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Yan Y, Shan W, Zhang C, Wu Y, Xing X, Chen J, Hu W. Strain engineering of Bacillus coagulans with high osmotic pressure tolerance for effective L-lactic acid production from sweet sorghum juice under unsterile conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 400:130648. [PMID: 38561153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Open unsterile fermentation of the low-cost non-food crop, sweet sorghum, is an economically feasible lactic acid biosynthesis process. However, hyperosmotic stress inhibits microbial metabolism and lactic acid biosynthesis, and engineering strains with high osmotic tolerance is challenging. Herein, heavy ion mutagenesis combined with osmotic pressure enrichment was used to engineer a hyperosmotic-tolerant Bacillus coagulans for L-lactic acid production. The engineered strain had higher osmotic pressure tolerance, when compared with the parental strain, primarily owing to its improved properties such as cell viability, cellular antioxidant capacity, and NADH supply. In a pilot-scale open unsterile fermentation using sweet sorghum juice as a feedstock, the engineered strain produced 94 g/L L-lactic acid with a yield of 91 % and productivity of 6.7 g/L/h, and optical purity of L-lactic acid at the end of fermentation was 99.8 %. In short, this study provided effective and low-cost approach to produce polymer-grade L-lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Yan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Shan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Wu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinhui Xing
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihong Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhao G, Chen M, Liu J, Wang S, Fu D, Zhang C. Concentration-dependent dual roles of proanthocyanidins on oxidative stress and docosahexaenoic acid production in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 398:130537. [PMID: 38452955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidant addition is an effective strategy to achieve docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) overproduction in oleaginous microorganisms. Nevertheless, antioxidants like phenolic compounds sometimes exert pro-oxidant activity. In this work, effects of proanthocyanidins (PAs) on fermentation performance and oxidative stress in Schizochytrium sp. were investigated. Low PAs addition (5 mg/L) reduced reactive oxygen species and enhanced lipogenic enzymes activities and NADPH, resulting in significant increase in lipid (20.3 g/L) by 33.6 % and DHA yield (9.8 g/L) by 53.4 %. In contrast, high PAs addition (500 mg/L) exerted pro-oxidant effects, aggravated oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation, leading to sharp decrease in biomass (21.3 g/L) by 35.1 %, lipid (8.2 g/L) by 46.0 %, and DHA (2.9 g/L) by 54.8 %. Therefore, the antioxidant concentration is especially crucial in DHA production. This study is the first to report concentration-dependant dual roles of PAs in oxidative stress and DHA production in Schizochytrium sp., providing new insights into microbial DHA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Zhao
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Jingwen Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shang Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Dongmei Fu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Chunzhi Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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Zhang Y, Cui X, Lin S, Lu T, Li H, Lu Y, Cao M, Lin X, Ling X. Knockout of a PLD gene in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 enhances docosahexaenoic acid accumulation by modulation of the phospholipid profile. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:16. [PMID: 38291531 PMCID: PMC10826259 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation of phospholipase D (PLD) play important roles in the interconversion of phospholipids (PLs), which has been shown to profoundly impact lipid metabolism in plants. In this study, the effect of the PLD1 gene of Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 (S. limacinum SR21) on lipid metabolism was investigated. RESULTS PLD1 knockout had little impact on cell growth and lipid production, but it significantly improved the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids, of which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content increased by 13.3% compared to the wild-type strain. Phospholipomics and real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed the knockout of PLD1 reduced the interexchange and increased de novo synthesis of PLs, which altered the composition of PLs, accompanied by a final decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and an increase in phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidic acid levels. PLD1 knockout also increased DHA content in triglycerides (TAGs) and decreased it in PLs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PLD1 mainly performs the transphosphatidylation activity in S. limacinum SR21, and its knockout promotes the migration of DHA from PLs to TAGs, which is conducive to DHA accumulation and storage in TAGs via an acyl CoA-independent pathway. This study provides a novel approach for identifying the mechanism of DHA accumulation and metabolic regulation strategies for DHA production in S. limacinum SR21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuizhi Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province (Xiamen University), Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihuang Lin
- Analysis and Test Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
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Yan CX, Zhang Y, Yang WQ, Ma W, Sun XM, Huang H. Universal and unique strategies for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in industrial oleaginous microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108298. [PMID: 38048920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), are beneficial for reducing blood cholesterol and enhancing memory. Traditional PUFA production relies on extraction from plants and animals, which is unsustainable. Thus, using microorganisms as lipid-producing factories holds promise as an alternative way for PUFA production. Several oleaginous microorganisms have been successfully industrialized to date. These can be divided into universal and specialized hosts according to the products range of biosynthesis. The Yarrowia lipolytica is universal oleaginous host that has been engineered to produce a variety of fatty acids, such as γ-linolenic acid (GLA), EPA, ARA and so on. By contrast, the specialized host are used to produce only certain fatty acids, such as ARA in Mortierella alpina, EPA in Nannochloropsis, and DHA in Thraustochytrids. The metabolic engineering and fermentation strategies for improving PUFA production in universal and specialized hosts are different, which is the subject of this review. In addition, the widely applicable strategies for microbial lipid production that are not specific to individual hosts were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Yan
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qian Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Zheng Y, Yang WQ, Wei ZY, Xu YS, Zhang ZX, Ma W, Sun XM. Enhancing the accumulation of lipid and docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. by co-overexpression of phosphopantetheinyl transferase and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300314. [PMID: 37596914 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as one of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), plays a key role in brain development, and is widely used in food additives and the pharmaceutical industry. Schizochytrium sp. is often considered as a satisfactory strain for DHA industrialization. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD) for regulating DHA content in Schizochytrium sp. PPTase is essential to activate the polyketide-like synthase (PKS) pathway, which can transfer apo-acyl-carrier protein (apo-ACP) into holo-ACP, and plays a key role in DHA synthesis. Moreover, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are synthesized by the PKS pathway simultaneously, so high DPA synthesis limits the increase of DHA content. In addition, the detailed mechanisms of PKS pathway have not been fully elucidated, so it is difficult to improve DHA content by modifying PKS. However, ω-3 FAD can convert DPA into DHA, and it is the most direct and effective way to increase DHA content and reduce DPA content. Based on this, PPTase was overexpressed to enhance the synthesis of DHA by the PKS pathway, overexpressed ω-3 FAD to convert the co-product of the PKS pathway into DHA, and co-overexpressed PPTase and ω-3 FAD. With these strategies, compared with wild type, the final lipid, and DHA titer were 92.5 and 51.5 g L-1 , which increased by 46.4% and 78.1%, respectively. This study established an efficient DHA production strain, and provided some feasible strategies for industrial DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Wei
