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Chung S, Loh A, Jennings CM, Sosnowski K, Ha SY, Yim UH, Yoon JY. Capillary flow velocity profile analysis on paper-based microfluidic chips for screening oil types using machine learning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130806. [PMID: 36680906 PMCID: PMC9940998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We conceived a novel approach to screen oil types on a wax-printed paper-based microfluidic platform. Various oil samples spontaneously flowed through a micrometer-scale channel via capillary action while their components were filtered and partitioned. The resulting capillary flow velocity profile fluctuated during the flow, which was used to screen oil types. Raspberry Pi camera captured the video clips, and a custom Python code analyzed them to obtain the capillary flow velocity profiles. 106 velocity profiles (each with 125 frames for 5 s) were recorded from various oil samples to build a training database. Principal component analysis (PCA), support vector machine (SVM), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to classify the oil types into heavy-to-medium crude, light crude, marine fuel, lubricant, and diesel oils. The second-order polynomial SVM model with PCA as a pre-processing step showed the highest accuracy: 90% in classifying crude oils and 81% in classifying non-crude oils. The assay took less than 30 s from the sample to answer, with 5 s of the capillary action-driven flow. This simple and effective assay will allow rapid preliminary screening of oil types, enable early tracking, and reduce the number of suspect samples to be analyzed by laboratory fingerprinting analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Chung
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Biosystems Engineering, Integrated Major in Global Smart Farm, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Loh
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian M Jennings
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Katelyn Sosnowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 53201, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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Wang X, Wang Z, Yu C, Ge Z, Yang W. Advances in precise single-cell capture for analysis and biological applications. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3047-3063. [PMID: 35946358 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00625a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms. However, conventional cell analysis only averages millions of cell populations, and some important information is lost. It is essential to quantitatively characterize the physiology and pathology of single-cell activities. Precise single-cell capture is an extremely challenging task during cell sample preparation. In this review, we summarize the category of technologies to capture single cells precisely with a focus on the latest development in the last five years. Each technology has its own set of benefits and specific challenges, which provide opportunities for researchers in different fields. Accordingly, we introduce the applications of captured single cells in cancer diagnosis, analysis of metabolism and secretion, and disease treatment. Finally, some perspectives are provided on the current development trends, future research directions, and challenges of single-cell capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Chang Yu
- College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Zhixing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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Zhang M, Xu D, Fang J, Li H, Li Y, Liu C, Cao N, Hu N. A dynamic and quantitative biosensing assessment for electroporated membrane evolution of cardiomyocytes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:114016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu D, Fang J, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhang T, Hang T, Xie X, Hu N. Synchronized intracellular and extracellular recording of action potentials by three-dimensional nanoroded electroporation. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113501. [PMID: 34273736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological study is an essential and significant strategy to explore the biological mechanism of electrogenic cells. Current advanced nanodevices can achieve the high-fidelity intracellular electrophysiological recordings, and most of detection systems record the extracellular and intracellular action potentials (EAPs and IAPs) in an asynchronous or isolated manner, so it is demanded to develop the platform to reveal correlation between EAP and IAP recording. Here, we establish a utility strategy to achieve synchronized intracellular and extracellular recording of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes by low-voltage three-dimensional (3D) nanoroded electroporation. By integrating the advantages of nanodevice and microdevice, 3D nanoroded microdevice is developed to achieve the high-throughput large-scale synchronous intracellular and extracellular electrophysiological study. By applying low-voltage electroporation, intracellular and extracellular signals can be synchronously acquired from intracellular access and extracellular coupling, respectively. Recorded synchronized signals contain both typical EAPs and IAPs, which have good synchronicity in spatiotemporal dimensions at each recording site. Moreover, correlation between both signals is further bridged in experimental and simulated way. This intracellular electrophysiological platform presents unique advantages over the conventional system to achieve the synchronized intracellular and extracellular electrophysiological study at membrane voltage level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tian Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
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Salva ML, Rocca M, Niemeyer CM, Delamarche E. Methods for immobilizing receptors in microfluidic devices: A review. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Porous Graphene Oxide Decorated Ion Selective Electrode for Observing Across-Cytomembrane Ion Transport. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123500. [PMID: 32575810 PMCID: PMC7349088 DOI: 10.3390/s20123500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The technology for measuring cytomembrane ion transport is one of the necessities in modern biomedical research due to its significance in the cellular physiology, the requirements for the non-invasive and easy-to-operate devices have driven lots of efforts to explore the potential electrochemical sensors. Herein, we would like to evidence the exploitation of the porous graphene oxide (PGO) decorated ion selective electrode (ISE) as a detector to capture the signal of cytomembrane ion transport. The tumor cells (MDAMB231, A549 and HeLa) treated by iodide uptake operation, with and without the sodium-iodide-symporter (NIS) expression, are used as proofs of concept. It is found that under the same optimized experimental conditions, the changed output voltages of ISEs before and after the cells' immobilization are in close relation with the NIS related ion's across-membrane transportation, including I-, Na+ and Cl-. The explanation for the measured results is proposed by clarifying the function of the PGO scaffold interfacial micro-environment (IME), that is, in this spongy-like micro-space, the NIS related minor ionic fluctuations can be accumulated and amplified for ISE to probe. In conclusion, we believe the integration of the microporous graphene derivatives-based IME and ISE may pave a new way for observing the cytomembrane ionic activities.
