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Otavi S, Lad N, Shah S, Navale A, Acharya S, Kaur G, Mishra M, Tekade RK. Lipidic Nanosystem as State-of-the-Art Nanovehicle for Biomedical Applications. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:429-444. [PMID: 39010996 PMCID: PMC11246368 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids have tremendously transformed the biomedical field, especially in the last few decades. Nanosystems, especially Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs), have emerged as the most demanding nanovehicle systems for delivering drugs, genes, and other diagnostic agents. Unique attributes and characteristic features such as higher encapsulation efficiency, stealth effect, ability to solubilize a wide range of drugs, capability to inhibit P-gp efflux pumps, and higher stability play a vital role in engaging this nanosystem. LNCs are a lipid-based nano-drug delivery method that combines the most significant traits of liposomes with polymeric nanoparticles. Structurally, LNCs have an oily core consisting of medium and long triglycerides and an aqueous phase encased in an amphiphilic shell. This manuscript crosstalks LNCs for various biomedical applications. A detailed elaboration of the structural composition, methods of preparation, and quality control aspects has also been attained, with particular emphasis on application approaches, ongoing challenges, and their possible resolution. The manuscript also expounds the preclinical data and discusses the patents atlas of LNCs to assist biomedical scientists working in this area and foster additional research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01298-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Otavi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), An Institute of National Importance, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, 382355 Palaj, Gujarat India
| | - Niyatiben Lad
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), An Institute of National Importance, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, 382355 Palaj, Gujarat India
| | - Sweety Shah
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), An Institute of National Importance, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, 382355 Palaj, Gujarat India
| | - Aniket Navale
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), An Institute of National Importance, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, 382355 Palaj, Gujarat India
| | - Sweta Acharya
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), An Institute of National Importance, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, 382355 Palaj, Gujarat India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), An Institute of National Importance, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, 382355 Palaj, Gujarat India
| | - Mahima Mishra
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), An Institute of National Importance, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, 382355 Palaj, Gujarat India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), An Institute of National Importance, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, 382355 Palaj, Gujarat India
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de Faria e Silva AL, Ryder AG. Analyzing protein conjugation reactions for antibody-drug conjugate synthesis using polarized excitation emission matrix spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3432-3446. [PMID: 36071600 PMCID: PMC9828061 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising anticancer therapeutics, which offer important advantages compared to more classical therapies. There are a variety of ADC critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as the protein structure, aggregation, and drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR), which all impact on potency, stability, and toxicity. Production processes can destabilize antibodies via a variety of physical and chemical stresses, and or by increased aggregation after conjugation of hydrophobic drugs. Thus, a proper control strategy for handling, production, and storage is necessary to maintain CQA levels, which requires the use of in-process quality measurements to first identify, then understand, and control the variables which adversely affect ADC CQAs during manufacturing. Here, we show how polarized excitation emission matrix (pEEM) spectroscopy, a sensitive, nondestructive, and potentially fast technique, can be used for rapidly assessing aggregation and DAR in a single measurement. pEEM provides several sources of information for protein analysis: Rayleigh scatter for identifying aggregate/particle formation and fluorescence emission to assess chemical and structural changes induced by attachment of a linker and/or a small molecule drug payload. Here, we used a nontoxic ADC mimic (monoclonal antibody with linker molecule) to demonstrate efficacy of the measurement method. Emission changes caused via light absorption by the attached linker, allowed us to predict DAR with good accuracy using fluorescence signal from the final purified products (6% relative error of prediction [REP]) and also from unpurified alkylation intermediates (11% REP). pEEM changes could also be correlated with size (hydrodynamic radius, Rh ) and aggregate content parameters obtained from dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). For the starting material and purified product samples, pEEM correlated better with Rh (R2 = 0.99, 6% REP) than SEC determined aggregate content (18% REP). Combining both fluorescence and light scatter signals also enabled in-process size quantification (6% REP). Overall, combining polarized measurements with EEM and Rayleigh scatter provides a single measurement, multi-attribute test method for ADC manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. de Faria e Silva