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Li Y, Yan Y, Chen J, Zhang Z, Hu W. Enhancement effect of l-cysteine on lactic acid fermentation production. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300110. [PMID: 37533375 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental stress resistance is still a bottleneck for economical process for l-lactic acid fermentation. Chronological lifespan (CLS) extension has represented a promising strategy for improving stress resistance of microbial cell factories. MAIN METHODS AND MAJOR RESULTS In this study, addition of anti-aging drug cysteine, a kind of extending CLS of microbial cell factories, was systematically evaluated on cell viability and l-lactic acid production in Bacillus coagulans CICC 23843. The results revealed that 16 mm l-cysteine supplement significantly improved l-lactic acid titer in B. coagulans. The enhanced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and key enzymes activities involving in glycolytic pathway as well as differentially expressed genes involved in cysteine synthesize and cysteine precursor synthesize pathways, and fatty acid degradation pathway may help to further understand the relative mechanism of l-cysteine effect on improving l-lactic acid accumulation. Finally, based on 16 mm l-cysteine supplement, a final l-lactic acid titer of 130.5 g L-1 with l-lactic acid productivity of 4.07 g L-1 h-1 and the conversion rate of 0.94 g g-1 total sugar was achieved in a 5 L bioreactor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study provided a valuable option for engineering lactic acid bacteria lifespan for enhancement of lactic acid yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongda Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jihong Chen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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Mehta P, Rani R, Gupta R, Mathur A, Ramakumar SSV. Simultaneous production of high-value lipids in Schizochytrium sp. by synergism of chemical modulators. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6135-6149. [PMID: 37555947 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on the simultaneous improvement of biomass, lipid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) productivities in a single reactor using modulator control strategies. The efficacy of three different biochemical modulators, sesamol (Ses), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), as potential stimulants in augmenting the biomass, lipid, and DHA production of Schizochytrium sp. MTCC 5890 was elucidated. After 48 h of cultivation, among tested modulators, the individual supplementation of 6-BAP and Ses showed improvement in biomass, lipid, and DHA accumulation by 28.2%, 56.1%, and 87.2% and 21.7%, 47.9%, and 91%, respectively, over the non-supplemented group. In addition, the cooperative effect of selected concentrations, i.e., 10 mgL-1 6-BAP and 200 mgL-1 Ses, further increased the productivities of biomass of 13.5 gL-1d-1 ± 0.66, lipid of 7.4 gL-1d-1 ± 0.69, and DHA of 3.2 gL-1d-1 ± 1.09 representing 8%, 39%, and 69% increase over the individual addition of 6-BAP or Ses, respectively, in batch culture. Supplementation with 6-BAP + Ses at 12 h of time point eventually increased the lipid yield to 15.6 ± 0.42 gL-1 from 7.88 ± 0.31 gL-1 (control) and DHA yield to 6.4 ± 0.11 gL-1 from 2.23 ± 0.09 gL-1 (control), respectively. Furthermore, the process was optimized in continuous culture supplemented with 6-BAP + Ses for enhanced productivities. Continuous culture resulted in maximum biomass (2.04 ± 1.12 gL-1 day-1), lipid (1.0 ± 0.73 gL-1 day-1), and DHA (0.386 ± 0.22 gL-1 day-1) productivities, which were higher as compared with the batch and fed-batch processes by 26 ± 1.21%, 22 ± 1.01%, and 21 ± 0.98% and 24 ± 0.45%, 16 ± 0.38%, and 14 ± 0.12%, respectively. This work represents the potential application of the combined effect of modulators for the simultaneous enhancement of biomass production and lipid and DHA productivities. KEY POINTS: • The cumulative study of 6-BAP and sesamol proved to be more efficient in the simultaneous production of biomass, lipid, and DHA in a single reactor. • Addition of a combination of 6-BAP + Ses remarkably increased the biomass, lipid, and DHA productivities in tandem in continuous culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Mehta
- DBT-IOC Centre, R & D, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Rekha Rani
- DBT-IOC Centre, R & D, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Anshu Mathur
- Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Research and Development Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India.
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Zhang W, Yi P, Zhou Y, Yuan K, Ji X, Song P. Effect of fatty acids on intracellular pneumocandin B 0 storage in the fermentation of Glarea lozoyensis. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:63. [PMID: 38647938 PMCID: PMC10992745 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The natural product pneumocandin B0 is the precursor of the antifungal drug caspofungin. To explore the relationship between pneumocandin B0 and oil. We found that the addition of 1 g/L of oil to the fermentation medium is more conducive to the production of pneumocandin B0. The metabolic reaction mechanism was explored using different fatty acids and the results showed that stearic acid and acetic acid increased the total production of pneumocandin B0 by 22.98% and 9.08%, respectively, as well as increasing the content of intracellular lipid droplets. We also analyzed gene expression and pathway differences between the two different fatty acids using transcriptome analyses. The addition of both acetic acid and stearic acid promoted an active pentose phosphate pathway, providing cells with higher intracellular reducing power. We found that the addition of fatty acids can lead to lipid accumulation, and lipid droplets can sequester lipophilic secondary metabolites such as pneumocandin B0 to reduce cell damage. These results provide novel insights into the relationship between pneumocandin B0 biosynthesis and fatty acids in G. lozoyensis. In addition, this study provides important genetic information for improving the yield of pneumocandin B0 through a strategy of metabolic engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210034, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Yi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210034, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210034, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Rd., Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ping Song
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210034, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang Q, Lyu S. 2-Keto-L-gulonic acid inhibits the growth of Bacillus pumilus and Ketogulonicigenium vulgare. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:257. [PMID: 37474882 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The typical vitamin C mixed-fermentation process's second stage involves bioconversion of L-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG), using a consortium comprising Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus spp. (as helper strain). The concentration of the helper strain in the co-fermentation system was closely correlated with K. vulgare cell growth and 2-KLG accumulation. To understand the tolerance and response of the helper strain and K. vulgare to 2-KLG, 2-KLG was added to the single-strain system of Bacillus pumilus and K. vulgare and the basic physiological and biochemical properties were determined. In this study, the addition of 1 mg/mL 2-KLG reduced the number of viable and spore cells, lowered the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced the intra- and extracellular total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and significantly affected the B. pumilus sporulation-related genes expression levels. Furthermore, the addition of 1 mg/mL 2-KLG increased the intracellular ROS levels, decreased the intra- and extracellular T-AOC, and downregulated the antioxidant enzyme-related genes and 2-KLG production enzyme-related genes of K. vulgare. These results suggested that 2-KLG could induce acidic and oxidative stress in B. pumilus and K. vulgare, which could be a guide for a greater understanding of the interaction between the microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuxia Lyu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China.
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Fracchia-Durán AG, Ramos-Zambrano E, Márquez-Rocha FJ, Martínez-Ayala AL. Bioprocess conditions and regulation factors to optimize squalene production in thraustochytrids. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:251. [PMID: 37442840 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Squalene is a widely distributed natural triterpene, as it is a key precursor in the biosynthesis of all sterols. It is a compound of high commercial value worldwide because it has nutritional, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications, due to its different biological properties. The main source of extraction has been shark liver oil, which is currently unviable on a larger scale due to the impacts of overexploitation. Secondary sources are mainly vegetable oils, although a limited one, as they allow low productive yields. Due to the diversity of applications that squalene presents and its growing demand, there is an increasing interest in identifying sustainable sources of extraction. Wild species of thraustochytrids, which are heterotrophic protists, have been identified to have the highest squalene content compared to bacteria, yeasts, microalgae, and vegetable sources. Several studies have been carried out to identify the bioprocess conditions and regulation factors, such as the use of eustressors that promote an increase in the production of this triterpene; however, studies focused on optimizing their productive yields are still in its infancy. This review includes the current trends that also comprises the advances in genetic regulations in these microorganisms, with a view to identify the culture conditions that have been favorable in increasing the production of squalene, and the influences that both bioprocess conditions and applied regulation factors partake at a metabolic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guadalupe Fracchia-Durán
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CEPROBI-IPN, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km 6, Calle Ceprobi 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, 62731, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Emilia Ramos-Zambrano
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CEPROBI-IPN, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km 6, Calle Ceprobi 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, 62731, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Facundo Joaquín Márquez-Rocha
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia, Unidad Tabasco, 86691, Cunduacán, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Alma Leticia Martínez-Ayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CEPROBI-IPN, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km 6, Calle Ceprobi 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, 62731, Morelos, Mexico.
