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Hendricks-Leukes NR, Jonas MR, Mlamla ZC, Smith M, Blackburn JM. Dual-Approach Electrochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Patient-Derived Biological Specimens: Proof of Concept for a Generalizable Method to Detect and Identify Bacterial Pathogens. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1403-1418. [PMID: 35561012 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent surge in infectious disease-causing pathogens, resulting in global catastrophe, has merited a pivotal quest toward point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is still the top bacterium-based infectious disease-causing pathogen worldwide. In a concerted effort toward simplifying and decentralizing the discriminatory screening of MTB causing pathogens, electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering (EC-SERS) was adopted to create a customized screening tool. The development strategy combined five key factors, including (i) a simplified Tollens'-based chemical synthesis method for bulk supply of silver nanoparticles, (ii) the deliberate surface modification of nanoparticles with carefully selected polyelectrolytes to resemble the conditioning layer usually found on a natural substratum, (iii) uniform SERS-active films formed through simple unprogrammed assembly, (iv) the controlled manipulation of the local electric field through applied voltage using a technique that does not conform to the limitations of classical EC-SERS, and (v) the inherent specificity of the target-specific SERS vibrational signature. The EC-SERS platform was able to discriminatively detect and identify TB-derived mycobacteria, including three clinically relevant MTB strains, TB-H37Rv, TB-HN878, and TB-CDC1551. Moreover, a customized voltage stepping protocol, compatible with either the inclusion of a short preincubation step or with in situ EC-SERS is illustrated. From the obtained SERS vibrational signatures, a band indicating a mode unique to TB-derived/TB-affiliated mycobacteria and thus not observed for other bacterial types used in this study was illustrated. Furthermore, provisional investigation, done as prelude for assessing the potential for translational adaptability of the EC-SERS technique toward POC clinical settings for sputum and urine specimens, was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette R. Hendricks-Leukes
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Mario R. Jonas
- Department of Pathology, Division of Human Genetics, Sickle Africa Data Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Zandile C. Mlamla
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Muneerah Smith
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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2
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A Comprehensive Review of the Development of Carbohydrate Macromolecules and Copper Oxide Nanocomposite Films in Food Nanopackaging. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:7557825. [PMID: 35287316 PMCID: PMC8917952 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7557825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Food nanopackaging helps maintain food quality against physical, chemical, and storage instability factors. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) can improve biopolymers’ mechanical features and barrier properties. This will lead to antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in food packaging to extend the shelf life. Scope and Approach. Edible coatings based on carbohydrate biopolymers have improved the quality of packaging. Several studies have addressed the role of carbohydrate biopolymers and incorporated nanoparticles to enhance food packets’ quality as active nanopackaging. Combined with nanoparticles, these biopolymers create film coatings with an excellent barrier property against transmissions of gases such as O2 and CO2. Key Findings and Conclusions. This review describes the CuO-biopolymer composites, including chitosan, agar, cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose nanowhiskers, carrageenan, alginate, starch, and polylactic acid, as food packaging films. Here, we reviewed different fabrication techniques of CuO biocomposites and the impact of CuONPs on the physical, mechanical, barrier, thermal stability, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of carbohydrate-based films.
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3
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Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Metanil Yellow Dyes Using Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanocrystals. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, ZnO nanocrystals (NCs) have been effectively synthesized by a simple, efficient and cost-effective method using coconut husk extract as a novel fuel. The synthesized NCs are characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, Raman and PL studies. The obtained ZnO were found to be UV-active with a bandgap of 2.93 eV. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the crystallinity of the ZnO with hexagonally structured ZnO with a crystallite size of 48 nm, while the SEM analysis reveals the hexagonal bipyramid morphology. Photocatalytic activities of the synthesized ZnO NCs are used to degrade methylene blue and metanil yellow dyes.
