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Song Y, Yang X, Li S, Luo Y, Chang JS, Hu Z. Thraustochytrids as a promising source of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols: bioactive compound biosynthesis, and modern biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:618-640. [PMID: 37158096 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are eukaryotes and obligate marine protists. They are increasingly considered to be a promising feed additive because of their superior and sustainable application in the production of health-benefiting bioactive compounds, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols. Moreover, the increasing demand makes it critical to rationally design the targeted products by engineering industrial strains. In this review, bioactive compounds accumulated in thraustochytrids were comprehensively evaluated according to their chemical structure, properties, and physiological function. Metabolic networks and biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols were methodically summarized. Further, stress-based strategies used in thraustochytrids were reviewed to explore the potential methodologies for enhancing specific product yields. There are internal relationships between the biosynthesis of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols in thraustochytrids since they share some branches of the synthetic routes with some intermediate substrates in common. Although there are classic synthesis pathways presented in the previous research, the metabolic flow of how these compounds are being synthesized in thraustochytrids still remains uncovered. Further, combined with omics technologies to deeply understand the mechanism and effects of different stresses is necessary, which could provide guidance for genetic engineering. While gene-editing technology has allowed targeted gene knock-in and knock-outs in thraustochytrids, efficient gene editing is still required. This critical review will provide comprehensive information to benefit boosting the commercial productivity of specific bioactive substances by thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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2
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Zhang Y, Feng L, Hemu X, Tan NH, Wang Z. OSMAC Strategy: A promising way to explore microbial cyclic peptides. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116175. [PMID: 38377824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites are pivotal for the development of novel drugs. However, conventional culture techniques, have left a vast array of unexpressed biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in microorganisms, hindering the discovery of metabolites with distinct structural features and diverse biological functions. To address this limitation, several innovative strategies have been emerged. The "One Strain Many Compounds" (OSMAC) strategy, which involves altering microbial culture conditions, has proven to be particularly effective in mining numerous novel secondary metabolites for the past few years. Among these, microbial cyclic peptides stand out. These peptides often comprise rare amino acids, unique chemical structures, and remarkable biological function. With the advancement of the OSMAC strategy, a plethora of new cyclic peptides have been identified from diverse microbial genera. This work reviews the progress in mining novel compounds using the OSMAC strategy and the applications of this strategy in discovering 284 microbial cyclic peptides from 63 endophytic strains, aiming to offer insights for the further explorations into novel active cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xinya Hemu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ning-Hua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Cutolo EA, Caferri R, Campitiello R, Cutolo M. The Clinical Promise of Microalgae in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Natural Compounds to Recombinant Therapeutics. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:630. [PMID: 38132951 PMCID: PMC10745133 DOI: 10.3390/md21120630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an invalidating chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation and progressive bone damage. Dietary intervention is an important component in the treatment of RA to mitigate oxidative stress, a major pathogenic driver of the disease. Alongside traditional sources of antioxidants, microalgae-a diverse group of photosynthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes-are emerging as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory food supplements. Several species accumulate therapeutic metabolites-mainly lipids and pigments-which interfere in the pro-inflammatory pathways involved in RA and other chronic inflammatory conditions. The advancement of the clinical uses of microalgae requires the continuous exploration of phytoplankton biodiversity and chemodiversity, followed by the domestication of wild strains into reliable producers of said metabolites. In addition, the tractability of microalgal genomes offers unprecedented possibilities to establish photosynthetic microbes as light-driven biofactories of heterologous immunotherapeutics. Here, we review the evidence-based anti-inflammatory mechanisms of microalgal metabolites and provide a detailed coverage of the genetic engineering strategies to enhance the yields of endogenous compounds and to develop innovative bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Andrea Cutolo
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Roberto Caferri
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Campitiello
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (R.C.)
| | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (R.C.)
