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Mahmud MA, Xu LH, Usatinsky A, Dos Santos CC, Little DJ, Tsai SSH, Rackus DG. Semiquantitative Paper-Based Microfluidic Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11751-11759. [PMID: 38980117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) produced from infection or vaccination play an important role in acquired immunity. Determining virus-specific nAb titers is a useful tool for measuring aquired immunity in an individual. The standard methods to do so rely on titrating serum samples against live virus and monitoring viral infection in cultured cells which requires high biosafety level containment. The surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) reduces the biohazards and it is suitable for designing rapid test device in a lateral flow assay (LFA) format. Here, we introduce the fabrication and development of a unique paper-based LFA device for determining the level of SARS-CoV-2 nAb in a sample with a semiquantitative direct colorimetric readout. A LFA-based gradient assay design was used to facilitate the sVNT, where the spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) stand in as proxies for viruses and cells, respectively. The gradient assay employed multiple test dots of ACE2 spotted in increasing concentration along the sample flow path and gold nanoparticle-conjugated RBD for readout. In this way, the number of developed spots is inversely proportional to the concentration of nAbs present in the sample. The assay was tested with both standard solutions of nAb as well as human serum samples. We have demonstrated that the device can effectively provide semiquantitative test results of nAbs by direct instrument-free colorimetric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Almostasim Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Mechatronics Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Liangcheng Henry Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Anat Usatinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Dustin J Little
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Scott S H Tsai
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Mechatronics Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Darius G Rackus
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
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2
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Gozlan J, Baron A, Boyd A, Salmona M, Fofana D, Minier M, Gabassi A, Morand-Joubert L, Delaugerre C, Maylin S. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Responses in Various Populations: Use of a Rapid Surrogate Lateral Flow Assay and Correlations with Anti-RBD Antibody Levels. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:791. [PMID: 39063546 PMCID: PMC11277712 DOI: 10.3390/life14070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the global COVID-19 crisis, understanding post-infectious immunity and vaccine efficacy remains crucial. This study aims to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity through a quantitative analysis of anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies and rapid functional testing of the neutralizing humoral response. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on samples from various cohorts, including partially vaccinated, fully vaccinated, post-COVID/no-vaccination, and post-COVID/vaccination individuals with various immune-competency statuses. The anti-RBD antibodies were measured using an automated chemiluminescence assay, while the neutralizing antibodies' (NAbs') activity was assessed through the lateral flow ichroma COVID-19 nAb test (LFT), a surrogate neutralization assay. RESULTS The analysis revealed various levels of anti-RBD antibodies and seroneutralization responses across cohorts, with the post-COVID/vaccination group demonstrating the most robust protection. A correlation between anti-RBD antibodies and seroneutralization was observed, albeit with varying strength depending on the subgroup analyzed. Longitudinal assessment following natural infection showed an initial surge followed by a decline in both measures. A cutoff of 3.0 log10 BAU/mL was established to predict significant seroneutralization. CONCLUSIONS The ichroma™ COVID-19 nAb test displayed high specificity and emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. These findings contribute to understand the antibody response dynamics and underscore the potential of rapid tests in predicting protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Gozlan
- AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (D.F.); (L.M.-J.)
- Reseach’s Department of Saint-Antoine, “Cancer Biology and Therapeutics”, University of Sorbonne, INSERM, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Baron
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Anders Boyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Maud Salmona
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
- INSERM U976, University of Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Djeneba Fofana
- AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (D.F.); (L.M.-J.)
| | - Marine Minier
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Audrey Gabassi
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
| | - Laurence Morand-Joubert
- AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75012 Paris, France; (J.G.); (D.F.); (L.M.-J.)
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis of Epidémiology and Public Health, University of Sorbonne, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
- INSERM U944, Biology of Emerging Viruses, University of Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Maylin
- AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Laboratory of Virology, 75010 Paris, France; (A.B.); (M.S.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (C.D.)