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Ye X, Feng T, Li L, Wang T, Li P, Huang W. Theranostic platforms for specific discrimination and selective killing of bacteria. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:29-40. [PMID: 33582362 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are serious threats to public health due to lack of advanced techniques to rapidly and accurately diagnose these infections in clinics. Although bacterial infections can be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics based on empirical judgment, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has attracted global attention due to long-term misuse and abuse of antibiotics by humans in recent decades. Therefore, it is imperative to selectively discriminate and precisely eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Herein, in addition to the conventional methods for bacterial identification, we comprehensively reviewed the recently developed theranostic platforms for specific discrimination and selective killing of bacteria according to their different interactions with the target bacteria, such as electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, molecular recognition, microenvironment response, metabolic labeling, bacteriophage targeting, and others. These theranostic agents not only benefit from improved therapeutic efficiency but also present limited susceptibility to induce bacterial resistance. The strategies summarized in this review will open up new avenues in developing effective antimicrobial materials to accurately diagnose and treat bacterial infections in the post-antibiotic era. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bacterial infections are difficult to be rapidly and accurately diagnosed, and are generally treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, which leads to the development of drug resistance. By integrating imaging modalities and therapeutic methods in a single treatment, various theranostic agents have been developed to address the abovementioned issues. Therefore, the emerging theranostic platforms for selective identification and elimination of bacteria based on the distinct interactions of the theranostic agents with the target bacteria are summarized in this review. We believe that the information provided in this review will guide researchers in designing advanced antibacterial theranostics for practical applications in the post-antibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Ye
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China; Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China; Chongqing Technology Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Chongqing 401120, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China; Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China; Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China; Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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Sanjaya KC, Ranzoni A, Hung J, Blaskovich MAT, Watterson D, Young PR, Cooper MA. Flow-cytometry detection of fluorescent magnetic nanoparticle clusters increases sensitivity of dengue immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1107:85-91. [PMID: 32200905 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a flow-cytometry based method capable of detecting a range of analytes by monitoring the analyte-induced clustering of magnetic and fluorescent nanoparticles with flow cytometry. Using the dengue viral antigen (NS1) as an example, antibodies were conjugated to magnetic and fluorescent nanoparticles in a sandwich immunoassay format. These nanoparticles formed clusters when NS1 was present in a sample and the cluster formation was directly proportional to the concentration of antigen. Simultaneous flow cytometry measurement of cluster size, as detected by the forward scatter channel, combined with fluorescence intensity led to a reduction in the assay background signal, resulting in improved analytical sensitivity. We were able to detect 2.5 ng mL-1 of NS1 in serum samples by quantifying the clusters, a two-log fold improvement in the assay limit of detection over total fluorescence quantification alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Sanjaya
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea Ranzoni
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacky Hung
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, 306 Carmody Road, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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6
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Bigham T, Dooley JS, Ternan NG, Snelling WJ, Héctor Castelán M, Davis J. Assessing microbial water quality: Electroanalytical approaches to the detection of coliforms. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Casimero C, Bigham T, McGlynn RJ, Dooley JS, Ternan NG, Snelling WJ, Critchley ME, Zinkel CL, Smith RB, Sabogal-Paz LP, Davis J. Electroanalytical properties of chlorophenol red at disposable carbon electrodes: Implications for Escherichia coli detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Abstract
In recent years, various reports related to sensing application research have suggested that combining the synergistic impacts of optical, electrical or magnetic properties in a single technique can lead to a new multitasking platform. Owing to their unique features of the magnetic moment, biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, chemical stability, high surface area, high mass transference, magnetic nanoparticles have found a wide range of applications in various fields, especially in sensing systems. The present review is comprehensive information about magnetic nanoparticles utilized in the optical sensing platform, broadly categorized into four types: surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (NIRS) that are commonly used in various (bio) analytical applications. The review also includes some conclusions on the state of the art in this field and future aspects.