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Li J, Zheng Y, Yang WQ, Wei ZY, Xu YS, Zhang ZX, Ma W, Sun XM. Enhancing the accumulation of lipid and docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. by co-overexpression of phosphopantetheinyl transferase and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300314. [PMID: 37596914 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as one of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), plays a key role in brain development, and is widely used in food additives and the pharmaceutical industry. Schizochytrium sp. is often considered as a satisfactory strain for DHA industrialization. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD) for regulating DHA content in Schizochytrium sp. PPTase is essential to activate the polyketide-like synthase (PKS) pathway, which can transfer apo-acyl-carrier protein (apo-ACP) into holo-ACP, and plays a key role in DHA synthesis. Moreover, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are synthesized by the PKS pathway simultaneously, so high DPA synthesis limits the increase of DHA content. In addition, the detailed mechanisms of PKS pathway have not been fully elucidated, so it is difficult to improve DHA content by modifying PKS. However, ω-3 FAD can convert DPA into DHA, and it is the most direct and effective way to increase DHA content and reduce DPA content. Based on this, PPTase was overexpressed to enhance the synthesis of DHA by the PKS pathway, overexpressed ω-3 FAD to convert the co-product of the PKS pathway into DHA, and co-overexpressed PPTase and ω-3 FAD. With these strategies, compared with wild type, the final lipid, and DHA titer were 92.5 and 51.5 g L-1 , which increased by 46.4% and 78.1%, respectively. This study established an efficient DHA production strain, and provided some feasible strategies for industrial DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Wei
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Cheirsilp B, Maneechote W, Srinuanpan S, Angelidaki I. Microalgae as tools for bio-circular-green economy: Zero-waste approaches for sustainable production and biorefineries of microalgal biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129620. [PMID: 37544540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising organisms that are rapidly gaining much attention due to their numerous advantages and applications, especially in biorefineries for various bioenergy and biochemicals. This review focuses on the microalgae contributions to Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economy, in which zero-waste approaches for sustainable production and biorefineries of microalgal biomass are introduced and their possible integration is discussed. Firstly, overviews of wastewater upcycling and greenhouse gas capture by microalgae are given. Then, a variety of valuable products from microalgal biomass, e.g., pigments, vitamins, proteins/peptides, carbohydrates, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and exopolysaccharides, are summarized to emphasize their biorefinery potential. Techno-economic and environmental analyses have been used to evaluate sustainability of microalgal biomass production systems. Finally, key issues, future perspectives, and challenges for zero-waste microalgal biorefineries, e.g., cost-effective techniques and innovative integrations with other viable processes, are discussed. These strategies not only make microalgae-based industries commercially feasible and sustainable but also reduce environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Program of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Wageeporn Maneechote
- Program of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Chiang Mai Research Group for Carbon Capture and Storage, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Program of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Abbas N, Riaz S, Mazhar S, Essa R, Maryam M, Saleem Y, Syed Q, Perveen I, Bukhari B, Ashfaq S, Abidi SHI. Microbial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): biosynthetic pathways, physical parameter optimization, and health benefits. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:321. [PMID: 37642791 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA), are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids with diverse health benefits. The limited conversion of dietary DHA necessitates its consumption as food supplements. Omega-3 fatty acids possess anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory capabilities, contributing to cardiovascular health. Additionally, DHA consumption is linked to improved vision, brain, and memory development. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids offer protection against various health conditions, such as celiac disease, Alzheimer's, hypertension, thrombosis, heart diseases, depression, diabetes, and certain cancers. Fish oil from pelagic cold-water fish remains the primary source of omega-3 fatty acids, but the global population burden creates a demand-supply gap. Thus, researchers have explored alternative sources, including microbial systems, for omega-3 production. Microbial sources, particularly oleaginous actinomycetes, microalgae like Nannochloropsis and among microbial systems, Thraustochytrids stand out as they can store up to 50% of their dry weight in lipids. The microbial production of omega-3 fatty acids is a potential solution to meet the global demand, as these microorganisms can utilize various carbon sources, including organic waste. The biosynthesis of omega-3 fatty acids involves both aerobic and anaerobic pathways, with bacterial polyketide and PKS-like PUFA synthase as essential enzymatic complexes. Optimization of physicochemical parameters, such as carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, temperature, and salinity, plays a crucial role in maximizing DHA production in microbial systems. Overall, microbial sources hold significant promise in meeting the global demand for omega-3 fatty acids, offering an efficient and sustainable solution for enhancing human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naaz Abbas
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Riaz
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sania Mazhar
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ramsha Essa
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Maryam
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yasar Saleem
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Quratulain Syed
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Perveen
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bakhtawar Bukhari
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saira Ashfaq
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Imam Abidi
