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Choi OK, Song EH, Kim H. Hydrothermal dechlorination strategy for high-quality oil recovery from polyvinyl chloride. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174599. [PMID: 38986706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The global production of PVC is around 3.5 million tons each year. Unfortunately, the disposal of PVC waste releases toxic substances such as hydrochloric acid, polychlorinated dioxins, and furans, which can harm the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a safe and environmentally friendly thermochemical treatment method that reduces the damage caused by HCl gas produced during PVC pyrolysis and improves the quality of pyrolysis oil. Hydrothermal treatment technology is one of the potential dechlorination strategies for PVC. However, its efficiency is reduced in the supercritical region, while the additives used result in secondary pollution and increased operating costs. This study is pioneering in its approach, aiming to produce high-quality oil with reduced chlorine through low-temperature hydrothermal treatment of PVC, all without additives. The results are promising, indicating that by administering steam at 250 °C with a 2.0-3.0 g-steam/g-feed ratio, we can significantly reduce chlorine content to 0.13 % while achieving an oil yield of up to 14.9 % from PVC. The hydrothermal process can reduce CO2 emissions by 15-43 % compared to pyrolysis methods, providing a simultaneous opportunity for carbon neutrality and resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Kyung Choi
- Bio Resource Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin 17180, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Hye Song
- Bio Resource Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin 17180, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Bio Resource Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin 17180, Republic of Korea
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2
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Vaishnavi M, Sathishkumar K, Gopinath KP. Hydrothermal liquefaction of composite household waste to biocrude: the effect of liquefaction solvents on product yield and quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39760-39773. [PMID: 38833053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of composite household waste (CHW) was investigated at different temperatures in the range of 240-360 °C, residence times in the range of 30-90 min, and co-solvent ratios of 2-8 ml/g, by utilising ethanol, glycerol, and produced aqueous phase as liquefaction solvents. Maximum biocrude yield of 46.19% was obtained at 340 °C and 75 min, with aqueous phase recirculation ratio (RR) of 5 ml/g. The chemical solvents such as glycerol and ethanol yielded a biocrude percentage of 45.18% and 42.16% at a ratio of 6 ml/g and 8 ml/g, respectively, for 340 °C and 75 min. The usage of co-solvents as hydrothermal medium increased the biocrude yield by 35.30% and decreased the formation of solid residue and gaseous products by 19.82% and 18.74% respectively. Also, the solid residue and biocrude obtained from co-solvent HTL possessed higher carbon and hydrogen content, thus having a H/C ratio and HHV that is 1.01 and 1.23 times higher than that of water as hydrothermal medium. Among the co-solvents, HTL with aqueous phase recirculation resulted in higher carbon and energy recovery percentages of 9.36% and 9.78% for solid residue and 52.09% and 56.75% for biocrude respectively. Further qualitatively, co-solvent HTL in the presence of obtained aqueous phase yielded 33.43% higher fraction of hydrocarbons than the pure water HTL and 7.70-17.01% higher hydrocarbons when compared with ethanol and glycerol HTL respectively. Nitrogen containing compounds, such as phenols and furfurals, for biocrudes obtained from all HTL processes, were found to be present in the range of 8.30-14.40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevan Vaishnavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India
| | - Kannaiyan Sathishkumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India.
| | - Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Sathak Nagar, SH 49, Keelakarai, Tamil Nadu, 623806, India
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Jiang Z, Liang Y, Guo F, Wang Y, Li R, Tang A, Tu Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Li S, Kong L. Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis-A New Way for the Sustainable Recycling and Upgrading of Plastic and Biomass: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400129. [PMID: 38773732 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The efficient utilization of organic solid waste resources can help reducing the consumption of conventional fossil fuels, mitigating environmental pollution, and achieving green sustainable development. Due to its dual nature of being both a resource and a source of pollution, it is crucial to implement suitable recycling technologies throughout the recycling and upgrading processes for plastics and biomass, which are organic solid wastes with complex mixture of components. The conventional pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis were summarized for recycling plastics and biomass into high-value fuels, chemicals, and materials. To enhance reaction efficiency and improve product selectivity, microwave-assisted pyrolysis was introduced to the upgrading of plastics and biomass through efficient energy supply especially with the aid of catalysts and microwave absorbers. This review provides a detail summary of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for plastics and biomass from the technical, applied, and mechanistic perspectives. Based on the recent technological advances, the future directions for the development of microwave-assisted pyrolysis technologies are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Ruikai Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Aoyi Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Youjing Tu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Junxia Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Shenggang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Lingzhao Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
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Azman DQ, Wan Daud WMA, Abdul Patah MF, Amir Z, Saw PA. Plastic waste management through liquefaction in hydrogen donating solvents: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:120961. [PMID: 38696851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution poses a significant environmental threat, particularly to marine ecosystems, as conventional plastics persist without degradation, accumulating plastic waste in landfills and natural environments. A promising alternative to address this issue involves the use of hydrogen donor solvents in plastic liquefaction, offering a dual benefit of waste reduction and the generation of valuable liquid products with diverse industrial applications. This review delves into plastic recycling methods with a specific focus on liquefaction using hydrogen donating solvents as an innovative approach to waste management. Liquefaction, conducted at moderate to high temperatures (280-450 °C) and pressures (7-30 MPa), yields high oil conversion using various solvents. This study examined the performance of hydrogen-donating solvents, including water, alcohols, decalin, and cyclohexane, in enhancing the oil yield while minimising the oxygen content. Supercritical water, recognised for its effective plastic degradation and chemical production capabilities, and alcohols, with their alkylating and hydrogen-donating properties, have emerged as key solvents in plastic liquefaction. The use of hydrogen donor solvents stabilizes the free radicals, enhancing the conversion of plastic waste into valuable products. In addition, this review addresses the economic efficiency of the liquefaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Qarrina Azman
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zulhelmi Amir
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Poh Ai Saw
- Sustainable Process Engineering Centre (SPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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5
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Parida S, Pali HS, Chaturvedi A, Sharma A, Balasubramanian D, Ramegouda R, Tran VD, Nguyen VG, Shobanabai FJJ, Varuvel EG. Production of biodiesel from waste fish fat through ultrasound-assisted transesterification using petro-diesel as cosolvent and optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25524-25537. [PMID: 38472585 PMCID: PMC11023978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a highly promising and viable alternative to fossil-based diesel that also addresses the urgent need for effective waste management. It can be synthesized by the chemical modification of triglycerides sourced from vegetable origin, animal fat, or algal oil. The transesterification reaction is the preferred method of producing biodiesel. However, the non-miscibility of alcohol and oil layer causes excessive utilization of alcohol, catalyst, and a substantial reacting time and temperature. In the current investigation, transesterification of waste fish oil was performed with petro-diesel as cosolvent, under the influence of ultrasound energy. The combination of both techniques is a unique and efficient way to minimize the mass transfer limitations considerably and hence reduces the parameters of the reaction. It is also a sincere effort to comply with the principles of green chemistry. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM) that were as follows: molar ratio of methanol to oil 9.09:1, catalyst concentration of 0.97 wt%, cosolvent concentration of 29.1 wt%, temperature 60.1℃, and a reacting time 30 min. Under these listed conditions, 98.1% biodiesel was achievable, which was in close agreement with the expected result. In addition, the cosolvent removal step from the crude biodiesel was also eliminated as it could be employed as a blended fuel in CI engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Parida
- G.L.Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, 201306, Greater Noida, India
| | - Harveer Singh Pali
- Renewable Energy and Alternative Fuel Lab, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar-190006, Jammu-Kashmir, India
| | - Anurag Chaturvedi