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3
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Li J, Chu LT, Hartanto H, Guo G, Liu L, Wu J, Wu M, Cui C, Wang G, Liu W, Kwong HK, Wu S, Chen TH. Microfluidic particle counter visualizing mucosal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract for rapid evaluation of immune protection. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2658-2668. [PMID: 38660972 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal antibodies in the upper respiratory tract are the earliest and most critical responders to prevent respiratory infections, providing an indication for the rapid evaluation of immune protection. Here, we report a microfluidic particle counter that directly visualizes mucosal antibody levels in nasal mucus. The mucosal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies in nasal secretions first react with magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) that are surface-modified to form a "MMPs-anti-spike RBD IgG-PMPs" complex when RBD is present. After magnetic separation and loading into the microfluidic particle counter, the free PMPs, which are reduced with increasing anti-spike RBD IgG antibody levels, are trapped by a microfluidic particle dam and accumulate in the trapping channel. A sensitive mode [limit of detection (LOD): 14.0 ng mL-1; sample-to-answer time: 70 min] and an equipment-free rapid mode (LOD: 37.4 ng mL-1; sample-to-answer time: 20 min) were achieved. Eighty-seven nasal secretion (NS) samples from vaccinees were analyzed using our microfluidic particle counter, and the results closely resemble those of the gold-standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The analysis shows that higher antibody levels were found in convalescent volunteers compared to noninfected volunteers. Together, we demonstrate a rapid kit that directly indicates immune status, which can guide vaccine strategy for individuals and the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lok Ting Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guang Dong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hogi Hartanto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Guihuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Jianpeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Minghui Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Chenyu Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gaobo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Wengang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Hoi Kwan Kwong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou W, He P, Sun X, Li J, Wei H, Yu J. Rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgM through luciferase luminescence on an automatic platform. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130964. [PMID: 38499123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has brought a global health crisis worldwide. IgM is an early marker in sera after the infections, and the detection of IgM is crucial to assist diagnosis and evaluate the vaccination clinically. Herein, we developed an automated platform to identify IgM against SARS-CoV-2 in sera. Streptavidin-magnetic beads were utilized to bind to a biotinylated anti-IgM antibody, which was employed to capture IgM in sera. RBD fused luciferase hGluc was employed to label the trapped IgM against RBD and the signal of luminescence of hGluc with the substrate of coelenterazine corresponded to the amount of SARS-CoV-2 IgM conjugated to the magnetic beads. An appropriate cut-off value of the designed method was defined by a set of negative samples and positive samples with 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity. Through serial dilution of a positive sample, it was found that the method has a better sensitivity than ELISA. The application to determine IgM against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated a good performance of the method. The developed system can complete the analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgM within 25 min. Through the substitution of RBD antigen with antigens of other pathogens in this platform, the automated detection of IgM against the corresponding pathogens can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Zhang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xueni Sun
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Junhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Hongping Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Junping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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5
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Schobesberger S, Thumfart H, Selinger F, Spitz S, Gonzalez C, Pei L, Poglitsch M, Ertl P. Application of a Biomimetic Nanoparticle-Based Mock Virus to Determine SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Blood Samples Using a Lateral Flow Assay. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38334364 PMCID: PMC10882572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The presence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in blood, acquired through previous infection or vaccination, is known to prevent the (re)occurrence of outbreaks unless the virus mutates. Therefore, the measurement of neutralizing antibodies constitutes an indispensable tool in assessing an individual's and a population's immunity against SARS-CoV-2. For this reason, we have developed an innovative lateral flow assay (LFA) capable of detecting blood-derived neutralizing antibodies using a biomimetic SARS-CoV-2 mock virus system. Here, functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) featuring the trimeric spike (S) protein at its surface imitate the virus's structure and are applied to monitor the presence and efficacy of neutralizing antibodies in blood samples. The detection principle relies on the interaction between mock virus and the immobilized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is inhibited when neutralizing antibodies are present. To further enhance the sensitivity of our competitive assay and identify low titers of neutralizing antibodies, an additional mixing pad is embedded into the device to increase the interaction time between mock virus and neutralizing antibodies. The developed LFA is benchmarked against the WHO International Standard (21/338) and demonstrated reliable quantification of neutralizing antibodies that inhibit ACE2 binding events down to a detection limit of an antibody titer of 59 IU/mL. Additional validation using whole blood and plasma samples showed reproducible results and good comparability to a laboratory-based reference test, thus highlighting its applicability for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Thumfart
