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Miller IR, Bui H, Wood JB, Fields MW, Gerlach R. Understanding phycosomal dynamics to improve industrial microalgae cultivation. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:680-698. [PMID: 38184438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Algal-bacterial interactions are ubiquitous in both natural and industrial systems, and the characterization of these interactions has been reinvigorated by potential applications in biosystem productivity. Different growth conditions can be used for operational functions, such as the use of low-quality water or high pH/alkalinity, and the altered operating conditions likely constrain microbial community structure and function in unique ways. However, research is necessary to better understand whether consortia can be designed to improve the productivity, processing, and sustainability of industrial-scale cultivations through different controls that can constrain microbial interactions for maximal light-driven outputs. The review highlights current knowledge and gaps for relevant operating conditions, as well as suggestions for near-term and longer-term improvements for large-scale cultivation and polyculture engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Huyen Bui
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jessica B Wood
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Matthew W Fields
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Energy Research Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - Robin Gerlach
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Energy Research Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Bozeman, MT, USA
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2
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Faried M, Khalifa A, Samer M, Attia YA, Moselhy MA, El-Hussein A, Yousef RS, Abdelbary K, Abdelsalam EM. Biostimulation of green microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana using nanoparticles of MgO, Ca 10(PO 4) 6(OH) 2, and ZnO for increasing biodiesel production. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19730. [PMID: 37957193 PMCID: PMC10643612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have the potential to become the primary source of biodiesel, catering to a wide range of essential applications such as transportation. This would allow for a significant reduction in dependence on conventional petroleum diesel. This study investigates the effect of biostimulation techniques utilizing nanoparticles of Magnesium oxide MgO, Calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, and Zinc oxide ZnO to enhance the biodiesel production of Chlorella sorokiniana. By enhancing cell activity, these nanoparticles have demonstrated the ability to improve oil production and subsequently increase biodiesel production. Experimentally, each nanomaterial was introduced at a concentration of 15 mg L-1. The results have shown that MgO nanoparticles yielded the highest biodiesel production, with a recorded yield of 61.5 mg L-1. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, on the other hand, facilitated lipid accumulation. ZnO nanoparticles showcased a multifaceted advantage by enhancing both growth and lipid content. Thus, it is suggested that these nanoparticles can be used effectively to increase the lipid content of microalgae. These findings highlight the potential of biostimulation strategies utilizing MgO, hydroxyapatite, and zinc oxide nanoparticles to bolster biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Faried
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany Khalifa
- Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Nanophotonic Research Lab (NRL), Physics Department, The American University in Cairo (AUC), New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Samer
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Yasser A Attia
- Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Moselhy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Hussein
- Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Rania S Yousef
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abdelbary
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Essam M Abdelsalam
- Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Dai JL, He YJ, Chen HH, Jiang JG. Dual Roles of Two Malic Enzymes in Lipid Biosynthesis and Salt Stress Response in Dunaliella salina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37906521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAG) from microalgae can be used as feedstocks for biofuel production to address fuel shortages. Most of the current research has focused on the enzymes involved in TAG biosynthesis. In this study, the effects of malic enzyme (ME), which provides precursor and reducing power for TAG biosynthesis, on biomass and lipid accumulation and its response to salt stress in Dunaliella salina were investigated. The overexpression of DsME1 and DsME2 improved the lipid production, which reached 0.243 and 0.253 g/L and were 30.5 and 36.3% higher than wild type, respectively. The transcript levels of DsME1 and DsME2 increased with increasing salt concentration (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.5 mol/L NaCl), indicating that DsMEs participated in the salt stress response in D. salina. It was found that cis-acting elements associated with the salt stress response were present on the promoters of two DsMEs. The deletion of the MYB binding site (MBS) on the DsME2 promoter confirmed that MBS drives the expression of DsME2 to participate in osmotic regulation in D. salina. In conclusion, MEs are the critical enzymes that play pivotal roles in lipid accumulation and osmotic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jv-Liang Dai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Jing He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao-Hong Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Luo Y, Ding Y, Jiang X, Zeng G, Peng R, Han Q, Jiang M. Effects of low temperature and highlight stress on lipid accumulation and cell structure of Tropidoneis maxima. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1139-1152. [PMID: 37339809 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Tropidoneis maxima is a marine diatom with a rapid growth rate that produces high levels of lipids. To explore whether the lipid content could be further enhanced, cultures were first incubated under optimal conditions and then stressed under low temperature (10°C), a high light intensity level (80 μmol/m2 ·s), and the two factors together (interaction treatment). The results indicated that high light intensity and the temperature-light interaction exhibited greater impacts on lipid synthesis of T. maxima than low temperature. The two stress treatments increased lipid content by 17.16% and 16.6% compared to the control. In particular, higher biomass concentration was obtained with high light intensity (1.082 g L-1 ) and low temperature (1.026 g L-1 ). Moreover, high light intensity (9.06%) and interaction (10.3%) treatments yielded lower starch content compared to low temperature (14.27%) at the end of the stress culture. After 3 days of stress culture, the high light intensity treatment resulted in a 97.01% increase in cell wall thickness and an 18.46% decrease in cell diameter. The results suggest that high light intensity stress on T. maxima would open a new approach to cost-effective biolipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuhui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiamin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guoquan Zeng
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruibing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qingxi Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Maowang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Singh RP, Yadav P, Kumar A, Hashem A, Avila-Quezada GD, Abd_Allah EF, Gupta RK. Salinity-Induced Physiochemical Alterations to Enhance Lipid Content in Oleaginous Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 via Two-Stage Cultivation for Biodiesel Feedstock. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2064. [PMID: 37630624 PMCID: PMC10459255 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, various microalgae have been considered a renewable energy source for biofuel production, and their amount and extent can be enhanced by applying certain types of stress including salinity. Although microalgae growing under salinity stress result in a higher lipid content, they simultaneously reduce in growth and biomass output. To resolve this issue, the physiochemical changes in microalgae Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 have been assessed through two-stage cultivation. In stage-I, the maximum carbohydrate and lipid contents (39.55 and 34.10%) were found at a 0.4 M NaCl concentration, while in stage-II, the maximum carbohydrate and lipid contents (42.16 and 38.10%) were obtained in the 8-day-old culture. However, under increased salinity, Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 exhibited a decrease in photosynthetic attributes, including Chl-a, Chl-b, Fv/Fm, Y(II), Y(NPQ), NPQ, qP, qL, qN, and ETRmax but increased Y(NO) and carotenoids content. Apart from physiological attributes, osmoprotectants, stress biomarkers, and nonenzymatic antioxidants were also studied to elucidate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) facilitated lipid synthesis. Furthermore, elemental and mineral ion analysis of microalgal biomass was performed to evaluate the biomass quality for biofuel and cell homeostasis. Based on fluorometry analysis, we found the maximum neutral lipids in the 8-day-old grown culture at stage-II in Scenedesmus sp. BHU1. Furthermore, the use of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses confirmed the presence of higher levels of hydrocarbons and triacylglycerides (TAGs) composed of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the 8-day-old culture. Therefore, Scenedesmus sp. BHU1 can be a promising microalga for potential biodiesel feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Prasad Singh
- Laboratory of Algal Research, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (R.P.S.); (P.Y.)
| | - Priya Yadav
- Laboratory of Algal Research, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (R.P.S.); (P.Y.)
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201303, India
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajan Kumar Gupta
- Laboratory of Algal Research, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; (R.P.S.); (P.Y.)