- Renewable Energy and Alternative Fuel Lab, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar-190006, Jammu-Kashmir, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Loknayak Jayprakash Institute of Technology, Chapra-841302, Bihar, India
| | - Dhinesh Balasubramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravikumar Ramegouda
- Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, CHRIST University, Bangalore, India
| | - Viet Dung Tran
- PATET Research Group, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Van Giao Nguyen
- Institute of Engineering, HUTECH Universit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Femilda Josephin Joseph Shobanabai
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Autotronics, Institute of Automobile Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Edwin Geo Varuvel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Automobile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Ranjbar S, Malcata FX. Hydrothermal Liquefaction: How the Holistic Approach by Nature Will Help Solve the Environmental Conundrum. Molecules 2023; 28:8127. [PMID: 38138616 PMCID: PMC10745749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) represents a beacon of scientific innovation, which unlocks nature's alchemical wonders while reshaping the waste-to-energy platform. This transformative technology offers sustainable solutions for converting a variety of waste materials to valuable energy products and chemicals-thus addressing environmental concerns, inefficiencies, and high costs associated with conventional waste-management practices. By operating under high temperature and pressure conditions, HTL efficiently reduces waste volume, mitigates harmful pollutant release, and extracts valuable energy from organic waste materials. This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of the HTL process and explores its applications. Key process parameters, diverse feedstocks, various reactor designs, and recent advancements in HTL technology are thoroughly discussed. Diverse applications of HTL products are examined, and their economic viability toward integration in the market is assessed. Knowledge gaps and opportunities for further exploration are accordingly identified, with a focus on optimizing and scaling up the HTL process for commercial applications. In conclusion, HTL holds great promise as a sustainable technology for waste management, chemical synthesis, and energy production, thus making a significant contribution to a more sustainable future. Its potential to foster a circular economy and its versatility in producing valuable products underscore its transformative role in shaping a more sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ranjbar
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associated Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associated Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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7
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Yu D, Guo J, Meng J, Sun T. Biofuel production by hydro-thermal liquefaction of municipal solid waste: Process characterization and optimization. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138606. [PMID: 37023903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The significant growth of the global population, as well as the increase in energy demand and the limitations of energy generation from fossil fuels, have become a serious challenge over the world. To address these challenges, renewable energies like biofuels are recently found as a proper alternative to conventional fuels. Although biofuel production by using various techniques such as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is considered one of the most promising methods to provide energy, the challenges correlated to its progression and development are still striking. In this investigation, the HTL method was employed to produce biofuel from municipal solid waste (MSW). In this regard, the effect of various parameters such as temperature, reaction time and waste-to-water ratio on mass and energy yield were assessed. It should be stressed that the optimization of biofuel production has been accomplished by the Box-Behnken method using Design Expert 8 software. Based on the results, biofuel production has an upward trend by increasing temperature to 364.57 °C and reaction time to 88.23 min Whereas, there is an inverse relationship between the biofuel waste-to-waterater ratio, in both the context of mass and energy yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Yu
- School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Demand Side Multi-Energy Carriers Optimization and Interaction Technique (China Electric Power Research Institute), Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Guo
- School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Junxia Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Demand Side Multi-Energy Carriers Optimization and Interaction Technique (China Electric Power Research Institute), Beijing, China.
| | - Tianyi Sun
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China.
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8
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Azwar E, Mahari WAW, Liew RK, Ramlee MZ, Verma M, Chong WWF, Peng W, Ng HS, Naushad M, Sonne C, Lam SS. Remediation and recovery of Kariba weed as emerging contaminant in freshwater and shellfish aquaculture system via solvothermal liquefaction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162673. [PMID: 36894104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fast growing Kariba weed causes major problems and pollution on freshwater and shellfish aquaculture systems by interfering with nutrient uptake of crops, restricting sunlight penetration, and decreasing water quality due to massive biomass of Kariba weed remnants. Solvothermal liquefaction is considered an emerging thermochemical technique to convert waste into high yield of value-added products. Solvothermal liquefaction (STL) of Kariba weed as an emerging contaminant was performed to investigate the effects of different types of solvents (ethanol and methanol) and Kariba weed mass loadings (2.5-10 % w/v) on treating and reducing the weed via conversion into potentially useful crude oil product and char. Up to 92.53 % of Kariba weed has been reduced via this technique. The optimal conditions for crude oil production were found to be at 5 % w/v of mass loading in methanol medium, resulting in a high heating value (HHV) of 34.66 MJ/kg and yield of 20.86 wt%, whereas the biochar production was found to be optimum at 7.5 % w/v of mass loading in methanol medium, resulting in 29.92 MJ/kg of HHV and 25.38 wt% of yield. The crude oil consisted of beneficial chemical compounds for biofuel production such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (65.02 peak area %) and the biochar showed high carbon content (72.83 %). In conclusion, STL as a remediation for emerging Kariba weed is a feasible process for shellfish aquaculture waste treatment and biofuels production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfina Azwar