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9
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Chandra H, Patel D, Kumari P, Jangwan J, Yadav S. Phyto-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles of Berberis aristata: Characterization, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity with special reference to urinary tract pathogens. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:212-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Bigham T, Casimero C, Dooley JS, Ternan NG, Snelling WJ, Davis J. Microbial water quality: Voltammetric detection of coliforms based on riboflavin–ferrocyanide redox couples. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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11
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Jamil B, Atlas N, Qazi A, Uzair B. Theranostic Potential of Aptamers in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Nanotheranostics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29768-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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12
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Development of a rapid test for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus specific antibodies using gold nanoparticles. Virusdisease 2018; 29:192-198. [PMID: 29911152 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease is an economically important transboundary disease of wildlife and cloven hoofed animals including ruminants. In the absence of vaccination, detection of antibodies against structural proteins (SPs) of foot-and-mouth disease virus is an indicator of infection. In the present study, a rapid dot blot assay using gold nanoparticlees was developed for the detection of antibodies against SPs of FMDV. Commercially available FMD vaccine was used as a source of FMD antigen. After the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), the GNP-dot blot assay was tested and was found very sensitive, as the detection of antibody was up to 10-4 of serum dilution. The GNP-dot assay was found specific as it didn't give dot with normal horse sera, fetal bovine sera and neonatal bovine calf serum samples when tested at 10-3 working dilution. When 30 serum samples from post-vaccinated buffaloes were tested at dilution of 10-3, all the samples were found positive with the variable intensity of dot. The synthesized GNPs and conjugated GNPS with antibody were characterized for their absorption limit, for their stability and for their approximate size. These characterized conjugated and non-conjugated GNPs were also analyzed by Transmission electron microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy. The GNP dot blot assay developed in this work gave promising results using vaccine antigen and can form an important tool for rapid diagnosis of FMD in FMD free countries, zones free of FMD and during last stage of FMD eradication when FMD vaccination will be withdrawn.
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13
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Farka Z, Juřík T, Kovář D, Trnková L, Skládal P. Nanoparticle-Based Immunochemical Biosensors and Assays: Recent Advances and Challenges. Chem Rev 2017; 117:9973-10042. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Juřík
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Kovář
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuše Trnková
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Yadav S, Masud MK, Islam MN, Gopalan V, Lam AKY, Tanaka S, Nguyen NT, Hossain MSA, Li C, Yamauchi Y, Shiddiky MJA. Gold-loaded nanoporous iron oxide nanocubes: a novel dispersible capture agent for tumor-associated autoantibody analysis in serum. NANOSCALE 2017. [PMID: 28627551 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies are produced against tumor associated antigens (TAAs) long before the appearance of any symptoms and thus can serve as promising, non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer. Current conventional methods for autoantibody detection are highly invasive and mostly provide diagnosis in the later stages of cancer. Herein we report a new electrochemical method for early detection of p53 autoantibodies against colon cancer using a strategy that combines the strength of gold-loaded nanoporous iron oxide nanocube (Au@NPFe2O3NC)-based capture and purification while incorporating the inherent simplicity, inexpensive, and portable nature of the electrochemical and naked-eye colorimetric readouts. After the functionalisation of Au@NPFe2O3NC with p53 antigens, our method utilises a two-step strategy that involves (i) magnetic capture and isolation of autoantibodies using p53/Au@NPFe2O3NC as 'dispersible nanocapture agents' in serum samples and (ii) subsequent detection of autoantibodies through a peroxidase-catalyzed reaction on a commercially available disposable screen-printed electrode or naked-eye detection in an Eppendorf tube. This method has demonstrated a good sensitivity (LOD = 0.02 U mL-1) and reproducibility (relative standard deviation, %RSD = <5%, for n = 3) for detecting p53 autoantibodies in serum and has also been successfully applied to analyse a small cohort of clinical samples obtained from colorectal cancer. We believe that the highly inexpensive, rapid, sensitive, and specific nature of our assay could potentially aid in the development of an early diagnostic tool for cancer and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Yadav
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia.