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Sailwal M, Mishra P, Bhaskar T, Pandey R, Ghosh D. Time-resolved transcriptomic profile of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa during lipid and carotenoids accumulation on glycerol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 384:129379. [PMID: 37352986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The study reports the exploration of the transcriptome landscape of the red oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa IIPL32 coinciding with the fermentation kinetics of the yeast cultivated in a two-stage fermentation process to exploit the time-series approach to get the complete transcripts picture and reveal the persuasive genes for fatty acid and terpenoid synthesis. The finding displayed the molecular drivers with more than 2-fold upregulation in the nitrogen-limited stage than in the nitrogen-excess stage. The rate-limiting diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, acetylCoA-citrate lyase, and acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase were significant in controlling the metabolic flux in the synthesis of reduced compounds, and acetoacetyl-CoA synthase, 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier-protein reductase, and β-subunit enoyl reductase catalyze the key starting steps of lipids or terpenoid synthesis. The last two catalyze essential reduction steps in fatty acid synthesis. These enzymes would be the prime targets for the metabolic engineering of the oleaginous yeast for enhanced fatty acids and terpenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Sailwal
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Pallavi Mishra
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi 110017, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Debashish Ghosh
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Ali MK, Liu X, Li J, Zhu X, Sen B, Wang G. Alpha-Tocopherol Significantly Improved Squalene Production Yield of Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 through Lowering ROS levels and Up-Regulating Key Genes of Central Carbon Metabolism Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051034. [PMID: 37237900 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Media supplementation has proven to be an effective technique for improving byproduct yield during microbial fermentation. This study explored the impact of different concentrations of bioactive compounds, namely alpha-tocopherol, mannitol, melatonin, sesamol, ascorbic acid, and biotin, on the Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 culture. Our investigation revealed that alpha-tocopherol was the most effective compound in reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burden, both directly and indirectly. Adding 0.7 g/L of alpha-tocopherol led to an 18% improvement in biomass, from 6.29 g/L to 7.42 g/L. Moreover, the squalene concentration increased from 129.8 mg/L to 240.2 mg/L, indicating an 85% improvement, while the squalene yield increased by 63.2%, from 19.82 mg/g to 32.4 mg/g. Additionally, our comparative transcriptomics analysis suggested that several genes involved in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, and MVA pathway were overexpressed following alpha-tocopherol supplementation. The alpha-tocopherol supplementation also lowered ROS levels by binding directly to ROS generated in the fermentation medium and indirectly by stimulating genes that encode antioxidative enzymes, thereby decreasing the ROS burden. Our findings suggest that alpha-tocopherol supplementation can be an effective method for improving squalene production in Aurantiochytrium sp. TWZ-97 culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memon Kashif Ali
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Qingdao Institute for Ocean Technology of Tianjin University Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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13
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Liu L, Zhu X, Ye H, Wen Y, Sen B, Wang G. Low dissolved oxygen supply functions as a global regulator of the growth and metabolism of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#Mn16 in the early stages of docosahexaenoic acid fermentation. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:52. [PMID: 36918882 PMCID: PMC10015696 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thraustochytrids accumulate lipids with a high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Although their growth and DHA content are significantly affected by the dissolved oxygen (DO) supply, the role of DO on the transcriptional regulation of metabolism and accumulation of intracellular metabolites remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the effects of three different DO supply conditions (10%, 30%, and 50%) on the fed-batch culture of the Aurantiochytrium PKU#Mn16 strain to mainly reveal the differential gene expressions and metabolite profiles. RESULTS While the supply of 10% DO significantly reduced the rates of biomass and DHA production in the early stages of fermentation, it achieved the highest amounts of biomass (56.7 g/L) and DHA (6.0 g/L) on prolonged fermentation. The transcriptome analyses of the early stage (24 h) of fermentation revealed several genes involved in the central carbon, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, which were significantly downregulated at a 10% DO level. The comparative metabolomics results revealed the accumulation of several long-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and other metabolites, supporting the transcriptional regulation under the influence of a low oxygen supply condition. In addition, certain genes involved in antioxidative systems were downregulated under 10% DO level, suggesting a lesser generation of reactive oxygen species that lead to oxidative damage and fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that despite the slow growth and metabolism in the early stage of fermentation of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#Mn16, a constant supply of low dissolved oxygen can yield biomass and DHA content better than that with high oxygen supply conditions. The critical information gained in this study will help to further improve DHA production through bioprocess engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. .,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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14
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Wang T, Wang F, Zeng L, Guo P, Wu Y, Chen L, Zhang W. Propanol and 1, 3-propanediol enhance fatty acid accumulation synergistically in Schizochytrium ATCC 20888. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1106265. [PMID: 36845976 PMCID: PMC9947470 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1106265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of propanol and 1, 3-propanediol on fatty acid and biomass accumulation in Schizochytrium ATCC 20888 were explored. Propanol increased the contents of saturated fatty acids and total fatty acids by 55.4 and15.3%, while 1, 3-propanediol elevated the polyunsaturated fatty acids, total fatty acids and biomass contents by 30.7, 17.0, and 6.89%. Although both of them quench ROS to increase fatty acids biosynthesis, the mechanisms are different. The effect of propanol did not reflect on metabolic level while 1, 3-propanediol elevated osmoregulators contents and activated triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathway. The triacylglycerol content and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids were significantly increased by 2.53-fold, which explained the higher PUFA accumulation in Schizochytrium after adding 1, 3- propanediol. At last, the combination of propanol and 1, 3-propanediol further elevated total fatty acids by approximately 1.2-fold without compromising cell growth. These findings are valuable for scale-up production of designed Schizochytrium oil for various application purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Fangzhong Wang, ✉
| | - Lei Zeng
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawei Wu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Lei Chen, ✉
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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15