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Ahmed Sas AA, Arshad A, Kumar Das S, Nyun Pau SS, Che Cob Z. Optimum Temperature and Salinity Conditions for Growth, Lipid Contents, and Fatty Acids Composition of Centric Diatoms Chaetoceros Calcitrans and Thaassiosira Weissflogii. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.47836/pjst.31.2.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are very important organisms as primary producers and have a wide range of applications in areas such as aquaculture, pharmaceuticals, medicine, biofuels, and others. In this study, the effect of temperature and salinity on growth, biomass, proximate composition, and lipid production of Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) and Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) were investigated. The best growth rate (SGR) and highest biomass production were observed at 30°C and 30 ppt for C. calcitrans and at 30°C and 25 ppt for T. weissflogii. At these optimum temperature and salinity combinations, the maximum cell density was accomplished by day 12 for C. calcitrans (6.74 × 106 cells ml˗1) and by day 10 for T. weissflogii (3.45 × 106 cells ml˗1). The proximate composition during this period was 38.25 ± 0.99% protein, 16.96 ± 0.90% lipid, and 9.39 ± 0.59% carbohydrate in C. calcitrans, compared to 13.49 ± 0.28% protein, 10.43% ± 0.25% lipid and 16.49 ± 0.47% carbohydrate in T. weissflogii. Furthermore, over 35% of lipids in C. calcitrans were palmitic acid (C16), while in T. weissflogii, over 24% of lipids were myristic acid (C14). Although C. calcitrans exhibited higher lipid content than T. weissflogii, both species displayed higher levels of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFAs) fatty acids and low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The findings illustrated that under their optimum temperature and salinity combinations, both species might produce significant sources of lipids, which can be utilised in various activities such as aquaculture, pharmaceuticals, medicine, biofuels and others.
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Casanova LM, Mendes LBB, Corrêa TDS, da Silva RB, Joao RR, Macrae A, Vermelho AB. Development of Microalgae Biodiesel: Current Status and Perspectives. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010034. [PMID: 36677325 PMCID: PMC9862501 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are regarded as a promising source of biodiesel. In contrast with conventional crops currently used to produce commercial biodiesel, microalgae can be cultivated on non-arable land, besides having a higher growth rate and productivity. However, microalgal biodiesel is not yet regarded as economically competitive, compared to fossil fuels and crop-based biodiesel; therefore, it is not commercially produced. This review provides an overall perspective on technologies with the potential to increase efficiency and reduce the general costs of biodiesel production from microalgae. Opportunities and challenges for large-scale production are discussed. We present the current scenario of Brazilian research in the field and show a successful case in the research and development of microalgal biodiesel in open ponds by Petrobras. This publicly held Brazilian corporation has been investing in research in this sector for over a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Marques Casanova
- Biotechnology Center-Bioinovar, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.M.C.); (A.B.V.)
| | | | - Thamiris de Souza Corrêa
- Biotechnology Center-Bioinovar, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Richard Joao
- Centro de Pesquisa Leopoldo Miguez de Mello, Petrobrás, Rio de Janeiro 21941-915, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrew Macrae
- Sustainable Biotechnology and Microbial Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- Biotechnology Center-Bioinovar, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.M.C.); (A.B.V.)
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Alkhamis YA, Mathew RT, Nagarajan G, Rahman SM, Rahman MM. pH induced stress enhances lipid accumulation in microalgae grown under mixotrophic and autotrophic condition. FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH 2022; 10. [DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.1033068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Production of biodiesel together with wastewater treatment and CO2 sequestration is a promising technology. The growing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase the amount of dissolved CO2 in natural watercourses, triggering the increase in concentrations of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions while dropping those of carbonate and hydroxyl ions. The active carbon cycling in coastal areas, which can result in periodic and daily fluctuations in pH and CO2 concentrations that may surpass those anticipated for the extensive marine ecosystems, is regarded as one of the consequences of climate change. Studies were conducted to examine the effects of various pH levels on algal growth and lipid production in order to better understand how the growth of algae may be influenced in such conditions. In the present study, the influence of three different pH levels (6, 8, and 10) was studied to evaluate microalgae’s carbohydrate utilisation and lipid accumulation during the operation’s starvation phase (SP). Microalgae, in the study, were cultivated in two modes, namely mixotrophic [growth phase (GP)] and autotrophic [pH-induced (SP)] conditions. Enhancement in biomass formation, and intracellular carbohydrate accumulation were recorded during the GP operation, while noticeable lipid productivities (Total/neutral, 26.93/10.3%) were observed during SP operation at pH 8. Pigment analysis showed variations in both the procedures where higher Chl a concentration was noticed in GP, and higher Chl b was detected during SP. Nile red fluorescent staining strongly supports the existence of intracellular lipid bodies (LB). GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) showed the existence of a substantial amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) compared with unsaturated fatty acids (USFA). Efficient wastewater treatment with nutrient assimilation was reported during the GP operation, demonstrating the phyco-remediation.
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Mehariya S, Plöhn M, Leon-Vaz A, Patel A, Funk C. Improving the content of high value compounds in Nordic Desmodesmus microalgal strains. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127445. [PMID: 35718245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nordic Desmodesmus microalgal strains (2-6) and (RUC-2) were exposed to abiotic stress (light and salt) to enhance lipids and carotenoids. The biomass output of both strains increased by more than 50% during light stress of 800 μmol m-2 s-1 compared to control light. The biomass of Desmodesmus sp. (2-6) contained most lipids (15% of dry weight) and total carotenoids (16.6 mg g-1) when grown at moderate light stress (400 μmol m-2 s-1), which further could be enhanced up to 2.5-fold by salinity stress. Desmodesmus sp. (RUC-2) exhibited maximal lipid (26.5%) and carotenoid (43.8 mg L-1) content at light intensities of 400 and 100 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. Salinity stress stimulated lipid accumulation by 39%. Nordic Desmodesmus strains therefore are not only able to tolerate stress conditions, but their biomass considerably improves under stress. These strains have high potential to be used in algal bio-factories on low-cost medium like Baltic seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Plöhn
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Antonio Leon-Vaz
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Ren X, Liu Y, Fan C, Hong H, Wu W, Zhang W, Wang Y. Production, Processing, and Protection of Microalgal n-3 PUFA-Rich Oil. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091215. [PMID: 35563938 PMCID: PMC9101592 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have been increasingly considered as a sustainable “biofactory” with huge potentials to fill up the current and future shortages of food and nutrition. They have become an economically and technologically viable solution to produce a great diversity of high-value bioactive compounds, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The n-3 PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), possess an array of biological activities and positively affect a number of diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. As such, the global market of n-3 PUFA has been increasing at a fast pace in the past two decades. Nowadays, the supply of n-3 PUFA is facing serious challenges as a result of global warming and maximal/over marine fisheries catches. Although increasing rapidly in recent years, aquaculture as an alternative source of n-3 PUFA appears insufficient to meet the fast increase in consumption and market demand. Therefore, the cultivation of microalgae stands out as a potential solution to meet the shortages of the n-3 PUFA market and provides unique fatty acids for the special groups of the population. This review focuses on the biosynthesis pathways and recombinant engineering approaches that can be used to enhance the production of n-3 PUFA, the impact of environmental conditions in heterotrophic cultivation on n-3 PUFA production, and the technologies that have been applied in the food industry to extract and purify oil in microalgae and protect n-3 PUFA from oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-411-65864645 (X.R.); +1-902-566-7953 (Y.W.)
| | - Yanjun Liu
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Chao Fan
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Hao Hong
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenzhong Wu
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (H.H.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- DeOxiTech Consulting, 30 Cloverfield Court, Dartmouth, NS B2W 0B3, Canada;
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
- Correspondence: (X.R.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-411-65864645 (X.R.); +1-902-566-7953 (Y.W.)