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15
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Chen HM, Jheng KR, Yu AD. Direct, label-free, selective, and sensitive microbial detection using a bacteriorhodopsin-based photoelectric immunosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:24-31. [PMID: 27987407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A photoelectric immunosensor using purple membranes (PM) as the transducer, which contains photoactive bacteriorhodopsin, is here first demonstrated for direct and label-free microbial detection. Biotinylated polyclonal antibodies against Escherichia coli were immobilized on a PM-coated electrode through further surface biotinylation and bridging avidin or NeutrAvidin. The photocurrent generated by the antibody-coated sensor was reduced after incubation with E. coli K-12 cultures, with the reduction level increased with the culture populations. The immunosensor prepared via NeutrAvidin exhibited much better selectivity than the one prepared via avidin, recognizing almost none of the tested Gram-positive bacteria. Cultures with populations ranging from 1 to 107CFU/10mL were detected in a single step without any preprocessing. Both AFM and Raman analysis confirmed the layer-by-layer fabrication of the antibody-coated substrates as well as the binding of microorganisms. By investigating the effect of illumination orientation and simulating the photocurrent responses with an equivalent circuit model containing a chemical capacitance, we suggest that the photocurrent reduction was primarily caused by the light-shielding effect of the captured bacteria. Using the current fabrication technique, versatile bacteriorhodopsin-based photoelectric immunosensors can be readily prepared to detect a wide variety of biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Mei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Ru Jheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - An-Dih Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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Xu L, Lu Z, Cao L, Pang H, Zhang Q, Fu Y, Xiong Y, Li Y, Wang X, Wang J, Ying Y, Li Y. In-field detection of multiple pathogenic bacteria in food products using a portable fluorescent biosensing system. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Noury M, López J. Nanomedicine and personalised medicine: understanding the personalisation of health care in the molecular era. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2017; 39:547-565. [PMID: 27782304 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally supported by public policy and investment, nanomedicine is presented as an ongoing medical revolution that will radically change the practice of health care from diagnostic to therapeutic, and everything in between. One of nanomedicine's major promises is that of personalised medicine, enabling diagnostics and therapeutics tailored to individual needs and developing a truly 'patient-friendly' medical approach. Based on qualitative interviews with nanomedicine researchers in Canada, this article explores the emerging concept of personalised medicine as it becomes entangled with nanomedical research. More precisely, drawing on insights from science studies and the sociology of expectations, it analyses researchers' perceptions of personalised medicine in the cutting edge of current nanomedicine research. Two perceptions of personalisation are identified; a molecular conception of individuality and a technical conception of personalisation. The article concludes by examining the relationship between the two conceptions and contrasts them with the normative reflex of a more expansive conception of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Noury
- Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Sutarlie L, Ow SY, Su X. Nanomaterials-based biosensors for detection of microorganisms and microbial toxins. Biotechnol J 2016; 12. [PMID: 27787955 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Detection of microorganisms and microbial toxins is important for health and safety. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, nanomaterials have been extensively used to develop biosensors for rapid detection of microorganisms with microbial cells and toxins as target analytes. In this paper, the design principles of nanomaterials-based biosensors for four selected analyte categories (bacteria cells, toxins, mycotoxins, and protozoa cells), closely associated with the target analytes' properties is reviewed. Five signal transducing methods that are less equipment intensive (colorimetric, fluorimetric, surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemical, and magnetic relaxometry methods) is described and compared for their sensory performance (in term oflimit of detection, dynamic range, and response time) for all analyte categories. In the end, the suitability of these five sensing principles for on-site or field applications is discussed. With a comprehensive coverage of nanomaterials, design principles, sensing principles, and assessment on the sensory performance and suitability for on-site application, this review offers valuable insight and perspective for designing suitable nanomaterials-based microorganism biosensors for a given application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sutarlie
- Insitute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore
| | - Sian Yang Ow