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Yin FW, Zhan CT, Huang J, Sun XL, Yin LF, Zheng WL, Luo X, Zhang YY, Fu YQ. Efficient Co-production of Docosahexaenoic Acid Oil and Carotenoids in Aurantiochytrium sp. Using a Light Intensity Gradient Strategy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:623-638. [PMID: 36114924 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium is a promising source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and carotenoids, but their synthesis is influenced by environmental stress factors. In this study, the effect of different light intensities on the fermentation of DHA oil and carotenoids using Aurantiochytrium sp. TZ209 was investigated. The results showed that dark culture and low light intensity conditions did not affect the normal growth of cells, but were not conducive to the accumulation of carotenoids. High light intensity promoted the synthesis of DHA and carotenoids, but caused cell damage, resulting in a decrease of oil yield. To solve this issue, a light intensity gradient strategy was developed, which markedly improved the DHA and carotenoid content without reducing the oil yield. This strategy produced 30.16 g/L of microalgal oil with 15.11 g/L DHA, 221 µg/g astaxanthin, and 386 µg/g β-carotene. This work demonstrates that strain TZ209 is a promising DHA producer and provides an efficient strategy for the co-production of DHA oil together with carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Yin
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci-Tong Zhan
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Huang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Sun
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Fei Yin
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Long Zheng
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Luo
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qian Fu
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Metabolomic analysis reveals the responses of docosahexaenoic-acid-producing Schizochytrium under hyposalinity conditions. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Ma J, Guo T, Ren M, Chen L, Song X, Zhang W. Cross-feeding between cyanobacterium Synechococcus and Escherichia coli in an artificial autotrophic–heterotrophic coculture system revealed by integrated omics analysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:69. [PMID: 35733176 PMCID: PMC9219151 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Light-driven consortia, which consist of sucrose-secreting cyanobacteria and heterotrophic species, have attracted considerable attention due to their capability for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals directly from CO2. In a previous study, we achieved a one-step conversion of sucrose secreted from cyanobacteria to fine chemicals by constructing an artificial coculture system consisting of sucrose-secreting Synechococcus elongateus cscB+ and 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) producing Escherichia coli ABKm. Analyses of the coculture system showed that the cyanobacterial cells grew better than their corresponding axenic cultures. To explore the underlying mechanism and to identify the metabolic nodes with the potential to further improve the coculture system, we conducted integrated transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses. Results We first explored how the relieved oxidative stress affected cyanobacterial cell growth in a coculture system by supplementing additional ascorbic acid to CoBG-11 medium. We found that the cell growth of cyanobacteria was clearly improved with an additional 1 mM ascorbic acid under axenic culture; however, its growth was still slower than that in the coculture system, suggesting that the improved growth of Synechococcus cscB+ may be caused by multiple factors, including reduced oxidative stress. To further explore the cellular responses of cyanobacteria in the system, quantitative transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics were applied to Synechococcus cscB+. Analyses of differentially regulated genes/proteins and the abundance change of metabolites in the photosystems revealed that the photosynthesis of the cocultured Synechococcus cscB+ was enhanced. The decreased expression of the CO2 transporter suggested that the heterotrophic partner in the system might supplement additional CO2 to support the cell growth of Synechococcus cscB+. In addition, the differentially regulated genes and proteins involved in the nitrogen and phosphate assimilation pathways suggested that the supply of phosphate and nitrogen in the Co-BG11 medium might be insufficient. Conclusion An artificial coculture system capable of converting CO2 to fine chemicals was established and then analysed by integrated omics analysis, which demonstrated that in the coculture system, the relieved oxidative stress and increased CO2 availability improved the cell growth of cyanobacteria. In addition, the results also showed that the supply of phosphate and nitrogen in the Co-BG11 medium might be insufficient, which paves a new path towards the optimization of the coculture system in the future. Taken together, these results from the multiple omics analyses provide strong evidence that beneficial interactions can be achieved from cross-feeding and competition between phototrophs and prokaryotic heterotrophs and new guidelines for engineering more intelligent artificial consortia in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02163-5.
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18
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Integration of the Exogenous Tuning of Thraustochytrid Fermentation and Sulfur Polymerization of Single-Cell Oil for Developing Plant-like Oils. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100655. [PMID: 36286478 PMCID: PMC9604933 DOI: 10.3390/md20100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have demonstrated a bioprocessing approach encompassing the exogenous addition of low-molecular-weight compounds to tune the fatty acid (FA) profile in a novel thraustochytrid strain to produce desirable FAs. Maximum lipid recovery (38%, dry wt. biomass) was obtained at 1% Tween 80 and 0.25 mg/L of Vitamin B12. The transesterified lipid showed palmitic acid (C16, 35.7% TFA), stearic acid (C18, 2.1% TFA), and oleic acid (C18:1, 18.7% TFA) as the main components of total FAs, which are mainly present in plant oils. Strikingly, D-limonene addition in the fermentation medium repressed the production of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs). Sulfur-polymerization-guided lipid separation revealed the presence of saturated (SFAs, 53% TFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, 46.6% TFA) in thraustochytrid oil that mimics plant-oil-like FA profiles. This work is industrially valuable and advocates the use of sulfur polymerization for preparation of plant-like oils through tuneable thraustochytrid lipids.
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19
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Chen C, Tang T, Shi Q, Zhou Z, Fan J. The potential and challenge of microalgae as promising future food sources. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Production of Carotenoids and Phospholipids by Thraustochytrium sp. in Batch and Repeated-Batch Culture. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070416. [PMID: 35877709 PMCID: PMC9325111 DOI: 10.3390/md20070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotenogenic thraustochytrid Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16 was grown in batch and repeated-batch cultures using different feeds containing glucose, or glycerol, and yeast extract, for the production of lipids, phospholipids and carotenoids. RT2316-16 produced canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and β-carotene. The effects of biotin, ascorbic acid, light and temperature were evaluated in some of the experiments. In 2-day-old batch cultures, the combined mass percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in total lipids was between 16.5% (glycerol-based medium in the dark; biomass concentration = 4.2 ± 1.1 g L−1) and 42.6% (glucose-based medium under light; biomass concentration = 3.3 ± 0.1 g L−1), decreasing to 3.8% and 6.1%, respectively, after day 4. In repeated-batch cultures, the total lipids in the biomass increased after glucose or glycerol was fed alone, whereas the total carotenoids (168 ± 7 μg g−1 dry weight (DW)) and phospholipids in the biomass increased after feeding with yeast extract. The biomass with the highest content of phospholipids (28.7 ± 4.3 mg g−1 DW) was obtained using a feed medium formulated with glycerol, yeast extract and ascorbic acid. Glycerol was the best carbon source for the production of a biomass enriched with total lipids (467 ± 45 mg g−1 DW). The composition of carotenoids depended strongly on the composition of the feed. Repeated-batch cultures fed with yeast extract contained canthaxanthin as the main carotenoid, whereas in the cultures fed only with glucose, the biomass contained mainly β-carotene.
