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Machado CB, Marsh R, Hargreaves JK, Oxenford HA, Maddix GM, Webber DF, Webber M, Tonon T. Changes in holopelagic Sargassum spp. biomass composition across an unusual year. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312173121. [PMID: 38805287 PMCID: PMC11161783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312173121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The year 2021 marked a decade of holopelagic sargassum (morphotypes Sargassum natans I and VIII, and Sargassum fluitans III) stranding on the Caribbean and West African coasts. Beaching of millions of tons of sargassum negatively impacts coastal ecosystems, economies, and human health. Additionally, the La Soufrière volcano erupted in St. Vincent in April 2021, at the start of the sargassum season. We investigated potential monthly variations in morphotype abundance and biomass composition of sargassum harvested in Jamaica and assessed the influence of processing methods (shade-drying vs. frozen samples) and of volcanic ash exposure on biochemical and elemental components. S. fluitans III was the most abundant morphotype across the year. Limited monthly variations were observed for key brown algal components (phlorotannins, fucoxanthin, and alginate). Shade-drying did not significantly alter the contents of proteins but affected levels of phlorotannins, fucoxanthin, mannitol, and alginate. Simulation of sargassum and volcanic ash drift combined with age statistics suggested that sargassum potentially shared the surface layer with ash for ~50 d, approximately 100 d before stranding in Jamaica. Integrated elemental analysis of volcanic ash, ambient seawater, and sargassum biomass showed that algae harvested from August had accumulated P, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Ni, probably from the ash, and contained less As. This ash fingerprint confirmed the geographical origin and drift timescale of sargassum. Since environmental conditions and processing methods influence biomass composition, efforts should continue to improve understanding, forecasting, monitoring, and valorizing sargassum, particularly as strandings of sargassum show no sign of abating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Botelho Machado
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Marsh
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hazel A. Oxenford
- Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave HillBB 11000, Barbados
| | - Gina-Marie Maddix
- Centre for Marine Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, MonaKingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Dale F. Webber
- Centre for Marine Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, MonaKingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Mona Webber
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, MonaKingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Thierry Tonon
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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2
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Hoang AT, Nguyen XP, Duong XQ, Ağbulut Ü, Len C, Nguyen PQP, Kchaou M, Chen WH. Steam explosion as sustainable biomass pretreatment technique for biofuel production: Characteristics and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 385:129398. [PMID: 37385558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The biorefining process of lignocellulosic biomass has recently emerged as one of the most profitable biofuel production options. However, pretreatment is required to improve the recalcitrant lignocellulose's enzymatic conversion efficiency. Among biomass pretreatment methods, the steam explosion is an eco-friendly, inexpensive, and effective approach to pretreating biomass, significantly promoting biofuel production efficiency and yield. This review paper critically presents the steam explosion's reaction mechanism and technological characteristics for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Indeed, the principles of steam explosion technology for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment were scrutinized. Moreover, the impacts of process factors on pretreatment efficiency and sugar recovery for the following biofuel production were also discussed in detail. Finally, the limitations and prospects of steam explosion pretreatment were mentioned. Generally, steam explosion technology applications could bring great potential in pretreating biomass, although deeper studies are needed to deploy this method on industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Hoang
- Institute of Engineering, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan Phuong Nguyen
- PATET Research Group, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan Quang Duong
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Vietnam Maritime University, Haiphong, Viet Nam
| | - Ümit Ağbulut
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, 81620, Düzce, Türkiye
| | - Christophe Len
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen
- PATET Research Group, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Mohamed Kchaou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 1, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
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3
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Moenaert A, Bjornsdottir B, Haraldsson EB, Allahgholi L, Zieri A, Zangl I, Sigurðardóttir S, Örlygsson J, Nordberg Karlsson E, Friðjónsson ÓH, Hreggviðsson GÓ. Metabolic engineering of Thermoanaerobacterium AK17 for increased ethanol production in seaweed hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:135. [PMID: 37697400 PMCID: PMC10496261 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainably produced renewable biomass has the potential to replace fossil-based feedstocks, for generation of biobased fuels and chemicals of industrial interest, in biorefineries. In this context, seaweeds contain a large fraction of carbohydrates that are a promising source for enzymatic and/or microbial biorefinery conversions. The thermoanaerobe Thermoanaerobacterium AK17 is a versatile fermentative bacterium producing ethanol, acetate and lactate from various sugars. In this study, strain AK17 was engineered for more efficient production of ethanol by knocking out the lactate and acetate side-product pathways. This was successfully achieved, but the strain reverted to acetate production by recruiting enzymes from the butyrate pathway. Subsequently this pathway was knocked out and the resultant strain AK17_M6 could produce ethanol close to the maximum theoretical yield (90%), leading to a 1.5-fold increase in production compared to the wild-type strain. Strain AK17 was also shown to successfully ferment brown seaweed hydrolysate from Laminaria digitata to ethanol in a comparatively high yield of 0.45 g/g substrate, with the primary carbon sources for the fermentations being mannitol, laminarin-derived glucose and short laminari-oligosaccharides. As strain AK17 was successfully engineered and has a wide carbohydrate utilization range that includes mannitol from brown seaweed, as well as hexoses and pentoses found in both seaweeds and lignocellulose, the new strain AK17_M6 obtained in this study is an interesting candidate for production of ethanol from both second and third generations biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Moenaert
- Department of Biotechnology, Matís Ohf, Reykjavík, Iceland.