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ma W, Li X, Zhang F, Zhang ZY, Yang WQ, Huang PW, Gu Y, Sun XM. Enhancing the biomass and docosahexaenoic acid-rich lipid accumulation of Schizochytrium sp. in propionate wastewater. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300052. [PMID: 37128672 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to find a more effective way to obtain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) rich lipid from Schizochytrium sp., a widespread propionate wastewater (PW) is used. PW is a common industrial and domestic wastewater, and transforming it into valuable products is a potential treatment method. Schizochytrium sp. is a rapidly growing oleaginous organism, which has been used commercially for DHA production. Herein, PW is completely used for DHA production by Schizochytrium sp. by genetic engineering and fermentation optimization, which can alleviate the increasingly tense demand for water resources and environmental pollution caused by industrial wastewater. Firstly, the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) was overexpressed in Schizochytrium sp. to enhance the metabolism of propionate, then the engineered strain of overexpressed MCM (OMCM) can effectively use propionate. Then, the effects of PW with different concentration of propionate were investigated, and results showed that OMCM can completely replace clean water with PW containing 5 g L-1 propionate. Furthermore, in the fed-batch fermentation, the OMCM obtained the highest biomass of 113.4 g L-1 and lipid yield of 64.4 g L-1 in PW condition, which is 26.8% and 51.7% higher than that of wild type (WT) in PW condition. Moreover, to verify why overexpression of MCM can promote DHA and lipid accumulation, the comparative metabolomics, ATP production level, the antioxidant system, and the transcription of key genes were investigated. Results showed that ATP induced by PW condition could drive the synthesis of DHA, and remarkably improve the antioxidant capacity of cells by enhancing the carotenoids production. Therefore, PW can be used as an effective and economical substrate and water source for Schizochytrium sp. to accumulate biomass and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng-Wei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
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Ma W, Zhang Z, Yang W, Huang P, Gu Y, Sun X, Huang H. Enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production from cane molasses by engineered and adaptively evolved Schizochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128833. [PMID: 36889604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cane molasses (CM) is a sugar-rich agro-industrial byproduct. The purpose of this study is to synthesize docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Schizochytrium sp. by using CM. The single factor analysis showed that sucrose utilization was the main factor limiting the utilization of CM. Therefore, the endogenous sucrose hydrolase (SH) was overexpressed in Schizochytrium sp., which enhanced the sucrose utilization rate 2.57-fold compared to the wild type. Furthermore, adaptive laboratory evolution was used to further improve sucrose utilization from CM. Comparative proteomics and RT-qPCR were used out to analyze the metabolic differences of evolved strain grown on CM and glucose, respectively. Finally, a constant flow rate CM feeding strategy was implemented, whereby the DHA titer and lipid yield of the final strain OSH-end reached 25.26 g/L and 0.229 g/g sugar, respectively. This study demonstrated the CM is a cost-effective carbon source for industrial DHA fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqian Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengwei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, China
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9
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Jia YL, Du F, Nong FT, Li J, Huang PW, Ma W, Gu Y, Sun XM. Function of the Polyketide Synthase Domains of Schizochytrium sp. on Fatty Acid Synthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2446-2454. [PMID: 36696156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Schizochytrium sp. are mainly synthesized via the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. However, the specific mechanism of PKS in fatty acid synthesis is still unclear. In this work, the functions of ORFA, ORFB, ORFC, and their individual functional domain genes on fatty acid synthesis were investigated through heterologous expression in Yarrowia lipolytica. The results showed that the expression of ORFA, ORFB, ORFC, and their individual functional domains all led to the increase of the very long-chain PUFA content (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid). Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis showed that except for the 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS) domain of ORFB, the expression of an individual functional domain, including malonyl-CoA: ACP acyltransferase, 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (DH), 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, and KS domains of ORFA, acyltransferase domains of ORFB, and two DH domains of ORFC resulted in upregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway, downregulation of the triacylglycerol biosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis pathway, and β-oxidation in Yarrowia lipolytica. These results provide a theoretical basis for revealing the function of PKS in fatty acid synthesis in Y. lipolytica and elucidate the possible mechanism for PUFA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Fang-Tong Nong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Peng-Wei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
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Chauhan AS, Patel AK, Chen CW, Chang JS, Michaud P, Dong CD, Singhania RR. Enhanced production of high-value polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from potential thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128536. [PMID: 36581232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to growing health concerns, the urban population is utterly inclined towards a healthy lifestyle and incorporated nutritional food supplements to lower common health risks. The ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs consumption is increasing, hence alternative commercial production is essentially developed. The microbial source is an emerging platform to overcome the global demand for omega PUFAs. Marine oleaginous protist Aurantiochytrium sp. found a potential source to produce substantial DHA and SFA. The objective of the present research was to enhance the PUFA yield by optimizing maximum tolerable glucose concentration with a suitable nitrogen ratio (10:1). The maximum lipid and DHA yield and content were determined 4.30, 1.34 g/L, and 62.4, 33.49 % of total biomass and lipid at 30 g/L glucose respectively, which is one of among highest reported, however relative PUFA was maximum 46.97 % (DHA) in total lipid at 10 g/L glucose. Remaining 42-53.6 % SFA could be used for biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institute Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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11