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21
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Nazir Y, Phabakaran P, Halim H, Mohamed H, Naz T, Abdul Hamid A, Song Y. Strategic Development of Aurantiochytrium sp. Mutants With Superior Oxidative Stress Tolerance and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity for Enhanced DHA Production Through Plasma Mutagenesis Coupled With Chemical Screening. Front Nutr 2022; 9:876649. [PMID: 35558745 PMCID: PMC9087853 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.876649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids, such as Aurantiochytrium and Schizochytrium, have been shown as a promising sustainable alternative to fish oil due to its ability to accumulate a high level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from its total fatty acids. However, the low DHA volumetric yield by most of the wild type (WT) strain of thraustochytrids which probably be caused by the low oxidative stress tolerance as well as a limited supply of key precursors for DHA biosynthesis has restricted its application for industrial application. Thus, to enhance the DHA production, we aimed to generate Aurantiochytrium SW1 mutant with high tolerance toward oxidative stress and high glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities through strategic plasma mutagenesis coupled with chemical screening. The WT strain (Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1) was initially exposed to plasma radiation and was further challenged with zeocin and polydatin, generating a mutant (YHPM1) with a 30, 65, and 80% higher overall biomass, lipid, and DHA production in comparison with the parental strains, respectively. Further analysis showed that the superior growth, lipid, and DHA biosynthesis of the YHMP1 were attributed not only to the higher G6PDH and enzymes involved in the oxidative defense such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) but also to other key metabolic enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis. This study provides an effective approach in developing the Aurantiochytrium sp. mutant with superior DHA production capacity that has the potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.,Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Pranesha Phabakaran
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hafiy Halim
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Tahira Naz
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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22
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Media Supplementation with Mannitol and Biotin Enhances Squalene Production of Thraustochytrium ATCC 26185 through Increased Glucose Uptake and Antioxidative Mechanisms. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082449. [PMID: 35458647 PMCID: PMC9029391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Media supplementation with exogenous chemicals is known to stimulate the accumulation of important lipids produced by microalgae and thraustochytrids. However, the roles of exogenous chemicals in promoting and preserving the terpenoids pool of thraustochytrids have been rarely investigated. Here, we realized the effects of two media supplements—mannitol and biotin—on the biomass and squalene production by a thraustochytrid strain (Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185) and elucidated their mechanism of action. A significant change in the biomass was not evident with the exogenous addition of these supplements. However, with mannitol (1 g/L) supplementation, the ATCC 26185 culture achieved the best concentration (642 ± 13.6 mg/L) and yield (72.9 ± 9.6 mg/g) of squalene, which were 1.5-fold that of the control culture (non-supplemented). Similarly, with biotin supplementation (0.15 mg/L), the culture showed 459 ± 2.9 g/L and 55.7 ± 3.2 mg/g of squalene concentration and yield, respectively. The glucose uptake rate at 24 h of fermentation increased markedly with mannitol (0.31 g/Lh−1) or biotin (0.26 g/Lh−1) supplemented culture compared with non-supplemented culture (0.09 g/Lh−1). In addition, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of culture supplemented with mannitol remained alleviated during the entire period of fermentation while it alleviated after 24 h with biotin supplementation. The ∆ROS with mannitol was better compared with biotin supplementation. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of the supplemented culture was more than 50% during the late stage (72–96 h) of fermentation. Our study provides the potential of mannitol and biotin to enhance squalene yield and the first lines of experimental evidence for their protective role against oxidative stress during the culture of thraustochytrids.
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Li L, Tang X, Luo Y, Hu X, Ren L. Accumulation and conversion of β-carotene and astaxanthin induced by abiotic stresses in Schizochytrium sp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:911-920. [PMID: 35212833 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a kind of ketone carotenoid belonging to tetraterpenoids with an excellent antioxidant activity and it is widely used in nutrition and health-care industries. This study aimed to explore the effect of different abiotic stresses on carotenoid production in Schizochytrium sp. Firstly, the characteristics of carotenoid accumulation were studied in Schizochytrium sp. by monitoring the change of carotenoid yields and gene expressions. Then, different abiotic stresses were systematically studied to regulate the carotenoid accumulation. Results showed that low temperature could advance the astaxanthin accumulation, while ferric ion could stimulate the conversion from carotene to astaxanthin. The glucose and monosodium glutamate ratio of 100:5 was helpful for the accumulation of β-carotene. In addition, micro-oxygen supply conditions could increase the yield of β-carotene and astaxanthin by 25.47% and 14.92%, respectively. This study provided the potential regulation strategies for carotenoid production which might be used in different carotenoid-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Chengxian College, Southeast University, No. 6 Dongda Road, Nanjing, 210088, People's Republic of China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyang Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Chengxian College, Southeast University, No. 6 Dongda Road, Nanjing, 210088, People's Republic of China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Chengxian College, Southeast University, No. 6 Dongda Road, Nanjing, 210088, People's Republic of China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Chengxian College, Southeast University, No. 6 Dongda Road, Nanjing, 210088, People's Republic of China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujing Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Chengxian College, Southeast University, No. 6 Dongda Road, Nanjing, 210088, People's Republic of China. .,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Bao Z, Zhu Y, Feng Y, Zhang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Yu L. Enhancement of lipid accumulation and docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in Schizochytrium sp. H016 by exogenous supplementation of sesamol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126527. [PMID: 34896539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is one of the most promising marine oleaginous microorganisms for industrial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this study, the exogenous supplementation of 1 mM sesamol to the fermentation medium effectively prevented the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fermentation process, which thereby significantly increasing the lipid and DHA yield by 53.52% and 78.30%, respectively. The addition of sesamol also increased the total antioxidant capacity of cells and induce the gene expression of polyketide synthase and antioxidant enzyme system. Moreover, the supply of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was regulated by sesamol by inhibiting the malic enzyme activity and promoting the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Finally, fed-batch fermentation showed that the addition of sesamol significantly enhanced the DHA yield by 90.76%. This study provides an important reference for enhancing the DHA productivity of Schizochytrium sp. in industrial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Bao
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanmin Zhu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhikuan Wang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China.
