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Zhu J, Xiao X, Du W, Cai Y, Yang Z, Yin Y, Wakisaka M, Wang J, Zhou Z, Liu D, Fang W. Leveraging microalgae as a sustainable ingredient for meat analogues. Food Chem 2024; 450:139360. [PMID: 38640528 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
As the world's population and income levels continue to rise, there is a substantial increase in the demand for meat, which poses significant environmental challenges due to large-scale livestock production. This review explores the potential of microalgae as a sustainable protein source for meat analogues. The nutritional composition, functional properties, and environmental advantages of microalgae are analyzed. Additionally, current obstacles to large-scale microalgal food production are addressed, such as strain development, contamination risks, water usage, and downstream processing. The challenges associated with creating meat-like textures and flavors using techniques like extrusion and emulsion formation with microalgae are also examined. Lastly, considerations related to consumer acceptance, marketing, and regulation are summarized. By focusing on improvements in cultivation, structure, sensory attributes, and affordability, microalgae demonstrate promise as a transformative and eco-friendly protein source to enhance the next generation of meat alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China.
| | - Xue Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Weihua Du
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yifei Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yongqi Yin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Minato Wakisaka
- Food Study Centre, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zixin Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Dongqin Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Weiming Fang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang West Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou 225127, China
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Literáková P, Zavřel T, Búzová D, Kaštánek P, Červený J. Marine microalgae Schizochytrium demonstrates strong production of essential fatty acids in various cultivation conditions, advancing dietary self-sufficiency. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1290701. [PMID: 38854161 PMCID: PMC11157098 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1290701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients that humans obtain from their diet, primarily through fish oil consumption. However, fish oil production is no longer sustainable. An alternative approach is to produce PUFAs through marine microalgae. Despite the potential of algae strains to accumulate high concentrations of PUFAs, including essential fatty acids (EFAs), many aspects of PUFA production by microalgae remain unexplored and their current production outputs are frequently suboptimal. Methods In this study, we optimized biomass and selected ω-3 PUFAs production in two strains of algae, Schizochytrium marinum AN-4 and Schizochytrium limacinum CO3H. We examined a broad range of cultivation conditions, including pH, temperature, stirring intensity, nutrient concentrations, and their combinations. Results We found that both strains grew well at low pH levels (4.5), which could reduce bacterial contamination and facilitate the use of industrial waste products as substrate supplements. Intensive stirring was necessary for rapid biomass accumulation but caused cell disruption during lipid accumulation. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) yield was independent of cultivation temperature within a range of 28-34°C. We also achieved high cell densities (up to 9 g/L) and stable DHA production (average around 0.1 g/L/d) under diverse conditions and nutrient concentrations, with minimal nutrients required for stable production including standard sea salt, glucose or glycerol, and yeast extract. Discussion Our findings demonstrate the potential of Schizochytrium strains to boost industrial-scale PUFA production and make it more economically viable. Additionally, these results may pave the way for smaller-scale production of essential fatty acids in a domestic setting. The development of a new minimal culturing medium with reduced ionic strength and antibacterial pH could further enhance the feasibility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Literáková
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Zavřel
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Diana Búzová
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Jan Červený
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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Luc QC, Ncho CM, Dhahbi S, Olowe OS. Mitigation of cold stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through dietary lipids supplementation: a preliminary network meta-analysis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:209-223. [PMID: 37453980 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that water temperature can significantly impact the dietary fatty acid requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Therefore, this study assessed the effectiveness of different dietary lipid sources on the growth performance of Nile tilapia reared at suboptimal temperatures. A network meta-analysis was performed, including searches of PubMed and Scopus from inception to January 2022, for trials that evaluated the effects of lipid sources on cold-stressed Nile tilapia. The Bayesian hierarchical framework was used to pool and compare the effect sizes of growth parameters such as weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Furthermore, the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) was obtained to calculate the probability that each lipid source was the most effective against cold stress. All subsequent numbers refer to comparisons with diets containing only fish oil. Dietary Aurantiochytrium significantly increased weight gain (SMD = 2.00, CrI: 0.70 to 3.40). In contrast, diets containing coconut oil led to significantly lower weight gain (SMD = - 3.30, CrI: - 6.00 to - 0.63) and higher FCR (SMD = 17.0, CrI: 6.70 to 27.0). Additionally, dietary corn oil was associated with a decrease in feed intake (SMD = - 2.32, CrI: - 3.91 to - 0.80), while a combination of fish and corn oil reduced FCR (SMD = - 5.70, CrI: - 11.0 to - 0.81). In general, the analysis of SUCRA values revealed that in cold-stressed Nile tilapia, Aurantiochytrium, sunflower oil, and the combination of fish and corn oil were the most effective lipid sources for improving growth at suboptimal temperatures. The results of the current study can serve as a basis for future studies that focus on the use of dietary lipid sources to mitigate cold stress in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quenum Crespin Luc