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Ma W, Liu M, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Huang P, Guo D, Sun X, Huang H. Efficient co-production of EPA and DHA by Schizochytrium sp. via regulation of the polyketide synthase pathway. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1356. [PMID: 36494568 PMCID: PMC9734096 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, the supply of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) traditionally produced by marine fisheries will be insufficient to meet their market demand in food industry. Thus a sustainable alternative source is urgently required. Schizochytrium sp. is an ideal producer of DHA; however, its ability to co-produce DHA and EPA has not yet been proved. Herein, we first described a cobalamin-independent methionine synthase-like (MetE-like) complex, which contains independent acyltransferase and 3-ketoacyl synthase domains, independent of the traditional polyketide synthase (PKS) system. When the MetE-like complex was activated, the EPA content was increased from 1.26% to 7.63%, which is 6.06-folds higher than that in the inactivated condition. Through lipidomics, we find that EPA is more inclined to be stored as triglyceride. Finally, the EPA production was enhanced from 4.19 to 29.83 (mg/g cell dry weight) using mixed carbon sources, and the final yield reached 2.25 g/L EPA and 9.59 g/L DHA, which means that Schizochytrium sp. has great market potential for co-production of EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ma
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixu Zhang
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingshuang Xu
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengwei Huang
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China ,grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Sun
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- grid.260474.30000 0001 0089 5711School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, China ,grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, China
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12
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Guo P, Dong L, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Deciphering and engineering the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase pathway from eukaryotic microorganisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052785. [DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important nutrients that play important roles in human health. In eukaryotes, PUFAs can be de novo synthesized through two independent biosynthetic pathways: the desaturase/elongase pathway and the PUFA synthase pathway. Among them, PUFAs synthesized through the PUFA synthase pathway typically have few byproducts and require fewer reduction equivalents. In the past 2 decades, numerous studies have been carried out to identify, analyze and engineer PUFA synthases from eukaryotes. These studies showed both similarities and differences between the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathways and those well studied in prokaryotes. For example, eukaryotic PUFA synthases contain the same domain types as those in prokaryotic PUFA synthases, but the number and arrangement of several domains are different; the basic functions of same-type domains are similar, but the properties and catalytic activities of these domains are somewhat different. To further utilize the PUFA synthase pathway in microbial cell factories and improve the productivity of PUFAs, many challenges still need to be addressed, such as incompletely elucidated PUFA synthesis mechanisms and the difficult genetic manipulation of eukaryotic hosts. In this review, we provide an updated introduction to the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathway, summarize the functions of domains and propose the possible mechanisms of the PUFA synthesis process, and then provide future research directions to further elucidate and engineer the eukaryotic PUFA synthase pathway for the maximal benefits of humans.
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13
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Nitrogen Starvation Enhances the Production of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW8 by Regulating Key Biosynthetic Genes. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100621. [PMID: 36286445 PMCID: PMC9605394 DOI: 10.3390/md20100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen deprivation is known to improve lipid accumulation in microalgae and thraustochytrids. However, the patterns of fatty acid production and the molecular mechanisms underlying the accumulation of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) under nitrogen starvation remain largely unknown for thraustochytrids. In this study, batch culture experiments under nitrogen replete and nitrogen starvation conditions were performed, and the changes in the transcriptome of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW8 strain between these conditions were investigated. Our results showed improved yields of total fatty acids (TFAs), total unsaturated fatty acids, and total SFAs under nitrogen starvation, which suggested that nitrogen starvation favors the accumulation of both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in PKU#SW8. However, nitrogen starvation resulted in a more than 2.36-fold increase of SFAs whereas a 1.7-fold increase of unsaturated fatty acids was observed, indicating a disproportionate increase in these groups of fatty acids. The fabD and enoyl-CoA hydratase genes were significantly upregulated under nitrogen starvation, supporting the observed increase in the yield of TFAs from 2.63 ± 0.22 g/L to 3.64 ± 0.16 g/L. Furthermore, the pfaB gene involved in the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway was significantly upregulated under nitrogen starvation. This suggested that the increased expression of the pfaB gene under nitrogen starvation may be one of the explanations for the increased yield of docosahexaenoic acid by 1.58-fold. Overall, our study advances the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the response of thraustochytrids to nitrogen deprivation and their fatty acid biosynthesis.