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25
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Huang PW, Xu YS, Sun XM, Shi TQ, Gu Y, Ye C, Huang H. Development of an Efficient Gene Editing Tool in Schizochytrium sp. and Improving Its Lipid and Terpenoid Biosynthesis. Front Nutr 2022; 8:795651. [PMID: 34970583 PMCID: PMC8712325 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.795651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 is a marine microalga with fast growth and high lipid content, which has potential as microbial cell factories for lipid compound biosynthesis. It is significant to develop efficient genetic editing tool and discover molecular target in Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 for lipid compound biosynthesis. In this study, we developed an efficient gene editing tool in HX-308 which was mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL-1. Results showed that the random integration efficiency reached 100%, and the homologous recombination efficiency reached about 30%. Furthermore, the metabolic pathway of lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis were engineered. Firstly, the acetyl-CoA c-acetyltransferase was overexpressed in HX-308 with a strong constitutive promoter. With the overexpression of acetyl-CoA c-acetyltransferase, more acetyl-CoA was used to synthesize terpenoids, and the production of squalene, β-carotene and astaxanthin was increased 5.4, 1.8, and 2.4 times, respectively. Interestingly, the production of saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids also changed. Moreover, three Acyl-CoA oxidase genes which catalyze the first step of β-oxidation were knocked out using homologous recombination. Results showed that the production of lipids increased in the three knock-out strains. Our results demonstrated that the A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation method will be of great use for the study of function genes, as well as developing Schizochytrium sp. as a strong cell factory for producing high value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Wei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.,College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Magoni C, Bertacchi S, Giustra CM, Guzzetti L, Cozza R, Ferrari M, Torelli A, Marieschi M, Porro D, Branduardi P, Labra M. Could microalgae be a strategic choice for responding to the demand for omega-3 fatty acids? A European perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Ma W, Wang YZ, Nong FT, Du F, Xu YS, Huang PW, Sun XM. An emerging simple and effective approach to increase the productivity of thraustochytrids microbial lipids by regulating glycolysis process and triacylglycerols' decomposition. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:247. [PMID: 34972534 PMCID: PMC8719115 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oleaginous microorganism Schizochytrium sp. is widely used in scientific research and commercial lipid production processes. However, low glucose-to-lipid conversion rate (GLCR) and low lipid productivity of Schizochytrium sp. restrict the feasibility of its use. RESULTS Orlistat is a lipase inhibitor, which avoids triacylglycerols (TAGs) from hydrolysis by lipase. TAGs are the main storage forms of fatty acids in Schizochytrium sp. In this study, the usage of orlistat increased the GLCR by 21.88% in the middle stage of fermentation. Whereas the productivity of lipid increased 1.34 times reaching 0.73 g/L/h, the saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid yield increased from 21.2 and 39.1 to 34.9 and 48.5 g/L, respectively, indicating the advantages of using a lipase inhibitor in microbial lipids fermentation. Similarly, the system was also successful in Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium. The metabolic regulatory mechanisms stimulated by orlistat in Schizochytrium sp. were further investigated using transcriptomics and metabolomics. The results showed that orlistat redistributed carbon allocation and enhanced the energy supply when inhibiting the TAGs' degradation pathway. Therefore, lipase in Schizochytrium sp. prefers to hydrolyze saturated fatty acid TAGs into the β-oxidation pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a simple and effective approach to improve lipid production, and makes us understand the mechanism of lipid accumulation and decomposition in Schizochytrium sp., offering new guidance for the exploitation of oleaginous microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhou Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Tong Nong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Wei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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29
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Blasio M, Balzano S. Fatty Acids Derivatives From Eukaryotic Microalgae, Pathways and Potential Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:718933. [PMID: 34659147 PMCID: PMC8511707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.718933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of petrochemical hydrocarbons is compromising ecosystem and human health and biotechnological research is increasingly focusing on sustainable materials from plants and, to a lesser extent, microalgae. Fatty acid derivatives include, among others, oxylipins, hydroxy fatty acids, diols, alkenones, and wax esters. They can occur as storage lipids or cell wall components and possess, in some cases, striking cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical properties. In addition, long chain (>20) fatty acid derivatives mostly contain highly reduced methylenic carbons and exhibit a combustion enthalpy higher than that of C14–20 fatty acids, being potentially suitable as biofuel candidates. Finally, being the building blocks of cell wall components, some fatty acid derivatives might also be used as starters for the industrial synthesis of different polymers. Within this context, microalgae can be a promising source of fatty acid derivatives and, in contrast with terrestrial plants, do not require arable land neither clean water for their growth. Microalgal mass culturing for the extraction and the exploitation of fatty acid derivatives, along with products that are relevant in nutraceutics (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids), might contribute in increasing the viability of microalgal biotechnologies. This review explores fatty acids derivatives from microalgae with applications in the field of renewable energies, biomaterials and pharmaceuticals. Nannochloropsis spp. (Eustigmatophyceae, Heterokontophyta) are particularly interesting for biotechnological applications since they grow at faster rates than many other species and possess hydroxy fatty acids and aliphatic cell wall polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Blasio
- Department of Marine Biotechnologies, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli (SZN), Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Balzano
- Department of Marine Biotechnologies, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli (SZN), Naples, Italy.,Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Den Burg (Texel), Netherlands
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30
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Uprety BK, Morrison EN, Emery RJN, Farrow SC. Customizing lipids from oleaginous microbes: leveraging exogenous and endogenous approaches. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:482-508. [PMID: 34625276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To meet the growing demands of the oleochemical industry, tailored lipid sources are expanding to oleaginous microbes. To control the fatty acid composition of microbial lipids, ground-breaking exogenous and endogenous approaches are being developed. Exogenous approaches employ extracellular tools such as product-specific feedstocks, process optimization, elicitors, and magnetic and mechanical energy, whereas endogenous approaches leverage biology through the use of product-specific microbes, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), and the creation of custom strains via random and targeted cellular engineering. We consolidate recent advances from both fields into a review that will serve as a resource for those striving to fulfill the vision of microbial cell factories for tailored lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaya K Uprety
- Discovery Biology, Noblegen Inc., Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada; Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Erin N Morrison
- Discovery Biology, Noblegen Inc., Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada; Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada; Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Scott C Farrow
- Discovery Biology, Noblegen Inc., Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada; Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada.
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31
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Exogenous Antioxidants Improve the Accumulation of Saturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100559. [PMID: 34677458 PMCID: PMC8541261 DOI: 10.3390/md19100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Schizochytrium are well known for their remarkable ability to produce lipids intracellularly. However, during their lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated inevitably as byproducts, which if in excess results in lipid peroxidation. To alleviate such ROS-induced damage, seven different natural antioxidants (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, tea extract, melatonin, mannitol, sesamol, and butylated hydroxytoluene) were evaluated for their effects on the lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 using a fractional factorial design. Among the tested antioxidants, mannitol showed the best increment (44.98%) in total fatty acids concentration. However, the interaction effects of mannitol (1 g/L) and ascorbic acid (1 g/L) resulted in 2.26 ± 0.27 g/L and 1.45 ± 0.04 g/L of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA and PUFA), respectively, in batch fermentation. These concentrations were further increased to 7.68 ± 0.37 g/L (SFA) and 5.86 ± 0.03 g/L (PUFA) through fed-batch fermentation. Notably, the interaction effects yielded 103.7% and 49.6% increment in SFA and PUFA concentrations in batch fermentation. The possible mechanisms underlining those increments were an increased maximum growth rate of strain PKU#Mn4, alleviated ROS level, and the differential expression of lipid biosynthetic genes andupregulated catalase gene. This study provides an applicable strategy for improving the accumulation of SFA and PUFA in thraustochytrids by exogenous antioxidants and the underlying mechanisms.
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32
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Hussain SA, Sarker MI, Yosief HO, Yadav MP. Evaluation of diverse biochemical stimulants to enhance growth, lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production of Aurantiochytrium Sp. ATCC PRA-276. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Bao Z, Zhu Y, Zhang K, Feng Y, Chen X, Lei M, Yu L. High-value utilization of the waste hydrolysate of Dioscorea zingiberensis for docosahexaenoic acid production in Schizochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 336:125305. [PMID: 34044242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The starch saccharification liquid of Dioscorea zingiberensis tubers (SSLD) is a glucose-rich agro-industrial waste. Herein, SSLD was used as a novel potential carbon source for the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Schizochytrium sp. to achieve waste recycling and high-value utilization. Component analysis showed that SSLD contains abundant nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, phenolics and flavonoids. When the total sugar concentration in SSLD was optimized to 90 g/L, the biomass and DHA yield reached 44.85 and 6.60 g/L, respectively, which were 32.1% and 36.92% higher than that at pure glucose culture condition. Fermentation characteristics and gene expression analysis showed that SSLD could remarkably improve cell antioxidant capacity, which is beneficial to scavenge intracellular reactive oxygen species and increase the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in Schizochytrium sp. Hence, SSLD is an effective and economic carbon source for DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Bao
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanmin Zhu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengjie Lei
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China.