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of ChemistryNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Alan G. Ryder
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of ChemistryNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
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3
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Aldossary AM, Ekweremadu CS, Offe IM, Alfassam HA, Han S, Onyali VC, Ozoude CH, Ayeni EA, Nwagwu CS, Halwani AA, Almozain NH, Tawfik EA. A Guide to Oral Vaccination: Highlighting Electrospraying as a Promising Manufacturing Technique toward a Successful Oral Vaccine Development. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:655-668. [PMID: 35812139 PMCID: PMC9257926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Moreira A, Lawson D, Onyekuru L, Dziemidowicz K, Angkawinitwong U, Costa PF, Radacsi N, Williams GR. Protein encapsulation by electrospinning and electrospraying. J Control Release 2020; 329:1172-1197. [PMID: 33127450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing interest in the use of peptide- and protein-based agents in therapeutic strategies, it is fundamental to develop delivery systems capable of preserving the biological activity of these molecules upon administration, and which can provide tuneable release profiles. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques, encompassing electrospinning and electrospraying, allow the generation of fibres and particles with high surface area-to-volume ratios, versatile architectures, and highly controllable release profiles. This review is focused on exploring the potential of different EHD methods (including blend, emulsion, and co-/multi-axial electrospinning and electrospraying) for the development of peptide and protein delivery systems. An overview of the principles of each technique is first presented, followed by a survey of the literature on the encapsulation of enzymes, growth factors, antibodies, hormones, and vaccine antigens using EHD approaches. The possibility for localised delivery using stimuli-responsive systems is also explored. Finally, the advantages and challenges with each EHD method are summarised, and the necessary steps for clinical translation and scaled-up production of electrospun and electrosprayed protein delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Lawson
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Lesley Onyekuru
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Karolina Dziemidowicz
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ukrit Angkawinitwong
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Pedro F Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Norbert Radacsi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Silva AL, Elcoroaristizabal S, Ryder AG. Characterization of lysozyme PEGylation products using polarized excitation‐emission matrix spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2969-2984. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Silva
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry National University of Ireland Galway Galway County Galway Ireland
| | - Saioa Elcoroaristizabal
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry National University of Ireland Galway Galway County Galway Ireland
| | - Alan George Ryder
- Nanoscale BioPhotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry National University of Ireland Galway Galway County Galway Ireland
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Zbacnik NJ, Henry CS, Manning MC. A Chemometric Approach Toward Predicting the Relative Aggregation Propensity: Aβ(1-42). J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:624-632. [PMID: 31606543 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A number of algorithms have been developed to predict the aggregation propensity of peptides and proteins, but virtually none have the ability to provide sequence-specific information on what physicochemical properties are most important in altering aggregation propensity. In this study, a chemometric approach using reduced amino acid properties is used to examine the aggregation behavior of a highly amyloidogenic peptide, Aβ(1-42). Specific residues are identified as being critical to the aggregation process. At each of these positions, the important physicochemical properties are identified that would either accelerate or inhibit fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, Colorado 80534; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.
