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Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR, Stadler FJ, Yazdi MK, Nezhad MN, Mohebbi S, Seidi F, Ganjali MR, Mozafari M. Human Organs-on-Chips: A Review of the State-of-the-Art, Current Prospects, and Future Challenges. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 6:e2000526. [PMID: 34837667 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
New emerging technologies, remarkably miniaturized 3D organ models and microfluidics, enable simulation of the real in vitro microenvironment ex vivo more closely. There are many fascinating features of innovative organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology, including the possibility of integrating semipermeable and/or stretchable membranes, creating continuous perfusion of fluids into microchannels and chambers (while maintaining laminar flow regime), embedding microdevices like microsensors, microstimulators, micro heaters, or different cell lines, along with other 3D cell culture technologies. OOC systems are designed to imitate the structure and function of human organs, ranging from breathing lungs to beating hearts. This technology is expected to be able to revolutionize cell biology studies, personalized precision medicine, drug development process, and cancer diagnosis/treatment. OOC systems can significantly reduce the cost associated with tedious drug development processes and the risk of adverse drug reactions in the body, which makes drug screening more effective. The review mainly focus on presenting an overview of the several previously developed OOC systems accompanied by subjects relevant to pharmacy-, cancer-, and placenta-on-a-chip. The challenging issues and opportunities related to these systems are discussed, along with a future perspective for this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| | - Florian J Stadler
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nasiri Nezhad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, 57166-419, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mohebbi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14395-1179, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
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Menon S, Mathew MR, Sam S, Keerthi K, Kumar KG. Recent advances and challenges in electrochemical biosensors for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020; 878:114596. [PMID: 32863810 PMCID: PMC7446658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rise of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) as well as the increase in spread of existing infections is threatening global economies and human lives, with several countries still fighting repeated onslaught of a few of these epidemics. The catastrophic impact a pandemic has on humans and economy should serve as a reminder to be better prepared to the advent of known and unknown pathogens in the future. The goal of having a set of initiatives and procedures to tackle them is the need of the hour. Rapid detection and point-of-care (POC) analysis of pathogens causing these diseases is not only a problem entailing the scientific community but also raises challenges in tailoring appropriate treatment strategies to the healthcare sector. Among the various methods used to detect pathogens, Electrochemical Biosensor Technology is at the forefront in the development of POC devices. Electrochemical Biosensors stand in good stead due to their rapid response, high sensitivity and selectivity and ease of miniaturization to name a few advantages. This review explores the innovations in electrochemical biosensing based on the various electroanalytical techniques including voltammetry, impedance, amperometry and potentiometry and discusses their potential in diagnosis of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (Re-EIDs), which are potential pandemic threats. This review offers a detailed description of the latest developments in electrochemical biosensors for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Advantages and limitations of various types of electrochemical biosensor techniques are demonstrated. Discusses the latest electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19. Challenges and future prospects of electrochemical biosensors have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Menon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Manna Rachel Mathew
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Sonia Sam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - K Keerthi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - K Girish Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
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Shinde RB, Veerapandian M, Kaushik A, Manickam P. State-of-Art Bio-Assay Systems and Electrochemical Approaches for Nanotoxicity Assessment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:325. [PMID: 32411681 PMCID: PMC7198831 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in the field of nanotechnology, material science and engineering has rendered fruitful utilities in energy, environment and healthcare. Particularly, emergence of surface engineered nanomaterials offered novel varieties in the daily consumables and healthcare products including therapeutics and diagnostics. However, the nanotoxicity and bioactivity of the nanomaterials upon interaction with biological system has raised critical concerns to individual as well as to the environment. Several biological models including plant and animal sources have been identified to study the toxicity of novel nanomaterials, correlating the physio-chemical properties. Biological interaction of nanomaterials and its mediated physiological functions are studied using conventional cell/molecular biological assays to understand the expression levels of genetic information specific to intra/extra cellular enzymes, cell viability, proliferation and function. However, modern research still demands advanced bioassay methods to screen the acute and chronic effects of nanomaterials at the real-time. In this regard, bioelectrochemical techniques, with the recent advancements in the microelectronics, proved to be capable of providing non-invasive measurement of the nanotoxicity effects (in vivo and in vitro) both at single cellular and multicellular levels. This review attempted to provide a detailed information on the recent advancements made in development of bioassay models and systems for assessing the nanotoxicology. With a short background information on engineered nanomaterials and physiochemical properties specific to consumer application, present review highlights the multiple bioassay models evolved for toxicological studies. Emphasize on multiple mechanisms involved in the cell toxicity and electrochemical probing of the biological interactions, revealing the cytotoxicity were also provided. Limitations in the existing electrochemical techniques and opportunities for the future research focusing the advancement in single molecular and whole cell bioassay has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murugan Veerapandian
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, United States
| | - Pandiaraj Manickam
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Farkas E, Szekacs A, Kovacs B, Olah M, Horvath R, Szekacs I. Label-free optical biosensor for real-time monitoring the cytotoxicity of xenobiotics: A proof of principle study on glyphosate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 351:80-89. [PMID: 29518655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and inexpensive biosensor technologies allowing real-time analysis of biomolecular and cellular events have become the basis of next-generation cell-based screening techniques. Our work opens up novel opportunities in the application of the high-throughput label-free Epic BenchTop optical biosensor in cell toxicity studies. The Epic technology records integrated cellular responses about changes in cell morphology and dynamic mass redistribution of cellular contents at the 100-150 nm layer above the sensor surface. The aim of the present study was to apply this novel technology to identify the effect of the herbicide Roundup Classic, its co-formulant polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), and its active ingredient glyphosate, on MC3T3-E1 cells adhered on the biosensor surface. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations of Roundup Classic, POEA and glyphosate upon 1 h of exposure were found to be 0.024%, 0.021% and 0.163% in serum-containing medium and 0.028%, 0.019% and 0.538% in serum-free conditions, respectively (at concentrations equivalent to the diluted Roundup solution). These results showed a good correlation with parallel end-point assays, demonstrating the outstanding utility of the Epic technique in cytotoxicity screening, allowing not only high-throughput, real-time detection, but also reduced assay run time and cytotoxicity assessment at end-points far before cell death would occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Farkas
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120 Budapest, Hungary; Subdoctoral School of Molecular and Nanotechnologies, Chemical Engineering and Material Science Doctoral School, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u.10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Andras Szekacs
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Herman Ottó u. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglarka Kovacs
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120 Budapest, Hungary; Subdoctoral School of Molecular and Nanotechnologies, Chemical Engineering and Material Science Doctoral School, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u.10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Marianna Olah
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Herman Ottó u. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter K. u.1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Inna Szekacs
- Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33, H-1120 Budapest, Hungary.