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34
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Optimization of docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium SP. – A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Shi Y, Chen Z, Li Y, Cao X, Yang L, Xu Y, Li Z, He N. Function of ORFC of the polyketide synthase gene cluster on fatty acid accumulation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:163. [PMID: 34301326 PMCID: PMC8305795 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a potential source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), Schizochytrium sp. has been widely used in industry for PUFA production. Polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster is supposed to be the primary way of PUFA synthesis in Schizochytrium sp. As one of three open reading frames (ORF) in the PKS cluster, ORFC plays an essential role in fatty acid biosynthesis. However, the function of domains in ORFC in the fatty acid synthesis of Schizochytrium sp. remained unclear. RESULTS In this study, heterologous expression and overexpression were carried out to study the role of ORFC and its domains in fatty acid accumulation. Firstly, ORFC was heterologously expressed in yeast which increased the PUFA content significantly. Then, the dehydratase (DH) and enoyl reductase (ER) domains located on ORFC were overexpressed in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, respectively. Fatty acids profile analysis showed that the contents of PUFA and saturated fatty acid were increased in the DH and ER overexpression strains, respectively. This indicated that the DH and ER domains played distinct roles in lipid accumulation. Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that the pentose phosphate pathway and triacylglycerol biosynthesis were enhanced, while the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acids oxidation were weakened in DH-overexpression strain. However, the opposite effect was found in the ER-overexpression strain. CONCLUSION Therefore, ORFC was required for the biosynthesis of fatty acid. The DH domain played a crucial role in PUFA synthesis, whereas the ER domain might be related to saturated fatty acids (SFA) synthesis in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. This research explored the role of ORFC in the PKS gene cluster in Schizochytrium limacinum and provided potential genetic modification strategies for improving lipid production and regulating PUFA and SFA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Ding XT, Fan Y, Jiang EY, Shi XY, Krautter E, Hu GR, Li FL. Expression of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene in Nannochloropsis oceanica regulates intracellular oxygen balance under high-light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 221:112237. [PMID: 34116318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nannochloropsis oceanica is widely used as a model photosynthetic chassis to produce fatty acids and carotenoid pigments. However, intense light typically causes excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photorespiration in microalgal cells, which results in decreased cell growth rate and unsaturated fatty acid content. In this study, the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) was introduced into N. oceanica cells and expressed by using the light-harvesting complex promoter and its signal peptide. Compared with wild type (WT), the growth rate of transformants increased by 7.4%-18.5%, and the eicosapentaenoic acid content in an optimal transformant increased by 21.0%. Correspondingly, the intracellular ROS levels decreased by 56.9%-70.0%, and the catalase content in transformants was about 1.8 times that of WT. The photorespiration level of transformants was reduced by the measurement and calculation of the dissolved oxygen concentration under the condition of light-dark transition. The expression level of the key genes related to the photorespiration pathway in transformants was more than 80% lower than that in WT. These results indicated that Vitreoscilla hemoglobin could improve microalgal growth by reducing ROS damage and modulating photorespiration under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China,; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China,; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Er-Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China,; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China,; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | | | - Guang-Rong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China,; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Fu-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China,; Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Yang Q, Lu T, Yan J, Li J, Zhou H, Pan X, Lu Y, He N, Ling X. Regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis by enhancing carotenoid-mediated endogenous antioxidant capacity in Schizochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Wang Q, Han W, Jin W, Gao S, Zhou X. Docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp.: review and prospect. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2021.1908900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Han
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shuhong Gao
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Hu X, Tang X, Bi Z, Zhao Q, Ren L. Adaptive evolution of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. under high temperature for efficient production of docosahexaeonic acid. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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40
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Han X, Li Z, Wen Y, Chen Z. Overproduction of docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. through genetic engineering of oxidative stress defense pathways. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:70. [PMID: 33726826 PMCID: PMC7968238 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation and peroxidation of lipids in microorganisms result in increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive aldehydes, and consequent reduction of cell growth and lipid accumulation. RESULTS To reduce oxygen-mediated cell damage and increase lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production in Schizochytrium sp., we strengthened the oxidative stress defense pathways. Overexpression of the enzymes thioredoxin reductase (TRXR), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), glutathione peroxidase (GPO), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (ZWF) strongly promoted cell growth, lipid yield, and DHA production. Coexpression of ZWF, ALDH, GPO, and TRXR enhanced ROS-scavenging ability. Highest values of dry cell weight, lipid yield, and DHA production (50.5 g/L, 33.1 g/L, and 13.3 g/L, respectively) were attained in engineered strain OaldH-gpo-trxR by shake flask fed-batch culture; these were increases of 18.5%, 80.9%, and 114.5% relative to WT values. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that engineering of oxidative stress defense pathways is an effective strategy for promoting cell robustness, lipid yield, and DHA production in Schizochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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41
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Du F, Wang YZ, Xu YS, Shi TQ, Liu WZ, Sun XM, Huang H. Biotechnological production of lipid and terpenoid from thraustochytrids. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 48:107725. [PMID: 33727145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As fungus-like protists, thraustochytrids have been increasingly studied for their faster growth rates and high lipid content. In the 1990s, thraustochytrids were used as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producers for the first time. Thraustochytrids genera, such as Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, and Aurantiochytrium have been developed and patented as industrial strains for DHA production. The high DHA yield is attributed to its unique and efficient polyketide-like synthase (PKS) pathway. Moreover, thraustochytrids possess a completed mevalonate (MVA) pathway, so it can be used as host for terpenoid production. In order to improve strain performance, the metabolic engineering strategies have been applied to promote or disrupt intracellular metabolic pathways, such as genetic engineering and addition of chemical activators. However, it is difficult to realize industrialization only by improving strain performance. Various operation strategies were developed to enlarge the production quantities from the laboratory-scale, including two-stage cultivation strategies, scale-up technologies and bioreactor design. Moreover, an economical and effective downstream process is also an important consideration for the industrial application of thraustochytrids. Downstream costs accounts for 20-60% of the overall process costs, which represents an attractive target for increasing the cost-competitiveness of thraustochytrids, including how to improve the efficiency of lipid extraction and the further application of biomass residues. This review aims to overview the whole lipid biotechnology of thraustochytrids to provide the background information for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhou Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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42
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Jovanovic S, Dietrich D, Becker J, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. Microbial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids - high-value ingredients for aquafeed, superfoods, and pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:199-211. [PMID: 33540327 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have received worldwide attention in recent years due to an increasing awareness of their uniqueness in improving diet and human health and their apparently inevitable shortage in global availability. Microbial cell factories are a major solution to supplying these precious molecules in sufficient amounts and providing PUFA-rich aquafeed, superfoods, and medical formulations. This review assesses the PUFA world markets and highlights recent advances in upgrading and streamlining microalgae, yeasts, fungi, and bacteria for high-level PUFA production and broadening of the PUFA spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Jovanovic
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Demian Dietrich
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany.