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Methods for Single-Cell Isolation and Preparation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1255:7-27. [PMID: 32949387 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4494-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Within the last decade, single-cell analysis has revolutionized our understanding of cellular processes and heterogeneity across all disciplines of life science. As the transcriptome, genome, or epigenome of individual cells can nowadays be analyzed at low cost and in high-throughput within a few days by modern techniques, tremendous improvements in disease diagnosis on the one hand and the investigation of disease-relevant mechanisms on the other were achieved so far. This relies on the parallel development of reliable cell capturing and single-cell sequencing approaches that have paved the way for comprehensive single-cell studies. Apart from single-cell isolation methods in high-throughput, a variety of methods with distinct specializations were developed, allowing for correlation of transcriptomics with cellular parameters like electrophysiology or morphology.For all single-cell-based approaches, accurate and reliable isolation with proper quality controls is prerequisite, whereby different options exist dependent on sample type and tissue properties. Careful consideration of an appropriate method is required to avoid incorrect or biased data that may lead to misinterpretations.In this chapter, we will provide a broad overview of the current state of the art in matters of single-cell isolation methods mostly applied for sequencing-based downstream analysis, and their respective advantages and drawbacks. Distinct technologies will be discussed in detail addressing key parameters like sample compatibility, viability, purity, throughput, and isolation efficiency.
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Abstract
Microfluidics has played a vital role in developing novel methods to investigate biological phenomena at the molecular and cellular level during the last two decades. Microscale engineering of cellular systems is nevertheless a nascent field marked inherently by frequent disruptive advancements in technology such as PDMS-based soft lithography. Viable culture and manipulation of cells in microfluidic devices requires knowledge across multiple disciplines including molecular and cellular biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. There has been numerous excellent reviews in the past 15 years on applications of microfluidics for molecular and cellular biology including microfluidic cell culture (Berthier et al., 2012; El-Ali, Sorger, & Jensen, 2006; Halldorsson et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2007; Mehling & Tay, 2014; Sackmann et al., 2014; Whitesides, 2006; Young & Beebe, 2010), cell culture models (Gupta et al., 2016; Inamdar & Borenstein, 2011; Meyvantsson & Beebe, 2008), cell secretion (Schrell et al., 2016), chemotaxis (Kim & Wu, 2012; Wu et al., 2013), neuron culture (Millet & Gillette, 2012a, 2012b), drug screening (Dittrich & Manz, 2006; Eribol, Uguz, & Ulgen, 2016; Wu, Huang, & Lee, 2010), cell sorting (Autebert et al., 2012; Bhagat et al., 2010; Gossett et al., 2010; Wyatt Shields Iv, Reyes, & López, 2015), single cell studies (Lecault et al., 2012; Reece et al., 2016; Yin & Marshall, 2012), stem cell biology (Burdick & Vunjak-Novakovic, 2009; Wu et al., 2011; Zhang & Austin, 2012), cell differentiation (Zhang et al., 2017a), systems biology (Breslauer, Lee, & Lee, 2006), 3D cell culture (Huh et al., 2011; Li et al., 2012; van Duinen et al., 2015), spheroids and organoids (Lee et al., 2016; Montanez-Sauri, Beebe, & Sung, 2015; Morimoto & Takeuchi, 2013; Skardal et al., 2016; Young, 2013), organ-on-chip (Bhatia & Ingber, 2014; Esch, Bahinski, & Huh, 2015; Huh et al., 2011; van der Meer & van den Berg, 2012), and tissue engineering (Andersson & Van Den Berg, 2004; Choi et al., 2007; Hasan et al., 2014). In this chapter, we provide an overview of PDMS-based microdevices for microfluidic cell culture. We discuss the advantages and challenges of using PDMS-based soft lithography for microfluidic cell culture and highlight recent progress and future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melikhan Tanyeri
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Savaş Tay
- Institute of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Institute of Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Angeli E, Buzio R, Firpo G, Magrassi R, Mussi V, Repetto L, Valbusa U. Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 94:206-15. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a rapid increase in nanotechnology applications to medicine in order to prevent and treat diseases in the human body. The established and future applications have the potential to dramatically change medical science. The present paper will give a few examples that could transform common medical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Angeli
- NanoMed Labs, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate CBA and Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renato Buzio
- NanoMed Labs, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate CBA and Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Firpo
- NanoMed Labs, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate CBA and Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Magrassi
- NanoMed Labs, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate CBA and Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valentina Mussi
- NanoMed Labs, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate CBA and Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Repetto
- NanoMed Labs, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate CBA and Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ugo Valbusa
- NanoMed Labs, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate CBA and Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
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10
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VanDersarl JJ, Renaud P. Biomimetic surface patterning for long-term transmembrane access. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32485. [PMID: 27577519 PMCID: PMC5006161 DOI: 10.1038/srep32485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present a planar patch clamp chip based on biomimetic cell membrane fusion. This architecture uses nanometer length-scale surface patterning to replicate the structure and function of membrane proteins, creating a gigaohm seal between the cell and a planar electrode array. The seal is generated passively during cell spreading, without the application of a vacuum to the cell surface. This interface can enable cell-attached and whole-cell recordings that are stable to 72 hours, and generates no visible damage to the cell. The electrodes can be very small (<5 μm) and closely packed, offering a high density platform for cellular measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules J VanDersarl