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11
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Sonochemical synthesis and characterization of aluminum tungsten oxide nanoparticle and study its impact on the growth of microalga. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Farfan-Cabrera LI, Franco-Morgado M, González-Sánchez A, Pérez-González J, Marín-Santibáñez BM. Microalgae Biomass as a New Potential Source of Sustainable Green Lubricants. Molecules 2022; 27:1205. [PMID: 35208995 PMCID: PMC8875479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lubricants are materials able to reduce friction and/or wear of any type of moving surfaces facilitating smooth operations, maintaining reliable machine functions, and reducing risks of failures while contributing to energy savings. At present, most worldwide used lubricants are derived from crude oil. However, production, usage and disposal of these lubricants have significant impact on environment and health. Hence, there is a growing pressure to reduce demand of this sort of lubricants, which has fostered development and use of green lubricants, as vegetable oil-based lubricants (biolubricants). Despite the ecological benefits of producing/using biolubricants, availability of the required raw materials and agricultural land to create a reliable chain supply is still far from being established. Recently, biomass from some microalgae species has attracted attention due to their capacity to produce high-value lipids/oils for potential lubricants production. Thus, this multidisciplinary work reviews the main chemical-physical characteristics of lubricants and the main attempts and progress on microalgae biomass production for developing oils with pertinent lubricating properties. In addition, potential microalgae strains and chemical modifications to their oils to produce lubricants for different industrial applications are identified. Finally, a guide for microalgae oil selection based on its chemical composition for specific lubricant applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo I. Farfan-Cabrera
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
| | - Mariana Franco-Morgado
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
| | - Armando González-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - José Pérez-González
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas, Laboratorio de Reología y Física de la Materia Blanda, U.P. Adolfo López Mateos Edif. 9, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
| | - Benjamín M. Marín-Santibáñez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, U.P. Adolfo López Mateos Edif. 7, Col. Lindavista, Alc. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
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13
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Ricky R, Shanthakumar S. Phycoremediation integrated approach for the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from wastewater - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:113998. [PMID: 34717103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are of emerging concerns because of their large usage, persistent nature which promised their continuous disposal into the environment, as these pollutants are stable enough to pass through wastewater treatment plants causing hazardous effects on all the organisms through bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and bioconcentration. The available technologies are not capable of eliminating all the PPCPs along with their degraded products but phycoremediation has the advantage over these technologies by biodegrading the pollutants without developing resistant genes. Even though phycoremediation has many advantages, industries have found difficulty in adapting this technology as a single-stage treatment process. To overcome these drawbacks recent research studies have focused on developing technology that integrated phycoremediation with the commonly employed treatment processes that are in operation for treating the PPCPs effectively. This review paper focuses on such research approaches that focused on integrating phycoremediation with other technologies such as activated sludge process (ASP), advanced oxidation process (AOP), Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR), UV irradiation, and constructed wetland (CW) with the advantages and limitations of each integration processes. Furthermore, augmenting phycoremediation by co-metabolic mechanism with the addition of sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and glucose for the removal of PPCPs has been highlighted in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ricky
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - S Shanthakumar
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India.
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14
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Salinity stress as a critical factor to trigger lipid accumulation in a freshwater microalga Lobochlamys sp. GUEco1006. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Su Y, Jacobsen C. Treatment of clean in place (CIP) wastewater using microalgae: Nutrient upcycling and value-added byproducts production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147337. [PMID: 33932664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CIP wastewater is one of the major wastewater streams from the food industry, and its treatment is generally expensive, requiring a large effort to reduce its typically high nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment is increasingly explored as a more sustainable alternative to the conventional methods, due to the added benefit of nutrient upcycling and value-added biomass production. For the first time, four microalgae species were used to treat CIP wastewater high in N (565.5 mg NO3--N/l) and P (98.0 mg PO43--P/l). An intermittent biomass harvesting strategy was adopted in this study to enhance the purification of CIP water and redirection of nutrients into algal biomass. Over 93 days operation, N removal efficiency was 52.1 ± 2.9%, 54.8 ± 2.5%, 50.0 ± 2.3% and 48.3 ± 0.5%, and P removal efficiency was 65.5 ± 10.0%, 79.4 ± 6.1%, 61.8 ± 2.5% and 69.1 ± 7.7% for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus and wastewater borne microalgae, respectively. After the first (acclimatization) and second growth cycles, cell growth and nutrient removal slowed down but increased again after adding trace nutrients, indicating the lack of trace elements after the first two growth cycles. In the fourth and fifth batch runs, both algal growth rate and nutrient removal rate decreased despite adding trace nutrients and/or increasing light intensity, this being a consequence of the excreted soluble algal products accumulating during long-term operation. S. obliquus had the highest protein concentration of 44.5 ± 9.8% DW, while C. vulgaris accumulated the highest total lipid content (15.6 ± 0.9%, DW). In this proof-of-concept study, the cultivation of microalgae in CIP wastewater with an intermittent harvest of the accumulated algal biomass is demonstrated and it outlines the potential of microalgae to sustainably treat effluents with extremely high nutrients concentration while producing the food-grade algae biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Su
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Bjerregaardsvej 5, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte Jacobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Chen H, Wang Q. Regulatory mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in microalgae. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2373-2391. [PMID: 34101323 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal lipids are highly promising feedstocks for biofuel production. Microalgal lipids, especially triacylglycerol, and practical applications of these compounds have received increasing attention in recent years. For the commercial use of microalgal lipids to be feasible, many fundamental biological questions must be addressed based on detailed studies of algal biology, including how lipid biosynthesis occurs and is regulated. Here, we review the current understanding of microalgal lipid biosynthesis, with a focus on the underlying regulatory mechanisms. We also present possible solutions for overcoming various obstacles to understanding the basic biology of microalgal lipid biosynthesis and the practical application of microalgae-based lipids. This review will provide a theoretical reference for both algal researchers and decision makers regarding the future directions of microalgal research, particularly pertaining to microalgal-based lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
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17
