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Gautam N, Chattopadhyay S, Kar S, Sarkar A. Real-time detection of plasma ferritin by electrochemical biosensor developed for biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115579. [PMID: 37517244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapid quantification of plasma ferritin levels holds utmost importance for the effective management of different chronic illnesses. We report the development of a novel biosensor for quantitative and selective detection of ferritin from a drop of blood plasma. Developed electrochemical biosensing platform contains a semiconductor nano-structured decorated screen-printed electrode (SND-SPE). The hydrothermally synthesized ZnO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite which has been coated on the electrode surfaces, imparts the specificity in ferritin diagnostics. Cyclic voltametric (CV) measurements with blood plasma shows a prominent reduction peak of ∼ - 0.76 V for specific ferritin reduction. The amperometric sensor shows a known concentration of 0.3 µg/dl ferritin-containing plasma generates 15 µA of current for single-time use. The efficacy of the device is evaluated by detecting ferritin in human plasma samples. The limit of detection and response time of the developed sensor are 0.04 µg/dl and 0.1 s respectively. The layer of ZnO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has played as an excellent catalyst during the specific reduction of Fe3+ ion and the merits of the device in terms of high robustness, ultrafast detection, highly stable, low-cost, and a biodegradable sensor, make it attractive for the deployment in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gautam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Shantimoy Kar
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
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2
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Vásquez V, Orozco J. Detection of COVID-19-related biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors and potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the course of the disease in the context of personalized medicine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:1003-1031. [PMID: 35970970 PMCID: PMC9378265 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a more efficient and effective way to address disease diagnosis and intervention, cutting-edge technologies, devices, therapeutic approaches, and practices have emerged within the personalized medicine concept depending on the particular patient's biology and the molecular basis of the disease. Personalized medicine is expected to play a pivotal role in assessing disease risk or predicting response to treatment, understanding a person's health status, and, therefore, health care decision-making. This work discusses electrochemical biosensors for monitoring multiparametric biomarkers at different molecular levels and their potential to elucidate the health status of an individual in a personalized manner. In particular, and as an illustration, we discuss several aspects of the infection produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a current health care concern worldwide. This includes SARS-CoV-2 structure, mechanism of infection, biomarkers, and electrochemical biosensors most commonly explored for diagnostics, prognostics, and potentially assessing the risk of complications in patients in the context of personalized medicine. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives hint at the use of electrochemical biosensors in the frame of other cutting-edge converging/emerging technologies toward the inauguration of a new paradigm of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vásquez
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
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3
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Hu Y, Lin J, Wang Y, Wu S, Wu J, Lv H, Ji X, Muyldermans S, Zhang Y, Wang S. Identification of Serum Ferritin-Specific Nanobodies and Development towards a Diagnostic Immunoassay. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081080. [PMID: 36008974 PMCID: PMC9406126 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum ferritin (SF) is an iron-rich protein tightly connected with iron homeostasis, and the variations are frequently observed in diseased states, including iron-deficiency anemia, inflammation, liver disease, and tumors, which renders SF level an indicator of potential malignancies in clinical practice. Nanobodies (Nbs) have been widely explored and developed into theranostic reagents. Surprisingly, no reports stated the identification of anti-SF Nbs, nor the potential of such Nbs as a diagnostic tool. In this study, we generated SF-specific Nbs and provided novel clinical diagnostic approaches to develop an immunoassay. An immune library was constructed after immunizing an alpaca with SF, and five Nbs specifically targeting human SF were retrieved. The obtained Nbs exhibited robust properties including high stability, affinity, and specificity. Then, an ELISA-based test using a heterologous Nb-pair was developed. The calibration curve demonstrated a linear range of SF between 9.0 to 1100 ng/mL, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.01 ng/mL. The detecting recovery and coefficient variation (CV) were determined by spiking different concentrations of SF into the serum sample, to verify the successful application of our selected Nbs for SF monitoring. In general, this study generated SF-specific Nbs and demonstrated their potential as diagnostic immunoassay tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Hu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sihao Wu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huan Lv
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yan Zhang
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (S.W.); Tel.: +86-22-8535-8445 (S.W.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (S.W.); Tel.: +86-22-8535-8445 (S.W.)