- Microsystems Laboratory, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Microsystems Laboratory, EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Tran QD, Kong TF, Hu D, Lam RHW. Deterministic sequential isolation of floating cancer cells under continuous flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2813-9. [PMID: 27387093 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of rare cells, such as circulating tumor cells, has been challenging because of their low abundance and limited timeframes of expressions of relevant cell characteristics. In this work, we devise a novel hydrodynamic mechanism to sequentially trap and isolate floating cells in biosamples. We develop a microfluidic device for the sequential isolation of floating cancer cells through a series of microsieves to obtain up to 100% trapping yield and >95% sequential isolation efficiency. We optimize the trappers' dimensions and locations through both computational and experimental analyses using microbeads and cells. Furthermore, we investigated the functional range of flow rates for effective sequential cell isolation by taking the cell deformability into account. We verify the cell isolation ability using the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with perfect agreement with the microbead results. The viability of the isolated cells can be maintained for direct identification of any cell characteristics within the device. We further demonstrate that this device can be applied to isolate the largest particles from a sample containing multiple sizes of particles, revealing its possible applicability in isolation of circulating tumor cells in cancer patients' blood. Our study provides a promising sequential cell isolation strategy with high potential for rapid detection and analysis of general floating cells, including circulating tumor cells and other rare cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang D Tran
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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12
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Abstract
The electrophysiology of action potentials is usually studied in neurons, through relatively demanding experiments which are difficult to scale up to a defined network. Here we pursue instead the minimal artificial system based on the essential biological components-ion channels and lipid bilayers-where action potentials can be generated, propagated, and eventually networked. The fundamental unit is the classic supported bilayer: a planar bilayer patch with embedded ion channels in a fluidic environment where an ionic gradient is imposed across the bilayer. Two such units electrically connected form the basic building block for a network. The system is minimal in that we demonstrate that one kind of ion channel and correspondingly a gradient of only one ionic species is sufficient to generate an excitable system which shows amplification and threshold behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Ariyaratne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, United States
| | - Giovanni Zocchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, United States
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Castiello FR, Heileman K, Tabrizian M. Microfluidic perfusion systems for secretion fingerprint analysis of pancreatic islets: applications, challenges and opportunities. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:409-31. [PMID: 26732665 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A secretome signature is a heterogeneous profile of secretions present in a single cell type. From the secretome signature a smaller panel of proteins, namely a secretion fingerprint, can be chosen to feasibly monitor specific cellular activity. Based on a thorough appraisal of the literature, this review explores the possibility of defining and using a secretion fingerprint to gauge the functionality of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. It covers the state of the art regarding microfluidic perfusion systems used in pancreatic islet research. Candidate analytical tools to be integrated within microfluidic perfusion systems for dynamic secretory fingerprint monitoring were identified. These analytical tools include patch clamp, amperometry/voltametry, impedance spectroscopy, field effect transistors and surface plasmon resonance. Coupled with these tools, microfluidic devices can ultimately find applications in determining islet quality for transplantation, islet regeneration and drug screening of therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rafael Castiello
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Khalil Heileman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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14
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Chung AJ, Hur SC. High-Speed Microfluidic Manipulation of Cells. ADVANCED MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527690237.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hodne K, Weltzien FA. Single-Cell Isolation and Gene Analysis: Pitfalls and Possibilities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26832-49. [PMID: 26569222 PMCID: PMC4661855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades single-cell analysis (SCA) has revealed extensive phenotypic differences within homogenous cell populations. These phenotypic differences are reflected in the stochastic nature of gene regulation, which is often masked by qualitatively and quantitatively averaging in whole tissue analyses. The ability to isolate transcripts and investigate how genes are regulated at the single cell level requires highly sensitive and refined methods. This paper reviews different strategies currently used for SCA, including harvesting, reverse transcription, and amplification of the RNA, followed by methods for transcript quantification. The review provides the historical background to SCA, discusses limitations, and current and future possibilities in this exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences-Campus Adamstuen, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences-Campus Adamstuen, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Hu D, Cheng TK, Xie K, Lam RHW. Microengineered Conductive Elastomeric Electrodes for Long-Term Electrophysiological Measurements with Consistent Impedance under Stretch. SENSORS 2015; 15:26906-20. [PMID: 26512662 PMCID: PMC4634439 DOI: 10.3390/s151026906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we develop a micro-engineered conductive elastomeric electrode for measurements of human bio-potentials with the absence of conductive pastes. Mixing the biocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone with other biocompatible conductive nano-particles further provides the material with an electrical conductivity. We apply micro-replica mold casting for the micro-structures, which are arrays of micro-pillars embedded between two bulk conductive-PDMS layers. These micro-structures can reduce the micro-structural deformations along the direction of signal transmission; therefore the corresponding electrical impedance under the physical stretch by the movement of the human body can be maintained. Additionally, we conduct experiments to compare the electrical properties between the bulk conductive-PDMS material and the microengineered electrodes under stretch. We also demonstrate the working performance of these micro-engineered electrodes in the acquisition of the 12-lead electrocardiographs (ECG) of a healthy subject. Together, the presented gel-less microengineered electrodes can provide a more convenient and stable bio-potential measurement platform, making tele-medical care more achievable with reduced technical barriers for instrument installation performed by patients/users themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tin Kei Cheng