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14
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Zhang XY, Li B, Huang BC, Wang FB, Zhang YQ, Zhao SG, Li M, Wang HY, Yu XJ, Liu XY, Jiang J, Wang ZP. Production, Biosynthesis, and Commercial Applications of Fatty Acids From Oleaginous Fungi. Front Nutr 2022; 9:873657. [PMID: 35694158 PMCID: PMC9176664 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleaginous fungi (including fungus-like protists) are attractive in lipid production due to their short growth cycle, large biomass and high yield of lipids. Some typical oleaginous fungi including Galactomyces geotrichum, Thraustochytrids, Mortierella isabellina, and Mucor circinelloides, have been well studied for the ability to accumulate fatty acids with commercial application. Here, we review recent progress toward fermentation, extraction, of fungal fatty acids. To reduce cost of the fatty acids, fatty acid productions from raw materials were also summarized. Then, the synthesis mechanism of fatty acids was introduced. We also review recent studies of the metabolic engineering strategies have been developed as efficient tools in oleaginous fungi to overcome the biochemical limit and to improve production efficiency of the special fatty acids. It also can be predictable that metabolic engineering can further enhance biosynthesis of fatty acids and change the storage mode of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bei-Chen Huang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng-Biao Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue-Qi Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shao-Geng Zhao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-Based Energy and Enzyme Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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16
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Chen X, Sen B, Zhang S, Bai M, He Y, Wang G. Chemical and Physical Culture Conditions Significantly Influence the Cell Mass and Docosahexaenoic Acid Content of Aurantiochytrium limacinum Strain PKU#SW8. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:671. [PMID: 34940670 PMCID: PMC8708202 DOI: 10.3390/md19120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are well-known unicellular heterotrophic marine protists because of their promising ability to accumulate docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, the implications of their unique genomic and metabolic features on DHA production remain poorly understood. Here, the effects of chemical and physical culture conditions on the cell mass and DHA production were investigated for a unique thraustochytrid strain, PKU#SW8, isolated from the seawater of Pearl River Estuary. All the tested fermentation parameters showed a significant influence on the cell mass and concentration and yield of DHA. The addition of monosaccharides (fructose, mannose, glucose, or galactose) or glycerol to the culture medium yielded much higher cell mass and DHA concentrations than that of disaccharides and starch. Similarly, organic nitrogen sources (peptone, yeast extract, tryptone, and sodium glutamate) proved to be beneficial in achieving a higher cell mass and DHA concentration. PKU#SW8 was found to grow and accumulate a considerable amount of DHA over wide ranges of KH2PO4 (0.125-1.0 g/L), salinity (0-140% seawater), pH (3-9), temperature (16-36 °C), and agitation (140-230 rpm). With the optimal culture conditions (glycerol, 20 g/L; peptone, 2.5 g/L; 80% seawater; pH 4.0; 28 °C; and 200 rpm) determined based on the shake-flask experiments, the cell mass and concentration and yield of DHA were improved up to 7.5 ± 0.05 g/L, 2.14 ± 0.03 g/L, and 282.9 ± 3.0 mg/g, respectively, on a 5-L scale fermentation. This study provides valuable information about the fermentation conditions of the PKU#SW8 strain and its unique physiological features, which could be beneficial for strain development and large-scale DHA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.C.); (B.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.C.); (B.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Sai Zhang
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China;
| | - Mohan Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yaodong He
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.C.); (B.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center of Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.C.); (B.S.); (Y.H.)