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | | | - Einar Baldvin Haraldsson
- Department of Biotechnology, Matís Ohf, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Leila Allahgholi
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Zieri
- IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Isabella Zangl
- IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Jóhann Örlygsson
- Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
| | | | - Ólafur H Friðjónsson
- Department of Biotechnology, Matís Ohf, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Guðmundur Óli Hreggviðsson
- Department of Biotechnology, Matís Ohf, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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4
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Zhang P, Shen MC, Zhang XY, Wang HY, Wang ZP. Valorization of the pelagic Sargassum horneri for co-production of erythritol and alginate oligosaccharides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:128984. [PMID: 37003453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pelagic Sargassum is invasive macroalgae with huge biomass. To produce bulk chemicals with profit from the biomass, innovative strategies need to be developed. In this study, maximum saccharification yield of Sargassum horneri biomass was obtained with the combined use of 3% alginate lyase and 3% cellulase, releasing 20.83 g/L glucose and 1.73 g/L mannitol at a 1:6 feed ratio. Subsequently, the crude S. horneri hydrolysate (pH 3.0) was proved most suitable for erythritol production of Yarrowia lipolytica strain. After 60 h fermentation in a 10-L fermenter, the erythritol concentration reached 18.42 g/L with a yield of 0.82 g/g; while the concentration of alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) was 37.56 g/L. Finally, AOS with a purity of 93.4% were obtained by ethanol precipitation, and erythritol was harvested via crystallization. This proposed strategy demonstrates the feasibility of transforming invasive Sargassum into two high-value chemicals for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Min-Chong Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hai-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Santana MB, Soares LB, Zanella E, Fellipe da Silva M, Stambuk BU, Goldbeck R, Ambrosi A, Zielinski A, Poletto P, Ienczak JL. Hydrothermal pretreatment for the production of prebiotic oligosaccharides from tobacco stem. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129169. [PMID: 37187330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco stem is an abundant and inexpensive renewable source to produce prebiotics by circular economy. In this study, hydrothermal pretreatments were evaluated on the release of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and cello-oligosaccharides (COS) from the tobacco stem by a central composite rotational design associated with response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of temperature (161.72 to 218.3 °C) and solid load (SL) (2.93 to 17.07%). XOS were the main compounds released to the liquor. Desirability function was performed to maximize the production of XOS and minimize the effects of release of monosaccharides and degradation compounds. The result indicated yield of 96% w[XOS]/w[xylan] for 190 °C-2.93% SL. The highest value for COS and total oligomers content (COS + XOS) was 6.42 g/L and 17.7 g/L, respectively, for 190 °C-17.07% SL. The mass balance for the best yield XOS condition predicted 132 kg of XOS (X2-X6) from 1000 kg of tobacco stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B Santana
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lauren B Soares
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zanella
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fellipe da Silva
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Boris U Stambuk
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rosana Goldbeck
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alan Ambrosi
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Acácio Zielinski
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Poletto
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Jaciane L Ienczak
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Singh A, Prajapati P, Vyas S, Gaur VK, Sindhu R, Binod P, Kumar V, Singhania RR, Awasthi MK, Zhang Z, Varjani S. A Comprehensive Review of Feedstocks as Sustainable Substrates for Next-Generation Biofuels. BIOENERGY RESEARCH 2023; 16:105-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s12155-022-10440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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7
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Characterization of Sargassum spp. from the Mexican Caribbean and Its Valorization through Fermentation Process. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sargassum is a brown macroalga that has become a general environmental problem in the Mexican Caribbean. Despite the negative effects on the beaches, the algae contain compounds of biotechnological and agronomic interest. The possibility of using sargassum as a substrate under liquid media fermentation (LMF) processes will allow the obtention of bioactive compounds. In this research, five species of Sargassum from the Puerto Morelos region were collected from the beach. The samples were divided into natural Sargassum and washed Sargassum, and the total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids (F), and antioxidant capacity (AOxC) were determined. Once the material was characterized, it was fermented in the LMF process using the Aspergillus niger strain, where the obtained extracts were analyzed. Three holopelagic and one benthic species were identified. The proximal analysis of the seaweed in natural and washed conditions shows adequate carbon–nitrogen ratio values for use as a substrate for microbial degradation. Comparing the fermented extracts with fresh Sargassum, the analyses showed a TPC increase for washed Sargassum fermentation and a TPC decrease for natural Sargassum fermentation; the flavonoid content reached 8-fold higher in the washed Sargassum fermentation. An average AOxC of 57% was achieved during the washed Sargassum LMF process, with a maximum of 69% of ABTS inhibition. Considering these results, Sargassum can be used as a substrate in LMF processes to obtain bioactive compounds.