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wan Adibah Wan Mahari
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rock Keey Liew
- NV WESTERN PLT, No. 208B, Second Floor, Macalister Road, 10400 Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zulhilmi Ramlee
- Centre of Research and Field Service, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - William Woei Fong Chong
- Automotive Development Centre (ADC), Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering (IVeSE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia; Automotive Development Centre (ADC), Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering (IVeSE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
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9
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Singh A, Prajapati P, Vyas S, Gaur VK, Sindhu R, Binod P, Kumar V, Singhania RR, Awasthi MK, Zhang Z, Varjani S. A Comprehensive Review of Feedstocks as Sustainable Substrates for Next-Generation Biofuels. BIOENERGY RESEARCH 2023; 16:105-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s12155-022-10440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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Effect of Acidic Hydrochar on Plastic Crude Oil Produced from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Waste PVC. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of waste PVC was investigated in the presence of acidic hydrochar. The hydrochar was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of pineapple waste at 250 °C and at 1 h in the presence of citric acid. Hydrochar was acidic, stable, and porous and contained acidic functional groups. Hydrochar was co-fed with PVC during HTL to enhance HTL conversion and quality of the plastic crude oil. HTL experiments were performed at 300–350 °C, 0.25–4 h of reaction times, and 0–20 wt% hydrochar-to-PVC ratio. The plastic crude oil was separated from the solid residue to evaluate HTL conversion and to analyze elemental compositions, boiling point distribution, alteration of chemical bonds, and chemical compositions. The results showed that acidic hydrochar enhances HTL conversion with a maximum value of 28.75 at 5 wt% hydrochar content at 350 °C and 0.5 h. Furthermore, plastic crude oils contained no chloride but contained significantly high carbon and hydrogen, resulting in a higher heating value of up to 36.43 MJ/kg. The major component of the plastic crude oil was 3, 5 dimethylphenol produced ranging from 61.4 to 86.4% (percentage of total identified area) according to gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) data.
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Acharya S, Kishore N. Citrus limetta fruit waste management by liquefaction using hydrogen-donor solvent. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32708-32721. [PMID: 36425707 PMCID: PMC9664456 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06085j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liquefaction of Citrus limetta fruit waste (both pulp and peel) in a hydrogen-donor solvent has not been reported in the literature and authors considered the same as the objective of this work. Thus, results on waste management of this potential fruit wastes by liquefaction in hydrogen-donor methanol solvent at 260 °C temperature, residence time of 30 min, and 1 : 2, 1 : 3 and 1 : 4 biomass-to-solvent ratios were reported in this work. The aim was to achieve biofuels of high quantity and quality from this waste, which would otherwise be disposed of without any value addition. A maximum of 12.5 wt% of biocrude yield was found from Citrus limetta peel biomass, which was higher than that from the thermochemical conversion of other citrus fruit waste biomasses. Biocrude having higher heating value (HHV) of 26.76 MJ kg-1 from Citrus limetta pulp, when the feed biomass pulp-to-solvent ratio was 1 : 4, found to be the best outcome of this study. Biocrude and biochar have also been extremely characterized using several advanced techniques such as Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), etc. Finally, the novelty of this work is not only obtaining higher yield of biocrude but also better HHV compared to other similar studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Acharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Nanda Kishore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
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12
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Zhang G, Wang K, Liu Q, Han L, Zhang X. A Comprehensive Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Diverse Biowastes for Energy-Dense Biocrude Production: Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10499. [PMID: 36078216 PMCID: PMC9518380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) is a promising technology to valorize binary or even ternary biowastes into bioenergy. However, the complex biochemical compositions and unclear synergistic effect prevent the development of this technology. Thus, this study explored a comprehensive co-HTL of representative biowastes to investigate the synergistic and antagonistic effects. An apparent synergistic effect on biocrude yield was observed when sewage sludge was co-liquefied with cow manure or wheat straw. Further, the co-HTL of sewage sludge-cow manure was investigated in a detailed manner. The highest yield (21.84 wt%) of biocrude, with a positive synergistic effect (11.37%), the highest energy recovery (47.48%), and a moderate biocrude HHV (34.31 MJ/kg) were achieved from co-HTL at 350 °C for 30 min. Hydrochar and gas products were also characterized to unravel the reaction pathways. Accordingly, this work indicates that sewage sludge co-liquefied with other biowastes can serve as a multi-purpose solution for biowaste treatment and bioenergy production.