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7
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Healey JF, Parker ET, Lollar P. Identification of aggregates in therapeutic formulations of recombinant full-length factor VIII products by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:303-315. [PMID: 29197156 PMCID: PMC5809250 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Factor VIII inhibitors are the most serious complication in patients with hemophilia A. Aggregates in biopharmaceutical products are an immunogenic risk factor. Aggregates were identified in recombinant full-length factor VIII products. Aggregates in recombinant factor VIII products are identified by analytical ultracentrifugation. SUMMARY Background The development of inhibitory anti-factor VIII antibodies is the most serious complication in the management of patients with hemophilia A. Studies have suggested that recombinant full-length FVIII is more immunogenic than plasma-derived FVIII, and that, among recombinant FVIII products, Kogenate is more immunogenic than Advate. Aggregates in biopharmaceutical products are considered a risk factor for the development of anti-drug antibodies. Objective To evaluate recombinant full-length FVIII products for the presence of aggregates. Methods Advate, Helixate and Kogenate were reconstituted to their therapeutic formulations, and subjected to sedimentation velocity (SV) analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). Additionally, Advate and Kogenate were concentrated and subjected to buffer exchange by ultrafiltration to remove viscous cosolvents for the purpose of measuring s20,w values and molecular weights. Results The major component of all three products was a population of ~7.5 S heterodimers with a weight-average molecular weight of ~230 kDa. Helixate and Kogenate contained aggregates ranging from 12 S to at least 100 S, representing ≈ 20% of the protein mass. Aggregates greater than 12 S represented < 3% of the protein mass in Advate. An approximately 10.5 S aggregate, possibly representing a dimer of heterodimers, was identified in buffer-exchanged Advate and Kogenate. SV AUC analysis of a plasma-derived FVIII product was confounded by the presence of von Willebrand factor in molar excess over FVIII. Conclusions Aggregate formation has been identified in recombinant full-length FVIII products, and is more extensive in Helixate and Kogenate than in Advate. SV AUC is an important method for characterizing FVIII products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Healey
- Department of PediatricsAflac Cancer and Blood Disorders CenterChildren's Healthcare of AtlantaEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - E. T. Parker
- Department of PediatricsAflac Cancer and Blood Disorders CenterChildren's Healthcare of AtlantaEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. Lollar
- Department of PediatricsAflac Cancer and Blood Disorders CenterChildren's Healthcare of AtlantaEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
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Silicone Migration From Baked-on Silicone Layers. Particle Characterization in Placebo and Protein Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3520-3531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Comparative study of idursulfase beta and idursulfase in vitro and in vivo. J Hum Genet 2016; 62:167-174. [PMID: 27829684 PMCID: PMC5285491 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hunter syndrome is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency in the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), leading to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Two recombinant enzymes, idursulfase and idursulfase beta are currently available for enzyme replacement therapy for Hunter syndrome. These two enzymes exhibited some differences in various clinical parameters in a recent clinical trial. Regarding the similarities and differences of these enzymes, previous research has characterized their biochemical and physicochemical properties. We compared the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the two enzymes on patient fibroblasts and mouse model. Two enzymes were taken up into the cell and degraded GAGs accumulated in fibroblasts. In vivo studies of two enzymes revealed similar organ distribution and decreased urinary GAGs excretion. Especially, idursulfase beta exhibited enhanced in vitro efficacy for the lower concentration of treatment, in vivo efficacy in the degradation of tissue GAGs and improvement of bones, and revealed lower anti-drug antibody formation. A biochemical analysis showed that both enzymes show largely a similar glycosylation pattern, but the several peaks were different and quantity of aggregates of idursulfase beta was lower.