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Mikulski D, Kłosowski G. High-pressure microwave-assisted pretreatment of softwood, hardwood and non-wood biomass using different solvents in the production of cellulosic ethanol. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:19. [PMID: 36750940 PMCID: PMC9906915 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment is an indispensable stage of the preparation of lignocellulosic biomass with key significance for the effectiveness of hydrolysis and the efficiency of the production of cellulosic ethanol. A significant increase in the susceptibility of the raw material to further degradation can be attained as a result of effective delignification in high-pressure conditions. With this in mind, a method of high-pressure pretreatment using microwave radiation and various solvents (water, 40% w/v NaCS, 1% v/v H2SO4, 1% w/v NaOH or 60% v/v EtOH with an addition of 1% v/v H2SO4) was developed, enabling the acquisition of biomass with an increased susceptibility to the process of enzymatic hydrolysis. The medium obtained in this way can be used for the production of cellulosic ethanol via high-gravity technology (lignocellulosic media containing from 15 to 20% dry weight of biomass). For every type of biomass (pine chips, beech chips and wheat straw), a solvent was selected to be used during the pretreatment, guaranteeing the acquisition of a medium highly susceptible to the process of enzymatic hydrolysis. RESULTS The highest efficiency of the hydrolysis of biomass, amounting to 71.14 ± 0.97% (glucose concentration 109.26 ± 3.49 g/L) was achieved for wheat straw subjected to microwave-assisted pretreatment using 40% w/v NaCS. Fermentation of this medium produced ethanol concentration at the level of 53.84 ± 1.25 g/L. A slightly lower effectiveness of enzymatic hydrolysis (62.21 ± 0.62%) was achieved after high-pressure microwave-assisted pretreatment of beech chips using 1% w/v NaOH. The hydrolysate contained glucose in the concentration of 91.78 ± 1.91 g/L, and the acquired concentration of ethanol after fermentation amounted to 49.07 ± 2.06 g/L. In the case of pine chips, the most effective delignification was achieved using 60% v/v EtOH with the addition of 1% v/v H2SO4, but after enzymatic hydrolysis, the concentration of glucose in hydrolysate was lower than in the other raw materials and amounted to 39.15 ± 1.62 g/L (the concentration of ethanol after fermentation was ca. 19.67 ± 0.98 g/L). The presence of xylose and galactose was also determined in the obtained fermentation media. The highest initial concentration of these carbohydrates (21.39 ± 1.44 g/L) was observed in beech chips media after microwave-assisted pretreatment using NaOH. The use of wheat straw after pretreatment using EtOH with an addition of 1% v/v H2SO4 for the preparation of fermentation medium, results in the generation of the initial concentration of galactose and xylose at the level of 19.03 ± 0.38 g/L. CONCLUSION The achieved results indicate a high effectiveness of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the biomass subjected to high-pressure microwave-assisted pretreatment. The final effect depends on the combined use of correctly selected solvents for the different sources of lignocellulosic biomass. On the basis of the achieved results, we can say that the presented method indicates a very high potential in the area of its use for the production of cellulosic ethanol involving high-gravity technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Mikulski
- grid.412085.a0000 0001 1013 6065Faculty of Natural Science, Department of Biotechnology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Ul. K. J. Poniatowskiego 12, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kłosowski
- Faculty of Natural Science, Department of Biotechnology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Ul. K. J. Poniatowskiego 12, 85-671, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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González-Gloria KD, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Rosero-Chasoy G, Shiva, Kostas ET, Aparicio E, Sanchez A, López-Sandin I, Ruiz HA. Scale-up of hydrothermal processing: Liquid hot water and pilot-scale tubular steam explosion batch reactor for bioethanol production using macroalgae Sargassum spp biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128448. [PMID: 36513304 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sargassum spp. is a biomass that can potentially use as an alternative for bioethanol production. Hydrothermal processes (liquid hot water and steam explosion pretreatment) were carried out at different operational conditions. Enzymatic hydrolysis performed a preliminary test with different ratios 1:1 and 1:2 (cellulases and hemicellulases) of enzyme loading, once selected 1:2 ratio was obtained conversion yield of 99.91% and therefore carried a scale-up in stirred bioreactor getting 95.92% saccharification yield. Pre-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation strategy was performed in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor (CSTBR), producing ethanol yield of 57.69%, and for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation strategy was performed in a bubble column reactor was 71.37% ethanol yield. The energy efficiency was analyzed in different scenarios; the best data was 30.19 (gsugar/MJ) in the bioreactor enzymatic hydrolysis process. This development allows for establishing the conditions for a third-generation biorefinery on a circular bioeconomy using Sargassum biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D González-Gloria
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Gilver Rosero-Chasoy
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Shiva
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Emily T Kostas
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - E Aparicio
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Arturo Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Futuros en Bioenergía, Unidad Guadalajara de Ingeniería Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Zapopan, Jalisco, 45019, Mexico
| | - Iosvany López-Sandin
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, 25280, Coahuila, Mexico.