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Hounslow E, Evans CA, Pandhal J, Sydney T, Couto N, Pham TK, Gilmour DJ, Wright PC. Quantitative proteomic comparison of salt stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis reveals mechanisms for salt-triggered fatty acid accumulation via reallocation of carbon resources. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:121. [PMID: 34022944 PMCID: PMC8141184 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model green alga strain for molecular studies; its fully sequenced genome has enabled omic-based analyses that have been applied to better understand its metabolic responses to stress. Here, we characterised physiological and proteomic changes between a low-starch C. reinhardtii strain and the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis, to reveal insights into their contrasting responses to salinity stress. RESULTS Each strain was grown in conditions tailored to their growth requirements to encourage maximal fatty acid (as a proxy measure of lipid) production, with internal controls to allow comparison points. In 0.2 M NaCl, C. nivalis accumulates carbohydrates up to 10.4% DCW at 80 h, and fatty acids up to 52.0% dry cell weight (DCW) over 12 days, however, C. reinhardtii does not show fatty acid accumulation over time, and shows limited carbohydrate accumulation up to 5.5% DCW. Analysis of the C. nivalis fatty acid profiles showed that salt stress improved the biofuel qualities over time. Photosynthesis and respiration rates are reduced in C. reinhardtii relative to C. nivalis in response to 0.2 M NaCl. De novo sequencing and homology matching was used in conjunction with iTRAQ-based quantitative analysis to identify and relatively quantify proteomic alterations in cells exposed to salt stress. There were abundance differences in proteins associated with stress, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism proteins. In terms of lipid synthesis, salt stress induced an increase in dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase in C. nivalis (1.1-fold change), whilst levels in C. reinhardtii remained unaffected; this enzyme is involved in acetyl CoA production and has been linked to TAG accumulation in microalgae. In salt-stressed C. nivalis there were decreases in the abundance of UDP-sulfoquinovose (- 1.77-fold change), which is involved in sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol metabolism, and in citrate synthase (- 2.7-fold change), also involved in the TCA cycle. Decreases in these enzymes have been shown to lead to increased TAG production as fatty acid biosynthesis is favoured. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD018148. CONCLUSIONS These differences in protein abundance have given greater understanding of the mechanism by which salt stress promotes fatty acid accumulation in the un-sequenced microalga C. nivalis as it switches to a non-growth state, whereas C. reinhardtii does not have this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hounslow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - C A Evans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - J Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - T Sydney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - N Couto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - T K Pham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - D James Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - P C Wright
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Zhang Y, Ye Y, Bai F, Liu J. The oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: potential from production to an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:119. [PMID: 33992124 PMCID: PMC8126118 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The algal lipids-based biodiesel, albeit having advantages over plant oils, still remains high in the production cost. Co-production of value-added products with lipids has the potential to add benefits and is thus believed to be a promising strategy to improve the production economics of algal biodiesel. Chromochloris zofingiensis, a unicellular green alga, has been considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production because of its robust growth and ability of accumulating high levels of triacylglycerol under multiple trophic conditions. This alga is also able to synthesize high-value keto-carotenoids and has been cited as a candidate producer of astaxanthin, the strongest antioxidant found in nature. The concurrent accumulation of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin enables C. zofingiensis an ideal cell factory for integrated production of the two compounds and has potential to improve algae-based production economics. Furthermore, with the advent of chromosome-level whole genome sequence and genetic tools, C. zofingiensis becomes an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the production of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin by C. zofingiensis. We also update our understanding in the distinctive molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis, with an emphasis on triacylglycerol and astaxanthin biosynthesis and crosstalk between the two pathways. Furthermore, strategies for trait improvements are discussed regarding triacylglycerol and astaxanthin synthesis in C. zofingiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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19
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A state-of-the-art review on the synthetic mechanisms, production technologies, and practical application of polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Su H, Feng J, Lv J, Liu Q, Nan F, Liu X, Xie S. Molecular Mechanism of Lipid Accumulation and Metabolism of Oleaginous Chlorococcum sphacosum GD from Soil under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031304. [PMID: 33525606 PMCID: PMC7865546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oleaginous microalgae species Chlorococcum sphacosum GD is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production from soil. However, its metabolic mechanism of lipid production remains unclear. In this study, the lipid accumulation and metabolism mechanisms of Chlorococcum sphacosum GD were analyzed under salt stress based on transcriptome sequencing. The biomass and lipid content of the alga strain were determined under different NaCl concentrations, and total RNA from fresh cells were isolated and sequenced by HiSeq 2000 high throughput sequencing technology. As the salt concentration increased in culture medium, the algal lipid content increased but the biomass decreased. Following transcriptome sequencing by assembly and splicing, 24,128 unigenes were annotated, with read lengths mostly distributed in the 200-300 bp interval. Statistically significant differentially expressed unigenes were observed in different experimental groups, with 2051 up-regulated genes and 1835 down-regulated genes. The lipid metabolism pathway analysis showed that, under salt stress, gene-related fatty acid biosynthesis (ACCase, KASII, KAR, HAD, FATA) was significantly up-regulated, but some gene-related fatty acid degradation was significantly down-regulated. The comprehensive results showed that salt concentration can affect the lipid accumulation and metabolism of C. sphacosum GD, and the lipid accumulation is closely related to the fatty acid synthesis pathway.
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21
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Ding N, Li C, Wang T, Guo M, Mohsin A, Zhang S. Evaluation of an enclosed air-lift photobioreactor (ALPBR) for biomass and lipid biosynthesis of microalgal cells grown under fluid-induced shear stress. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1856717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ali Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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22
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Improving ‘Lipid Productivity’ in Microalgae by Bilateral Enhancement of Biomass and Lipid Contents: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12219083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae have received widespread interest owing to their potential in biofuel production. However, economical microalgal biomass production is conditioned by enhancing the lipid accumulation without decreasing growth rate or by increasing both simultaneously. While extensive investigation has been performed on promoting the economic feasibility of microalgal-based biofuel production that aims to increase the productivity of microalgae species, only a handful of them deal with increasing lipid productivity (based on lipid contents and growth rate) in the feedstock production process. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the recent advances and novel approaches in promoting lipid productivity (depends on biomass and lipid contents) in feedstock production from strain selection to after-harvesting stages. The current study comprises two parts. In the first part, bilateral improving biomass/lipid production will be investigated in upstream measures, including strain selection, genetic engineering, and cultivation stages. In the second part, the enhancement of lipid productivity will be discussed in the downstream measure included in the harvesting and after-harvesting stages. An integrated approach involving the strategies for increasing lipid productivity in up- and down-stream measures can be a breakthrough approach that would promote the commercialization of market-driven microalgae-derived biofuel production.