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Varjani S, Shahbeig H, Popat K, Patel Z, Vyas S, Shah AV, Barceló D, Hao Ngo H, Sonne C, Shiung Lam S, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M. Sustainable management of municipal solid waste through waste-to-energy technologies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 355:127247. [PMID: 35490955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and environmental concerns have sparked global interest in waste valorization through various waste-to-energy (WtE) to generate renewable energy sources and reduce dependency on fossil-derived fuels and chemicals. These technologies are vital for implementing the envisioned global "bioeconomy" through biorefineries. In light of that, a detailed overview of WtE technologies with their benefits and drawbacks is provided in this paper. Additionally, the biorefinery concept for waste management and sustainable energy generation is discussed. The identification of appropriate WtE technology for energy recovery continues to be a significant challenge. So, in order to effectively apply WtE technologies in the burgeoning bioeconomy, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing scenario for sustainable MSW management along with the bottlenecks and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India.
| | - Hossein Shahbeig
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kartik Popat
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Zeel Patel
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Shaili Vyas
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382015, India
| | - Anil V Shah
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Arhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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14
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Harisankar S, Prashanth PF, Nallasivam J, Vinu R. Optimal use of glycerol co-solvent to enhance product yield and its quality from hydrothermal liquefaction of refuse-derived fuel. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022; 14:1-15. [PMID: 35646507 PMCID: PMC9126101 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Refuse-derived fuels (RDF) are rich in resources that make them an attractive feedstock for the production of energy and biofuels. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising thermochemical conversion technology to handle wet feedstocks and convert them to valuable bio-crude, bio-char and aqueous products. This study highlights the advantages of using glycerol as the co-solvent along with water in different proportions to produce bio-crude from RDF via HTL. The ratio of water:glycerol (vol.%:vol.%) was varied for each experiment (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50), and the product yields and their quality were studied. The results demonstrate that increasing the proportion of glycerol until 50 vol.% in the solvent enhances the bio-crude yield (36.2 wt.%) and its higher heating value (HHV) (30.9 MJ kg-1). Deoxygenation achieved in the bio-crude was 42%. The production of bio-char was minimum (9.5 wt.%) at 50 vol.% glycerol with HHV of 31.9 MJ kg-1. The selectivity to phenolic compounds in the bio-crude increased, while that of cyclic oxygenates decreased when the glycerol content was more than 20 vol.%. The gas-phase analysis revealed that the major deoxygenation pathway was decarboxylation. The yield of aqueous products drastically increased with the addition of glycerol. The minimum amount of glycerol in the co-solvent that favours an energetically feasible process with low carbon footprint is 30 vol.%. Using 50 vol.% glycerol resulted in the highest energy recovery in the bio-crude and bio-char (80%), the lowest energy consumption ratio (0.43) and lowest environmental factor (0.1). The mass-based process mass intensity factor, calculated based on only bio-crude and bio-char as the valuable products, decreased with an increase in addition of glycerol, while it was close to unity when the aqueous phase is also considered as a valuable product.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Harisankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 India
| | - P. Francis Prashanth
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 India
| | - Jeganathan Nallasivam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 India
| | - R. Vinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036 India
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15
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Abstract
Biolubricants generated from biomass and other wastes can reduce the carbon footprint of manufacturing processes and power generation. In this paper, the properties and uses of biolubricants have been compared thoroughly with conventional mineral-based lubricants. The biolubricants, which are currently based on vegetable oils, are discussed in terms of their physicochemical and thermophysical properties, stability, and biodegradability. This mini-review points out the main features of the existing biolubricants, and puts forward the case of using sustainable biolubricants, which can be generated from agro-residues via thermochemical processes. The properties, applications, and limitations of non-edible oils and waste-derived oils, such as bio-oil from pyrolysis and bio-crude from hydrothermal liquefaction, are discussed in the context of biolubricants. While the existing studies on biolubricants have mostly focused on the use of vegetable oils and some non-edible oils, there is a need to shift to waste-derived oils, which is highlighted in this paper. This perspective compares the key properties of conventional oils with different oils derived from renewable resources and wastes. In the authors’ opinion, the use of waste-derived oils is a potential future option to address the problem of the waste management and supply of biolubricant for various applications including machining, milling applications, biological applications, engine oils, and compressor oils. In order to achieve this, significant research needs to be conducted to evaluate salient properties such as viscosity, flash point, biodegradability, thermo-oxidative and storage stability of the oils, technoeconomics, and sustainability, which are highlighted in this review.