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Selinger
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lei Pei
- Covirabio GmbH, Brehmstraße 14a, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Ertl
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Liu X, Yang X, Wang C, Liu Q, Ding Y, Xu S, Wang G, Xiao R. A nanogap-enhanced SERS nanotag-based lateral flow assay for ultrasensitive and simultaneous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 S and NP antigens. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:104. [PMID: 38236334 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A lateral flow assay (LFA) strip based on dual 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)-encoded satellite Fe3O4@Au (Mag@Au) SERS tags with nanogap is reported for ultrasensitive and simultaneous diagnosis of two SARS-CoV-2 functional proteins. Composed of Fe3O4 core, satellite gold shell with nanogaps, and double-layer DTNB, the Mag@Au nanoparticles with an average size of 238 nm were designed as multifunctional tags to efficiently enrich the target SARS-CoV-2 protein from complex samples, significantly enhancing the SERS signal of the LFA strip and provide quantitative SERS detection of analyte on test lines. The developed dual DTNB-encoded satellite Mag@Au-based LFA allowed simultaneous quantification of spike (S) protein and nucleocapsid (NP) protein with detection limits of 23 pg mL-1 and 2 pg mL-1, respectively, lower than commercial ELISA kits and reported SERS-LFA detection system-based Au NPs and Fe3O4@3 nm Au MNPs. This magnetic SERS-LFA also showed high performance of multi-variant strain detection and further distinguished clinical samples of Omicron variant infection, demonstrating the potential of in situ detection of respiratory virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongwen Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Liu
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Ding
- Bioinformatics Center of AMMS, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Xu
- GI Department, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanghui Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Liu Y, Li Y, Hang Y, Wang L, Wang J, Bao N, Kim Y, Jang HW. Rapid assays of SARS-CoV-2 virus and noble biosensors by nanomaterials. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38190075 PMCID: PMC10774473 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 has spread rapidly across the world to form a global epidemic of respiratory infectious diseases. Increased investigations on diagnostic tools are currently implemented to assist rapid identification of the virus because mass and rapid diagnosis might be the best way to prevent the outbreak of the virus. This critical review discusses the detection principles, fabrication techniques, and applications on the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 with three categories: rapid nuclear acid augmentation test, rapid immunoassay test and biosensors. Special efforts were put on enhancement of nanomaterials on biosensors for rapid, sensitive, and low-cost diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Future developments are suggested regarding potential candidates in hospitals, clinics and laboratories for control and prevention of large-scale epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- NantongEgens Biotechnology Co., LTD, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Li
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuteng Hang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- NantongEgens Biotechnology Co., LTD, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ning Bao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youngeun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Bian L, Fu Q, Gan Z, Wu Z, Song Y, Xiong Y, Hu F, Zheng L. Fluorescence-Quenching Lateral Flow Immunoassay for "Turn-On" and Sensitive Detection of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Serum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305774. [PMID: 38032112 PMCID: PMC10811470 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The titer of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in the human body is an essential reference for evaluating the acquired protective immunity and resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, a fluorescence-quenching lateral flow immunoassay (FQ-LFIA) is established for quantitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs in the sera of individuals who are vaccinated or infected within 10 min. The ultrabright aggregation-induced emission properties encapsulated in nanoparticles, AIE490 NP, are applied in the established FQ-LFIA with gold nanoparticles to achieve a fluorescence "turn-on" competitive immunoassay. Under optimized conditions, the FQ-LFIA quantitatively detected 103 positive and 50 negative human serum samples with a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.29 IU mL-1 . A strong correlation is present with the conventional pseudovirus-based virus neutralization test (R2 = 0.9796, P < 0.0001). In contrast, the traditional LFIA with a "turn-off" mode can only achieve a LoD of 11.06 IU mL-1 . The FQ-LFIA showed excellent sensitivity to anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs. The intra- and inter-assay precisions of the established method are below 15%. The established FQ-LFIA has promising potential as a rapid and quantitative method for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs. FQ-LFIA can also be used to detect various biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Bian
- Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Qiangqiang Fu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Zhuoheng Gan
- Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Ze Wu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yuchen Song
- Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yufeng Xiong
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Fang Hu
- Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