- Department of Formation and Research in Agriculture and Animal Resources, Institut National Polytechnique Felix Houphouet-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Chris Major Ncho
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Souleima Dhahbi
- World Fisheries University, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-Ro, Nam-Gu, 48547, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Olumide Samuel Olowe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 270 S Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Singh D, Rani R, Sharma AK, Gupta RP, Ramakumar SSV, Mathur AS. Extraction, separation and purification of fatty acid ethyl esters for biodiesel and DHA from Thraustochytrid biomass. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300350. [PMID: 38135869 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for in situ transesterification, extraction, separation, and purification of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) for biodiesel and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from Thraustochytrid biomass has been developed. The downstream processing of Thraustochytrids oil necessitates optimization, considering the higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). While two-step methods are commonly employed for extracting and transesterifying oil from oleaginous microbes, this may result in oxidation/epoxidation of omega-3 oil due to prolonged exposure to heat and oxygen. To address this issue, a rapid single-step method was devised for in situ transesterification of Thraustochytrid oil. Through further process optimization, a 50% reduction in solvent requirement was achieved without significantly impacting fatty acid recovery or composition. Scale-up studies in a 4 L reactor demonstrated complete FAEE recovery (99.98% of total oil) from biomass, concurrently enhancing DHA yield from 16% to nearly 22%. The decolorization of FAEE oil with fuller's earth effectively removed impurities such as pigments, secondary metabolites, and waxes, resulting in a clear, shiny appearance. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that the eluted DHA was over 94.5% pure, as corroborated by GC-FID analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Singh
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Rekha Rani
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Ajay K Sharma
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Sankara Sri Venkata Ramakumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, India
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Khan I, Hussain M, Jiang B, Zheng L, Pan Y, Hu J, Khan A, Ashraf A, Zou X. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Metabolism and health implications. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101255. [PMID: 37838255 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) have gained substantial interest due to their specific structure and biological functions. Humans cannot naturally produce these fatty acids (FAs), making it crucial to obtain them from our diet. This comprehensive review details n-3 LC-PUFAs and their role in promoting and maintaining optimal health. The article thoroughly analyses several sources of n-3 LC-PUFAs and their respective bioavailability, covering marine, microbial and plant-based sources. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of the biological impacts of n-3 LC-PUFAs on health conditions, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, diabetes, depression, arthritis, and cognition. In addition, we highlight the significance of fortification and supplementation of n-3 LC-PUFAs in both functional foods and dietary supplements. Additionally, we conducted a detailed analysis of the several kinds of n-3 LC-PUFAs supplements currently available in the market, including an assessment of their recommended intake, safety, and effectiveness. The dietary guidelines associated with n-3 LC-PUFAs are also highlighted, focusing on the significance of maintaining a well-balanced intake of n-3 PUFAs to enhance health benefits. Lastly, we highlight future directions for further research in this area and their potential implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mudassar Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bangzhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuechao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adil Khan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Azqa Ashraf
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 2666100, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Rollin S, Gupta A, Franco CMM, Singh S, Puri M. Development of sustainable downstream processing for nutritional oil production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1227889. [PMID: 37885455 PMCID: PMC10598382 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1227889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional oils (mainly omega-3 fatty acids) are receiving increased attention as critical supplementary compounds for the improvement and maintenance of human health and wellbeing. However, the predominant sources of these oils have historically shown numerous limitations relating to desirability and sustainability; hence the crucial focus is now on developing smarter, greener, and more environmentally favourable alternatives. This study was undertaken to consider and assess the numerous prevailing and emerging techniques implicated across the stages of fatty acid downstream processing. A structured and critical comparison of the major classes of disruption methodology (physical, chemical, thermal, and biological) is