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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17
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ARTP Mutagenesis of Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 and Clethodim-Based Mutant Screening for Enhanced Docosahexaenoic Acid Accumulation. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100564. [PMID: 34677463 PMCID: PMC8539320 DOI: 10.3390/md19100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium species are one of the best oleaginous thraustochytrids for high-yield production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6). However, the DHA yields from most wild-type (WT) strains of Schizochytrium are unsatisfactory for large-scale production. In this study, we applied the atmospheric and room-temperature plasma (ARTP) tool to obtain the mutant library of a previously isolated strain of Schizochytrium (i.e., PKU#Mn4). Two rounds of ARTP mutagenesis coupled with the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor (clethodim)-based screening yielded the mutant A78 that not only displayed better growth, glucose uptake and ACCase activity, but also increased (54.1%) DHA content than that of the WT strain. Subsequent optimization of medium components and supplementation improved the DHA content by 75.5 and 37.2%, respectively, compared with that of mutant A78 cultivated in the unoptimized medium. Interestingly, the ACCase activity of mutant A78 in a medium supplemented with biotin, citric acid or sodium citrate was significantly greater than that in a medium without supplementation. This study provides an effective bioengineering approach for improving the DHA accumulation in oleaginous microbes.
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18
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Bao Z, Zhu Y, Zhang K, Feng Y, Chen X, Lei M, Yu L. High-value utilization of the waste hydrolysate of Dioscorea zingiberensis for docosahexaenoic acid production in Schizochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 336:125305. [PMID: 34044242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The starch saccharification liquid of Dioscorea zingiberensis tubers (SSLD) is a glucose-rich agro-industrial waste. Herein, SSLD was used as a novel potential carbon source for the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Schizochytrium sp. to achieve waste recycling and high-value utilization. Component analysis showed that SSLD contains abundant nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, phenolics and flavonoids. When the total sugar concentration in SSLD was optimized to 90 g/L, the biomass and DHA yield reached 44.85 and 6.60 g/L, respectively, which were 32.1% and 36.92% higher than that at pure glucose culture condition. Fermentation characteristics and gene expression analysis showed that SSLD could remarkably improve cell antioxidant capacity, which is beneficial to scavenge intracellular reactive oxygen species and increase the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in Schizochytrium sp. Hence, SSLD is an effective and economic carbon source for DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Bao
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanmin Zhu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mengjie Lei
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for both Edible and Medicinal Resources, Wuhan 430074, China.
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19
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You J, Yang C, Pan X, Hu M, Du Y, Osire T, Yang T, Rao Z. Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis for enhancing riboflavin production by alleviating dissolved oxygen limitation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125228. [PMID: 33957462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin, an essential vitamin for animals, is used widely in the pharmaceutical industry and as a food and feed additive. The microbial synthesis of riboflavin requires a large amount of oxygen, which limits the industrial-scale production of the vitamin. In this study, a metabolic engineering strategy based on transcriptome analysis was identified as effective in increasing riboflavin production. First, transcriptional profiling revealed that hypoxia affects purine, and nitrogen metabolism. Next, the precursor supply pool was increased by purR knockout and tnrA and glnR knockdown to balance intracellular nitrogen metabolism. Finally, increased oxygen utilization was achieved by dynamically regulating vgb. Fed-batch fermentation of the engineered strain in a 5-liter bioreactor produced 10.71 g/l riboflavin, a 45.51% higher yield than that obtained with Bacillus subtilis RF1. The metabolic engineering strategy described herein is useful for alleviating the oxygen limitation of bacterial strains used for the industrial production of riboflavin and related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuewei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengkai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuxuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tolbert Osire
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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20
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Optimizing Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Production by Schizochytrium sp. Grown on Waste Glycerol. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14061685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize biomass and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by Schizochytrium sp. grown on waste glycerol as an organic carbon source. Parameters having a significant effect on biomass and DHA yields were screened using the fractional Plackett–Burman design and the response surface methodology (RSM). Schizochytrium sp. growth was most significantly influenced by crude glycerin concentration in the growth medium (150 g/dm3), process temperature (27 °C), oxygen in the bioreactor (49.99% v/v), and the concentration of peptone as a source of nitrogen (9.99 g/dm3). The process parameter values identified as optimal for producing high DHA concentrations in the biomass were as follows: glycerin concentration 149.99 g/dm3, temperature 26 °C, oxygen concentration 30% (v/v), and peptone concentration 2.21 g/dm3. The dry cell weight (DCW) obtained under actual laboratory conditions was 66.69 ± 0.66 g/dm3, i.e., 1.27% lower than the predicted value. The DHA concentration obtained in the actual culture was at 17.25 ± 0.33 g/dm3, which was 3.03% lower than the predicted value. The results obtained suggest that a two-step culture system should be employed, with the first phase focused on high production of Schizochytrium sp. biomass, and the second focused on increasing DHA concentration in the cells.
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