- Division of Laboratory MedicineZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510282China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
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9
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Sun Q, Ning Q, Li T, Jiang Q, Feng S, Tang N, Cui D, Wang K. Immunochromatographic enhancement strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection based on nanotechnology. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15092-15107. [PMID: 37676509 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been catastrophic to both human health and social development. Therefore, developing highly reliable and sensitive point-of-care testing (POCT) for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a priority. Among all available POCTs, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA, also known as immunochromatography) has proved to be effective due to its accuracy, portability, convenience, and speed. In areas with a scarcity of laboratory resources and medical personnel, the LFIA provides an affordable option for the diagnosis of COVID-19. This review offers a comprehensive overview of methods for improving the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 detection using immunochromatography based on nanotechnology, sorted according to the different detection targets (antigens, antibodies, and nucleic acids). It also looks into the performance and properties of the various sensitivity enhancement strategies, before delving into the remaining challenges in COVID-19 diagnosis through LFIA. Ultimately, it seeks to provide helpful guidance in selecting an appropriate strategy for SARS-CoV-2 immunochromatographic detection based on nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Sun
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Qihong Ning
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Tangan Li
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Qixia Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 XianXia Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Shaoqing Feng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ning Tang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Kan Wang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
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10
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Liang Z, Lu X, Jiao X, He Y, Meng B, Xie J, Qu Z, Zhu M, Gong X, Zhao Y, Peng T, Fang X, Dai X. Traceable value of immunoglobulin G against receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 confirmation and application to point-of-care testing system development. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:417. [PMID: 37768390 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A highly purified and bioactive immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody against receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 (RBD-IgG-MAb) has been accurately quantified by amino acid determination using isotope dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Absolute quantification of RBD-IgG-MAb was achieved by averaging 4 amino acid certified reference materials, which allows the quantitative value (66.1 ± 5.8 μg/L) to be traced to SI unit (mol). Afterwards, the RBD-IgG-MAb was employed as control and calibration compound for the development of a point-of-care testing (POCT) system based on colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassay, which aimed to rapidly and accurately detect the level of protective RBD-IgG after vaccination. Under the detection parameters, a sigmoidal curve has been plotted between signal intensity and the logarithmic concentration for quantitative detection with the limit of detection of about 0.39 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of intra-assay and inter-assay were lower than 2.3% and 14%, and the recoveries ranged from 87 to 100%, respectively. Fingertip blood samples from 37 volunteers after vaccination were analyzed by the POCT system; results showed that levels of RBD-IgG in 33 out of 37 samples ranged from 0.45 to 2.46 μg/mL with the average level of 0.91 μg/mL. The developed POCT system has been successfully established with the quantity-traceability RBD-IgG-MAb as control and calibration compound, and the scientific contribution of this work can be promoted to other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Liang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueshima Jiao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi He
- Novoprotein Scientific Incorporation, Suzhou, 215200, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Meng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Qu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Zhu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Gong
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Comparison of a rapid fluorescence immunochromatographic test with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody neutralizing activity. J Virol Methods 2023; 316:114728. [PMID: 37028561 PMCID: PMC10074729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein Receptor Binding Domain neutralizing antibodies (NAbs-RBD) inhibit the viral binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. We compared an ELISA and a fluorescence immunochromatography(FIC) method in NAbs-RBD detection after COVID-19 immunization. Method Serum samples from healthcare workers(HCWs) vaccinated with BNT162b2 were collected one and four months after the second dose. NAbs-RBD(%) detection was performed using ELISA cPass™(FDA approved) and FIC n-AbCOVID-19® assays. Results Samples from 200 HCWs [median age(IQR): 45(35-53] were tested with both assays. There was a good qualitative agreement between the two methods [AUC: 0.92(95%C.I.: 0.89-0.94, P-value:0.007)]. NAbs-RBD(%), one and four months after immunization, were significantly lower with FIC compared to ELISA for all age groups (P-value<0.0001). The quantitative comparison between FIC and ELISA detected slight agreement one month after the second dose [(Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient(CCC): 0.21(95%CI: 0.15-0.27)] which improved four months after the second dose [CCC: 0.6(95%CI: 0.54-0.66)]. Conclusion FIC had good qualitative agreement with ELISA in the detection of positive NAbs-RBD(%) and could be an alternative for rapid NAbs-RBD(%) testing.