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Ilyas A, Asghar W, Kim YT, Iqbal SM. Parallel recognition of cancer cells using an addressable array of solid-state micropores. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Bruhn BR, Liu H, Schuhladen S, Hunt AJ, Mordovanakis A, Mayer M. Dual-pore glass chips for cell-attached single-channel recordings. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2410-7. [PMID: 24844315 PMCID: PMC4121072 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While high-throughput planar patch-clamp instruments are now established to perform whole-cell recordings for drug screening, the conventional micropipette-based approach remains the gold standard for performing cell-attached single-channel recordings. Generally, planar platforms are not well-suited for such studies due to excess noise resulting from low seal resistances and the use of substrates with poor dielectric properties. Since these platforms tend to use the same pore to position a cell by suction and establish a seal, biological debris from the cell suspension can contaminate the pore surface prior to seal formation, reducing the seal resistance. Here, femtosecond laser ablation was used to fabricate dual-pore glass chips optimized for use in cell-attached single-channel recordings that circumvent this problem by using different pores to position a cell and to establish a seal. This dual-pore design also permitted the use of a relatively small patch aperture (D ~ 150 to 300 nm) that is better-suited for establishing high-resistance seals than the micropores used typically in planar patch-clamp setups (D ~ 1 to 2 μm) without compromising the ability of the device to position a cell. Taking advantage of the high seal resistances and low capacitive and dielectric noise realized using glass substrates, patch-clamp experiments with these dual-pore chips consistently achieved high seal resistances (rate of gigaseal formation = 61%, mean seal resistance = 53 GΩ), maintained gigaseals for prolonged durations (up to 6 hours), achieved RMS noise values as low as 0.46 pA at 5 kHz bandwidth, and enabled single-channel recordings in the cell-attached configuration that are comparable to those obtained by conventional patch-clamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Bruhn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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A hydrophilic polymer based microfluidic system with planar patch clamp electrode array for electrophysiological measurement from cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 53:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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ul Haque A, Chatni MR, Li G, Porterfield DM. Biochips and other microtechnologies for physiomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:553-63. [PMID: 17705712 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of microtechnologies relevant to applications in cellular physiology, including biochips, electrochemical sensors and optrodic sensing techniques. Microelectrodes have been the main tools for measuring cellular electrophysiology, oxygen, nitric oxide, neurotransmitters, pH and various ions. Optical fiber sensing methods, such as indicator-based optrodes, with fluorescence lifetime measurement, are now emerging as viable alternatives to electroanalytical chemistry. These new optrode techniques are possible because of recent advances in the optoelectronics industry and are comparably easier to miniaturize, have faster response times, do not consume the analyte and have lower operational costs. This review serves as a summary and predicts future trends for both electrochemical and optical luminescence lifetime sensing as components in lab-on-a-chip devices for physiological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeraj ul Haque
- Purdue University, Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Physiological Sensing Facility, Bindley Bioscience Research Center, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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21
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Bosca A, Martina M, Py C. Planar patch clamp for neuronal networks--considerations and future perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1183:93-113. [PMID: 25023304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1096-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The patch-clamp technique is generally accepted as the gold standard for studying ion channel activity allowing investigators to either "clamp" membrane voltage and directly measure transmembrane currents through ion channels, or to passively monitor spontaneously occurring intracellular voltage oscillations. However, this resulting high information content comes at a price. The technique is labor-intensive and requires highly trained personnel and expensive equipment. This seriously limits its application as an interrogation tool for drug development. Patch-clamp chips have been developed in the last decade to overcome the tedious manipulations associated with the use of glass pipettes in conventional patch-clamp experiments. In this chapter, we describe some of the main materials and fabrication protocols that have been developed to date for the production of patch-clamp chips. We also present the concept of a patch-clamp chip array providing high resolution patch-clamp recordings from individual cells at multiple sites in a network of communicating neurons. On this chip, the neurons are aligned with the aperture-probes using chemical patterning. In the discussion we review the potential use of this technology for pharmaceutical assays, neuronal physiology and synaptic plasticity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bosca
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy,
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22
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Ohlsson G, Tabaei SR, Beech J, Kvassman J, Johanson U, Kjellbom P, Tegenfeldt JO, Höök F. Solute transport on the sub 100 ms scale across the lipid bilayer membrane of individual proteoliposomes. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4635-4643. [PMID: 22895529 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40518k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Screening assays designed to probe ligand and drug-candidate regulation of membrane proteins responsible for ion-translocation across the cell membrane are wide spread, while efficient means to screen membrane-protein facilitated transport of uncharged solutes are sparse. We report on a microfluidic-based system to monitor transport of uncharged solutes across the membrane of multiple (>100) individually resolved surface-immobilized liposomes. This was accomplished by rapidly switching (<10 ms) the solution above dye-containing liposomes immobilized on the floor of a microfluidic channel. With liposomes encapsulating the pH-sensitive dye carboxyfluorescein (CF), internal changes in pH induced by transport of a weak acid (acetic acid) could be measured at time scales down to 25 ms. The applicability of the set up to study biological transport reactions was demonstrated by examining the osmotic water permeability of human aquaporin (AQP5) reconstituted in proteoliposomes. In this case, the rate of osmotic-induced volume changes of individual proteoliposomes was time resolved by imaging the self quenching of encapsulated calcein in response to an osmotic gradient. Single-liposome analysis of both pure and AQP5-containing liposomes revealed a relatively large heterogeneity in osmotic permeability. Still, in the case of AQP5-containing liposomes, the single liposome data suggest that the membrane-protein incorporation efficiency depends on liposome size, with higher incorporation efficiency for larger liposomes. The benefit of low sample consumption and automated liquid handling is discussed in terms of pharmaceutical screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ohlsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Terpitz U, Sukhorukov VL, Zimmermann D. Prototype for automatable, dielectrophoretically-accessed intracellular membrane-potential measurements by metal electrodes. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012; 11:9-16. [PMID: 22994967 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2012.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional access to membrane proteins, for example, ion channels, of individual cells is an important prerequisite in drug discovery studies. The highly sophisticated patch-clamp method is widely used for electrogenic membrane proteins, but is demanding for the operator, and its automation remains challenging. The dielectrophoretically-accessed, intracellular membrane-potential measurement (DAIMM) method is a new technique showing high potential for automation of electrophysiological data recording in the whole-cell configuration. A cell suspension is brought between a mm-scaled planar electrode and a μm-scaled tip electrode, placed opposite to each other. Due to the asymmetric electrode configuration, the application of alternating electric fields (1-5 MHz) provokes a dielectrophoretic force acting on the target cell. As a consequence, the cell is accelerated and pierced by the tip electrode, hence functioning as the internal (working) electrode. We used the light-gated cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2 as a reporter protein expressed in HEK293 cells to characterize the DAIMM method in comparison with the patch-clamp technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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24