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Kanno Y, Ino K, Sakamoto C, Inoue KY, Matsudaira M, Suda A, Kunikata R, Ishikawa T, Abe H, Shiku H, Matsue T. Potentiometric bioimaging with a large-scale integration (LSI)-based electrochemical device for detection of enzyme activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Srinivasan B, Tung S. Development and Applications of Portable Biosensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:365-89. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068215581349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kolli R, Kaivosoja E, Levon K. Choice of Reference Electrode is Critical for Potentiometric Whole Cell-based Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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O'Hara T, Seddon B, McClean S, Dempsey E. TOXOR: Design and Application of an Electrochemical Toxicity Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hasan A, Nurunnabi M, Morshed M, Paul A, Polini A, Kuila T, Al Hariri M, Lee YK, Jaffa AA. Recent advances in application of biosensors in tissue engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:307519. [PMID: 25165697 PMCID: PMC4140114 DOI: 10.1155/2014/307519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors research is a fast growing field in which tens of thousands of papers have been published over the years, and the industry is now worth billions of dollars. The biosensor products have found their applications in numerous industries including food and beverages, agricultural, environmental, medical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical industries and many more. Even though numerous biosensors have been developed for detection of proteins, peptides, enzymes, and numerous other biomolecules for diverse applications, their applications in tissue engineering have remained limited. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in application of novel biosensors in cell culture and tissue engineering, for example, real-time detection of small molecules such as glucose, lactose, and H2O2 as well as serum proteins of large molecular size, such as albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, and inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-g and TNF-α. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advancements in biosensors for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon ; Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahboob Morshed
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia), 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arghya Paul
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
| | - Alessandro Polini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tapas Kuila
- Surface Engineering & Tribology Division, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Moustafa Al Hariri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Yong-kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayad A Jaffa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Primiceri E, Chiriacò MS, Rinaldi R, Maruccio G. Cell chips as new tools for cell biology--results, perspectives and opportunities. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3789-802. [PMID: 23912640 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture technologies were initially developed as research tools for studying cell functions, but nowadays they are essential for the biotechnology industry, with rapidly expanding applications requiring more and more advancements with respect to traditional tools. Miniaturization and integration of sensors and microfluidic components with cell culture techniques open the way to the development of cellomics as a new field of research targeting innovative analytic platforms for high-throughput studies. This approach enables advanced cell studies under controllable conditions by providing inexpensive, easy-to-operate devices. Thanks to their numerous advantages cell-chips have become a hotspot in biosensors and bioelectronics fields and have been applied to very different fields. In this review exemplary applications will be discussed, for cell counting and detection, cytotoxicity assays, migration assays and stem cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Primiceri
- CNR Istituto Nanoscienze - NNL and Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Ennio De Giorgi", Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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SiO2-based nanobiosensor monitoring toxicological behavior of Mitoxantrone in vitro. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-013-0239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Beesabathuni SN, Stockham JG, Kim JH, Lee HB, Chung JH, Shen AQ. Fabrication of conducting polyaniline microspheres using droplet microfluidics. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle W. Kimmel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - Gabriel LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - Mika E. Meschievitz
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
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Wang T, Shannon C. Electrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers grafted onto gold electrodes using click chemistry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 708:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Kilmartin PA, Travas-Sejdic J. Hollow Polyaniline and Indomethacin Composite Microspheres for Controlled Indomethacin Release. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lin YL, Chen YS, Hsieh JH, Lin CM, Wu HY, Lin CS, Chu RM, Liao KW, Hsu YH. Utilization of IκB-EGFP Chimeric Gene as an Indicator to Identify Microbial Metabolites with NF-κB Inhibitor Activity. Biol Proced Online 2010; 12:131-138. [PMID: 21406073 PMCID: PMC3055915 DOI: 10.1007/s12575-010-9033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB regulates several important expressions, such as cytokine release, anti-apoptosis, adhesion molecule expression, and cell cycle processing. Several NF-κB inhibitors have been discovered as an anti-tumor or anti-inflammatory drug. The activity of NF-κB transcription factor is negatively regulated by IκB binding. In this study, IκB assay system was established and IκB–EGFP fusion protein was used as an indicator to monitor the effects of substances on the IκB degradation. The results indicated that the chosen hydroquinone could inhibit the IκB degradation and cause the cell de-attachment from the bottom of culture plate. In addition, this system could also monitor the IκB degradation of microbial metabolite of natural mixtures of propolis. Thus, the IκB assay system may be a good system for drug discovery related to microbial metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Hsieh
- Department of Electronics Engineering and Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Min Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Animal Cancer Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rea-Min Chu
- Animal Cancer Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 300 Room 205 Zhu-Ming Building, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsun Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Eltzov E, Marks RS. Whole-cell aquatic biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 400:895-913. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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