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12
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, He Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Liang J, He J, Lu S, Gao Z, Xu J, Tang Y. Development of receptor binding domain-based double-antigen sandwich lateral flow immunoassay for the detection and evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody in clinical sera samples compared with the conventional virus neutralization test. Talanta 2023; 255:124200. [PMID: 36565525 PMCID: PMC9767659 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to fight COVID-19. However, the effectiveness of the vaccine varies among different populations in varying immune effects. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) level is an important indicator to evaluate the protective effect of immune response after vaccination. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a rapid, safe and sensitivity detection method, which has great potential in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAb. In this study, a fluorescent beads-based lateral flow immunoassay (FBs-LFIA) and a latex beads-based LFIA (LBs-LFIA) using double antigen sandwich (DAS) strategy were established to detect NAbs in the serum of vaccinated people. The limit of detection (LoD) of the FBs-LFIA was 1.13 ng mL- 1 and the LBs-LFIA was 7.11 ng mL- 1. The two LFIAs were no cross-reactive with sera infected by other pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the two LFIAs showed a good performance in testing clinical samples. The sensitivity of FBs-LFIA and LBs-LFIA were 97.44% (95%CI: 93.15%-99.18%) and 98.29% (95%CI: 95.84%-99.37%), and the specificity were 98.28% (95%CI: 95.37%-99.45%) and 97.70% (95%CI: 94.82%-99.06%) compared with the conventional virus neutralization test (cVNT), respectively. Notably, the LBs-LFIA was also suitable for whole blood sample, requiring only 3 μL of whole blood, which provided the possibility to detect NAbs at home. To sum up, the two LFIAs based on double antigen sandwich established by us can rapidly, safely, sensitively and accurately detect SARS-CoV-2 NAb in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yixiao Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yizhe Li
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Jinyong He
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China
| | - Shaofang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China
| | - Zhixing Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China,Corresponding author
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13
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Ouyang Y, Chen Y, Shang J, Sun S, Wang X, Huan S, Xiong B, Zhang XB. Virus-like Plasmonic Nanoprobes for Quick Analysis of Antiviral Efficacy and Mutation-Induced Drug Resistance. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5009-5017. [PMID: 36893130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
As the pathogenic viruses and the variants of concern greatly threaten human health and global public safety, the development of convenient and robust strategies enabling rapid analysis of antiviral drug efficacy and mutation-induced resistance is quite important to prevent the spread of human epidemics. Herein, we introduce a simple single-particle detection strategy for quick analysis of anti-infective drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and mutation-induced drug resistance, by using the wild-type and mutant spike protein-functionalized AuNPs as virus-like plasmonic nanoprobes. Both the wild-type and mutant virus-like plasmonic nanoprobes can form core-satellite nanoassemblies with the ACE2@AuNPs, providing the opportunity to detect the drug efficacy and mutation-induced resistance by detecting the changes of nanoassemblies upon drug treatment with dark-field microscopy. As a demonstration, we applied the single-particle detection strategy for quantitative determination of antiviral efficacy and mutation-induced resistance of ceftazidime and rhein. The mutations in the receptor-binding domain of Omicron variant could lead to an increase of EC50 values of ceftazidime and rhein, formerly from 49 and 57 μM against wild-type SARS-CoV-2, to 121 and 340 μM, respectively. The mutation-induced remarkable decline in the inhibitory efficacy of drugs was validated with molecule docking analysis and virus-like plasmonic nanoprobe-based cell-incubation assay. Due to the generality and feasibility of the strategy for the preparation of virus-like plasmonic nanoprobes and single-particle detection, we anticipated that this simple and robust method is promising for the discovery and efficacy evaluation of anti-infective drugs against different pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yancao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jinhui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shijie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiangbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shuangyan Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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14