- Insitute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Insitute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Rowland CE, Brown CW, Delehanty JB, Medintz IL. Nanomaterial-based sensors for the detection of biological threat agents. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2016; 19:464-477. [PMID: 32288600 PMCID: PMC7108310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The danger posed by biological threat agents and the limitations of modern detection methods to rapidly identify them underpins the need for continued development of novel sensors. The application of nanomaterials to this problem in recent years has proven especially advantageous. By capitalizing on large surface/volume ratios, dispersability, beneficial physical and chemical properties, and unique nanoscale interactions, nanomaterial-based biosensors are being developed with sensitivity and accuracy that are starting to surpass traditional biothreat detection methods, yet do so with reduced sample volume, preparation time, and assay cost. In this review, we start with an overview of bioagents and then highlight the breadth of nanoscale sensors that have recently emerged for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - James B. Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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20
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Nanoparticles based DNA conjugates for detection of pathogenic microorganisms. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-015-0177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang B, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Nigo MM, Weidmann M, Hunziker P. Diagnosing dengue virus infection: rapid tests and the role of micro/nanotechnologies. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1745-61. [PMID: 26093055 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Due to the progressive spread of the dengue virus and a rising incidence of dengue disease, its rapid diagnosis is important for developing countries and of increasing relevance for countries in temperate climates. Recent advances in bioelectronics, micro- and nanofabrication technologies have led to new miniaturized point-of-care devices and analytical platforms suited for rapid detection of infections. Starting from the available tests for dengue diagnosis, this review examines emerging rapid, micro/nanotechnologies-based tools, including label-free biosensor methods, microarray and microfluidic platforms, which hold significant potential, but still need further development and evaluation. The epidemiological and clinical setting as key determinants for selecting the best analytical strategy in patients presenting with fever is then discussed. This review is aimed at the clinicians and microbiologists to deepen understanding and enhance application of dengue diagnostics, and also serves as knowledge base for researchers and test developers to overcome the challenges posed by this disease. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Dengue disease remains a significant problem in many developing countries. Unfortunately rapid diagnosis with easy and low cost tests for this disease is currently still not realized. In this comprehensive review, the authors highlighted recent advances in nanotechnology which would enable development in this field, which would result in beneficial outcomes to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Medical Intensive Care Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Georgette B Salieb-Beugelaar
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Medical Intensive Care Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Maurice Mutro Nigo
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Medical Intensive Care Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales-NYANKUNDE, Bunia, Congo.
| | | | - Patrick Hunziker
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Medical Intensive Care Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Basel, Switzerland.
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Sousa C, Sequeira D, Kolen'ko YV, Pinto IM, Petrovykh DY. Analytical protocols for separation and electron microscopy of nanoparticles interacting with bacterial cells. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4641-8. [PMID: 25764323 DOI: 10.1021/ac503835a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An important step toward understanding interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and bacteria is the ability to directly observe NPs interacting with bacterial cells. NP-bacteria mixtures typical in nanomedicine, however, are not yet amendable for direct imaging in solution. Instead, evidence of NP-cell interactions must be preserved in derivative (usually dried) samples to be subsequently revealed in high-resolution images, for example, via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here, this concept is realized for a mixed suspension of model NPs and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. First, protocols for analyzing the relative colloidal stabilities of NPs and bacteria are developed and validated based on systematic centrifugation and comparison of colony forming unit (CFU) counting and optical density (OD) measurements. Rate-dependence of centrifugation efficiency for each component suggests differential sedimentation at a specific predicted rate as an effective method for removing free NPs after co-incubation; the remaining fraction comprises bacteria with any associated NPs and can be examined, for example, by SEM, for evidence of NP-bacteria interactions. These analytical protocols, validated by systematic control experiments and high-resolution SEM imaging, should be generally applicable for investigating NP-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Sousa
- †Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Diana Sequeira
- †Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Yury V Kolen'ko
- ‡International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- ‡International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Dmitri Y Petrovykh
- ‡International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