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Evaluation of Laminaria Digitata Hydrolysate for the Production of Bioethanol and Butanol by Fermentation. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds (macroalgae) are gaining attention as potential sustainable feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals. This comparative study focuses on the characterization of the microbial production of alcohols from fermentable carbohydrates in the hydrolysate of the macroalgae Laminaria digitata as raw material. The potential of a hydrolysate as a carbon source for the production of selected alcohols was tested, using three physiologically different fermentative microbes, in two main types of processes. For the production of ethanol, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a benchmark microorganism and compared with the strictly anaerobic thermophile Thermoanaerobacterium strain AK17. For mixed production of acetone/isopropanol, butanol, and ethanol (A/IBE), three strictly anaerobic Clostridium strains were compared. All strains grew well on the hydrolysate, and toxicity constraints were not observed, but fermentation performance and product profiles were shown to be both condition- and strain-specific. S. cerevisiae utilized only glucose for ethanol formation, while strain AK17 utilized glucose, mannitol, and parts of the glucan oligosaccharides. The clostridia strains tested showed different nutrient requirements, and were able to utilize glucan, mannitol, and organic acids in the hydrolysate. The novelty of this study embodies the application of different inoculates for fermenting a common brown seaweed found in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It provides important information on the fermentation properties of different microorganisms and pinpoints the value of carbon source utilization when selecting microbes for efficient bioconversion into biofuel and chemical products of interest.
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11
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Weber B, Durán-García MD, Fröhlich C. Thermogravimetric substrate analysis for prediction of biogas and methane yields. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 368:128322. [PMID: 36396037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradability of biomass constituents is the reason for the gap between theoretical biogas/methane yield and the maximum yield obtainable in bioconversion. The prediction of biogas/methane yields by applying thermal analysis is a relatively new development in this field. The aim of this study was to develop a bioconversion model based on thermogravimetry. Eleven substrates with a specific biogas yield within the range 104 to 572 mLN per gram of volatile solids were subjected to thermogravimetry and a multi linear regression model was developed to predict biogas and methane yields. The optimum parameters describe biogas and methane yields with a root mean square error of 58.8 and 34.3 mLN per gram of volatile solids respectively. The coefficient of determination for these two datasets was 0.81 and 0.84. A prediction technique based on thermogravimetric analysis appears to be a good alternative to other prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weber
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Cerro de Coatepec s/n Col. San Buenaventura, C.P. 50130 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico.
| | - M D Durán-García
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Cerro de Coatepec s/n Col. San Buenaventura, C.P. 50130 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - C Fröhlich
- Department of Math, Natural Science and Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences THM, Campus Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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12
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Olguin-Maciel E, Leal-Bautista RM, Alzate-Gaviria L, Domínguez-Maldonado J, Tapia-Tussell R. Environmental impact of Sargassum spp. landings: an evaluation of leachate released from natural decomposition at Mexican Caribbean coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:91071-91080. [PMID: 35882736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of pelagic Sargassum spp. have stranded periodically on the Mexican Caribbean shoreline. The aim of this research was to study the mobility of metals through the leachates released into the environment during the natural decomposition process of Sargassum spp. Fresh Sargassum samples were placed in cone-bed reactors: under laboratory and local environmental conditions. The leachate generated naturally by decomposition in both conditions was recovered periodically and analyses of pH, volume, and metal content were carried out. Sargassum biomass was monitored by electron microscopy, FT-IR, and CHNS analysis. The Sargassum biomass studied presented a C: N ratio of 24.39, making it a potential raw feedstock for biofuels and other value-added products. Calculations performed on leachate production allowed inferring that each ton of fresh Sargassum that decomposes at a controlled temperature of 27 °C can produce 316 L of leachate. This leachate can contain 5.67 g of As and other potentially toxic metals (e.g., B, Al, Cu). At the end of both experiments, the biomass that was incubated for 30 days presented a C: N ratio of 28.86, so it can still be used as raw material for biofuels; however, the Sargassum biomass that remained 180 days in incubation decreased its C:N ratio at 8.45 at this point, it can be considered a waste. The leachate generated during the natural decomposition process of Sargassum on beaches or disposal sites represents a high risk of contamination of the Yucatan Peninsula water system due to the high content of arsenic and the presence of potentially toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Olguin-Maciel
- Renewable Energy Unit, Yucatan Center for Scientific Research, 97203, Merida, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Raul Tapia-Tussell
- Renewable Energy Unit, Yucatan Center for Scientific Research, 97203, Merida, Mexico.
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González-Gloria K, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Saxena R, Sindhu R, Ali SS, Singhania RR, Patel AK, Binod P, Ruiz HA. Bubble column bioreactor design and evaluation for bioethanol production using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation strategy from hydrothermally pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Behera B, Mari Selvam S, Balasubramanian P. Hydrothermal processing of microalgal biomass: Circular bio-economy perspectives for addressing food-water-energy nexus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127443. [PMID: 35697260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal processing of microalgae is regarded as a promising technology to generate multitude of energy based and value-added products. The niche of hydrothermal technologies is still under infancy in terms of the technical discrepancies related to research and development. Thus, the present review critically surveyed the recent advancements linked to the influencing factors governing the algal hydrothermal processing in terms of the product yield and quality. The sustainability of hydrothermal technologies as a standalone method and in broader aspects of circular bio-based economy for energy and value-added platform chemicals are comprehensively discussed. Process optimization and strategic integration of technologies has been suggested to improve efficiency, with reduced energy usage and environmental impacts for addressing the energy-food-water supply chains. Within the wider economic transition and sustainability debate, the knowledge gaps identified and the research hotspots fostering future perspective solutions proposed herewith would facilitate its real-time implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunushree Behera
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India.