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Jawa V, Joubert MK, Zhang Q, Deshpande M, Hapuarachchi S, Hall MP, Flynn GC. Evaluating Immunogenicity Risk Due to Host Cell Protein Impurities in Antibody-Based Biotherapeutics. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1439-1452. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Abdolvahab MH, Fazeli A, Halim A, Sediq AS, Fazeli MR, Schellekens H. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Human Interferon Beta-1b in Immune-Tolerant Transgenic Mice Corresponds with the Biophysical Characteristics of Aggregates. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:247-57. [PMID: 26835734 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining to what extent biophysical characteristics of aggregates affect immunogenicity of therapeutic interferon beta-1b. Three recombinant human interferon beta-1b (rhIFNβ-1b) samples with different levels of aggregates generated by copper oxidation, thermal stress, or left untreated, as well as Avonex(®) drug substance and Betaferon(®) drug product, were injected intraperitoneally in nontransgenic and interferon beta transgenic FVB/N mice 5 times per week for 3 weeks. Antibodies against interferon beta were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. UV and fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), fluid imaging microscopy, and resonant mass measurement, as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting, were used to characterize and quantitate aggregates in the 3 rhIFNβ preparations, to correlate biophysical characteristics with immunogenicity. In immune-tolerant interferon beta transgenic FVB/N mice, Betaferon drug product showed the highest immunogenicity, while Avonex drug substance showed the lowest level of immunogenicity. Of the 3 forms of rhIFNβ-1b, copper-oxidized rhIFNβ-1b showed lower immunogenicity than thermally stressed rhIFNβ-1b, despite containing larger aggregates. Both copper-oxidized rhIFNβ-1b and thermally stressed rhIFNβ-1b exhibited changes in protein structure as shown using fluorescence spectroscopy and RP-HPLC. Nontransgenic, nonimmune-tolerant FVB/N mice generated high antibody titers against all interferon beta samples tested. The level of immunogenicity and the breaking of tolerance in FVB/N transgenic mice are not only related to the level of aggregation but also depend on the size and structure of the aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Haji Abdolvahab
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmad Fazeli
- 2 Department of Research and Development, Zistdaru Danesh Co. Ltd. , Tehran, Iran
| | - Andhyk Halim
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmad S Sediq
- 3 Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Reza Fazeli
- 4 Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Huub Schellekens
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Forstenlehner IC, Holzmann J, Toll H, Huber CG. Site-Specific Characterization and Absolute Quantification of Pegfilgrastim Oxidation by Top-Down High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9336-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines C. Forstenlehner
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann Holzmann
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Analytical
Characterization Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse
10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Toll
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Analytical
Characterization Biopharmaceuticals, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse
10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Rao VA. Perspectives on Engineering Biobetter Therapeutic Proteins with Greater Stability in Inflammatory Environments. BIOBETTERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2543-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Capillary electrophoresis-based assessment of nanobody affinity and purity. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 818:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Review on the worldwide regulatory framework for biosimilars focusing on the Mexican case as an emerging market in Latin America. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1333-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Boone N, Kuy HVD, Scott M, Mairs J, Krämer I, Vulto A, Janknegt R. How to select a biosimilar. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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17
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Alkylsaccharides: circumventing oxidative damage to biotherapeutics caused by polyoxyethylene-based surfactants. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:567-72. [PMID: 23647275 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysorbates and other polyoxyethylene-based surfactants are incorporated into most biotherapeutics to prevent protein aggregation in order to minimize loss of efficacy, induction of unwanted immunogenicity, altered pharmacokinetics and reduced shelf life. While they are effective in initially preventing protein aggregation, they contain ether linkages (within polyoxyethylene moieties) and in the case of polysorbate 80 unsaturated alkyl chains that spontaneously and rapidly auto-oxidize in aqueous solution to protein-damaging peroxides, epoxy acids and reactive aldehydes, including formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Oxidative damage induces unwanted immunogenicity and in some instances promotes re-aggregation. Immunogenicity of biotherapeutics is a serious and growing concern for the US FDA and European Medicines Agency and will have significant and growing impact on the development and regulatory approval of both biosimilar and new innovator biotherapeutics.
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19