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Chinnadayyala SR, Santhosh M, Singh NK, Goswami P. Alcohol oxidase protein mediated in-situ synthesized and stabilized gold nanoparticles for developing amperometric alcohol biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 69:155-61. [PMID: 25725464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple one step method for the alcohol oxidases (AOx) protein mediated synthesis of gold nano-particles (AuNPs) in alkaline (pH 8.5) condition with simultaneous stabilization of the nanoparticles on the AOx protein surface under native environment has been developed. The formation of the AOx conjugated AuNPs was confirmed by advanced analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The significant increase in zeta potential (ζ) value of -57mV for the synthesized AOx-AuNPs conjugate from the AOx (pI 4.5) protein (ζ, -30mV) implied good stability of the in-situ synthesized nano-conjugate. The AOx-AuNPs conjugate showed steady stability in alkaline (upto pH 8.5) and NaCl (up to 10(-1)M) solutions. The efficiency (Kcat/Km) of the AuNP conjugated AOx was increased by 18% from the free enzyme confirming the activating role of the surface stabilized AuNPs for the enzyme. The AuNPs-AOx conjugate was encapsulated with polyaniline (PANI) synthesized by oxidative polymerization of aniline using H2O2 generated in-situ from the AOx catalysed oxidation of alcohol. The PANI encapsulated AuNPs-AOx assembly was stabilized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by chitosan-Nafion mixture and then utilized the fabricated bioelectrode for detection of alcohol amperometrically using H2O2 as redox indicator at +0.6V. The constructed biosensor showed high operational stability (6.3% loss after 25 measurements), wide linear detection range of 10µM-4.7mM (R(2)=0.9731), high sensitivity of 68.3±0.35µAmM(-1) and low detection limit of 7±0.027µM for ethanol. The fabricated bioelectrode was successfully used for the selective determination of alcohol in beverage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallesh Santhosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Naveen K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Comparative Mechanisms of Protein Transduction Mediated by Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Prokaryotes. J Membr Biol 2015; 248:355-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractMicrobial cell biosensors, where cells are in direct connection with a transducer enabling quantitative and qualitative detection of an analyte, are very promising analytical tools applied mainly for assays in the environmental field, food industry or biomedicine. Microbial cell biosensors are an excellent alternative to conventional analytical methods due to their specificity, rapid detection and low cost of analysis. Nowadays, nanomaterials are often used in the construction of biosensors to improve their sensitivity and stability. In this review, the combination of microbial and other individual cells with different nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, gold nanoparticles, etc.) for the construction of biosensors is described and their applications are provided as well.
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Okafor C, Grooms D, Alocilja E, Bolin S. Comparison between a conductometric biosensor and ELISA in the evaluation of Johne's disease. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:19128-37. [PMID: 25320903 PMCID: PMC4239859 DOI: 10.3390/s141019128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is an important gastrointestinal disease of cattle worldwide because of the economic losses encountered in JD-affected herds. These losses include reduction in milk yield in cows, premature culling and reduced carcass weight of culled diseased animals. In the U.S. dairy industry, economic losses from reduced productivity associated with JD are estimated to cost between $200 and $250 million annually. The development of non-laboratory-based assays would support more frequent testing of animals for JD and could improve its control. Conductometric biosensors combine immunomigration technology with electronic signal detection and have been adapted for the detection of IgG antibody against MAP. In the present study, a capture membrane with limited variability in the immunomigration channel and an optimal concentration of the secondary anti-bovine antibody used in a previously developed conductometric biosensor were compared with a commercially available antibody detection ELISA in their evaluation of JD, using samples of serum from cattle whose JD status where unknown. There was a moderate strength of agreement (kappa = 0.41) between the two assays. Findings from this preliminary study support the continued development of conductometric biosensors for use in the diagnosis of JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Okafor
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Daniel Grooms
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Evangelyn Alocilja
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Steven Bolin
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Castro-Sesquen YE, Gilman RH, Galdos-Cardenas G, Ferrufino L, Sánchez G, Valencia Ayala E, Liotta L, Bern C, Luchini A. Use of a novel chagas urine nanoparticle test (chunap) for diagnosis of congenital chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3211. [PMID: 25275534 PMCID: PMC4183489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of congenital T. cruzi transmission is considered one of the pillars of control programs of Chagas disease. Congenital transmission accounts for 25% of new infections with an estimated 15,000 infected infants per year. Current programs to detect congenital Chagas disease in Latin America utilize microscopy early in life and serology after 6 months. These programs suffer from low sensitivity by microscopy and high loss to follow-up later in infancy. We developed a Chagas urine nanoparticle test (Chunap) to concentrate, preserve and detect T. cruzi antigens in urine for early, non-invasive diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease. Methodology/Principal Findings This is a proof-of-concept study of Chunap for the early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease. Poly N-isopropylacrylamide nano-particles functionalized with trypan blue were synthesized by precipitation polymerization