| | - S Mari Selvam
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India
| | - Paramasivan Balasubramanian
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India
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15
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Ashokkumar V, Jayashree S, Kumar G, Aruna Sharmili S, Gopal M, Dharmaraj S, Chen WH, Kothari R, Manasa I, Hoon Park J, Shruthi S, Ngamcharussrivichai C. Recent developments in biorefining of macroalgae metabolites and their industrial applications - A circular economy approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127235. [PMID: 35487449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The macroalgal industry is expanding, and the quest for novel ingredients to improve and develop innovative products is crucial. Consumers are increasingly looking for natural-derived ingredients in cosmetic products that have been proven to be effective and safe. Macroalgae-derived compounds have growing popularity in skincare products as they are natural, abundant, biocompatible, and renewable. Due to their high biomass yields, rapid growth rates, and cultivation process, they are gaining widespread recognition as potentially sustainable resources better suited for biorefinery processes. This review demonstrates macroalgae metabolites and their industrial applications in moisturizers, anti-aging, skin whitening, hair, and oral care products. These chemicals can be obtained in combination with energy products to increase the value of macroalgae from an industrial perspective with a zero-waste approach by linking multiple refineries. The key challenges, bottlenecks, and future perspectives in the operation and outlook of macroalgal biorefineries were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India; Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Shanmugam Jayashree
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai 600086, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - S Aruna Sharmili
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai 600086, India
| | - Mayakkannan Gopal
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Academy of Maritime Education and Training [AMET] (Deemed to be University), Chennai 603112, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Dharmaraj
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Academy of Maritime Education and Training [AMET] (Deemed to be University), Chennai 603112, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Richa Kothari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya Suchani, (Bagla) Samba, J&K 181143, India
| | - Isukapatla Manasa
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Chennai 600086, India
| | - Jeong Hoon Park
- Sustainable Technology and Wellness R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63243, South Korea
| | | | - Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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16
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Strategy Development for Microalgae Spirulina platensis Biomass Cultivation in a Bubble Photobioreactor to Promote High Carbohydrate Content. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a counter to climate change, energy crises, and global warming, microalgal biomass has gained a lot of interest as a sustainable and environmentally favorable biofuel feedstock. Microalgal carbohydrate is considered one of the promising feedstocks for biofuel produced via the bioconversion route under a biorefinery system. However, the present culture technique, which uses a commercial medium, has poor biomass and carbohydrate productivity, creating a bottleneck for long-term microalgal-carbohydrate-based biofuel generation. This current investigation aims toward the simultaneous increase in biomass and carbohydrate accumulation of Spirulina platensis by formulating an optimal growth condition under different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in flasks and a bubble photobioreactor. For this purpose, the lack of nitrogen (NaNO3) and phosphorous (K2HPO4) in the culture medium resulted in an enhanced Spirulina platensis biomass and total carbohydrate 0.93 ± 0.00 g/L and 74.44% (w/w), respectively. This research is a significant step in defining culture conditions that might be used to tune the carbohydrate content of Spirulina.
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17
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Bonilla Loaiza AM, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Belmares R, López-Badillo CM, Araújo RG, Aguilar CN, Chávez ML, Aguilar MA, Ruiz HA. Fungal Proteins from Sargassum spp. Using Solid-State Fermentation as a Green Bioprocess Strategy. Molecules 2022; 27:3887. [PMID: 35745010 PMCID: PMC9230583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of green technologies and bioprocesses such as solid-state fermentation (SSF) is important for the processing of macroalgae biomass and to reduce the negative effect of Sargassum spp. on marine ecosystems, as well as the production of compounds with high added value such as fungal proteins. In the present study, Sargassum spp. biomass was subjected to hydrothermal pretreatments at different operating temperatures (150, 170, and 190 °C) and pressures (3.75, 6.91, and 11.54 bar) for 50 min, obtaining a glucan-rich substrate (17.99, 23.86, and 25.38 g/100 g d.w., respectively). The results indicate that Sargassum pretreated at a pretreatment temperature of 170 °C was suitable for fungal growth. SSF was performed in packed-bed bioreactors, obtaining the highest protein content at 96 h (6.6%) and the lowest content at 72 h (4.6%). In contrast, it was observed that the production of fungal proteins is related to the concentration of sugars. Furthermore, fermentation results in a reduction in antinutritional elements, such as heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Sn), and there is a decrease in ash content during fermentation kinetics. Finally, this work shows that Aspergillus oryzae can assimilate nutrients found in the pretreated Sargassum spp. to produce fungal proteins as a strategy for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M. Bonilla Loaiza
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico; (A.M.B.L.); (R.B.); (C.M.L.-B.); (R.G.A.); (C.N.A.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Rosa M. Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico; (A.M.B.L.); (R.B.); (C.M.L.-B.); (R.G.A.); (C.N.A.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Ruth Belmares
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico; (A.M.B.L.); (R.B.); (C.M.L.-B.); (R.G.A.); (C.N.A.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Claudia M. López-Badillo
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico; (A.M.B.L.); (R.B.); (C.M.L.-B.); (R.G.A.); (C.N.A.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Rafael G. Araújo
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico; (A.M.B.L.); (R.B.); (C.M.L.-B.); (R.G.A.); (C.N.A.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Cristóbal N. Aguilar
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico; (A.M.B.L.); (R.B.); (C.M.L.-B.); (R.G.A.); (C.N.A.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Mónica L. Chávez
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico; (A.M.B.L.); (R.B.); (C.M.L.-B.); (R.G.A.); (C.N.A.); (M.L.C.)
