significantly affected by nutrient depletion, with an increased proportion of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Having established that P. atomus is a euryhaline microalga, the effects of culture salinity on the development of the freshwater cyanobacterial contaminant Pseudanabaena limnetica were determined. Salinity at 28 and 36 ppt significantly inhibited establishment of P. limnetica in P. atomus cultures. In conclusion, P. atomus can be deployed for bioremediation at sites with highly variable salinities without effects on end-product potential. Nutrient status critically affected biochemical profiles--an important consideration for end-product development by microalgal industries. 28 and 36 ppt slow the establishment of the freshwater cyanobacterium P. limnetica, allowing for harvest of low contaminant containing biomass.
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Mizuno Y, Sato A, Watanabe K, Hirata A, Takeshita T, Ota S, Sato N, Zachleder V, Tsuzuki M, Kawano S. Sequential accumulation of starch and lipid induced by sulfur deficiency in Chlorella and Parachlorella species. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:150-5. [PMID: 23238344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of sulfur deficiency on biomass production was analyzed in the four Chlorellaceae species, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella lobophora, and Parachlorella kessleri. Culturing under sulfur-deficient conditions promoted transient accumulation of starch followed by a steady increase in lipid storage. Transmission electron microscopy indicated an increase and decrease in starch granules and subsequent enlargement of lipid droplets under sulfur-deficient conditions. Chlorellaceae spp. accumulated 1.5-2.7-fold higher amounts of starch and 1.5-2.4-fold higher amounts of lipid under sulfur-deficient conditions than under sulfur-sufficient conditions. More than 75% of the fatty acids that accumulated in Chlorellaceae spp. under the sulfur-sufficient condition were unsaturated and culturing under sulfur-deficient conditions increased the saturated fatty acid content from 24.3% to 59.7% only in P. kessleri. These results indicate that the sequential accumulation of starch and lipid is a response to the sulfur depletion that commonly occurs in Chlorellaceae spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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Xu Y, Purton S, Baganz F. Chitosan flocculation to aid the harvesting of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:296-301. [PMID: 23262003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are an attractive feedstock for biofuel production, however the harvesting of algal biomass from very large volumes of culture broth represents a major technological and economic challenge. One low cost strategy for addressing this challenge involves the use of flocculation as an initial dewatering step. In this study, flocculation of the green microalga Chlorella sorokiniana was explored in detail using the natural compound, chitosan as flocculant. Results show that clarification efficiency of the process can reach above 99% below pH 7. The optimal chitosan dosage (approximately 10 mg per gram algal dry weight) is determined primarily by cell concentration rather than cell age, lipid content or composition of the medium. Furthermore, the impact of flocculation on the subsequent dewatering process was determined and it was shown to reduce the volume to be processed by 20-50 folds, and significantly reduce energy input and material costs of centrifugation or filtration operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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Smith-Bädorf HD, Chuck CJ, Mokebo KR, MacDonald H, Davidson MG, Scott RJ. Bioprospecting the thermal waters of the Roman baths: isolation of oleaginous species and analysis of the FAME profile for biodiesel production. AMB Express 2013; 3:9. [PMID: 23369619 PMCID: PMC3571919 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive diversity of microalgae provides an opportunity to undertake bioprospecting for species possessing features suited to commercial scale cultivation. The outdoor cultivation of microalgae is subject to extreme temperature fluctuations; temperature tolerant microalgae would help mitigate this problem. The waters of the Roman Baths, which have a temperature range between 39°C and 46°C, were sampled for microalgae. A total of 3 green algae, 1 diatom and 4 cyanobacterial species were successfully isolated into ‘unialgal’ culture. Four isolates were filamentous, which could prove advantageous for low energy dewatering of cultures using filtration. Lipid content, profiles and growth rates of the isolates were examined at temperatures of 20, 30, 40°C, with and without nitrogen starvation and compared against the oil producing green algal species, Chlorella emersonii. Some isolates synthesized high levels of lipids, however, all were most productive at temperatures lower than those of the Roman Baths. The eukaryotic algae accumulated a range of saturated and polyunsaturated FAMEs and all isolates generally showed higher lipid accumulation under nitrogen deficient conditions (Klebsormidium sp. increasing from 1.9% to 16.0% and Hantzschia sp. from 31.9 to 40.5%). The cyanobacteria typically accumulated a narrower range of FAMEs that were mostly saturated, but were capable of accumulating a larger quantity of lipid as a proportion of dry weight (M. laminosus, 37.8% fully saturated FAMEs). The maximum productivity of all the isolates was not determined in the current work and will require further effort to optimise key variables such as light intensity and media composition.
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Cha TS, Yee W, Aziz A. Assessment of factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1771-9. [PMID: 22805959 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The successful establishment of an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method and optimisation of six critical parameters known to influence the efficacy of Agrobacterium T-DNA transfer in the unicellular microalga Chlorella vulgaris (UMT-M1) are reported. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring the binary vector pCAMBIA1304 containing the gfp:gusA fusion reporter and a hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) selectable marker driven by the CaMV35S promoter were used for transformation. Transformation frequency was assessed by monitoring transient β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression 2 days post-infection. It was found that co-cultivation temperature at 24°C, co-cultivation medium at pH 5.5, 3 days of co-cultivation, 150 μM acetosyringone, Agrobacterium density of 1.0 units (OD(600)) and 2 days of pre-culture were optimum variables which produced the highest number of GUS-positive cells (8.8-20.1%) when each of these parameters was optimised individually. Transformation conducted with the combination of all optimal parameters above produced 25.0% of GUS-positive cells, which was almost a threefold increase from 8.9% obtained from un-optimised parameters. Evidence of transformation was further confirmed in 30% of 30 randomly-selected hygromycin B (20 mg L(-1)) resistant colonies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gfp:gusA and hpt-specific primers. The developed transformation method is expected to facilitate the genetic improvement of this commercially-important microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thye San Cha
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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