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Erkanli ME, El-Halabi K, Kim JR. Exploring the diversity of β-glucosidase: Classification, catalytic mechanism, molecular characteristics, kinetic models, and applications. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 173:110363. [PMID: 38041879 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
High-value chemicals and energy-related products can be produced from biomass. Biorefinery technology offers a sustainable and cost-effective method for this high-value conversion. β-glucosidase is one of the key enzymes in biorefinery processes, catalyzing the production of glucose from aryl-glycosides and cello-oligosaccharides via the hydrolysis of β-glycosidic bonds. Although β-glucosidase plays a critical catalytic role in the utilization of cellulosic biomass, its efficacy is often limited by substrate or product inhibitions, low thermostability, and/or insufficient catalytic activity. To provide a detailed overview of β-glucosidases and their benefits in certain desired applications, we collected and summarized extensive information from literature and public databases, covering β-glucosidases in different glycosidase hydrolase families and biological kingdoms. These β-glucosidases show differences in amino acid sequence, which are translated into varying degrees of the molecular properties critical in enzymatic applications. This review describes studies on the diversity of β-glucosidases related to the classification, catalytic mechanisms, key molecular characteristics, kinetics models, and applications, and highlights several β-glucosidases displaying high stability, activity, and resistance to glucose inhibition suitable for desired biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emre Erkanli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Khalid El-Halabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Jin Ryoun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
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Kinetic Model for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose from Pre-Treated Rice Husks. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice husks contain cellulose as a raw material for manufacturing second-generation bioethanol. Cellulose from pre-treated rice husks was converted into reducing sugars through enzymatic hydrolysis using enzymes derived from Aspergillus niger. This study aims to determine the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis at enzyme concentrations of 10, 15, and 20% (v/w) and hydrolysis times of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 h. The results showed that cellulose was hydrolyzed to form reducing sugars. The CMCase activity and FPase activity reached 548.940 and 314.892 U mL−1, respectively, much higher than most previous reports on this genus. From the calculation of the reaction rate using the Michaelis–Menten kinetic model, the value of the Michaelis constant ranges from 0.001 to 0.0007, and the maximum rate is 1.3 × 10−7 to 2.7 × 10−7 Mol L−1 s−1. The highest reducing sugar concentration was obtained (1.80 g L−1) at an enzyme concentration of 20% (v/w) and a hydrolysis time of 25 h.
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Immobilization of an Industrial β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus and Its Use for Cellobiose Hydrolysis. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, several covalent methods of immobilization based on acrylic supports, Schiff bases and epoxides have been applied to a commercial cocktail with a high β-glucosidase activity secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. This cocktail was preliminary compared to a commercial secretome of Aspergillus niger, which was also subjected to the aforementioned immobilization methods. Due to its higher activity, the cocktail from A. fumigatus immobilized on ReliZyme™ HA403 activated with glutaraldehyde was employed for pNPG and cellobiose hydrolysis in diverse operational conditions and at diverse enzyme loadings, showing a very high activity at high enzyme load. A kinetic model based on the Michaelis–Menten hypothesis, in which double inhibition occurs due to glucose, has been selected upon fitting it to all experimentally retrieved data with the lowest-activity immobilized enzyme. This model was compared to the one previously established for the free form of the enzyme, observing that cellobiose acompetitive inhibition does not exist with the immobilized enzyme acting as the biocatalyst. In addition, stability studies indicated that the immobilized enzyme intrinsically behaves as the free enzyme, as expected for a one-bond low-interaction protein-support immobilization.
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Kinetics of Lignin Removal from Rice Husk Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Combined Hydrogen Peroxide–Aqueous Ammonia Pretreatments. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice husk has the potential to be used for converting agricultural wastes into renewable energy. Therefore, this study aims to improve the hydrolysis of rice husk through Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) and Combined Hydrogen Peroxide–Aqueous Ammonia (CHPA) pretreatments. The removal of lignin from rice husks was determined using SEM–EDS examination of the samples. At a specific concentration of H2O2, (CHPA) pretreatment eliminated a significantly larger amount of lignin from biomass. The percentage of lignin removal of HP varied from 48.25 to 66.50, while CHPA ranged from 72.22 to 85.73. Hence, the use of batch kinetics of lignin removal of both pretreatments is recommended, where the kinetic parameters are determined by fitting the experimental data. Based on the results, the activation energies for HP and CHPA pretreatments were 9.96 and 7.44 kJ/mol, which showed that the24 model is appropriate for the experimental data. The increase in temperatures also led to a higher pretreatment value, indicating their positive correlation. Meanwhile, CHPA pretreatment was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis of 6% enzyme loading for the production of 6.58 g glucose/L at 25 h.