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Wang ZH, Takada N, Uno H, Ishizuka T, Yawo H, Urisu T. Positioning of the sensor cell on the sensing area using cell trapping pattern in incubation type planar patch clamp biosensor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 96:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Zagnoni M. Miniaturised technologies for the development of artificial lipid bilayer systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1026-1039. [PMID: 22301684 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20991h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Artificially reproducing cellular environments is a key aim of synthetic biology, which has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of cellular mechanisms. Microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) techniques, which enable the controlled handling of sub-microlitre volumes of fluids in an automated and high-throughput manner, can play a major role in achieving this by offering alternative and powerful methodologies in an on-chip format. Such techniques have been successfully employed over the last twenty years to provide innovative solutions for chemical analysis and cell-, molecular- and synthetic- biology. In the context of the latter, the formation of artificial cell membranes (or artificial lipid bilayers) that incorporate membrane proteins within miniaturised LOC architectures offers huge potential for the development of highly sensitive molecular sensors and drug screening applications. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive and critical overview of the field of microsystems for creating and exploiting artificial lipid bilayers. Advantages and limitations of three of the most popular approaches, namely suspended, supported and droplet-based lipid bilayers, are discussed. Examples are reported that show how artificial cell membrane microsystems, by combining together biological procedures and engineering techniques, can provide novel methodologies for basic biological and biophysical research and for the development of biotechnology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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26
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Py C, Martina M, Diaz-Quijada GA, Luk CC, Martinez D, Denhoff MW, Charrier A, Comas T, Monette R, Krantis A, Syed NI, Mealing GAR. From understanding cellular function to novel drug discovery: the role of planar patch-clamp array chip technology. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:51. [PMID: 22007170 PMCID: PMC3184600 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All excitable cell functions rely upon ion channels that are embedded in their plasma membrane. Perturbations of ion channel structure or function result in pathologies ranging from cardiac dysfunction to neurodegenerative disorders. Consequently, to understand the functions of excitable cells and to remedy their pathophysiology, it is important to understand the ion channel functions under various experimental conditions - including exposure to novel drug targets. Glass pipette patch-clamp is the state of the art technique to monitor the intrinsic and synaptic properties of neurons. However, this technique is labor intensive and has low data throughput. Planar patch-clamp chips, integrated into automated systems, offer high throughputs but are limited to isolated cells from suspensions, thus limiting their use in modeling physiological function. These chips are therefore not most suitable for studies involving neuronal communication. Multielectrode arrays (MEAs), in contrast, have the ability to monitor network activity by measuring local field potentials from multiple extracellular sites, but specific ion channel activity is challenging to extract from these multiplexed signals. Here we describe a novel planar patch-clamp chip technology that enables the simultaneous high-resolution electrophysiological interrogation of individual neurons at multiple sites in synaptically connected neuronal networks, thereby combining the advantages of MEA and patch-clamp techniques. Each neuron can be probed through an aperture that connects to a dedicated subterranean microfluidic channel. Neurons growing in networks are aligned to the apertures by physisorbed or chemisorbed chemical cues. In this review, we describe the design and fabrication process of these chips, approaches to chemical patterning for cell placement, and present physiological data from cultured neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Py
- Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marzia Martina
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerardo A. Diaz-Quijada
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Collin C. Luk
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dolores Martinez
- Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mike W. Denhoff
- Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Charrier
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueMarseille, France
| | - Tanya Comas
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Monette
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Krantis
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology. University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Naweed I. Syed
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. R. Mealing
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
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27
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Chen J, Zheng Y, Tan Q, Zhang YL, Li J, Geddie WR, Jewett MAS, Sun Y. A microfluidic device for simultaneous electrical and mechanical measurements on single cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:14113. [PMID: 21523251 PMCID: PMC3082353 DOI: 10.1063/1.3571530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a microfluidic device for simultaneous mechanical and electrical characterization of single cells. The device performs two types of cellular characterization (impedance spectroscopy and micropipette aspiration) on a single chip to enable cell electrical and mechanical characterization. To investigate the performance of the device design, electrical and mechanical properties of MC-3T3 osteoblast cells were measured. Based on electrical models, membrane capacitance of MC-3T3 cells was determined to be 3.39±1.23 and 2.99±0.82 pF at the aspiration pressure of 50 and 100 Pa, respectively. Cytoplasm resistance values were 110.1±37.7 kΩ (50 Pa) and 145.2±44.3 kΩ (100 Pa). Aspiration length of cells was found to be 0.813±0.351 μm at 50 Pa and 1.771±0.623 μm at 100 Pa. Quantified Young's modulus values were 377±189 Pa at 50 Pa and 344±156 Pa at 100 Pa. Experimental results demonstrate the device's capability for characterizing both electrical and mechanical properties of single cells.