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23
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Yang H, Hu C. Regulation and remodeling of intermediate metabolite and membrane lipid during NaCl-induced stress in freshwater microalga Micractinium sp. XJ-2 for biofuel production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3727-3738. [PMID: 32749671 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae can accumulate a large fraction of reduced carbon as lipids under NaCl stress. This study investigated the mechanism of carbon allocation and reduction and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in microalgae under NaCl-induced stress. Micractinium sp. XJ-2 was exposed to NaCl stress and cells were subjected to physiological, biochemical, and metabolic analyses to elucidate the stress-responsive mechanism. Lipid increased with NaCl concentration after 0-12 hr, then stabilized after 12-48 hr, and finally decreased after 48-72 hr, whereas TAG increased (0-48 hr) and then decreased (48-72 hr). Under NaCl-induced stress at lower concentrations, TAG accumulation, at first, mainly shown to rely on the carbon fixation through photosynthetic fixation, carbohydrate degradation, and membrane lipids remodeling. Moreover, carbon compounds generated by the degradation of some amino acids were reallocated and enhanced fatty acid synthesis. The remodeling of the membrane lipids of NaCl-induced microalgae relied on the following processes: (a) Increase in the amount of phospholipids and reduction in the amount of glycolipids and (b) extension of long-chain fatty acids. This study enhances our understanding of TAG production under NaCl stress and thus will provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application of NaCl-induced in the microalgal biodiesel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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24
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Jo SW, Do JM, Na H, Hong JW, Kim IS, Yoon HS. Assessment of biomass potentials of microalgal communities in open pond raceways using mass cultivation. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9418. [PMID: 32742771 PMCID: PMC7369025 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenome studies have provided us with insights into the complex interactions of microorganisms with their environments and hosts. Few studies have focused on microalgae-associated metagenomes, and no study has addressed aquatic microalgae and their bacterial communities in open pond raceways (OPRs). This study explored the possibility of using microalgal biomasses from OPRs for biodiesel and biofertilizer production. The fatty acid profiles of the biomasses and the physical and chemical properties of derived fuels were evaluated. In addition, the phenotype-based environmental adaptation ability of soybean plants was assessed. The growth rate, biomass, and lipid productivity of microalgae were also examined during mass cultivation from April to November 2017. Metagenomics analysis using MiSeq identified ∼127 eukaryotic phylotypes following mass cultivation with (OPR 1) or without (OPR 3) a semitransparent film. Of these, ∼80 phylotypes were found in both OPRs, while 23 and 24 phylotypes were identified in OPRs 1 and 3, respectively. The phylotypes belonged to various genera, such as Desmodesmus, Pseudopediastrum, Tetradesmus, and Chlorella, of which, the dominant microalgal species was Desmodesmus sp. On average, OPRs 1 and 3 produced ∼8.6 and 9.9 g m−2 d−1 (0.307 and 0.309 DW L−1) of total biomass, respectively, of which 14.0 and 13.3 wt% respectively, was lipid content. Fatty acid profiling revealed that total saturated fatty acids (mainly C16:0) of biodiesel obtained from the microalgal biomasses in OPRs 1 and 3 were 34.93% and 32.85%, respectively; total monounsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 and C18:1) were 32.40% and 31.64%, respectively; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (including C18:3) were 32.68% and 35.50%, respectively. Fuel properties determined by empirical equations were within the limits of biodiesel standards ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. Culture solutions with or without microalgal biomasses enhanced the environmental adaptation ability of soybean plants, increasing their seed production. Therefore, microalgal biomass produced through mass cultivation is excellent feedstock for producing high-quality biodiesel and biofertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Jo
- Department of Energy Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Mi Do
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ho Na
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Hong
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Il-Sup Kim
- Advanced Bio-resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ho-Sung Yoon
- Department of Energy Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Advanced Bio-resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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25
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Song C, Han X, Qiu Y, Liu Z, Li S, Kitamura Y. Microalgae carbon fixation integrated with organic matters recycling from soybean wastewater: Effect of pH on the performance of hybrid system. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126094. [PMID: 32041073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have been considered as promising alternative for CO2 fixation and wastewater purification. In our previous work, a hybrid microalgae CO2 fixation concept has been put forward, which initially used carbonate solution absorb CO2, and then provided obtained bicarbonate as nutrition for microalgae growth to avoid the challenge of low CO2 solubility and carbon fixation efficiency in the conventional process. In this work, the proposed hybrid system was further intensified via integrating soybean wastewater nutrition removal with bicarbonate-carbon (NH4HCO3 and KHCO3) conversion. The investigation results indicated that the maximum biomass productivity (0.74 g L-1) and carbon bioconversion efficiency (46.9%) were achieved in low-NH4HCO3 concentration system with pH adjusted to 7. pH adjustment of different bicarbonate systems also enhanced total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency up to 87.5%, 99.5% and 77.6%, respectively. In addition, maximum neutral lipid (14.4 mg L-1·d-1) and polysaccharide (14.5 mg L-1·d-1) productivities could be obtained in the KHCO3 systems, while higher crude protein productivity (48.1 mg L-1·d-1) was yielded in the NH4HCO3 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yiting Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Shuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yutaka Kitamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Lipid Induction in Scenedesmus abundans GH-D11 by Reusing the Volatile Fatty Acids in the Effluent of Dark Anaerobic Fermentation of Biohydrogen. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:258-272. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Effects of Different Environmental Factors on the Growth and Bioactive Substance Accumulation of Porphyridium purpureum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072221. [PMID: 32224974 PMCID: PMC7177824 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genus Porphyridium is a primitive single-celled red algae widely distributed in seawater, freshwater, and moist soil. It can synthesize bioactive substances such as phycoerythrin, extracellular polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids during the growth process. In this paper, the culture and bioactive substance yield of Porphyridium purpureum were studied by setting salinity, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio, and pH at different gradient levels. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the growth of P. purpureum were salinity 34 ppt, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio 169:1, and pH 8; the optimal conditions for obtaining the polysaccharides were salinity 17 ppt, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio 14:1, and pH 8; the optimal conditions for obtaining phycoerythrin were salinity 17 ppt, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio 68:1, and pH 8; the optimal conditions for obtaining the lipids were salinity 34 ppt, nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio 1:1, and pH 8. In actual production applications, culture conditions should be set according to different product accumulation purposes in order to achieve the optimal production efficiency.
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28
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Draft Genome Sequence of the Biofuel-Relevant Microalga Desmodesmus armatus. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/6/e00896-19. [PMID: 32029566 PMCID: PMC7005114 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00896-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A draft genome of 906 scaffolds of 115.8 Mb was assembled for Desmodesmus armatus, a diploid, lipid- and storage carbohydrate-accumulating microalga proven relevant for large-scale, outdoor cultivation, and serves as a model alga platform for improving photosynthetic efficiency and carbon assimilation for next-generation bioenergy production. A draft genome of 906 scaffolds of 115.8 Mb was assembled for Desmodesmus armatus, a diploid, lipid- and storage carbohydrate-accumulating microalga proven relevant for large-scale, outdoor cultivation, and serves as a model alga platform for improving photosynthetic efficiency and carbon assimilation for next-generation bioenergy production.
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Gour RS, Garlapati VK, Kant A. Effect of Salinity Stress on Lipid Accumulation in Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp.: Feasibility of Stepwise Culturing. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:779-785. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mao X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu J. Novel insights into salinity-induced lipogenesis and carotenogenesis in the oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: a multi-omics study. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:73. [PMID: 32322303 PMCID: PMC7161124 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromochloris zofingiensis, a freshwater alga capable of synthesizing both triacylglycerol (TAG) and astaxanthin, has been receiving increasing attention as a leading candidate producer. While the mechanism of oleaginousness and/or carotenogenesis has been studied under such induction conditions as nitrogen deprivation, high light and glucose feeding, it remains to be elucidated in response to salt stress, a condition critical for reducing freshwater footprint during algal production processes. RESULTS Firstly, the effect of salt concentrations on growth, lipids and carotenoids was examined for C. zofingiensis, and 0.2 M NaCl demonstrated to be the optimal salt concentration for maximizing both TAG and astaxanthin production. Then, the time-resolved lipid and carotenoid profiles and comparative transcriptomes and metabolomes were generated in response to the optimized salt concentration for congruent analysis. A global response was triggered in C. zofingiensis allowing acclimation to salt stress, including photosynthesis impairment, ROS build-up, protein turnover, starch degradation, and TAG and astaxanthin accumulation. The lipid metabolism involved a set of stimulated biological pathways that contributed to carbon precursors, energy and reductant molecules, pushing and pulling power, and storage sink for TAG accumulation. On the other hand, salt stress suppressed lutein biosynthesis, stimulated astaxanthin biosynthesis (mainly via ketolation), yet had little effect on total carotenoid flux, leading to astaxanthin accumulation at the expense of lutein. Astaxanthin was predominantly esterified and accumulated in a well-coordinated manner with TAG, pointing to the presence of common regulators and potential communication for the two compounds. Furthermore, the comparison between salt stress and nitrogen deprivation conditions revealed distinctions in TAG and astaxanthin biosynthesis as well as critical genes with engineering potential. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-omics data and integrated analysis shed light on the salt acclimation of C. zofingiensis and underlying mechanisms of TAG and astaxanthin biosynthesis, provide engineering implications into future trait improvements, and will benefit the development of this alga for production uses under saline environment, thus reducing the footprint of freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Mao