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16
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Nallasivam J, Francis Prashanth P, Harisankar S, Nori S, Suryanarayan S, Chakravarthy SR, Vinu R. Valorization of red macroalgae biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction using homogeneous catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126515. [PMID: 34890820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction of red macroalgae species, Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA) and Eucheuma denticulatum (ED), was performed at 350 °C in the presence of 5 wt% neutral and alkali catalysts like Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, Na2SO4, NaOH, and KOH. The maximum bio-crude yield of 26.7 wt% and 18.5 wt%, on a dry ash-free basis, was obtained from Na2CO3 treatment of KA and KOH treatment of ED, respectively. The bio-crude from both feedstocks mainly consisted of cyclic oxygenates, whose selectivities were maximum in K2CO3 and CaCO3 treatments. The calorific value of the bio-crude was 38.5 MJ/kg from KA and 30.8 MJ/kg from ED, while that of biochars was 20-24 MJ/kg. A high degree of deoxygenation (64.2%) was observed in bio-crude produced from Na2SO4 treatment of KA biomass. Salts of Cl-, SO42- and K+ constituted the major inorganic portion of the aqueous phase. Maximum energy recovery (99%) was observed from the Na2CO3 treatment of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nallasivam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India; National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - P Francis Prashanth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India; National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - S Harisankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India; National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Srisailaja Nori
- Sea6 Energy Pvt. Ltd, 2nd Floor, C-Camp, NCBS-TIFR, Bellary Road, GKVK Post, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Shrikumar Suryanarayan
- Sea6 Energy Pvt. Ltd, 2nd Floor, C-Camp, NCBS-TIFR, Bellary Road, GKVK Post, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - S R Chakravarthy
- National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India; Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - R Vinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India; National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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Oh S, Lee J, Lam SS, Kwon EE, Ha JM, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Chen WH, Park YK. Fast hydropyrolysis of biomass Conversion: A comparative review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126067. [PMID: 34601023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that fast hydropyrolysis (i.e., pyrolysis under hydrogen atmosphere operating at a rapid heating rate) is a promising technology for the conversion of biomass into liquid fuels (e.g., bio-oil and C4+ hydrocarbons). This pyrolysis approach is reported to be more effective than conventional fast pyrolysis in producing aromatic hydrocarbons and also lowering the oxygen content of the bio-oil obtained compared to hydrodeoxygenation (a common bio-oil upgrading method). Based on current literature, various non-catalytic and catalytic fast hydropyrolysis processes are reviewed and discussed. Efforts to combine fast hydropyrolysis and hydrotreatment process are also highlighted. Points to be considered for future research into fast hydropyrolysis and pending challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinyoung Oh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering & Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Centre, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Saengsuriwong R, Onsree T, Phromphithak S, Tippayawong N. Biocrude oil production via hydrothermal liquefaction of food waste in a simplified high-throughput reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125750. [PMID: 34416661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the hydrothermal liquefaction of food waste was investigated for generating bio-oils or biocrudes using a simplified high-throughput reactor. Different operating conditions were parametrically tested for obtaining maximum yield of biocrudes at temperatures from 280 to 340 °C and sample-to-water mixture ratios from 1:3 to 1:7, with 30 min residence time. The biocrude yields were found to increase significantly with increasing temperature and mixture ratio. A maximum biocrude yield of approximately 40% w/w dry basis (from a total liquid product yield of over 56% w/w) and energy recovery of over 70% were obtained at 340 °C and a mixture ratio of 1:7. High heating values of the resulting biocrude and solid residue were remarkably better than those of the raw material. Fatty acids, amides, N-containing compounds, and cyclic ketones were identified to be the main components of the biocrudes using advanced GCxGC/TOF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruetai Saengsuriwong
- Graduate Program in Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thossaporn Onsree
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sanphawat Phromphithak
- Graduate Program in Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Tippayawong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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