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Long-term stability of diluted solutions of the monoclonal antibody rituximab. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Berkowitz SA, Engen JR, Mazzeo JR, Jones GB. Analytical tools for characterizing biopharmaceuticals and the implications for biosimilars. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:527-40. [PMID: 22743980 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologics such as monoclonal antibodies are much more complex than small-molecule drugs, which raises challenging questions for the development and regulatory evaluation of follow-on versions of such biopharmaceutical products (also known as biosimilars) and their clinical use once patent protection for the pioneering biologic has expired. With the recent introduction of regulatory pathways for follow-on versions of complex biologics, the role of analytical technologies in comparing biosimilars with the corresponding reference product is attracting substantial interest in establishing the development requirements for biosimilars. Here, we discuss the current state of the art in analytical technologies to assess three characteristics of protein biopharmaceuticals that regulatory authorities have identified as being important in development strategies for biosimilars: post-translational modifications, three-dimensional structures and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Berkowitz
- Analytical Development, Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Mulinacci F, Poirier E, Capelle MA, Gurny R, Arvinte T. Enhanced physical stability of human calcitonin after methionine oxidation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:229-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Oxidized and aggregated recombinant human interferon beta is immunogenic in human interferon beta transgenic mice. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2393-402. [PMID: 21544687 PMCID: PMC3170469 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of oxidation on the structure of recombinant human interferon beta-1a (rhIFNβ-1a) and its immunogenicity in wild-type and immune-tolerant transgenic mice. METHODS Untreated rhIFNβ-1a was degraded by metal-catalyzed oxidation, H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidation, and guanidine-mediated unfolding/refolding. Four rhIFNβ-1a preparations with different levels of oxidation and aggregation were injected intraperitoneally in mice 15× during 3 weeks. Both binding and neutralizing antibodies were measured. RESULTS All rhIFNβ-1a preparations contained substantial amounts of aggregates. Metal-catalyzed oxidized rhIFNβ-1a contained high levels of covalent aggregates as compared with untreated rhIFNβ-1a. H(2)O(2)-treated rhIFNβ-1a showed an increase in oligomer and unrecovered protein content by HP-SEC; RP-HPLC revealed protein oxidation. Guanidine-treated rhIFNβ-1a mostly consisted of dimers and oligomers and some non-covalent aggregates smaller in size than those in untreated rhIFNβ-1a. All degraded samples showed alterations in tertiary protein structure. Wild-type mice showed equally high antibody responses against all preparations. Transgenic mice were discriminative, showing elevated antibody responses against both metal-catalyzed oxidized and H(2)O(2)-treated rhIFNβ-1a as compared to untreated and guanidine-treated rhIFNβ-1a. CONCLUSIONS Oxidation-mediated aggregation increased the immunogenicity of rhIFNβ-1a in transgenic mice, whereas aggregated preparations devoid of measurable oxidation levels were hardly immunogenic.
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Haselberg R, Brinks V, Hawe A, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry using noncovalently coated capillaries for the analysis of biopharmaceuticals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:295-303. [PMID: 21318246 PMCID: PMC3062027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the usefulness of capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry for the analysis of biopharmaceuticals was studied. Noncovalently bound capillary coatings consisting of Polybrene-poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) or Polybrene-dextran sulfate-Polybrene were used to minimize protein and peptide adsorption, and achieve good separation efficiencies. The potential of the capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) system to characterize degradation products was investigated by analyzing samples of the drugs, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and oxytocin, which had been subjected to prolonged storage, heat exposure, and/or different pH values. Modifications could be assigned based on accurate masses as obtained with time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and migration times with respect to the parent compound. For heat-exposed rhGH, oxidations, sulfonate formation, and deamidations were observed. Oxytocin showed strong deamidation (up to 40%) upon heat exposure at low pH, whereas at medium and high pH, mainly dimer (>10%) and trisulfide formation (6-7%) occurred. Recombinant human interferon-β-1a (rhIFN-β) was used to evaluate the capability of the CE-MS method to assess glycan heterogeneity of pharmaceutical proteins. Analysis of this N-glycosylated protein revealed a cluster of resolved peaks which appeared to be caused by at least ten glycoforms differing merely in sialic acid and hexose N-acetylhexosamine composition. Based on the relative peak area (assuming an equimolar response per glycoform), a quantitative profile could be derived with the disialytated biantennary glycoform as most abundant (52%). Such a profile may be useful for in-process and quality control of rhIFN-β batches. It is concluded that the separation power provided by combined capillary electrophoresis and TOF-MS allows discrimination of highly related protein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Haselberg