presented, with discussion and consideration of the viability of new extraction techniques. Owing to a greater desire for sustainable industrial practices, and a desperate need to make nutritional oils more available; great emphasis has been placed on the discovery and adoption of highly sought-after 'green' alternatives, which demonstrate improved efficiency and reduced toxicity compared to conventional practices. Based on these findings, this review also advocates new forays into application of novel nanomaterials in fatty acid separation to improve the sustainability of nutritional oil downstream processing. In summary, this review provides a detailed overview of the current and developing landscape of nutritional oil; and concludes that adoption and refinement of these sustainable alternatives could promptly allow for development of a more complete 'green' process for nutritional oil extraction; allowing us to better meet worldwide needs without costing the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rollin
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher M. M. Franco
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Basuki W, Sunaryanto R, Frediansyah A, Layly IR, Yusnitati, Giarni R, Shodiq AW. Isolation and Characterization of Thraustochytrium Trk-23 Producing Docosahexaenoic Acid from North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:567-575. [PMID: 38193371 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.567.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> The mangrove forest located in Tarakan Bay, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia is geographically distant from human settlement and industrial activities. Thus, it remains unaffected by the presence of human-generated waste and industrial pollutants. This study aims to isolate and characterize the microalgae Thraustochytrids from this location, which can produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, n-3). It is anticipated that these microalgae possess the potential for commercial production of DHA. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The fallen leaf sample was collected from the mangrove forest, then isolated and purified by scratching technique until a single colony state. The pure isolate then be identified by 18S rDNA. The sequences were then analyzed for similarities using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). The phylogenetic trees were carried out using the MEGA 6 program. The choice of phylogenetic trees was based on maximum likelihood. <b>Results:</b> The identification 18S rDNA gene, a strain namely Trk-23, was identified as <i>Thraustochytrium</i> sp. In the optimization of the cell growth of this strain, it was found that <i>Thraustochytrium</i> Trk-23 has maximum growth at 6.0% glucose, 1.0% yeast extract and 50% natural seawater, at a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 30°C. The maximum lipid content is 6.0 g and the DHA proportion is 41.6% of the total fatty acid content with a DHA yield is 2.5 g L<sup>1</sup>. <b>Conclusion:</b> Some places in North Kalimantan are still free from industrial pollution and rich with <i>Thraustochytrium</i> sp., which is why it can find <i>Thraustochytrium</i> Trk-23. Due to its potency, <i>Thraustochytrium</i> Trk-23 is the promising candidate microalgae strain for producing DHA commercially.
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Shi S, Chang Y, Yu J, Chen H, Wang Q, Bi Y. Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Novel Genes-Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene ( AlGGPPS) and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Isomerase Gene ( AlIDI)-from Aurantiochytrium limacinum Significantly Enhance De Novo β-Carotene Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040249. [PMID: 37103388 PMCID: PMC10141969 DOI: 10.3390/md21040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor regulation has been an effective strategy to improve carotenoid production and the availability of novel precursor synthases facilitates engineering improvements. In this work, the putative geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoding gene (AlGGPPS) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase encoding gene (AlIDI) from Aurantiochytrium limacinum MYA-1381 were isolated. We applied the excavated AlGGPPS and AlIDI to the de novo β-carotene biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for functional identification and engineering application. Results showed that the two novel genes both functioned in the synthesis of β-carotene. Furthermore, AlGGPPS and AlIDI performed better than the original or endogenous one, with 39.7% and 80.9% increases in β-carotene production, respectively. Due to the coordinated expression of the 2 functional genes, β-carotene content of the modified carotenoid-producing E. coli accumulated a 2.99-fold yield of the initial EBIY strain in 12 h, reaching 10.99 mg/L in flask culture. This study helped to broaden current understanding of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Aurantiochytrium and provided novel functional elements for carotenoid engineering improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinhui Yu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuping Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
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Koopmann IK, Müller BA, Labes A. Screening of a Thraustochytrid Strain Collection for Carotenoid and Squalene Production Characterized by Cluster Analysis, Comparison of 18S rRNA Gene Sequences, Growth Behavior, and Morphology. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:204. [PMID: 37103341 PMCID: PMC10140983 DOI: 10.3390/md21040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and squalene are important terpenes that are applied in a wide range of products in foods and cosmetics. Thraustochytrids might be used as alternative production organisms to improve production processes, but the taxon is rarely studied. A screening of 62 strains of thraustochytrids sensu lato for their potential to produce carotenoids and squalene was performed. A phylogenetic tree was built based on 18S rRNA gene sequences for taxonomic classification, revealing eight different clades of thraustochytrids. Design of experiments (DoE) and growth models identified high amounts of glucose (up to 60 g/L) and yeast extract (up to 15 g/L) as important factors for most of the strains. Squalene and carotenoid production was studied by UHPLC-PDA-MS measurements. Cluster analysis of the carotenoid composition partially mirrored the phylogenetic results, indicating a possible use for chemotaxonomy. Strains in five clades produced carotenoids. Squalene was found in all analyzed strains. Carotenoid and squalene synthesis was dependent on the strain, medium composition and solidity. Strains related to Thraustochytrium aureum and Thraustochytriidae sp. are promising candidates for carotenoid synthesis. Strains closely related to Schizochytrium aggregatum might be suitable for squalene production. Thraustochytrium striatum might be a good compromise for the production of both molecule groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Koopmann
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Bettina A Müller
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Antje Labes
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Vasquez-Sandoval C, Navarrete J, Herrera-Herrera P, Dantagnan P, Diaz-Navarrete P, Arancibia-Avila P, Oviedo C. Screening and Identification of Coastal Chilean Thraustochytrids for Arachidonic Acid Production: Biotechnological Potential of Ulkenia visurgensis Lng2-Strain. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030559. [PMID: 36985133 PMCID: PMC10056136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular heterotrophic marine protists that have been described as producing a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Among them, arachidonic acid (ARA) stands out as a precursor of several mediators of pivotal importance for the immune system. However, the biotechnological potential of thraustochytrids for ARA production has not been developed. The objective of this study is to isolate and identify native strains from different Chilean coastal environments and evaluate in vitro the effect of culture parameters such as C/N ratio (19 and 33) and temperature (15 °C and 23 °C) on biomass production and arachidonic acid content. A total of nine strains were identified and classified into four genera of the Thraustochitridae family. The Lng2 strain with 99% identity belongs to the species Ulkenia visurgenis and was the most prominent one for ARA production. Temperature had an effect on the PUFA profile but not on the ARA content nor on the biomass yield. Additionally, the C/N ratio has been identified as a key parameter. The ARA productivity increased by 92% (from 0.6 to 8.3 ARA mg/g-DW) and its total biomass by 62.7% (from 1.9 to 5.1 g/L) at a high C/N ratio (33) as compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Vasquez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - José Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Paula Herrera-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Patricio Dantagnan
- Departamento de Ciencia Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria y Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810302, Chile
| | - Paola Diaz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Ciencia Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria y Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810302, Chile
| | - Patricia Arancibia-Avila
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología y Microalgas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile
| | - Claudia Oviedo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
- Correspondence:
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11
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Puri M, Gupta A, Sahni S. Schizochytrium sp. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00029-X. [PMID: 36801156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shweta Sahni
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Lu Y, Eiriksson FF, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Cronberg N, Simonsen HT. Lipidomes of Icelandic bryophytes and screening of high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids by using lipidomics approach. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 206:113560. [PMID: 36528120 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) have interested researchers because of their high chemical diversity and their potential uses in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Specifically, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (l-PUFA) such as arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are commonly found in bryophytes, but not in vascular plants. Bryophytes accumulate PUFAs in cold or even freezing temperature to keep the cell fluidity. Iceland has a long history of bryophyte vegetation. These bryophytes are highly adapted to the harsh environment in Iceland and therefore are expected to produce high amounts of PUFAs. However, despite the fact that hundreds of mosses and liverworts have been found in Iceland, their lipid profiles largely remain unknown. In this study, we performed untargeted lipidomics by using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS as a rapid screening strategy to examine the lipid compositions of 39 local bryophyte species in Iceland and aimed to find high AA and EPA producers. A total of 280 lipid molecular species from 15 lipid classes were quantified with isotope-labeled internal standards. AA and EPA were abundantly distributed in the phospholipids (mainly PC and PE) and glycerolipids (MGDG and DGDG) in six moss species, namely Racomotrium lanuginosum, R. ericoides, Bryum psedotriquetrium, Plagiomnium ellipticum, Hylocomium splendens, and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. Two of the six species (B. psedotriquetrium and H. splendens) also accumulated high concentrations of PUFA-containing-triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; ArcticMass, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Finnur Freyr Eiriksson
- ArcticMass, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Margrét Thorsteinsdóttir
- ArcticMass, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nils Cronberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, LBVpam UMR 5079, Saint-Étienne, France.