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28
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Marimuthu M, Kim S. Microfluidic cell coculture methods for understanding cell biology, analyzing bio/pharmaceuticals, and developing tissue constructs. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:81-9. [PMID: 21354094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Marimuthu
- College of Bionanotechnology, Kyungwon University, Gyeonggi-Do 461 701, Republic of Korea
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29
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Upadhye KV, Candiello JE, Davidson LA, Lin H. Whole-Cell Electrical Activity Under Direct Mechanical Stimulus by AFM Cantilever Using Planar Patch Clamp Chip Approach. Cell Mol Bioeng 2011; 4:270-280. [PMID: 22174731 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-011-0160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patch clamp is a powerful tool for studying the properties of ion-channels and cellular membrane. In recent years, planar patch clamp chips have been fabricated from various materials including glass, quartz, silicon, silicon nitride, polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS), and silicon dioxide. Planar patch clamps have made automation of patch clamp recordings possible. However, most planar patch clamp chips have limitations when used in combination with other techniques. Furthermore, the fabrication methods used are often expensive and require specialized equipments. An improved design as well as fabrication and characterization of a silicon-based planar patch clamp chip are described in this report. Fabrication involves true batch fabrication processes that can be performed in most common microfabrication facilities using well established MEMS techniques. Our planar patch clamp chips can form giga-ohm seals with the cell plasma membrane with success rate comparable to existing patch clamp techniques. The chip permits whole-cell voltage clamp recordings on variety of cell types including Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, for times longer than most available patch clamp chips. When combined with a custom microfluidics chamber, we demonstrate that it is possible to perfuse the extra-cellular as well as intra-cellular buffers. The chamber design allows integration of planar patch clamp with atomic force microscope (AFM). Using our planar patch clamp chip and microfluidics chamber, we have recorded whole-cell mechanosensitive (MS) currents produced by directly stimulating human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells using an AFM cantilever. Our results reveal the spatial distribution of MS ion channels and temporal details of the responses from MS channels. The results show that planar patch clamp chips have great potential for multi-parametric high throughput studies of ion channel proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh V Upadhye
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 306, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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30
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Chen CY, Tu TY, Jong DS, Wo AM. Ion channel electrophysiology via integrated planar patch-clamp chip with on-demand drug exchange. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1395-403. [PMID: 21328315 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Planar patch clamp has revolutionized characterization of ion channel behavior in drug discovery primarily via advancement in high throughput. Lab use of planar technology, however, addresses different requirements and suffers from inflexibility to enable wide range of interrogation via a single cell. This work presents integration of planar patch clamp with microfluidics, achieving multiple solution exchanges for tailor-specific measurement and allowing rapid replacement of the cell-contacting aperture. Studies via endogenously expressed ion channels in HEK 293T cells were commenced to characterize the device. Results reveal the microfluidic concentration generator produces distinct solution/drug combination/concentrations on-demand. Volume-regulated chloride channel and voltage-gated potassium channels in HEK 293T cells immersed in generated solutions under various osmolarities or drug concentrations show unique channel signature under specific condition. Excitation and blockage of ion channels in a single cell was demonstrated via serial solution exchange. Robustness of the reversible bonding and ease of glass substrate replacement were proven via repeated usage of the integrated device. The present approach reveals the capability and flexibility of integrated microfluidic planar patch-clamp system for ion channel assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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31
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Nagarah JM, Paek E, Luo Y, Wang P, Hwang GS, Heath JR. Batch fabrication of high-performance planar patch-clamp devices in quartz. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4622-4627. [PMID: 20830714 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Nagarah
- Broad Fellows Program, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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32
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Sordel T, Kermarrec F, Sinquin Y, Fonteille I, Labeau M, Sauter-Starace F, Pudda C, de Crécy F, Chatelain F, De Waard M, Arnoult C, Picollet-D’hahan N. The development of high quality seals for silicon patch-clamp chips. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7398-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Highly sensitive and selective odorant sensor using living cells expressing insect olfactory receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:15340-4. [PMID: 20798064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004334107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a highly sensitive and selective chemical sensor using living cells (Xenopus laevis oocytes) within a portable fluidic device. We constructed an odorant sensor whose sensitivity is a few parts per billion in solution and can simultaneously distinguish different types of chemicals that have only a slight difference in double bond isomerism or functional group such as -OH, -CHO and -C(=O)-. We developed a semiautomatic method to install cells to the fluidic device and achieved stable and reproducible odorant sensing. In addition, we found that the sensor worked for multiple-target chemicals and can be integrated with a robotic system without any noise reduction systems. Our developed sensor is compact and easy to replace in the system. We believe that the sensor can potentially be incorporated into a portable system for monitoring environmental and physical conditions.
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34
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High-fidelity patch-clamp recordings from neurons cultured on a polymer microchip. Biomed Microdevices 2010; 12:977-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Py C, Denhoff MW, Martina M, Monette R, Comas T, Ahuja T, Martinez D, Wingar S, Caballero J, Laframboise S, Mielke J, Bogdanov A, Luk C, Syed N, Mealing G. A novel silicon patch-clamp chip permits high-fidelity recording of ion channel activity from functionally defined neurons. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:593-600. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Parallel multipoint recording of aligned and cultured neurons on micro channel array toward cellular network analysis. Biomed Microdevices 2010; 12:737-43. [PMID: 20414807 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an advanced Micro Channel Array (MCA) for recording electrophysiological signals of neuronal networks at multiple points simultaneously. The developed MCA is designed for neuronal network analysis which has been studied by the co-authors using the Micro Electrode Arrays (MEA) system, and employs the principles of extracellular recordings. A prerequisite for extracellular recordings with good signal-to-noise ratio is a tight contact between cells and electrodes. The MCA described herein has the following advantages. The electrodes integrated around individual micro channels are electrically isolated to enable parallel multipoint recording. Reliable clamping of a targeted cell through micro channels is expected to improve the cellular selectivity and the attachment between the cell and the electrode toward steady electrophysiological recordings. We cultured hippocampal neurons on the developed MCA. As a result, the spontaneous and evoked spike potentials could be recorded by sucking and clamping the cells at multiple points. In this paper, we describe the design and fabrication of the MCA and the successful electrophysiological recordings leading to the development of an effective cellular network analysis device.