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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Akgül F. Effects of nitrogen concentration on growth, biomass, and biochemical composition of Desmodesmus communis (E. Hegewald) E. Hegewald. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:98-105. [PMID: 31809237 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1697884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen, being one of the building blocks of biomacromolecules, is an important nutrient for microalgae growth. Nitrogen availability alters the growth and biochemical composition of microalgae. We investigated the effects of different nitrogen concentrations on specific growth rate (SGR), biomass productivity (BP), total protein and lipid content and amino acid and fatty acid composition of Desmodesmus communis. Nitrogen deficiency increased algal growth and changed the lipid amount and composition. The maximum growth and BP were detected in 75% N-medium. The highest total protein and lipid amount were detected in 50% N- and 75% N-media, respectively. Amino acid and fatty acid compositions of samples varied widely depending on the nutrient concentrations. The amount of unsaturated fatty acid (USFAs) was higher than saturated fatty acid (SFAs) and Linolenic acid percentage is higher than the limit of European standards in all media. The data reported here provide important contributions how nitrogen scarcity and abundance affect the growth and biochemical content of microalgae and this information can further be utilized in culture optimization in studies aimed at microalgae production for biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Füsun Akgül
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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Oh SH, Chang YK, Lee JH. Identification of significant proxy variable for the physiological status affecting salt stress-induced lipid accumulation in Chlorella sorokiniana HS1. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:242. [PMID: 31632454 PMCID: PMC6790037 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current efforts on the optimization of the two-stage cultivation using stress-induced lipid accumulation have mostly focused only on the lipid induction stage. Although recent studies have shown that stress-induced lipid accumulation is affected by the physiological status of the cells harvested at the preceding cultivation stage, this issue has hardly been examined hitherto. Such a study needs to be carried out in a systematic way in order to induce lipid accumulation in a consistent and predictable manner with regard for variances seen at the cultivation stage. RESULTS After a photoautotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana HS1 in a modified BG11, harvested cells were re-suspended in the fresh medium, and then NaCl was added as the sole stress inducer with light illumination to induce additional accumulation of lipid. Effects of culture temperature on the lipid accumulation were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. From the microscopic observation, we had observed a definite increase in lipid body induced by the stress since the cell entered a stationary phase. A multiple linear regression model was developed so as to identify significant parameters to be included for the estimation of lipid induction. As a result, several key parameters at the end of cultivation, such as cell weight, total lipid content, chlorophyll a in a cell, and Fv/Fm, were identified as the important proxy variables for the cell's physiological status, and the modeling accuracy was achieved by 87.6%. In particular, the variables related to Fv/Fm were shown to have the largest influence, accounting for 65.7% of the total variance, and the Fv/Fm had an optimal point of maximum induction at below its average. Clustering analysis using the K-means algorithm indicated that the algae which are 0.15 pg cell-1 or less in chlorophyll concentration, regardless of other conditions, had achieved high induction results. CONCLUSION Experimental results showed that it usually achieves high lipid induction after the cells naturally end their division and begin to synthesize lipid. The amount of lipid induction could be estimated by the selected proxy variables, and the estimation method can be adapted according to practical situations such as those with limited measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701 Republic of Korea
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jay Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701 Republic of Korea
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Tighiri HO, Erkurt EA. Biotreatment of landfill leachate by microalgae-bacteria consortium in sequencing batch mode and product utilization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 286:121396. [PMID: 31075664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biotreatment of leachate by microalgae-bacteria in a sequencing batch mode using a photobioreactor was investigated. The microalgae-bacteria biomass initial concentration was maintained at 3:1 ratio. The increase in the initial concentration of the biomass in the 2nd batch favoured biomass growth, doubling biomass productivity, compared to the 1st batch. In both batches, N-NH4 was completely removed from the leachate. In the 2nd batch, the nitrate, COD and phenol removal efficiencies were above 90%. The relative toxicity reduced from 57.32 to 1.12% at the end of 2nd batch. The fatty acids content (C16-18) varied from 85.47 to 87.65% for the 1st batch and 86.72 to 87.69% for the 2nd batch. The crude glycerol content varied from 34.54 to 42.36% for the 1st batch and 33.64 to 39.55% for the 2nd batch. The coexistence of microalgae and bacteria played an important role in leachate treatment and biomass production for biorefinery purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Onome Tighiri
- Cyprus International University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Haspolat - Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey; Cyprus International University, Environmental Research Center, Haspolat - Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Emrah Ahmet Erkurt
- Cyprus International University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Haspolat - Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey; Cyprus International University, Environmental Research Center, Haspolat - Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey.
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Saranya D, Shanthakumar S. Green microalgae for combined sewage and tannery effluent treatment: Performance and lipid accumulation potential. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 241:167-178. [PMID: 30999266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have considerable interest owing to its phycoremediation potential and raw material for sustainable biofuel production. In this study, the performance of green algae Chlorella vulgaris (NRMCF0128) and Pseudochlorella pringsheimii (VIT_SDSS) was evaluated for the remediation of combined sewage and tannery effluent under different dilutions. Significant reduction in pollutant concentration was observed in the effluent: >65% for NH3-N, 100% for PO4-P, >63% for COD & >80% for total chromium, at higher dilutions (up to 30%) of tannery effluent (T) for both species. EDAX analysis confirms the intracellular accumulation of heavy metal chromium and other elements such as aluminum, zinc, and iron by both microalgae. In addition, the maximum yield of biomass achieved was 3.51 g/L (for 30% Tannery effluent) and 2.84 g/L (for 20% Tannery effluent) for Chlorella vulgaris &Pseudochlorella pringsheimii, respectively. Between the two species, Pseudochlorella pringsheimii has shown high lipid accumulation potential of 25.4% compared to Chlorella vulgaris (9.3%) at 20% Tannery effluent. Hence, it is evident that the green microalgae Pseudochlorella pringsheimii is promising for the sustainable treatment of combined sewage and tannery effluent along with biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Saranya
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - S Shanthakumar
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India.
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Hernández-García A, Velásquez-Orta SB, Novelo E, Yáñez-Noguez I, Monje-Ramírez I, Orta Ledesma MT. Wastewater-leachate treatment by microalgae: Biomass, carbohydrate and lipid production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:435-444. [PMID: 30852308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Increases in wastewater discharges and the generation of municipal solid wastes have resulted in deleterious effects on the environment, causing eutrophication and pollution of water bodies. It is therefore necessary to investigate sustainable bioremediation alternatives. Wastewater treatment using consortia of microalgae-bacteria is an attractive alternative because it allows the removal and recycling of nutrients, with the additional advantage of biomass production and its subsequent conversion into valuable by-products. The present study aims to integrate wastewater and landfill leachate treatment with the production of microalgal biomass, considering not only its valorization in terms of lipid and carbohydrate content but also the effect of nutrient limitation on biomass formation. The effect of treating a mixture of raw wastewater with different leachate ratios (0%, 7%, 10% and 15%) was investigated using a microalgae-bacteria consortium. Two microalgae (Desmodesmus spp. and Scenedesmus obliquus) were used. Nutrient removal, biomass concentration, carbohydrate, lipid and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAMEs) content and morphological changes were evaluated. Removals of 82% of NH4+ and 43% of orthophosphate from a wastewater-leachate mixture (containing 167 mg/L NH4+ and 23 mg/L PO43-) were achieved. The highest final yield was obtained using Desmodesmus spp. (1.95 ± 0.3 g/L). The microalgae were observed to accumulate high lipid (20%) and carbohydrate (41%) contents under nutrient limiting conditions. The concentration of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) also increased. Morphological changes including the disintegration of coenobia were observed. By using a mixture of wastewater-leachate it is possible to remove nutrients, since microalgae tolerate high ammonia concentrations, and simultaneously increase the algal biomass concentration containing precursors to allow biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hernández-García
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, CP 04510 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Sharon B Velásquez-Orta
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Merz Court, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Eberto Novelo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, CP 04510 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Isaura Yáñez-Noguez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, CP 04510 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Monje-Ramírez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, CP 04510 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - María T Orta Ledesma
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Delegación Coyoacán, CP 04510 México, D.F, Mexico.