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13
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Rizzo G, Baroni L, Lombardo M. Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031683. [PMID: 36767052 PMCID: PMC9914036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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14
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The Lipid Profile of the Endomyces magnusii Yeast upon the Assimilation of the Substrates of Different Types and upon Calorie Restriction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111233. [PMID: 36422054 PMCID: PMC9698397 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study analyzes the dynamics in the lipid profile of the Endomyces magnusii yeast during the long-lasting cultivation using the substrates of “enzymatic” or “oxidative” type. Moreover, we studied its changes upon calorie restriction (CR) (0.5% glucose) and glucose depletion (0.2% glucose). Di-(DAGs), triacylglycerides (TAGs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) dominate in the storage lipid fractions. The TAG level was high in all the cultures tested and reached 80% of the total lipid amount. While being cultured on 2% substrates, the level of storage lipids decreased at the four-week stage, whereas upon CR their initially low amount doubled. Phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), sterols (St) (up to 62% of total lipids), phosphatidylcholines (PC), and phosphatidic acids (PA) (more than 40% of total lipids) were dominating in the membrane lipids of E magnusii. Upon CR at the late stationary growth stages (3–4 weeks), the total level of membrane lipid was two-fold higher than those on glycerol and 2% glucose. The palmitic acid C16:0 (from 10 to 23%), the palmitoleic acid C16:1 (from 4.3 to 15.9%), the oleic acid C18:1 (from 23.4 to 59.2%), and the linoleic acid C18:2 (from 10.8 to 49.2%) were the dominant fatty acids (FAs) of phospholipids. Upon glucose depletion (0.2% glucose), the total amount of storage and membrane lipids in the cells was comparable to that in the cells both on 2% and 0.5% glucose. High levels of PC and sphingolipids (SL) at the late stationary growth stages and an increased PA level throughout the whole experiment were typical for the membrane lipids composition upon the substrate depletion. There was shown a crucial role of St, PA, and a high share of the unsaturated FAs in the membrane phospholipids upon the adaptation of the E. magnusii yeast to the long-lasting cultivation upon the substrate restriction is shown. The autophagic processes in some fractions of the cell population provide the support of high level of lipid components at the late stages of cultivation upon substrate depletion under the CR conditions. CR is supposed to play the key role in regulating the lipid synthesis and risen resistance to oxidative stress, as well as its possible biotechnological application.
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15
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Yang H, Huang Y, Li Z, Guo Y, Li S, Huang H, Yang X, Li G, Chen H. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Aurantiochytrium sp. on Zebrafish Growth as Determined by Transcriptomics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202794. [PMID: 36290180 PMCID: PMC9597791 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine protist Aurantiochytrium produces several bioactive chemicals, including EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and other critical fish fatty acids. It has the potential to improve growth and fatty acid profiles in aquatic taxa. This study evaluated zebrafish growth performance in response to diets containing 1% to 3% Aurantiochytrium sp. crude extract (TE) and single extract for 56 days. Growth performance was best in the 1% TE group, and therefore, this concentration was used for further analyses of the influence of Aurantiochytrium sp. Levels of hepatic lipase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA oxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase increased significantly in response to 1% TE, while malic enzyme activity, carnitine lipid acylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and malondialdehyde levels decreased. These findings suggest that Aurantiochytrium sp. extract can modulate lipase activity, improve lipid synthesis, and decrease oxidative damage caused by lipid peroxidation. Transcriptome analysis revealed 310 genes that were differentially expressed between the 1% TE group and the control group, including 185 up-regulated genes and 125 down-regulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway analyses of the differentially expressed genes revealed that Aurantiochytrium sp. extracts may influence liver metabolism, cell proliferation, motility, and signal transduction in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Yanlin Huang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuwen Guo
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-18876860068 (H.H.); +86-18820706692 (H.C.); Fax: +86-898-88651861 (H.H.); +86-759-2382459 (H.C.)