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Pei F, Feng S, Hu W, Liu B, Mu X, Hao Q, Cao Y, Lei W, Tong Z. Sandwich mode lateral flow assay for point-of-care detecting SARS-CoV-2. Talanta 2023; 253. [PMCID: PMC9612878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been announced a pandemic outbreak, and has threatened human life and health seriously. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as its causative pathogen, is widely detected in the screening of COVID-19 patients, infected people and contaminated substances. Lateral flow assay (LFA) is a popular point-of-care detection method, possesses advantages of quick response, simple operation mode, portable device, and low cost. Based on the above advantages, LFA has been widely developed for detecting SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarized the articles about the sandwich mode LFA detecting SARS-CoV-2, classified according to the target detection objects indicating genes, nucleocapsid protein, spike protein, and specific antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. In each part, LFA is further classified and summarized according to different signal detection types. Additionally, the properties of the targets were introduced to clarify their detection significance. The review is expected to provide a helpful guide for LFA sensitization and marker selection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubin Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Shasha Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xihui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Qingli Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,Corresponding author
| | - Zhaoyang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China,Corresponding author
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15
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Liposome-based high-throughput and point-of-care assays toward the quick, simple, and sensitive detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in patient sera. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1421-1435. [PMID: 36754874 PMCID: PMC9909147 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 caused an increased interest in neutralizing antibody tests to determine the immune status of the population. Standard live-virus-based neutralization assays such as plaque-reduction assays or pseudovirus neutralization tests cannot be adapted to the point-of-care (POC). Accordingly, tests quantifying competitive binding inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 by neutralizing antibodies have been developed. Here, we present a new platform using sulforhodamine B encapsulating liposomes decorated with RBD as foundation for the development of both a fluorescent, highly feasible high-throughput (HTS) and a POC-ready neutralizing antibody assay. RBD-conjugated liposomes are incubated with serum and subsequently immobilized in an ACE2-coated plate or mixed with biotinylated ACE2 and used in test strip with streptavidin test line, respectively. Polyclonal neutralizing human antibodies were shown to cause complete binding inhibition, while S309 and CR3022 human monoclonal antibodies only caused partial inhibition, proving the functionality of the assay. Both formats, the HTS and POC assay, were then tested using 20 sera containing varying titers of neutralizing antibodies, and a control panel of sera including prepandemic sera and reconvalescent sera from respiratory infections other than SARS-CoV-2. Both assays correlated well with a standard pseudovirus neutralization test (r = 0.847 for HTS and r = 0.614 for POC format). Furthermore, excellent correlation (r = 0.868) between HTS and POC formats was observed. The flexibility afforded by liposomes as signaling agents using different dyes and sizes can hence be utilized in the future for a broad range of multianalyte neutralizing antibody diagnostics.
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16
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SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Responses in Various Populations, at the Time of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Virus Emergence: Evaluation of Two Surrogate Neutralization Assays in Front of Whole Virus Neutralization Test. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122064. [PMID: 36556429 PMCID: PMC9782962 DOI: 10.3390/life12122064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies response is the best indicator of effective protection after infection and/or vaccination, but its evaluation requires tedious cell-based experiments using an infectious virus. We analyzed, in 105 patients with various histories of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination, the neutralizing response using a virus neutralization test (VNT) against B.1, Alpha, Beta and Omicron variants, and compared the results with two surrogate assays based on antibody-mediated blockage of the ACE2-RBD interaction (Lateral Flow Boditech and ELISA Genscript). The strongest response was observed for recovered COVID-19 patients receiving one vaccine dose. Naïve patients receiving 2 doses of mRNA vaccine also demonstrate high neutralization titers against B.1, Alpha and Beta variants, but only 34.3% displayed a neutralization activity against the Omicron variant. On the other hand, non-infected patients with half vaccination schedules displayed a weak and inconstant activity against all isolates. Non-vaccinated COVID-19 patients kept a neutralizing activity against B.1 and Alpha up to 12 months after recovery but a decreased activity against Beta and Omicron. Both surrogate assays displayed a good correlation with the VNT. However, an adaptation of the cut-off positivity was necessary, especially for the most resistant Beta and Omicron variants. We validated two simple and reliable surrogate neutralization assays, which may favorably replace cell-based methods, allowing functional analysis on a larger scale.