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37
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Tang KC, Reboud J, Kwok YL, Peng SL, Yobas L. Lateral patch-clamping in a standard 1536-well microplate format. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1044-1050. [PMID: 20358112 DOI: 10.1039/b922051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lateral patch-clamping has emerged as a chip-based platform for automation of the conventional patch-clamp technique, the 'gold' standard for studying cellular ion channels. The conventional technique, as it relies on skilled-maneuver of glass micropipettes to patch cells, is extremely delicate, low in throughput, and thus cannot be used for primary screening of compounds against ion channels. Direct integration of glass capillaries on silicon provides lateral junctions for automated trapping and patching of cells. We demonstrate here a method of scaling up the lateral junctions to a standard 1536-well microtiter plate format. A single unit of 1536-well plate has been formed here on a 9 mm by 9 mm microstructured silicon with the inclusive of 16 wells molded in a capping layer made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The silicon substrate provides integrated glass capillaries (total 12) and their associated microfluidic network. Each glass capillary has an independent access through a dedicated well in PDMS and leads to a centralized channel in which cell suspension can be delivered through one of the remaining 4 wells. The unit has been tested on RBL-1 cells by recording whole-cell activity from inwardly rectifying endogenous potassium channels. A revised test protocol has been prescribed to avoid inaccurate readings due to altered ionic composition of the recording buffer when a typical suction is applied to capture cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Cheong Tang
- Institute of Microelectronics (IME), 11 Science Park Road, Science Park II, Singapore
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38
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Allen PB, Milne G, Doepker BR, Chiu DT. Pressure-driven laminar flow switching for rapid exchange of solution environment around surface adhered biological particles. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:727-33. [PMID: 20221560 PMCID: PMC2868337 DOI: 10.1039/b919639k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a technique for rapidly exchanging the solution environment near a surface by displacing laminar flow fluid streams using sudden changes in applied pressure. The method employs off-chip solenoid valves to induce pressure changes, which is important in keeping the microfluidic design simple and the operation of the system robust. The performance of this technique is characterized using simulation and validated with experiments. This technique adds to the microfluidic tool box that is currently available for manipulating the solution environment around biological particles and molecules.
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39
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Douville NJ, Tung YC, Li R, Wang JD, El-Sayed ME, Takayama S. Fabrication of two-layered channel system with embedded electrodes to measure resistance across epithelial and endothelial barriers. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2505-11. [PMID: 20178370 PMCID: PMC2839931 DOI: 10.1021/ac9029345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a straightforward fabrication process for embedding Ag/AgCl electrodes within a two-layer poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic chip where an upper and a lower channel are separated by a semiporous membrane. This system allows for the reliable real-time measurement of transendothelial and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), an accepted quantification of cell monolayer integrity, across cells cultured on membranes inside the microchannels using impedance spectroscopy. The technique eliminates the need for costly or specialized microelectrode fabrication, enabling commercially available wire electrodes to easily be incorporated into PDMS microsystems for measuring TEER under microfluidic environments. The capability of measuring impedance across a confluent cell monolayer is confirmed using (i) brain-derived endothelial cells (bEND.3), (ii) Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells (MDCK-2), and mouse myoblast (C2C12) (all from ATCC, Manassas, VA). TEER values as a function of cell type and cell culture time were measured and both agree with previously published values from macroscale culture techniques. This system opens new opportunities for conveniently resolving both transendothelial and transepithelial electrical resistance to monitor cell function in real-time in microfluidic cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Douville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack Dong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mohamed E.H. El-Sayed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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40
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Charrier A, Martinez D, Monette R, Comas T, Movileanu R, Py C, Denhoff M, Krantis A, Mealing G. Cell placement and guidance on substrates for neurochip interfaces. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:368-73. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Domachuk P, Tsioris K, Omenetto FG, Kaplan DL. Bio-microfluidics: biomaterials and biomimetic designs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:249-60. [PMID: 20217686 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200900821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bio-microfluidics applies biomaterials and biologically inspired structural designs (biomimetics) to microfluidic devices. Microfluidics, the techniques for constraining fluids on the micrometer and sub-micrometer scale, offer applications ranging from lab-on-a-chip to optofluidics. Despite this wealth of applications, the design of typical microfluidic devices imparts relatively simple, laminar behavior on fluids and is realized using materials and techniques from silicon planar fabrication. On the other hand, highly complex microfluidic behavior is commonplace in nature, where fluids with nonlinear rheology flow through chaotic vasculature composed from a range of biopolymers. In this Review, the current state of bio-microfluidic materials, designs and applications are examined. Biopolymers enable bio-microfluidic devices with versatile functionalization chemistries, flexibility in fabrication, and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric materials such as alginate, collagen, chitosan, and silk are being explored as bulk and film materials for bio-microfluidics. Hydrogels offer options for mechanically functional devices for microfluidic systems such as self-regulating valves, microlens arrays and drug release systems, vital for integrated bio-microfluidic devices. These devices including growth factor gradients to study cell responses, blood analysis, biomimetic capillary designs, and blood vessel tissue culture systems, as some recent examples of inroads in the field that should lead the way in a new generation of microfluidic devices for bio-related needs and applications. Perhaps one of the most intriguing directions for the future will be fully implantable microfluidic devices that will also integrate with existing vasculature and slowly degrade to fully recapitulate native tissue structure and function, yet serve critical interim functions, such as tissue maintenance, drug release, mechanical support, and cell delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Domachuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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Hosokawa M, Arakaki A, Takahashi M, Mori T, Takeyama H, Matsunaga T. High-density microcavity array for cell detection: single-cell analysis of hematopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5308-13. [PMID: 19485404 DOI: 10.1021/ac900535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Detection and isolation of specific cell types from limited biological samples have become a major challenge in clinical diagnosis and cell biology research. Here, we report a high-density microcavity array for target cell detection in which thousands of single cells were neatly arrayed onto 10,000 microcavities with high efficiency at approximately 90% of the loaded cells. Cell-specific immunophenotypes were exclusively identified at the single-cell level by measuring fluorescence intensities of cells labeled with antibodies targeting cell surface markers, and the purity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) within human peripheral blood analyzed by this system was correlated with those obtained by conventional flow cytometry. Furthermore, gene expression of the stem cell marker, CD34, was determined from HSCs by isolating single cells using a micromanipulator. This technology has proven to be an effective tool for target cell detection and subsequent cellular analytical research at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hosokawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Nilsson J, Evander M, Hammarström B, Laurell T. Review of cell and particle trapping in microfluidic systems. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649:141-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kitta M, Tanaka H, Kawai T. Rapid fabrication of Teflon micropores for artificial lipid bilayer formation. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:931-4. [PMID: 19733472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have dealt with the development of biosensors using single-channel recording with an artificial lipid bilayer. However, the fragility of these bilayers and current noise present serious problems in their application towards biosensor development. To address this problem, many experimental investigations employing micropores in the formation of lipid bilayers have been reported. In this work, we present a method for the fabrication of micropores using commercially available low-melting Teflon film and a heated tip. This method allowed for the rapid (in a few seconds) and reproducible fabrication of micropores 2-3 microm in diameter. We employed a single-channel recording using a gramicidin channel and confirmed that the bilayer membrane can form on micropores by the painting method. The bilayer formed is stable under high voltage (+1000mV). Fabricated micropores possess a conical shape with sharp edges, features which facilitated the formation of artificial lipid bilayers which could be utilized for low-noise and high voltage recording due to decreased access resistance and increased bilayer stability. These advantages promise to improve the performance of artificial lipid bilayers when employed in the development of flexible biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Kitta
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Chen CY, Tu TY, Chen CH, Jong DS, Wo AM. Patch clamping on plane glass-fabrication of hourglass aperture and high-yield ion channel recording. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2370-2380. [PMID: 19636469 DOI: 10.1039/b901025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Planar patch-clamp has revolutionized ion-channel measurement by eliminating laborious manipulation from the traditional micropipette approach and enabling high throughput. However, low yield in gigaseal formation and/or relatively high cost due to microfabricated processes are two main drawbacks. This paper presents patch clamping on glass substrate-an economical solution without sacrificing gigaseal yield rate. Two-stage CO(2) laser drilling methodology was used to generate an hourglass, funnel-like aperture of a specified diameter with smooth and debris-free surfaces on 150 microm borosilicate cover glass. For 1-3 microm apertures as patch-clamp chips, seal resistance was tested on human embryonic kidney, Chinese hamster ovary, and Jurkat T lymphoma cells with a gigaseal success rate of 62.5%, 43.6% and 66.7% respectively. Results also demonstrated both whole-cell and single channel recording on endogenously expressed ion channels to confirm the capability of different patch configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Lin CM, Lai YS, Liu HP, Chen CY, Wo AM. Trapping of bioparticles via microvortices in a microfluidic device for bioassay applications. Anal Chem 2009; 80:8937-45. [PMID: 19551927 DOI: 10.1021/ac800972t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents hydrodynamic trapping of bioparticles in a microfluidic device. An in-plane oscillatory microplate, driven via Lorentz law, generates two counter-rotating microvortices, trapping the bioparticles within the confines of the microvortices. The force required to trap bioparticles is quantified by tuning the background flow and the microplate's excitation voltage. Trapping and releasing of 10-microm polystyrene beads, human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, red blood cells (RBCs), and IgG antibodies were demonstrated. Results show the microvortices rotates at 0-6 Hz corresponding to 2-9 Vpp (peak-to-peak) excitation. At a particular rate of rotation (2-7 Vpp tested), a bioparticle is trapped until the background flow exceeds a limit. This flow limit increases with the rate of rotation, which defines the trap/release force boundary over the range of operation. This boundary is 12 +/- 2.0 pN for cell-size bioparticles and 160 +/- 50 fN for antibodies. Trapping of RBCs demonstrated microvortices' ability for nonspherical cells. Cell viability was studied via HEK cells that were trapped for 30 min and shown to be viable. This hydrodynamically controlled approach to trap a wide range of bioparticles should be useful as a microfluidic device for cellular and subcellular bioassay applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ming Lin
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fu G, Milburn C, Mwenifumbo S, Cao Y, Oparinde G, Adeoye M, Therialt C, Beye A, Soboyejo W. Shear assay measurements of cell adhesion on biomaterials surfaces. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tonomura W, Moriguchi H, Jimbo Y, Konishi S. Parallel multipoint recording of aligned and cultured neurons on corresponding Micro Channel Array toward on-chip cell analysis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:943-6. [PMID: 19162813 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an advanced Micro Channel Array (MCA) so as to record neuronal network at multiple points simultaneously. Developed MCA is designed for neuronal network analysis which has been studied by co-authors using MEA (Micro Electrode Arrays) system. The MCA employs the principle of the extracellular recording. Presented MCA has the following advantages. First of all, the electrodes integrated around individual micro channels are electrically isolated for parallel multipoint recording. Sucking and clamping of cells through micro channels is expected to improve the cellular selectivity and S/N ratio. In this study, hippocampal neurons were cultured on the developed MCA. As a result, the spontaneous and evoked spike potential could be recorded by sucking and clamping the cells at multiple points. Herein, we describe the successful experimental results together with the design and fabrication of the advanced MCA toward on-chip analysis of neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tonomura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Suzuki H, Takeuchi S. Microtechnologies for membrane protein studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2695-702. [PMID: 18335213 PMCID: PMC2516541 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid and enormous progress in biotechnologies, the biochemical analysis of membrane proteins is still a difficult task. The presence of the large hydrophobic region buried in the lipid bilayer membrane (transmembrane domain) makes it difficult to analyze membrane proteins in standard assays developed for water-soluble proteins. To handle membrane proteins, the lipid bilayer membrane may be used as a platform to sustain their functionalities. Relatively slow progress in developing micro total analysis systems (microTAS) for membrane protein analysis directly reflects the difficulty of handling lipid membranes, which is a common problem in bulk measurement technologies. Nonetheless, researchers are continuing to develop efficient and sensitive analytical microsystems for the study of membrane proteins. Here, we review the latest developments, which enable detection of events caused by membrane proteins, such as ion channel current, membrane transport, and receptor/ligand interaction, by utilizing microfabricated structures. High-throughput and highly sensitive detection systems for membrane proteins are now becoming a realistic goal. Although most of these systems are still in the early stages of development, we believe this field will become one of the most important applications of microTAS for pharmaceutical and clinical screenings as well as for basic biochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Suzuki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
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50
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Incubation type Si-based planar ion channel biosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2703-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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