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guangli Li
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Huapu Chen
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-18876860068 (H.H.); +86-18820706692 (H.C.); Fax: +86-898-88651861 (H.H.); +86-759-2382459 (H.C.)
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16
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Nitrogen Starvation Enhances the Production of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW8 by Regulating Key Biosynthetic Genes. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100621. [PMID: 36286445 PMCID: PMC9605394 DOI: 10.3390/md20100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen deprivation is known to improve lipid accumulation in microalgae and thraustochytrids. However, the patterns of fatty acid production and the molecular mechanisms underlying the accumulation of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) under nitrogen starvation remain largely unknown for thraustochytrids. In this study, batch culture experiments under nitrogen replete and nitrogen starvation conditions were performed, and the changes in the transcriptome of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW8 strain between these conditions were investigated. Our results showed improved yields of total fatty acids (TFAs), total unsaturated fatty acids, and total SFAs under nitrogen starvation, which suggested that nitrogen starvation favors the accumulation of both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in PKU#SW8. However, nitrogen starvation resulted in a more than 2.36-fold increase of SFAs whereas a 1.7-fold increase of unsaturated fatty acids was observed, indicating a disproportionate increase in these groups of fatty acids. The fabD and enoyl-CoA hydratase genes were significantly upregulated under nitrogen starvation, supporting the observed increase in the yield of TFAs from 2.63 ± 0.22 g/L to 3.64 ± 0.16 g/L. Furthermore, the pfaB gene involved in the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway was significantly upregulated under nitrogen starvation. This suggested that the increased expression of the pfaB gene under nitrogen starvation may be one of the explanations for the increased yield of docosahexaenoic acid by 1.58-fold. Overall, our study advances the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the response of thraustochytrids to nitrogen deprivation and their fatty acid biosynthesis.
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17
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Shuib S, Nazir MYM, Ibrahim I, Song Y, Ratledge C, Hamid AA. Co-existence of type I fatty acid synthase and polyketide synthase metabolons in Aurantiochytrium SW1 and their implications for lipid biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159224. [PMID: 36007759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The key enzymes of lipid biosynthesis in oleaginous filamentous fungi exist as metabolons. However, the existence of a similar organization in other groups of oleaginous microorganisms is still unknown. In this study, we confirmed the occurrence of two separate and distinct lipogenic metabolons in a thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium SW1. These involve the Type I Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) pathway, consisting of six enzymes: fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme (ME), ATP: citrate lyase (ACL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), malate dehydrogenase (MD) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and the Polyketide Synthase-like (PKS) pathway, consisting of PKS subunits a, b, c, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), ACL and ACC. This suggests that the NADPH requirement for the FAS pathway is primarily generated and channelled by ME whereas G6PDH and 6PGDH fulfil this role for the PKS pathway. Diminished biosynthesis of palmitic acid (16:0), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3, DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-6, DPA) correlated with the dissociation of their respective metabolons thereby suggesting that regulation of the pathways is achieved through the formation and dissociation of the metabolons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwahida Shuib
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Autoimmune Unit, Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institute of Health (NIH) Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Bandar Setia Alam, 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Yusuf Mohamed Nazir
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izyanti Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun Rd., Zibo, Shandong, PR China
| | - Colin Ratledge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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18
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Random Mutagenesis as a Promising Tool for Microalgal Strain Improvement towards Industrial Production. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070440. [PMID: 35877733 PMCID: PMC9318807 DOI: 10.3390/md20070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have become a promising novel and sustainable feedstock for meeting the rising demand for food and feed. However, microalgae-based products are currently hindered by high production costs. One major reason for this is that commonly cultivated wildtype strains do not possess the robustness and productivity required for successful industrial production. Several strain improvement technologies have been developed towards creating more stress tolerant and productive strains. While classical methods of forward genetics have been extensively used to determine gene function of randomly generated mutants, reverse genetics has been explored to generate specific mutations and target phenotypes. Site-directed mutagenesis can be accomplished by employing different gene editing tools, which enable the generation of tailor-made genotypes. Nevertheless, strategies promoting the selection of randomly generated mutants avoid the introduction of foreign genetic material. In this paper, we review different microalgal strain improvement approaches and their applications, with a primary focus on random mutagenesis. Current challenges hampering strain improvement, selection, and commercialization will be discussed. The combination of these approaches with high-throughput technologies, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting, as tools to select the most promising mutants, will also be discussed.