| | - Miguel A. Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Saltillo, Av. Industria Metalúrgica 1062, Ramos Arizpe C.P. 25900, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Héctor A. Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo C.P. 25280, Coahuila, Mexico; (A.M.B.L.); (R.B.); (C.M.L.-B.); (R.G.A.); (C.N.A.); (M.L.C.)
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18
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Climent Barba F, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Sukumaran RK, Ruiz HA. High-solids loading processing for an integrated lignocellulosic biorefinery: Effects of transport phenomena and rheology - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127044. [PMID: 35337992 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to present an analysis and discussion on the processing of lignocellulosic biomass in terms of biorefinery concept and circular bioeconomy operating at high solids lignocellulosic (above 15% [w/w]) at the pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis stage, and fermentation strategy for an integrated lignocellulosic bioprocessing. Studies suggest high solids concentration enzymatic hydrolysis for improved sugars yields and methods to overcome mass transport constraints. Rheological and computational fluid dynamics models of high solids operation through evaluation of mass and momentum transfer limitations are presented. Also, the review paper explores operational feeding strategies to obtain high ethanol concentration and conversion yield, from the hydrothermal pretreatment and investigates the impact of mass load over the operational techniques. Finally, this review contains a brief overview of some of the operations that have successfully scaled up and implemented high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis in terms of the biorefinery concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Climent Barba
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Bioenergy, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa M Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
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19
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Machado CB, Maddix GM, Francis P, Thomas SL, Burton JA, Langer S, Larson TR, Marsh R, Webber M, Tonon T. Pelagic Sargassum events in Jamaica: Provenance, morphotype abundance, and influence of sample processing on biochemical composition of the biomass. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152761. [PMID: 35007571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pelagic Sargassum species have been known for centuries in the Sargasso Sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. In 2011, a new area concentrating high biomass of these brown algae started developing in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Since then, massive and recurrent Sargassum influxes have been reported in the Caribbean and off the coast of Western Africa. These Sargassum events have a major negative impact on coastal ecosystems and nearshore marine life, and affect socio-economic sectors, including public health, coastal living, tourism, fisheries, and maritime transport. Despite recent advances in the forecasting of Sargassum events, and elucidation of the seaweed composition, many knowledge gaps remain, including morphotype abundance during Sargassum events, drift of the seaweeds in the months prior to stranding, and influence of sample processing methods on biomass biochemical composition. Using seaweeds harvested on the coasts of Jamaica in summer of 2020, we observed that S. fluitans III was the most abundant morphotype at different times and sampling locations. No clear difference in the geographical origin, or provenance, of the Sargassum mats was observed. The majority of Sargassum backtracked from both north and south of Jamaica experienced ambient temperatures of around 27 °C and salinity in the range of 34-36 psu before stranding. We also showed that cheap (sun) compared to expensive (freeze) drying techniques influence the biochemical composition of biomass. Sun-drying increased the proportion of phenolic compounds, but had a deleterious impact on fucoxanthin content and on the quantities of monosaccharides, except for mannitol. Effects on the content of fucose containing sulfated polysaccharides depended on the method used for their extraction, and limited variation was observed in ash, protein, and fatty acid content within most of the sample locations investigated. These observations are important for the storage and transport of the biomass in the context of its valorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Botelho Machado
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gina-Marie Maddix
- Centre for Marine Sciences, 1 Anguilla Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Patrice Francis
- Centre for Marine Sciences, 1 Anguilla Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Shanna-Lee Thomas
- Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory, Queen's Highway, Discovery Bay, Jamaica
| | - Jodi-Ann Burton
- Port Royal Marine Laboratory, Port Royal, Kingston 1, Jamaica
| | - Swen Langer
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Lab, Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Tony R Larson
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Lab, Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Marsh
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Webber
- Centre for Marine Sciences, 1 Anguilla Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Thierry Tonon
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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20
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Tong KTX, Tan IS, Foo HCY, Lam MK, Lim S, Lee KT. Advancement of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from macroalgae: a perspective for bioethanol and lactic acid. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022; 14:1-37. [PMID: 35316983 PMCID: PMC8929714 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extensive growth of energy and plastic demand has raised concerns over the depletion of fossil fuels. Moreover, the environmental conundrums worldwide integrated with global warming and improper plastic waste management have led to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biofuel (bioethanol) and biopolymer (lactic acid, LA) derived from biomass for fossil fuels replacement and biodegradable plastic production, respectively. However, the high production cost of bioethanol and LA had limited its industrial-scale production. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the potential and development of third-generation feedstock for bioethanol and LA production, including significant technological barriers to be overcome for potential commercialization purposes. Then, an insight into the state-of-the-art hydrolysis and fermentation technologies using macroalgae as feedstock is also deliberated in detail. Lastly, the sustainability aspect and perspective of macroalgae biomass are evaluated economically and environmentally using a developed cascading system associated with techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment, which represent the highlights of this review paper. Furthermore, this review provides a conceivable picture of macroalgae-based bioethanol and lactic acid biorefinery and future research directions that can be served as an important guideline for scientists, policymakers, and industrial players. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tian Xiang Tong