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Hwang CJ, Vaccaro AR, Hong J, Lawrence JP, Fischgrund JS, Alaoui-Ismaili MH, Falb D. Immunogenicity of osteogenic protein 1: results from a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter pivotal study of uninstrumented lumbar posterolateral fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2010; 13:484-93. [PMID: 20887146 DOI: 10.3171/2010.4.spine09957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The aim in this study was to detect and quantify antibody responses against recombinant human osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1) and to compare these responses to patient clinical outcomes and safety information. METHODS A controlled, open-label, randomized, prospective, multicenter pivotal study was performed in which patients with single-level Grade I or II degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (Meyerding classification) and spinal stenosis underwent decompression and uninstrumented posterolateral spinal arthrodesis. Three hundred thirty-six patients were randomized in a 2:1 fashion to receive either OP-1 Putty or autogenous iliac crest bone graft. Patients were evaluated at regular postoperative intervals for radiographic results, clinical outcomes, and safety parameters for more than 36 months. Serum samples were collected over this period and evaluated for the presence of anti–OP-1 antibodies and neutralizing activity by using a battery of in vitro binding assays (including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) and cell-based bioassays, respectively. RESULTS Antibodies were predominantly seen in the OP-1–treated patients, although some responses were recorded preoperatively and in patients receiving autograft alone. Antibody production peaked in the 6-week to 3-month postoperative time frame and diminished thereafter. Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) were detected at 1 time point at least in 25.6% of the patients treated with OP-1 Putty, but were not found in any patient following the 24-month postoperative time period. A single autograft patient (1.2%) also presented with OP-1 Nabs. An anti–OP-1 antibody status did not correlate with any measure of patient outcomes or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant human OP-1 (bone morphogenetic protein 7), like many recombinant human proteins, induces an immune response following its use as a bone graft alternative. This response was transient and diminished over time, and there was no statistical evidence to suggest an association between Nab status and any of the efficacy or safety criteria that were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ju Hwang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Jelkmann W. Biosimilar epoetins and other "follow-on" biologics: update on the European experiences. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:771-80. [PMID: 20706990 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After the patents of biopharmaceuticals have expired, based on specific regulatory approval pathways copied products ("biosimilars" or "follow-on biologics") have been launched in the EU. This article summarizes experiences with hematopoietic medicines, namely the epoetins (two biosimilars traded under five different brand names) and the filgrastims (two biosimilars, six brand names). Physicians and pharmacists should be familiar with the legal and pharmacological specialities of biosimilars: The production process can differ from that of the original, clinical indications can be extrapolated, glycoproteins contain varying isoforms, the formulation may differ from the original, and biopharmaceuticals are potentially immunogenic. Only on proof of quality, efficacy and safety, biosimilars are a viable option because of their lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jelkmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Luebeck, Germany.
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Ohkuri T, Nagatomo S, Oda K, So T, Imoto T, Ueda T. A Protein’s Conformational Stability Is an Immunologically Dominant Factor: Evidence That Free-Energy Barriers for Protein Unfolding Limit the Immunogenicity of Foreign Proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4199-205. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Singh SK. Impact of product-related factors on immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:354-87. [PMID: 20740683 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All protein therapeutics have the potential to be immunogenic. Several factors, including patient characteristics, disease state, and the therapy itself, influence the generation of an immune response. Product-related factors such as the molecule design, the expression system, post-translational modifications, impurities, contaminants, formulation and excipients, container, closure, as well as degradation products are all implicated. However, a critical examination of the available data shows that clear unequivocal evidence for the impact of these latter factors on clinical immunogenicity is lacking. No report could be found that clearly deconvolutes the clinical impact of the product attributes on patient susceptibility. Aggregation carries the greatest concern as a risk factor for immunogenicity, but the impact of aggregates is likely to depend on their structure as well as on the functionality (e.g., immunostimulatory or immunomodulatory) of the therapeutic. Preclinical studies are not yet capable of assessing the clinically relevant immunogenicity potential of these product-related factors. Simply addressing these risk factors as part of product development will not eliminate immunogenicity. Minimization of immunogenicity has to begin at the molecule design stage by reducing or eliminating antigenic epitopes and building in favorable physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Singh
- Pfizer, Inc., BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.