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Lu H, Chen H, Tang X, Yang Q, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Metabolomics analysis reveals the role of oxygen control in the nitrogen limitation induced lipid accumulation in Mortierella alpina. J Biotechnol 2020; 325:325-333. [PMID: 33039549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid hyperaccumulation in oleaginous microorganisms is generally induced by nitrogen limitation, while oxygen supply can influence biomass growth and cell metabolism. Although strategies based on nitrogen limitation or oxygen control have been extensively explored and applied in various oleaginous microorganisms, the role of oxygen supply in nitrogen limitation induced lipid hyperaccumulation still remains unclear. Here, we systematically surveyed the effects of oxygen supply on the oleaginous fungus M. alpina cultured in nitrogen limited conditions through integration of physiochemical parameters and metabolomics analysis. Our results indicated that a high oxygen supply promoted carbon/nitrogen consumption and was used for rapid biomass synthesis, while either high or low oxygen supply conditions were adverse to lipid and ARA accumulation. Different oxygen supply level significantly affected the balance between fermentation for lipid synthesis and respiration for energy generation. Under nitrogen limitation, a suitable oxygen supply promoted the recycling of preformed nitrogen and increased the redirection of carbon towards fatty acid synthesis through the hub centred around glutamic acid coupled to the intermediate metabolism of carbon in the TCA cycle, while a high oxygen supply favored the respiration process and enhanced the degradation of LC-PUFAs, rather than fermentation for fatty acid synthesis. This system-level insight reveals the underlying metabolic mechanism of oxygen control in nitrogen limitation induced lipid accumulation, and provides theoretical support for the integration of oxygen control with nutrient supply for efficient microbial oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
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Kothri M, Mavrommati M, Elazzazy AM, Baeshen MN, Moussa TAA, Aggelis G. Microbial sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the prospect of organic residues and wastes as growth media for PUFA-producing microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5735438. [PMID: 32053204 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of non-fish sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is of great biotechnological importance. Although various oleaginous microalgae and fungi are able of accumulating storage lipids (single cell oils - SCOs) containing PUFAs, the industrial applications utilizing these organisms are rather limited due to the high-fermentation cost. However, combining SCO production with other biotechnological applications, including waste and by-product valorization, can overcome this difficulty. In the current review, we present the major sources of fungi (i.e. members of Mucoromycota, fungoid-like Thraustochytrids and genetically modified strains of Yarrowia lipolytica) and microalgae (e.g. Isochrysis, NannochloropsisandTetraselmis) that have come recently to the forefront due to their ability to produce PUFAs. Approaches adopted in order to increase PUFA productivity and the potential of using various residues, such as agro-industrial, food and aquaculture wastes as fermentation substrates for SCO production have been considered and discussed. We concluded that several organic residues can be utilized as feedstock in the SCO production increasing the competitiveness of oleaginous organisms against conventional PUFA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kothri
- Unit of Microbiology, Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Mavrommati
- Unit of Microbiology, Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ahmed M Elazzazy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, 23218 Jeddah, Saudi Arabi.,Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed N Baeshen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, 23218 Jeddah, Saudi Arabi
| | - Tarek A A Moussa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, 23218 Jeddah, Saudi Arabi.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
| | - George Aggelis
- Unit of Microbiology, Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, 23218 Jeddah, Saudi Arabi
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Efficient conversion of extracts from low-cost, rejected fruits for high-valued Docosahexaenoic acid production by Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Guo DS, Tong LL, Ji XJ, Ren LJ, Ding QQ. Development of a Strategy to Improve the Stability of Culture Environment for Docosahexaenoic Acid Fermentation by Schizochytrium sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:881-894. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang S, He Y, Sen B, Wang G. Reactive oxygen species and their applications toward enhanced lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123234. [PMID: 32245673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous microorganisms are among the most promising alternative sources of lipids for oleochemicals and biofuels. However, in the course of lipid production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated inevitably as byproducts of aerobic metabolisms. Although excessive accumulation of ROS leads to lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and protein denaturation, ROS accumulation has been suggested to enhance lipid synthesis in these microorganisms. There are many unresolved questions concerning this dichotomous view of ROS influence on lipid accumulation. These include what level of ROS triggers lipid overproduction, what mechanisms and targets are vital and whether ROS act as toxic byproducts or cellular messengers in these microorganisms? Here we review the current state of knowledge on ROS generation, antioxidative defense system, the dual effects of ROS on microbial lipid production, and ROS-induced lipid peroxidation and accumulation mechanisms. Toward the end, the review summarizes strategies that enhance lipid production based on ROS manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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48
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Different Classes of Phytohormones Act Synergistically to Enhance the Growth, Lipid and DHA Biosynthetic Capacity of Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050755. [PMID: 32413958 PMCID: PMC7277723 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the impact of eight phytohormones from six different classes on the growth, lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) biosynthetic capacity of Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 (SW1) was evaluated. Kinetin (KIN), jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellic acid (GA) significantly enhanced the growth and DHA production of SW1 by 16%-28% and 66%-84% in comparison to the control, respectively. The synergistic effect of these three phytohormones, evaluated by the response surface methodology (RSM), showed that a combination of 3.6 mg/L GA, 2.0 mg/L KIN and 20.0 mg/L JA further increased the growth and DHA production of SW1 by 16% to 28% and 22% to 36%, respectively, in comparison to the individual supplementation. The synergistic effect of these phytohormones was also shown to be time-dependent, where feeding at 24 h of cultivation led to 15%, 26% and 35% further increments in the biomass, lipid and DHA production in comparison to that of 0 h, respectively. The determination of stress markers, antioxidant enzymes and key enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis aided to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying the improvement of growth and DHA production by SW1 at various times of feeding. Supplementation with the phytohormones at 24 h exhibited the maximum impact on reducing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as augmented the antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and key metabolic enzymes involved in lipogenesis (malic, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP-citrate lyase) in comparison to the control and other time points. This study signifies the potential application of phytohormones for improving the growth, lipid and DHA production in Aurantiochytrium spp.
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Diao J, Song X, Guo T, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Cellular engineering strategies toward sustainable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids production: State of the art and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lab-Scale Optimization of Aurantiochytrium sp. Culture Medium for Improved Growth and DHA Production. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids have gained increasing relevance over the last decades, due to their fast growth and outstanding capacity to accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this context, the present work aimed to optimize the growth performance and DHA yields by improving the culture medium of Aurantiochytrium sp. AF0043. Accordingly, two distinct culture media were optimized: (i) an inorganic optimized medium (IOM), containing only monosodium glutamate and glucose as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively; and (ii) an organic and sustainable waste-based optimized medium (WOM), containing corn steep powder and glycerol, added in fed-batch mode, as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. Overall, the lab-scale optimization allowed to increase the biomass yield 1.5-fold and enhance DHA content 1.7-fold using IOM. Moreover, WOM enabled a 2-fold increase in biomass yield and a significant improvement in lipid contents, from 22.78% to 31.14%. However, DHA content was enhanced almost 3-fold, from an initial content of 10.12% to 29.66% of total fatty acids contained in the biomass. Therefore, these results strongly suggest, not only that the production pipeline was significantly improved but also confirmed the potential use of Aurantiochytrium sp. AF0043 as a source of DHA.
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