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Inn Shi Tan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Henry Chee Yew Foo
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Steven Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keat Teong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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21
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Wang Z, Li J, Yu F, Yan B, Chen G. Comprehensive evaluation of gradient controlled anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis integration processes: A case study of Sargassum treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126496. [PMID: 34883196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an integrated process of gradient controlled anaerobic digestion (AD) and pyrolysis (PY) was proposed for energy recovery of Sargassum (SA). The methanogenic performance of SA and the PY performance of subsequent digestate were investigated. And the energy flow of the integrated process was comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that two methanogenic peaks occurred, which were appeared on the 7th day (9.57 mL/g VS) and the 17th day (15.74 mL/g VS), respectively. The structure and toughness of SA were destroyed by AD, which altered the subsequent PY performance. For the energy flow, the AD (lasted for 14 days) integrated PY process showed a superior performance compared with direct PY, as the total energy recovery increased from 5.88 to 6.42 MJ/kg TS. This study laid a foundation for the successful integration of AD and PY, which provided a guidance for the clean treatment and energy recovery of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fan Yu
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Gaunyi Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
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22
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Raj T, Chandrasekhar K, Naresh Kumar A, Rajesh Banu J, Yoon JJ, Kant Bhatia S, Yang YH, Varjani S, Kim SH. Recent advances in commercial biorefineries for lignocellulosic ethanol production: Current status, challenges and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126292. [PMID: 34748984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic ethanol production has received global attention to use as transportation fuels with gasoline blending virtue of carbon benefits and decarbonization. However, due to changing feedstock composition, natural resistance, and a lack of cost-effective pretreatment and downstream processing, contemporary cellulosic ethanol biorefineries are facing major sustainability issues. As a result, we've outlined the global status of present cellulosic ethanol facilities, as well as main roadblocks and technical challenges for sustainable and commercial cellulosic ethanol production. Additionally, the article highlights the technical and non-technical barriers, various R&D advancements in biomass pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation strategies that have been deliberated for low-cost sustainable fuel ethanol. Moreover, selection of a low-cost efficient pretreatment method, process simulation, unit integration, state-of-the-art in one pot saccharification and fermentation, system microbiology/ genetic engineering for robust strain development, and comprehensive techno-economic analysis are all major bottlenecks that must be considered for long-term ethanol production in the transportation sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirath Raj
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - K Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, India
| | - Jeong-Jun Yoon
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Morales-Contreras BE, Flórez-Fernández N, Dolores Torres M, Domínguez H, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Ruiz HA. Hydrothermal systems to obtain high value-added compounds from macroalgae for bioeconomy and biorefineries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126017. [PMID: 34628243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The search of sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to obtain compounds for different industrial sectors has grown exponentially. Following the principles of biorefinery and circular bioeconomy, processes in which the use of natural resources such as macroalgae biomass is prioritized are required. This review focuses on a description of the relevance, application and engineering platforms of hydrothermal systems and the operational conditions depending on the target as an innovative technology and bio-based solution for macroalgae fractionation in order to recover profitable products for industries and investors. In this sense, hydrothermal treatments represent a promising alternative for obtaining different high value-added compounds from this biomass; since, the different variations in terms of operating conditions, gives great versatility to this technology compared to other types of processing, allowing it to be adapted depending on the objective, whether it is working under sub/super critical conditions, thus expanding its field of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca E Morales-Contreras
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Vigo (Campus Ourense), Edificio Politécnico. As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - M Dolores Torres
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Vigo (Campus Ourense), Edificio Politécnico. As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Vigo (Campus Ourense), Edificio Politécnico. As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Rosa M Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico.
| | - Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
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24
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Ruiz HA, Galbe M, Garrote G, Ramirez-Gutierrez DM, Ximenes E, Sun SN, Lachos-Perez D, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Sun RC, Yang B, Ladisch MR. Severity factor kinetic model as a strategic parameter of hydrothermal processing (steam explosion and liquid hot water) for biomass fractionation under biorefinery concept. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125961. [PMID: 34852440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal processes are an attractive clean technology and cost-effective engineering platform for biorefineries based in the conversion of biomass to biofuels and high-value bioproducts under the basis of sustainability and circular bioeconomy. The deep and detailed knowledge of the structural changes by the severity of biomasses hydrothermal fractionation is scientifically and technological needed in order to improve processes effectiveness, reactors designs, and industrial application of the multi-scale target compounds obtained by steam explosion and liquid hot water systems. The concept of the severity factor [log10 (Ro)] established>30 years ago, continues to be a useful index that can provide a simple descriptor of the relationship between the operational conditions for biomass fractionation in second generation of biorefineries. This review develops a deep explanation of the hydrothermal severity factor based in lignocellulosic biomass fractionation with emphasis in research advances, pretreatment operations and the applications of severity factor kinetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico.