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Rudewicz-Kowalczyk D, Grabowska I. Detection of Low Density Lipoprotein-Comparison of Electrochemical Immuno- and Aptasensor. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21227733. [PMID: 34833808 PMCID: PMC8620298 DOI: 10.3390/s21227733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An elevated level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) can lead to the cardiovascular system-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and others. Therefore, fast, simple, and accurate methods for LDL detection are very desirable. In this work, the parameters characterizing the electrochemical immuno-and aptasensor for detection of LDL have been compared for the first time. An immunosensor has been designed, for which the anti-apolipoprotein B-100 antibody was covalently attached to 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) on the surface of the gold electrode. In the case of an aptasensor, the gold electrode was modified in a mixture of ssDNA aptamer specific for LDL modified with –SH group and 6-mercaptohexanol. Square-wave voltammetry has been used for detection of LDL in PBS containing redox active marker, [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. Our results show the linear dependence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox signal changes on LDL concentration for both biosensors, in the range from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.0 ng/mL. The limit of detection was 0.31 and 0.25 ng/mL, for immuno- and aptasensor, respectively. Whereas slightly better selectivity toward human serum albumin (HSA), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and malondialdehyde modified low density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) has been observed for aptasensor. Moreover, the other components of human blood serum samples did not influence aptasensor sensitivity.
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5
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Wu T, Fitchett CM, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ. Building Tailored Interfaces through Covalent Coupling Reactions at Layers Grafted from Aryldiazonium Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11545-11570. [PMID: 33683855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium ions are widely used reagents for surface modification. Attractive aspects of their use include wide substrate compatibility (ranging from plastics to carbons to metals and metal oxides), formation of stable covalent bonding to the substrate, simplicity of modification methods that are compatible with organic and aqueous solvents, and the commercial availability of many aniline precursors with a straightforward conversion to the active reagent. Importantly, the strong bonding of the modifying layer to the surface makes the method ideally suited to further on-surface (postfunctionalization) chemistry. After an initial grafting from a suitable aryldiazonium ion to give an anchor layer, a target species can be coupled to the layer, hugely expanding the range of species that can be immobilized. This strategy has been widely employed to prepare materials for numerous applications including chemical sensors, biosensors, catalysis, optoelectronics, composite materials, and energy conversion and storage. In this Review our goal is first to summarize how a target species with a particular functional group may be covalently coupled to an appropriate anchor layer. We then review applications of the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Jain A, Trindade GF, Hicks JM, Potts JC, Rahman R, Hague RJM, Amabilino DB, Pérez-García L, Rawson FJ. Modulating the biological function of protein by tailoring the adsorption orientation on nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:150-161. [PMID: 33360888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein orientation in nanoparticle-protein conjugates plays a crucial role in binding to cell receptors and ultimately, defines their targeting efficiency. Therefore, understanding fundamental aspects of the role of protein orientation upon adsorption on the surface of nanoparticles (NPs) is vital for the development of clinically important protein-based nanomedicines. In this work, new insights on the effect of the different orientation of cytochrome c (cyt c) bound to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using various ligands on its apoptotic activity is reported. Time-of-Flight Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), electrochemical and circular dichroism (CD) analyses are used to investigate the characteristics of cyt c orientation and structure on functionalized GNPs. These studies indicate that the orientation and position of the heme ring inside the cyt c structure can be altered by changing the surface chemistry on the GNPs. A difference in the apoptosis inducing capability because of different orientation of cyt c bound to the GNPs is observed. These findings indicate that the biological activity of a protein can be modulated on the surface of NPs by varying its adsorption orientation. This study will impact on the rational design of new nanoscale biosensors, bioelectronics, and nanoparticle-protein based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Jain
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gustavo F Trindade
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Hicks
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jordan C Potts
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Richard J M Hague
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - David B Amabilino
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Frankie J Rawson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Garg M, Christensen MG, Iles A, Sharma AL, Singh S, Pamme N. Microfluidic-Based Electrochemical Immunosensing of Ferritin. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10080091. [PMID: 32764518 PMCID: PMC7460419 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a clinically important biomarker which reflects the state of iron in the body and is directly involved with anemia. Current methods available for ferritin estimation are generally not portable or they do not provide a fast response. To combat these issues, an attempt was made for lab-on-a-chip-based electrochemical detection of ferritin, developed with an integrated electrochemically active screen-printed electrode (SPE), combining nanotechnology, microfluidics, and electrochemistry. The SPE surface was modified with amine-functionalized graphene oxide to facilitate the binding of ferritin antibodies on the electrode surface. The functionalized SPE was embedded in the microfluidic flow cell with a simple magnetic clamping mechanism to allow continuous electrochemical detection of ferritin. Ferritin detection was accomplished via cyclic voltammetry with a dynamic linear range from 7.81 to 500 ng·mL−1 and an LOD of 0.413 ng·mL−1. The sensor performance was verified with spiked human serum samples. Furthermore, the sensor was validated by comparing its response with the response of the conventional ELISA method. The current method of microfluidic flow cell-based electrochemical ferritin detection demonstrated promising sensitivity and selectivity. This confirmed the plausibility of using the reported technique in point-of-care testing applications at a much faster rate than conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Garg
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh 160030, India; (M.G.); (A.L.S.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (M.G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Martin Gedsted Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (M.G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Alexander Iles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (M.G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Amit L. Sharma
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh 160030, India; (M.G.); (A.L.S.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Suman Singh
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh 160030, India; (M.G.); (A.L.S.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (M.G.C.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (N.P.)