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Costa SS, Miranda AL, de Morais MG, Costa JAV, Druzian JI. Microalgae as source of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:536-547. [PMID: 30885732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biopolymers synthesized by different microorganisms and considered substitute powers for petroleum-based plastics because they have similar mechanical properties as synthetic polymers, can be processed in a similar way and are fully biodegradable. Currently commercial PHAs are produced in fermenters using bacteria and large amounts of organic carbon sources and salts in the culture media, accounting for approximately 50% of the total production costs. A greater commercial application of the PHA is limited to a decrease in the cost of production. Several studies suggest that microalgae are a type of microorganisms that can be used to obtain PHAs at a lower cost because they have minimum nutrient requirements for growth and are photoautotrophic in nature, i.e. they use light and CO2 as their main sources of energy. Thus, this work aims to provide a review on the production of PHAs of different microalgae, focusing on the properties and composition of biopolymers, verifying the potential of using these bioplastics instead of petroleum based plastics. Studies of stimulation PHA synthesis by microalgae are still considered incipient. Still, it is clear that microalgae have the potential to produce biopolymers with lower cost and can play a vital role in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Serra Costa
- Institute of Health Sciences, RENORBIO, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Federal University of the Recôncavo of Bahia, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Andréa Lobo Miranda
- Institute of Health Sciences, RENORBIO, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Federal Institute of Baiano, Santa Inês, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michele Greque de Morais
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Janice Izabel Druzian
- Department of Bromatological Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Elucidating the unique physiological responses of halotolerant Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in sea water for biofuel production. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Wang DH, Ni TF, Ju XM, Wei GY. Sodium chloride improves pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans but reduces the molecular weight of pullulan. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8921-8930. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ji X, Cheng J, Gong D, Zhao X, Qi Y, Su Y, Ma W. The effect of NaCl stress on photosynthetic efficiency and lipid production in freshwater microalga-Scenedesmus obliquus XJ002. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:593-599. [PMID: 29587228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization and population growth have increased the world's energy demands, resulting in a shortage of conventional fossil fuels. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable and renewable forms of energy. Microalgae have emerged as a potential feedstock for biofuel production. Under stress conditions, lipid production is enhanced in algal cells due to changes in the lipid biosynthetic pathways that produce neutral lipids. In this study, we examined the physiological and biochemical effects of salinity stress (0.00, 0.01, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20M) on the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus obliquus XJ002. We found that the biomass and the content of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. NaCl stress damaged the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and the PSII (photosystem II) reaction center and subsequently suppressed electron transport at the donor and receptor sides of the reaction center, influencing the absorption, transfer, and application of light energy. Additionally, the total lipid content of cells was significantly increased under NaCl stress treatment. The highest lipid content (32.26%) was found in cells cultured in the presence of 0.20M NaCl, which was about 2.52-fold higher than that of cells grown in medium lacking NaCl (12.82%). In addition to providing insight into the physiological and biochemical responses of S. obliquus XJ002 to salinity stress, these findings show that lipid production, and hence biofuel feedstock production, can be boosted by adjusting salt levels in the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ji
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Donghui Gong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Yun Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongning Su
- Inner Mongolia Rejuve Biotech Co. Ltd, Erdos 016100, China
| | - Wenchao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Chen B, Wan C, Mehmood MA, Chang JS, Bai F, Zhao X. Manipulating environmental stresses and stress tolerance of microalgae for enhanced production of lipids and value-added products-A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1198-1206. [PMID: 28601395 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have promising potential to produce lipids and a variety of high-value chemicals. Suitable stress conditions such as nitrogen starvation and high salinity could stimulate synthesis and accumulation of lipids and high-value products by microalgae, therefore, various stress-modification strategies were developed to manipulate and optimize cultivation processes to enhance bioproduction efficiency. On the other hand, advancements in omics-based technologies have boosted the research to globally understand microalgal gene regulation under stress conditions, which enable further improvement of production efficiency via genetic engineering. Moreover, integration of multi-omics data, synthetic biology design, and genetic engineering manipulations exhibits a tremendous potential in the betterment of microalgal biorefinery. This review discusses the process manipulation strategies and omics studies on understanding the regulation of metabolite biosynthesis under various stressful conditions, and proposes genetic engineering of microalgae to improve bioproduction via manipulating stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chun Wan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Fengwu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Drira N, Dhouibi N, Hammami S, Piras A, Rosa A, Porcedda S, Dhaouadi H. Fatty acids from high rate algal pond's microalgal biomass and osmotic stress effects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:860-864. [PMID: 28841791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of oil from a wild microalgae biomass collected from a domestic wastewater treatment facility's high rate algal pond (HRAP) was investigated. An experiment plan was used to determine the most efficient extraction method, the optimal temperature, time and solvent system based on total lipids yield. Microwave-assisted extraction was the most efficient method whether in n-hexane or in a mixture of chloroform/methanol compared to Soxhlet, homogenization, and ultrasounds assisted extractions. This same wild biomass was cultivated in a photobioreactor (PBR) and the effect of osmotic stress was studied. The lipids extraction yield after 3days of stress increased by more than four folds without any significant loss of biomass, however, the quality of extracted total lipids in terms of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was not affected by salinity change in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Drira
- Université de Monastir, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, UR Chimie Appliquée et Environnement, Bvd de l'Environnement, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nedra Dhouibi
- Université de Monastir, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, UR Chimie Appliquée et Environnement, Bvd de l'Environnement, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Saoussen Hammami
- Université de Monastir, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, UR Chimie Appliquée et Environnement, Bvd de l'Environnement, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Alessandra Piras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8 Monserrato - Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Antonella Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8 Monserrato - Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Silvia Porcedda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8 Monserrato - Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Hatem Dhaouadi
- Université de Monastir, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Chimie, UR Chimie Appliquée et Environnement, Bvd de l'Environnement, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
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Xia L, Huang R, Li Y, Song S. The effect of growth phase on the surface properties of three oleaginous microalgae (Botryococcus sp. FACGB-762, Chlorella sp. XJ-445 and Desmodesmus bijugatus XJ-231). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186434. [PMID: 29045481 PMCID: PMC5646804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of growth phase on the lipid content and surface properties of oleaginous microalgae Botryococcus sp. FACGB-762, Chlorella sp. XJ-445 and Desmodesmus bijugatus XJ-231 were investigated in this study. The results showed that throughout the growth phases, the lipid content of microalgae increased. The surface properties like particle size, the degree of hydrophobicity, and the total concentration of functional groups increased while net surface zeta potential decreased. The results suggested that the growth stage had significant influence not only on the lipid content but also on the surface characteristics. Moreover, the lipid content was significantly positively related to the concentration of hydroxyl functional groups in spite of algal strains or growth phases. These results provided a basis for further studies on the refinery process using oleaginous microalgae for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yinta Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Doctorado Institucional de Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, C.P., Mexico