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17
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Xu M, Li Y, Lin C, Peng Y, Zhao S, Yang X, Yang Y. Recent Advances of Representative Optical Biosensors for Rapid and Sensitive Diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100862. [PMID: 36291001 PMCID: PMC9599922 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has again emphasized the significance of developing rapid and highly sensitive testing tools for quickly identifying infected patients. Although the current reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostic techniques can satisfy the required sensitivity and specificity, the inherent disadvantages with time-consuming, sophisticated equipment and professional operators limit its application scopes. Compared with traditional detection techniques, optical biosensors based on nanomaterials/nanostructures have received much interest in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 due to the high sensitivity, high accuracy, and fast response. In this review, the research progress on optical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, including fluorescence biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, Surface Enhancement Raman Scattering (SERS) biosensors, and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors, was comprehensively summarized. Further, promising strategies to improve optical biosensors are also explained. Optical biosensors can not only realize the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 but also be applied to judge the infectiousness of the virus and guide the choice of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, showing enormous potential to become point-of-care detection tools for the timely control of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yusi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Connelly GG, Kirkland OO, Bohannon S, Lim DC, Wilson RM, Richards EJ, Tay DM, Jee H, Hellinger RD, Hoang NK, Hao L, Chhabra A, Martin-Alonso C, Tan EK, Koehler AN, Yaffe MB, London WB, Lee PY, Krammer F, Bohannon RC, Bhatia SN, Sikes HD, Li H. Direct capture of neutralized RBD enables rapid point-of-care assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titer. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100273. [PMID: 35942328 PMCID: PMC9350670 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer is a key biomarker of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but point-of-care methods for assessing NAb titer are not widely available. Here, we present a lateral flow assay that captures SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) that has been neutralized from binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Quantification of neutralized RBD in this assay correlates with NAb titer from vaccinated and convalescent patients. This methodology demonstrated superior performance in assessing NAb titer compared with either measurement of total anti-spike immunoglobulin G titer or quantification of the absolute reduction in binding between ACE2 and RBD. Our testing platform has the potential for mass deployment to aid in determining at population scale the degree of protective immunity individuals may have following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection and can enable simple at-home assessment of NAb titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinevere G. Connelly
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Orville O. Kirkland
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Daniel C. Lim
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert M. Wilson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward J. Richards
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Dragonfly Therapeutics, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Dousabel M. Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hyuk Jee
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riley D. Hellinger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ngoc K. Hoang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liang Hao
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arnav Chhabra
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Satellite Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carmen Martin-Alonso
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward K.W. Tan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela N. Koehler
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael B. Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wendy B. London
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pui Y. Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hojun Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Hirabidian M, Bocket L, Demaret J, Vuotto F, Rabat A, Faure K, Labalette M, Hober D, Lefevre G, Alidjinou EK. Evaluation of a rapid semiquantitative lateral flow assay for the prediction of serum neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Clin Virol 2022; 155:105268. [PMID: 35998394 PMCID: PMC9383946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to correlate with protection against infection. Simple tools such as lateral flow assays (LFA) that can accurately measure NAbs may be useful for monitoring anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity in the future. Objectives We assessed the performance of the ichroma™ COVID-19 nAb test, a rapid semiquantitative LFA, for the prediction of serum neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Study design Serum samples were collected from COVID-19 recovered patients and vaccinated individuals. The result of the ichroma assay was provided as inhibition rate, and was compared to anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, and NAbs against Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants. Results A total of 90 sera from recovered unvaccinated patients and 209 sera from the vaccine cohort were included in this study. In post-infection samples, the ichroma inhbition rate was found to be correlated with IgG levels (ρ = 0.83), and with anti-Alpha NAbs levels (ρ = 0.78). In the vaccine cohort, a good correlation was also observed between the ichroma inhibition rate and IgG levels (ρ = 0.84), as well as NAbs against Alpha (ρ = 0.62), Delta (ρ = 0.88) and Omicron (ρ = 0.74). An ichroma inhbition rate of 77.2%, 90.8% and 99.6% accurately predicted neutralization against Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants respectively. Conclusions The ichroma™ COVID-19 nAb assay, with appropriate variant cut-offs, can be useful for the monitoring of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunization and may provide a rapid prediction of protection, especially in individuals with significant levels of NAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Hirabidian