| | - Mats Galbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gil Garrote
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Diana M Ramirez-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA
| | - Eduardo Ximenes
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA
| | - Shao-Ni Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Daniel Lachos-Perez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Michael R Ladisch
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA
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25
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Del Río PG, Gullón B, Pérez-Pérez A, Romaní A, Garrote G. Microwave hydrothermal processing of the invasive macroalgae Sargassum muticum within a green biorefinery scheme. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125733. [PMID: 34426234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the multiproduct valorization of the invasive macroalgae Sargassum muticum within a green biorefinery concept using microwave hydrothermal treatment. Temperatures of 160 and 180 °C for 0-60 min (severities 1.62-3.54) were evaluated, allowing a recovery of a liquid phase rich in fucoidan-derived compounds (up to 4.81 g/L), oligomers and phenolics with antioxidant capacity (up to 2.85 g TE/L by ABTS assay), and a high-enzymatically susceptible solid (glucan to glucose conversion 76-100% in 9 h) suitable for bioethanol production (20.5 g/L in 18 h, corresponding to 96% ethanol yield). Moreover, energy consumption of the pretreatments' temperature-time binomial was evaluated showing significant differences, demonstrating the advantages of microwave as alternative heating pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo G Del Río
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Pérez
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Aloia Romaní
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Gil Garrote
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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26
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Wang Y, Van Le Q, Yang H, Lam SS, Yang Y, Gu H, Sonne C, Peng W. Progress in microbial biomass conversion into green energy. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130835. [PMID: 33992848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increase in global population size over the past 100 decades has doubled the requirements for energy resources. To mitigate the limited fossil fuel available, new clean energy sources being environmental sustainable for replacement of traditional energy sources are explored to supplement the current scarcity. Biomass containing lignin and cellulose is the main raw material to replace fossil energy given its abundance and lower emission of greenhouse gases and NOx when transformed into energy. Bacteria, fungi and algae decompose lignocellulose leading to generation of hydrogen, methane, bioethanol and biodiesel being the clean energy used for heating, power generation and the automobile industry. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) uses microorganisms to decompose biomass in wastewater to generate electricity and remove heavy metals in wastewater. Biomass contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other biomacromolecules which need hydrolyzation for conversion into small molecules by corresponding enzymes in order to be utilized by microorganisms. This paper discusses microbial decomposition of biomass into clean energy and the five major ways of clean energy production, and its economic benefits for future renewable energy security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacheng Wang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Han Yang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Yafeng Yang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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27
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Singh A, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Saxena R, Cerda RB, Singhania RR, Ruiz HA. Subcritical water pretreatment for agave bagasse fractionation from tequila production and enzymatic susceptibility. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 338:125536. [PMID: 34289430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the effect of subcritical water pretreatment conditions on agave bagasse chemical composition, biomass fractionation, and enzymatic hydrolysis obtained from the different tequila production processes. The pretreatment was carried out in a batch pressurized reactor within an isothermal regime. The operational conditions for subcritical water pretreatment were (150-190 °C) and (10-50 min). The best operational conditions were selected, based on the increased cellulose content (>50%) in the pretreated solid phase. The conditions for 190 °C for 50 and 30 min of pretreated agave bagasse solids were chosen for enzymatic hydrolysis susceptibility (15 FPU/g of the substrate). The maximum conversion yield (cellulose to glucose) during enzymatic hydrolysis achieved was up to 61.62% (5.86 g/L) in industrial bagasse at 72 h and initial saccharification rate was 0.34 g/(L*h) at 12 h. This study indicates that the agave bagasse is a promising raw material in the development of second-generation biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuiya Singh
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Ruth Belmares Cerda
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico.
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28
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Hot Compressed Water Pretreatment and Surfactant Effect on Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using Agave Bagasse. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14164746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Agave bagasse is a residual biomass in the production of the alcoholic beverage tequila, and therefore, it is a promising raw material in the development of biorefineries using hot compressed water pretreatment (hydrothermal processing). Surfactants application has been frequently reported as an alternative to enhance monomeric sugars production efficiency and as a possibility to reduce the enzyme loading required. Nevertheless, the surfactant’s action mechanisms in the enzymatic hydrolysis is still not elucidated. In this work, hot compressed water pretreatment was applied on agave bagasse for biomass fractionation at 194 °C in isothermal regime for 30 min, and the effect of non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80, Span 80, and Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400)) was studied as a potential enhancer of enzymatic saccharification of hydrothermally pretreated solids of agave bagasse (AGB). It was found that non-ionic surfactants show an improvement in the conversion yield of cellulose to glucose (100%) and production of glucose (79.76 g/L) at 15 FPU/g glucan, the highest enhancement obtained being 7% regarding the control (no surfactant addition), using PEG 400 as an additive. The use of surfactants allows improving the production of fermentable sugars for the development of second-generation biorefineries.
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