| | - Shaoxian Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Doctorado Institucional de Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, C.P., Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Srivastava G, Goud VV. Salinity induced lipid production in microalgae and cluster analysis (ICCB 16-BR_047). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 242:244-252. [PMID: 28390788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to gain mechanistic insights into the salt stress mediated enhanced lipid accumulation in microalgae. Two freshwater microalgae were isolated from North Guwahati Assam, and were identified as Chlorella sorokiniana CG12(KR905186) and Desmodesmus GS12(KR905187). The effects of various salts such as NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 were investigated where CaCl2 exhibited the maximum effect on lipid enhancement up to 40.02% and 44.97% in CG12 and GS12, respectively. Furthermore, the substantial increase was observed in oleic acid content up to 64.18% and 53.46% in CG12 and GS12 in the presence of 25mM and 5mM CaCl2, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed the correlation between lipid profile alterations by varying concentration of salts. Based on the outcomes of the present study, it is hypothesized that Ca2+ plays a decisive role in the cell signaling under salt stress conditions and subsequently enhances the synthesis of lipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Srivastava
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Vaibhav V Goud
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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Arora N, Patel A, Sharma M, Mehtani J, Pruthi PA, Pruthi V, Poluri KM. Insights into the Enhanced Lipid Production Characteristics of a Fresh Water Microalga under High Salinity Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Arora
- Department
of Biotechnology, and ‡Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Alok Patel
- Department
of Biotechnology, and ‡Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Department
of Biotechnology, and ‡Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Juhi Mehtani
- Department
of Biotechnology, and ‡Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Parul A. Pruthi
- Department
of Biotechnology, and ‡Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vikas Pruthi
- Department
of Biotechnology, and ‡Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department
of Biotechnology, and ‡Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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45
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Pandit PR, Fulekar MH, Karuna MSL. Effect of salinity stress on growth, lipid productivity, fatty acid composition, and biodiesel properties in Acutodesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13437-13451. [PMID: 28386901 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two microalgae strains including Chlorella vulgaris and Acutodesmus obliquus were grown on BG11 medium with salinity stress ranging from 0.06 to 0.4 M NaCl. Highest lipid content in C. vulgaris and A. obliquus was 49 and 43% in BG11 amended with 0.4 M NaCl. The microalgal strains C. vulgaris and A. obliquus grow better at 0.06 M NaCl concentration than control condition. At 0.06 M NaCl, improved dry biomass content in C. vulgaris and A. obliquus was 0.92 and 0.68 gL-1, respectively. Stress biomarkers like reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were also lowest at 0.06 M NaCl concentration revealing that both the microalgal strains are well acclimatized at 0.06 M NaCl concentration. The fatty acid composition of the investigated microalgal strains was also improved by increased NaCl concentration. At 0.4 M NaCl, palmitic acid (37%), oleic acid (15.5%), and linoleic acid (20%) were the dominant fatty acids in C. vulgaris while palmitic acid (54%) and stearic acid (26.6%) were major fatty acids found in A. obliquus. Fatty acid profiling of C. vulgaris and A. obliquus significantly varied with salinity concentration. Therefore, the study showed that salt stress is an effective stress that could increase not only the lipid content but also improved the fatty acid composition which could make C. vulgaris and A. obliquus potential strains for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Raj Pandit
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central university of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhusudan H Fulekar
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central university of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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46
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Hounslow E, Kapoore RV, Vaidyanathan S, Gilmour DJ, Wright PC. The Search for a Lipid Trigger: The Effect of Salt Stress on the Lipid Profile of the Model Microalgal Species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for Biofuels Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:305-313. [PMID: 28409092 PMCID: PMC5361176 DOI: 10.2174/2211550105666160322234434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algal cells produce neutral lipid when stressed and this can be used to generate biodiesel. OBJECTIVE Salt stressed cells of the model microalgal species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were tested for their suitability to produce lipid for biodiesel. METHODS The starchless mutant of C. reinhardtii (CC-4325) was subjected to salt stress (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M NaCl) and transesterification and GC analysis were used to determine fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content and profile. RESULTS Fatty acid profile was found to vary under salt stress conditions, with a clear distinction between 0.1 M NaCl, which the algae could tolerate, and the higher levels of NaCl (0.2 and 0.3 M), which caused cell death. Lipid content was increased under salt conditions, either through long-term exposure to 0.1 M NaCl, or short-term exposure to 0.2 and 0.3 M NaCl. Palmitic acid (C16:0) and linolenic acid (C18:3n3) were found to increase significantly at the higher salinities. CONCLUSION Salt increase can act as a lipid trigger for C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hounslow
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - D James Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Phillip C Wright
- ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Wang T, Ge H, Liu T, Tian X, Wang Z, Guo M, Chu J, Zhuang Y. Salt stress induced lipid accumulation in heterotrophic culture cells of Chlorella protothecoides : Mechanisms based on the multi-level analysis of oxidative response, key enzyme activity and biochemical alteration. J Biotechnol 2016; 228:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Sodium Bicarbonate as Inorganic Carbon Source for Higher Biomass and Lipid Production Integrated Carbon Capture in Chlorella vulgaris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.als.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Yang H, He Q, Hu C. Lipid accumulation by NaCl induction at different growth stages and concentrations in photoautotrophic two-step cultivation of Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 187:221-227. [PMID: 25863198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
NaCl induction in photoautotrophic two-step cultivation is very promising, but time node and concentration are critical to the entire production. In this study Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50 was subjected to different NaCl concentrations at different growth phases. Results showed that during the initial phase (IP), fixed carbon was used for sugar and lipid under 5gL(-1) NaCl induction, as well as for protein under 10gL(-1) NaCl induction. At late-exponential growth phase (LEGP), the highest lipid productivity was obtained at 20gL(-1) NaCl. At stationary phase (SP) the highest lipid productivity was also under 20gL(-1) NaCl but lower than that of LEGP. In summary, lipid content and quality were improved at all growth phases under NaCl induction. Therefore, cultivation scale can be sued to determine the time node and dosage of the inducer, thereby realizing the economic efficiency of the fundamental guarantee in photoautotrophic two-step cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiaoning He
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chunxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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50
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Pancha I, Chokshi K, Maurya R, Trivedi K, Patidar SK, Ghosh A, Mishra S. Salinity induced oxidative stress enhanced biofuel production potential of microalgae Scenedesmus sp. CCNM 1077. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 189:341-348. [PMID: 25911594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass is considered as potential feedstock for biofuel production. Enhancement of biomass, lipid and carbohydrate contents in microalgae is important for the commercialization of microalgal biofuels. In the present study, salinity stress induced physiological and biochemical changes in microalgae Scenedesmus sp. CCNM 1077 were studied. During single stage cultivation, 33.13% lipid and 35.91% carbohydrate content was found in 400 mM NaCl grown culture. During two stage cultivation, salinity stress of 400 mM for 3 days resulted in 24.77% lipid (containing 74.87% neutral lipid) along with higher biomass compared to single stage, making it an efficient strategy to enhance biofuel production potential of Scenedesmus sp. CCNM 1077. Apart from biochemical content, stress biomarkers like hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ascorbate peroxidase, proline and mineral contents were also studied to understand the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated lipid accumulation in microalgae Scenedesmus sp. CCNM 1077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Pancha
- Discipline of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Kaumeel Chokshi
- Discipline of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Rahulkumar Maurya
- Discipline of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Khanjan Trivedi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India; Discipline of Wasteland Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patidar
- Discipline of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Arup Ghosh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India; Discipline of Wasteland Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- Discipline of Salt & Marine Chemicals, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India.
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