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19
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Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Odd-Chain Fatty Acids by Microalgae Schizochytrium limacinum Grown on Waste-Derived Volatile Fatty Acids. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrophic microalgae are recognized as a source of bioactive compounds. However, there are still some drawbacks for their use at an industrial scale associated with the high cost of glucose, the main carbon source in heterotrophic cultures. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to investigate more sustainable carbon sources to produce biomass. In this study, the capacity of Schizochytrium limacinum to grow on waste-derived volatile fatty acids and the effect that their use produces on biomass and fatty acids profiles were investigated. Acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and caproic acid were evaluated independently, as well as in a synthetic mixture (VFA). The use of acetic and butyric resulted in a good biomass productivity, while the use of valeric and propionic acid resulted in higher content of odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA), increasingly investigated due to their potential benefits for human health. The use of industrial waste-derived VFA as a potential carbon source was validated through the utilization of biowaste derived effluents from a volatile fatty acid platform. The biomass produced was of 18.5 g/L, 54.0% lipids, 46.3% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 25.0% OCFA, concluding that waste derived VFA can produce DHA and OCFA in a suitable ratio of DHA/OCFA with potential industrial applications.
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20
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Shah AM, Yang W, Mohamed H, Zhang Y, Song Y. Microbes: A Hidden Treasure of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827837. [PMID: 35369055 PMCID: PMC8968027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have gained a lot of attention for their potential in producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs are gaining scientific interest due to their important health-promoting effects on higher organisms including humans. The current sources of PUFAs (animal and plant) have associated limitations that have led to increased interest in microbial PUFAs as most reliable alternative source. The focus is on increasing the product value of existing oleaginous microbes or discovering new microbes by implementing new biotechnological strategies in order to compete with other sources. The multidisciplinary approaches, including metabolic engineering, high-throughput screening, tapping new microbial sources, genome-mining as well as co-culturing and elicitation for the production of PUFAs, have been considered and discussed in this review. The usage of agro-industrial wastes as alternative low-cost substrates in fermentation for high-value single-cell oil production has also been discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches combined with new technologies may help to uncover new microbial PUFA sources that may have nutraceutical and biotechnological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Manzoor Shah
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yingtong Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center of Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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21
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Tan K, Zhang H, Zheng H. Climate change and n-3 LC-PUFA availability. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101161. [PMID: 35301036 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) are essential fatty acids for the growth, development and survival of virtually all organisms. There is increasing evidence that anthropogenic climate change has a direct and indirect impact on the availability of natural n-3 LC-PUFA. However, this information is fragmented and not well organized. Therefore, this article reviewed published data from laboratory experiments, field experiments and model simulations to reveal the impact of climate change on the global supply of natural n-3 LC-PUFA and how this will limit the availability of n-3 LC-PUFA in the future food web. In general, climate change can significantly reduce the availability of natural n-3 LC-PUFA in grazing food webs in the following ways: 1) decrease the total biomass of phytoplankton and shift the plankton community structure to a smaller size, which also reduce the biomass of animals in higher trophics; 2) reduce the n-3 LC-PUFA content and/or quality (n-3: n-6 ratio) of all marine organisms; 3) reduce the transfer efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA in grazing food web. In addition, as an anthropogenic climate adaptation measure, this review also proposed some alternative sources of n-3 LC-PUFA and determined the direction of future research. The information in this article is very useful for providing a critical analysis of the impact of climate change on the supply of natural n-3 LC-PUFA. Such information will aid to establish climate adaptation or management measures, and determine the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsoon Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Guangdong Province, Marine Sciences Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Mariculture Research Center for Subtropical Shellfish & Algae of Guangdong Province, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Hongkuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Guangdong Province, Marine Sciences Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Mariculture Research Center for Subtropical Shellfish & Algae of Guangdong Province, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Guangdong Province, Marine Sciences Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Mariculture Research Center for Subtropical Shellfish & Algae of Guangdong Province, Shantou 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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22