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Wuchner K, Büchler J, Spycher R, Dalmonte P, Volkin DB. Development of a Microflow Digital Imaging Assay to Characterize Protein Particulates During Storage of a High Concentration IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:3343-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mueller R, Karle A, Vogt A, Kropshofer H, Ross A, Maeder K, Mahler HC. Evaluation of the immuno-stimulatory potential of stopper extractables and leachables by using dendritic cells as readout. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3548-61. [PMID: 19226629 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant protein pharmaceuticals may bear some risks and undesirable side effects, such as the appearance of immunogenic reactions. The increased incidence of antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) outside the United States after administration of a human serum albumin (HSA)-free EPREX (recombinant human erythropoietin alpha) formulation was explained with the generation of rubber stopper related leachables, possibly acting as immunogenic adjuvants. In our study, we have investigated the potential of extractable and leachable preparations of three different pharmaceutical relevant stoppers to generate a "danger signal" in a dendritic cell assay. Furthermore, the investigated extractable and leachable preparations were characterized by NMR and a micelle-based polysorbate quantification method. In summary, we could demonstrate that stopper extractables, either generated by extraction or by leaching conditions, were not acting as danger signals for dendritic cells. Instead we identified degradation products of polysorbate 80, oleic acid and follow-up products, occur only under very accelerated conditions (100 degrees C for 4 days) as a potential stimulator for these immune cells. As this degradation did not occur at real-time, the authors however do not consider their finding to be linked to any direct safety implications of polysorbate-containing formulations in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mueller
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Formulation R&D Biologics, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, Basel, Switzerland
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Rathore AS. Follow-on protein products: scientific issues, developments and challenges. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:698-705. [PMID: 19846228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Scientific and regulatory issues around approval of follow-on protein products, referred to as biosimilars in Europe, have been a topic of great interest and debate recently. The central issue is our limited understanding of how the different quality attributes of a product have an impact on its safety and efficacy. Crucial gaps in our knowledge include a lack of standardization in the way in which data are collected, analyzed and reported, and limitations in the ability of non-clinical tools for predicting clinical safety and efficacy. Complexity of protein products with respect to the numerous quality attributes and complexity of the biotechnology processes and the raw materials add to the challenges. In this paper, recommendations are presented to help at least partially alleviate these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Refolding of scFv mini-antibodies using size-exclusion chromatography via arginine solution layer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2045-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hwang CJ, Vaccaro AR, Lawrence JP, Hong J, Schellekens H, Alaoui-Ismaili MH, Falb D. Immunogenicity of bone morphogenetic proteins. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 10:443-51. [DOI: 10.3171/2009.1.spine08473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
The object of this paper is to review the immunogenicity of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and to compare the results of the immunogenicity characterization and clinical consequences between recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 and recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (rhOP-1/BMP-7).
Methods
The immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins and its clinical effects were reviewed. The characteristics of BMPs were also described in terms of immunogenicity. The methods and results of antibody detection in various clinical trials of rhBMP-2 and rhOP-1 were compared, including the most recent studies using a systematic characterization strategy with both a binding assay and bioassay.
Results
Similar to all recombinant human proteins, rhBMPs induce immune responses in a select subgroup of patients. Adverse effects from this response in these patients, however, have not been reported with antibody formation to either rhBMP-2 or rhOP-1. Overall, the incidence of antibody formation was slightly higher in rhOP-1 trials than in rhBMP-2 trials.
Conclusions
Although they occur in a subgroup of patients, the immune responses against rhBMPs have no correlation with any clinical outcome or safety parameter. Clinicians, however, must be aware of the potential complications caused by the immunogenicity of BMPs until more studies clearly elucidate their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ju Hwang
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander R. Vaccaro
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James P. Lawrence
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Hong
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and The Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Huub Schellekens
- 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Dean Falb
- 3Stryker Biotech, Hopkinton, Massachusetts
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Covic A, Cannata-Andia J, Cancarini G, Coppo R, Frazao JM, Goldsmith D, Ronco P, Spasovski GB, Stenvinkel P, Utas C, Wiecek A, Zoccali C, London G. Biosimilars and biopharmaceuticals: what the nephrologists need to know--a position paper by the ERA-EDTA Council. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:3731-7. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Biosimilar medicines are biological medicinal products that can obtain a marketing authorization in the EU after the original product (biological reference medicine) has run out of patent. As a prerequisite, studies including clinical trials are to be conducted to compare the quality, safety, and efficacy of the biosimilar and reference medicine. Due to the specific characteristics of biopharmaceuticals like complex 3-dimensional (glyco) protein structure, immunogenicity, production in living organisms, which causes heterogeneity, complex manufacturing process and analysis, interchangeability of the biosimilar with its reference drug product is not guaranteed. In addition, INN (international non-proprietary name) naming and interchangeability, pharmacovigilance, and traceability are subjects for discussion. The aim of this article is to describe the pharmaceutical and pharmacological specialties of biosimilars and to inform about points to consider (like manufacturer, good handling practice, pharmacovigilance, costs), when the use of biosimilars comes into question.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Krämer
- Department of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg University Hospital, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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