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Abstract
This review aims to give more understanding of the selection and development of oxygen carrier materials for chemical looping. Chemical looping, a rising star in chemical technologies, is capable of low CO2 emissions with applications in the production of energy and chemicals. A key issue in the further development of chemical looping processes and its introduction to the industry is the selection and further development of an appropriate oxygen carrier (OC) material. This solid oxygen carrier material supplies the stoichiometric oxygen needed for the various chemical processes. Its reactivity, cost, toxicity, thermal stability, attrition resistance, and chemical stability are critical selection criteria for developing suitable oxygen carrier materials. To develop oxygen carriers with optimal properties and long-term stability, one must consider the employed reactor configuration and the aim of the chemical looping process, as well as the thermodynamic properties of the active phases, their interaction with the used support material, long-term stability, internal ionic migration, and the advantages and limits of the employed synthesis methods. This review, therefore, aims to give more understanding into all aforementioned aspects to facilitate further research and development of chemical looping technology.
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Gao X, Wang Z, Ashok J, Kawi S. A comprehensive review of anti-coking, anti-poisoning and anti-sintering catalysts for biomass tar reforming reaction. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2020.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Dunnigan L, Morton BJ, van Eyk PJ, Ashman PJ, Zhang X, Hall PA, Kwong CW. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on particulate matter emitted during the co-generation of bioenergy and biochar from rice husk. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1015-1023. [PMID: 28847107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to the particulate matter (PM) during the combustion of raw pyrolysis volatiles (bio-oil and pyrogas mixture) generated from the pyrolysis of rice husk. Five different raw pyrolysis volatiles were produced at varying pyrolysis temperatures (400-800°C) and subsequently combusted in a laboratory-scale, continuous pyrolysis-combustion facility at 850°C. 15 priority pollutant PAH levels in the resulting biochar, bio-oil, and PM were evaluated. Results showed that combustion of the raw pyrolysis volatiles produced at elevated pyrolysis temperatures resulted in greater concentrations of PM-bound PAHs (119% increase between 400 and 800°C) due to the increased PAH and oxy-aromatic content of the bio-oil fraction. Significantly increased benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) - equivalent toxicity of the biochar and PM was observed at elevated pyrolysis temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Dunnigan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Morton
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Philip J van Eyk
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Peter J Ashman
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Philip Anthony Hall
- School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Chi Wai Kwong
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Li H, Liu C, Zeng YP, Hao YH, Huang JW, Yang ZY, Li R. Nanoceria-Mediated Drug Delivery for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy on Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31510-31523. [PMID: 27933980 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown great potential for overcoming drug-resistant cancers. Here, we report a multifunctional drug delivery system based on chlorin e6 (Ce6)/folic acid (FA)-loaded branched polyethylenimine-PEGylation ceria nanoparticles (PPCNPs-Ce6/FA), which was developed for targeted PDT to overcome drug-resistant breast cancers. Nanocarrier delivery and FA targeting significantly promoted the cellular uptake of photosensitizers (PSs), followed by their accumulation in lysosomes. PPCNPs-Ce6/FA generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) after near-infrared irradiation (NIR, 660 nm), leading to reduced P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression, lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), and excellent phototoxicity toward resistant MCF-7/ADR cells, even at ultralow doses. Moreover, we identified NIR-triggered lysosomal-PDT using the higher dose of PPCNPs-Ce6/FA, which stimulated cell death by plasma membrane blebbing, cell swelling, and energy depletion, indicating an oncosis-like cell death pathway, despite the occurrence of apoptotic or autophagic mechanisms at lower drug doses. In vivo studies showed prolonged blood circulation times, low toxicity in mice, and high tumor accumulation of PPCNPs-Ce6/FA. In addition, using NIR-triggered PDT, PPCNPs-Ce6/FA displayed excellent potency for tumor regression in the MCF-7/ADR xenograft murine model. This study suggested that multifunctional PPCNPs-Ce6/FA nanocomposites are a versatile and effective drug delivery system that may potentially be exploited for phototherapy to overcome drug-resistant cancers, and the mechanisms of cell death induced by PDT should be considered in the design of clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu-Hui Hao
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jia-Wei Huang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhang-You Yang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400038, China
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Yan L, Yue G, He B. Thermodynamic analyses of a biomass-coal co-gasification power generation system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 205:133-141. [PMID: 26826573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemical looping power generation system is presented based on the biomass-coal co-gasification with steam. The effects of different key operation parameters including biomass mass fraction (Rb), steam to carbon mole ratio (Rsc), gasification temperature (Tg) and iron to fuel mole ratio (Rif) on the system performances like energy efficiency (ηe), total energy efficiency (ηte), exergy efficiency (ηex), total exergy efficiency (ηtex) and carbon capture rate (ηcc) are analyzed. A benchmark condition is set, under which ηte, ηtex and ηcc are found to be 39.9%, 37.6% and 96.0%, respectively. Furthermore, detailed energy Sankey diagram and exergy Grassmann diagram are drawn for the entire system operating under the benchmark condition. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the units composing the system are also predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Yan
- Department of Thermal Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangxi Yue
- Department of Thermal Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boshu He
- Institute of Combustion and Thermal Systems, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Powertrain for New Energy Vehicle, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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Liu F, Chen L, Neathery JK, Saito K, Liu K. Cerium Oxide Promoted Iron-based Oxygen Carrier for Chemical Looping Combustion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie503160b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Center for Applied
Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Liangyong Chen
- Center for Applied
Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - James K. Neathery
- Center for Applied
Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Kozo Saito
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kunlei Liu
- Center for Applied
Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
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