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Wojtusik M, Vergara P, Villar JC, Ladero M, García-Ochoa F. Enzymatic hydrolysis of several pretreated lignocellulosic biomasses: Fractal kinetic modelling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124050. [PMID: 32889118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of three pre-treated lignocellulosic biomasses -LCB- (wheat straw-WS-, corn stover-CSV- and cardoon stems -CS-) is studied. These biomasses were pre-treated by two methods: diluted sulfuric acid and acid ethanol-water extraction at six severity levels (H values). Pretreated solid fractions were hydrolyzed with commercial enzyme cocktails at standard conditions. A first-order kinetic fractal model was fitted to the experimental results. This model accurately describes the hydrolysis of all biomasses at all pre-treatment conditions studied. The results show that the formal first-order kinetic constant k depends on the biomass nature. The hydrolysis rate increases as the pre-treatment severity does, while the fractal exponent value h decreases. With these pre-treatments, and in terms of k and h, WS is highly reactive and, at medium H with EW pretreatment, highly accessible; CSV has a low reactivity and high accessibility and CS has the lowest reactivity and an increasing accessibility as severity rises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Wojtusik
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscilla Vergara
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Cellulose & Paper. Forest Research Center - INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Villar
- Laboratory of Cellulose & Paper. Forest Research Center - INIA, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ladero
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Félix García-Ochoa
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department. Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Jiménez-Villota DS, Acosta-Pavas JC, Betancur-Ramírez KJ, Ruiz-Colorado AA. Modeling and Kinetic Parameter Estimation of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process of Lignocellulosic Materials for Glucose Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sebastián Jiménez-Villota
- Departamento de Procesos y Energı́a, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellı́n, Medellı́n 050034, Colombia
| | - Juan Camilo Acosta-Pavas
- Departamento de Procesos y Energı́a, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellı́n, Medellı́n 050034, Colombia
| | - Kelly Johana Betancur-Ramírez
- Departamento de Procesos y Energı́a, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellı́n, Medellı́n 050034, Colombia
| | - Angela Adriana Ruiz-Colorado
- Departamento de Procesos y Energı́a, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Medellı́n, Medellı́n 050034, Colombia
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Escobar ELN, da Silva TA, Pirich CL, Corazza ML, Pereira Ramos L. Supercritical Fluids: A Promising Technique for Biomass Pretreatment and Fractionation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:252. [PMID: 32391337 PMCID: PMC7191036 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomasses are primarily composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin and these biopolymers are bonded together in a heterogeneous matrix that is highly recalcitrant to chemical or biological conversion processes. Thus, an efficient pretreatment technique must be selected and applied to this type of biomass in order to facilitate its utilization in biorefineries. Classical pretreatment methods tend to operate under severe conditions, leading to sugar losses by dehydration and to the release of inhibitory compounds such as furfural (2-furaldehyde), 5-hydroxy-2-methylfurfural (5-HMF), and organic acids. By contrast, supercritical fluids can pretreat lignocellulosic materials under relatively mild pretreatment conditions, resulting in high sugar yields, low production of fermentation inhibitors and high susceptibilities to enzymatic hydrolysis while reducing the consumption of chemicals, including solvents, reagents, and catalysts. This work presents a review of biomass pretreatment technologies, aiming to deliver a state-of-art compilation of methods and results with emphasis on supercritical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephanie Laura Nottar Escobar
- Applied Kinetics and Thermodynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alessandre da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center in Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Luiz Pirich
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center in Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcos Lúcio Corazza
- Applied Kinetics and Thermodynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luiz Pereira Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center in Applied Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Watanabe K, Tachibana S, Konishi M. Modeling growth and fermentation inhibition during bioethanol production using component profiles obtained by performing comprehensive targeted and non-targeted analyses. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:260-268. [PMID: 30825829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Corn cob and corn stover hydrolysates are forms of lignocellulosic biomass that can be used in second generation bioethanol production and biorefinery processes. Growth and fermentation inhibitors generated during physicochemical and enzymatic hydrolysis decrease ethanol and biomaterial production during the subsequent biological processes. Here, estimates of growth and fermentation inhibition during bioethanol fermentation were made using component profiles of corn cobs and corn stover at different degrees of hydrolysis. The component profiles were acquired by non-targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry and targeted high-performance liquid chromatography. Correlations between the comprehensive analysis results and yeast growth and ethanol production were modeled very accurately by partial-least-squares regression analysis. Acetate, apocynin, butyrovanillone, furfural, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, m-methoxyacetophenone, palmitic acid, syringaldehyde, and xylose, were compounds with very variable importance in projection values and had negative correlation coefficients in the model. In fact, methoxyacetophenone, apocynin, and syringaldehyde inhibited fermentation more than furfural in equivalent concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan
| | - Seiga Tachibana
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan
| | - Masaaki Konishi
- Biotechnology and Food Chemistry Course Program, School of Regional Innovation and Social Design Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan.
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