and characterized with photon correlation spectroscopy. We evaluated the ability of the nanoparticles to capture, concentrate and preserve T. cruzi antigens. Urine samples from congenitally infected and uninfected infants were then concentrated using these nanoparticles. The antigens were eluted and detected by Western Blot using a monoclonal antibody against T. cruzi lipophosphoglycan. The nanoparticles concentrate T. cruzi antigens by 100 fold (western blot detection limit decreased from 50 ng/ml to 0.5 ng/ml). The sensitivity of Chunap in a single specimen at one month of age was 91.3% (21/23, 95% CI: 71.92%–98.68%), comparable to PCR in two specimens at 0 and 1 month (91.3%) and significantly higher than microscopy in two specimens (34.8%, 95% CI: 16.42%–57.26%). Chunap specificity was 96.5% (71/74 endemic, 12/12 non-endemic specimens). Particle-sequestered T. cruzi antigens were protected from trypsin digestion. Conclusion/Significance Chunap has the potential to be developed into a simple and sensitive test for the early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease. Congenital Chagas disease is one of the main pillars for the control of Chagas disease because 25% of new infections occur by this route. Conventional diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease is based on microscopy at birth and serology at 9 months. However microscopy misses many infections and many at-risk infants fail to complete serology at six to nine months. We have developed a Chagas urine nanoparticle test (Chunap) for concentration and detection of T. cruzi antigens. Chunap was evaluated in urine samples of 1-month old children. At this age children have the highest levels of parasitemia and therefore also excrete the highest levels of antigen. Parents prefer a urine test to having their baby's blood drawn. Chunap diagnosed congenital infection in a single urine sample as well as PCR in two blood samples. This study also shows that hydrogel/trypan blue particles used in our test efficiently capture, concentrate and protect urinary T. cruzi antigens from enzymatic degradation. Chunap allows for the early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease, and with appropriate adaptation, may allow early point-of-care intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagahira E Castro-Sesquen
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gerson Galdos-Cardenas
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Gerardo Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Edward Valencia Ayala
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Lance Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Caryn Bern
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
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Stevens W, Gous N, Ford N, Scott LE. Feasibility of HIV point-of-care tests for resource-limited settings: challenges and solutions. BMC Med 2014; 12:173. [PMID: 25197773 PMCID: PMC4157150 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved access to anti-retroviral therapy increases the need for affordable monitoring using assays such as CD4 and/or viral load in resource-limited settings. Barriers to accessing treatment, high rates of loss to initiation and poor retention in care are prompting the need to find alternatives to conventional centralized laboratory testing in certain countries. Strong advocacy has led to a rapidly expanding repertoire of point-of-care tests for HIV. point-of-care testing is not without its challenges: poor regulatory control, lack of guidelines, absence of quality monitoring and lack of industry standards for connectivity, to name a few. The management of HIV increasingly requires a multidisciplinary testing approach involving hematology, chemistry, and tests associated with the management of non-communicable diseases, thus added expertise is needed. This is further complicated by additional human resource requirements and the need for continuous training, a sustainable supply chain, and reimbursement strategies. It is clear that to ensure appropriate national implementation either in a tiered laboratory model or a total decentralized model, clear country-specific assessments need to be conducted.
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Arana M, Tettamanti CS, Bercoff PG, Rodríguez MC. Magnetite NPs@C with Highly-Efficient Peroxidase-Like Catalytic Activity as an Improved Biosensing Strategy for Selective Glucose Detection. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Recent developments in antibody-based assays for the detection of bacterial toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1325-48. [PMID: 24732203 PMCID: PMC4014736 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the urgent demand for rapid and accurate determination of bacterial toxins and the recent promising developments in nanotechnology and microfluidics, this review summarizes new achievements of the past five years. Firstly, bacterial toxins will be categorized according to their antibody binding properties into low and high molecular weight compounds. Secondly, the types of antibodies and new techniques for producing antibodies are discussed, including poly- and mono-clonal antibodies, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), as well as heavy-chain and recombinant antibodies. Thirdly, the use of different nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), quantum dots (QDs) and carbon nanomaterials (graphene and carbon nanotube), for labeling antibodies and toxins or for readout techniques will be summarized. Fourthly, microscale analysis or minimized devices, for example microfluidics or lab-on-a-chip (LOC), which have attracted increasing attention in combination with immunoassays for the robust detection or point-of-care testing (POCT), will be reviewed. Finally, some new materials and analytical strategies, which might be promising for analyzing toxins in the near future, will be shortly introduced.
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