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurence Bocket
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Demaret
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Fanny Vuotto
- CHU Lille, Département de Maladies Infectieuses, F-59000 Lille France
| | - Anthony Rabat
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karine Faure
- CHU Lille, Département de Maladies Infectieuses, F-59000 Lille France
| | - Myriam Labalette
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Lefevre
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
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20
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Bian L, Li Z, He A, Wu B, Yang H, Wu Y, Hu F, Lin G, Zhang D. Ultrabright nanoparticle-labeled lateral flow immunoassay for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in human serum. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121694. [PMID: 35977850 PMCID: PMC9360774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAb) is an indispensable reference for evaluating the acquired protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we established an ultrabright nanoparticles-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for one-step rapid semi-quantitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb in vaccinee's serum. Once embedded in polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen, AIE490, exhibited ultrabright fluorescence due to the rigidity of PS and severe inhibition of intramolecular motions. The ultrabright AIE490-PS nanoparticle was used as a fluorescent marker of LFIA. Upon optimized conditions including incubation time, concentrations of coated proteins and conjugated nanoparticles, amounts of antigens modified on the surface of nanoparticles, dilution rate of serum samples, and so on, the ultrabright nanoparticles-based LFIA could accurately identify 70 negative samples and 63 positive samples from human serum (p < 0.0001). The intra- and inter-assay precisions of the established method are above 13% and 16%, respectively. The established LFIA has tremendous practical value of generalization as a rapid semi-quantitative detection method of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb. Meanwhile, the AIE490-PS nanoparticle is also promising to detect many other analytes by altering the protein on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Bian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - An He
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, China
| | - Biru Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fang Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guanfeng Lin
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Scientific Research, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Funari R, Fukuyama H, Shen AQ. Nanoplasmonic multiplex biosensing for COVID-19 vaccines. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 208:114193. [PMID: 35421841 PMCID: PMC8968208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) variants requires swift actions in identifying specific antigens and optimizing vaccine development to maximize the humoral response of the patient. Measuring the specificity and the amount of antibody produced by the host immune system with high throughput and accuracy is critical to develop timely diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. Motivated by finding an easy-to-use and cost-effective alternative to existing serological methodologies for multiplex analysis, we develop a proof-of-concept multiplex nanoplasmonic biosensor to capture the humoral response in serums against multiple antigens. Nanoplasmonic sensing relies on the wavelength shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of gold nanostructures upon binding interactions between the antibodies and the immobilized antigens. Here the antigens are first immobilized on different sensing areas by using a mono-biotinylation system based on the high affinity interaction between biotin and streptavidin. We then validate the multiplex platform by detecting the presence of 3 monoclonal antibodies against 3 antigens (2 different hemagglutinins (HAs) from influenza viruses, and the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD (receptor binding domain)). We also measure the humoral response in murine sera collected before and after its immunization with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, in good agreement with the results obtained by the ELISA assay. Our nanoplasmonic assays have successfully demonstrated multiple serum antibody profiling, which can be further integrated with microfluidics as an effective high throughput screening platform in future studies for the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Funari
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan; Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Hidehiro Fukuyama
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiations, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan; INSERM EST, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67037, France.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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