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Reddy KK, Bandal H, Satyanarayana M, Goud KY, Gobi KV, Jayaramudu T, Amalraj J, Kim H. Recent Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Vital Biomedical Markers Using Hybrid Nanostructured Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902980. [PMID: 32670744 PMCID: PMC7341105 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a succinct insight into the recent developments in electrochemical quantification of vital biomedical markers using hybrid metallic composite nanostructures. After a brief introduction to the biomarkers, five types of crucial biomarkers, which require timely and periodical monitoring, are shortlisted, namely, cancer, cardiac, inflammatory, diabetic and renal biomarkers. This review emphasizes the usage and advantages of hybrid nanostructured materials as the recognition matrices toward the detection of vital biomarkers. Different transduction methods (fluorescence, electrophoresis, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) reported for the biomarkers are discussed comprehensively to present an overview of the current research works. Recent advancements in the electrochemical (amperometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric) sensor systems constructed with metal nanoparticle-derived hybrid composite nanostructures toward the selective detection of chosen vital biomarkers are specifically analyzed. It describes the challenges involved and the strategies reported for the development of selective, sensitive, and disposable electrochemical biosensors with the details of fabrication, functionalization, and applications of hybrid metallic composite nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Koteshwara Reddy
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - Harshad Bandal
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
| | - Moru Satyanarayana
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology WarangalWarangalTelangana506004India
| | - Kotagiri Yugender Goud
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology WarangalWarangalTelangana506004India
| | | | - Tippabattini Jayaramudu
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - John Amalraj
- Laboratory of Materials ScienceInstituto de Química de Recursos NaturalesUniversidad de TalcaP.O. Box 747Talca3460000Chile
| | - Hern Kim
- Smart Living Innovation Technology CentreDepartment of Energy Science and TechnologyMyongji UniversityYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
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Kanyong P, Patil AV, Davis JJ. Functional Molecular Interfaces for Impedance-Based Diagnostics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:183-200. [PMID: 32531184 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In seeking to develop and optimize reagentless electroanalytical assays, a consideration of the transducing interface features lies key to any subsequent sensitivity and selectivity. This review briefly summarizes some of the most commonly used receptive interfaces that have been employed within the development of impedimetric molecular sensors. We discuss the use of high surface area carbon, nanoparticles, and a range of bioreceptors that can subsequently be integrated. The review spans the most commonly utilized biorecognition elements, such as antibodies, antibody fragments, aptamers, and nucleic acids, and touches on some novel emerging alternatives such as nanofragments, molecularly imprinted polymers, and bacteriophages. Reference is made to the immobilization chemistries available along with a consideration of both optimal packing density and recognition probe orientation. We also discuss assay-relevant mechanistic details and applications in real sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Kanyong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom;
| | - Amol V Patil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom;
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom;
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Zhang L, Ying Y, Li Y, Fu Y. Integration and synergy in protein-nanomaterial hybrids for biosensing: Strategies and in-field detection applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Garg M, Chatterjee M, Sharma AL, Singh S. Label-free approach for electrochemical ferritin sensing using biosurfactant stabilized tungsten disulfide quantum dots. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 151:111979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Kowalczyk A, Yu C. Ethanol vs. water: influence of the terminal functional group of the alkyl chain and environment of the self-assembly process on electron transport through the thiol layer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21582-21592. [PMID: 35518744 PMCID: PMC9054384 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04235h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of alkanethiol chains on metallic surfaces is a spontaneous process which leads to the formation of highly ordered layers. However, the organization of the thiol chains on the surface strongly depends on the intermolecular interactions between the terminal groups in the chain. The solution environment also plays an important role. In this paper we present the effect of solution solvent (water and ethanol) and the presence of various hydrophilic terminal groups (–OH, –NH2 and –COOH) on the quality and electrochemical properties of the formed alkanethiol layers. In the studies we applied voltammetry, atomic force microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance to characterize the morphology, packing density and ability to electron exchange through the thiol layer. The blocking properties of the formed SAMs expressed as the electron-transfer rate constant as well as their organization have been examined using a model electrochemical probe, Fe(CN)63−. With the increase in the polarity of the terminal functional group the regularity of the thiol layer decreased. The organization of the thiol chains on the surface strongly depends on the intermolecular interactions between the terminal groups in the chain and the solution environment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- PL-02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
| | - Cong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- PR China
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