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Uma VS, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Diwan D, Sharma M, Guo M, Tuohy MG, Makatsoris C, Zhao X, Thakur VK, Gupta VK. Valorisation of algal biomass to value-added metabolites: emerging trends and opportunities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 22:1-26. [PMID: 35250414 PMCID: PMC8889523 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Algal biomass is a promising feedstock for sustainable production of a range of value-added compounds and products including food, feed, fuel. To further augment the commercial value of algal metabolites, efficient valorization methods and biorefining channels are essential. Algal extracts are ideal sources of biotechnologically viable compounds loaded with anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous and several therapeutic and restorative properties. Emerging technologies in biomass valorisation tend to reduce the significant cost burden in large scale operations precisely associated with the pre-treatment, downstream processing and waste management processes. In order to enhance the economic feasibility of algal products in the global market, comprehensive extraction of multi-algal product biorefinery is envisaged as an assuring strategy. Algal biorefinery has inspired the technologists with novel prospectives especially in waste recovery, carbon concentration/sequestration and complete utilisation of the value-added products in a sustainable closed-loop methodology. This review critically examines the latest trends in the algal biomass valorisation and the expansive feedstock potentials in a biorefinery perspective. The recent scope dynamics of algal biomass utilisation such as bio-surfactants, oleochemicals, bio-stimulants and carbon mitigation have also been discussed. The existing challenges in algal biomass valorisation, current knowledge gaps and bottlenecks towards commercialisation of algal technologies are discussed. This review is a comprehensive presentation of the road map of algal biomass valorisation techniques towards biorefinery technology. The global market view of the algal products, future research directions and emerging opportunities are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Uma
- Radiological and Environmental Safety Group, Department of Atomic Energy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Govt of India, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya, 793101 India
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya, 793101 India
| | - Deepti Diwan
- School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Botany, Sri Avadh Raj Singh Smarak Degree College, Gonda, UP India
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College, Strand Campus, The Strand London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Maria G. Tuohy
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute and MaREI, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Charalampos Makatsoris
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King’s College, Strand Campus, The Strand London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Xiaobin Zhao
- Future Business Cambridge, Cambond Limited, Centre Kings Hedges Road, Cambridge, CB4 2HY UK
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JG Edinburgh, UK
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), 248007 Dehradun, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JG Edinburgh, UK
- Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG UK
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DHA-Rich Aurantiochytrium Biomass, a Novel Dietary Supplement, Resists Degradation by Rumen Microbiota without Disrupting Microbial Activity. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We first sought to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae, Aurantiochytrium limacinum (AURA), on rumen fermentation and the resistance of DHA to degradation and biohydrogenation by rumen microbes through ex vivo fermentation experiments. Subsequently, we sought to quantify the diet-derived DHA content of milk and the impact of AURA on microbial composition and metabolism in a pilot feeding trial with rumen-cannulated dairy cows. To achieve our aims, rumen fluid from cannulated cows was used as inoculum, and the effect of AURA inclusion on fermentation ex vivo was examined. At doses corresponding to the amount of AURA recommended for commercial production animals, only ~10% of DHA was degraded or biohydrogenated by rumen microorganisms. The results show that feeding with AURA had no effect on either total bacterial density or short-chain fatty acid production. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the rumen fluid samples collected during a seven-week in vivo trial revealed that microbes related to lactic acid metabolism and methanogenesis were significantly suppressed by the AURA-supplemented diet. The DHA concentration in milk increased over 25-fold with the AURA-supplemented diet and dropped by 30–40% within one week of washout. The addition of A. limacinum biomass to dairy cow diets resulted in positive effects on rumen microbial composition with no adverse effect on fermentation activity. AURA-derived DHA was stable, with only modest degradation in the rumen, and was successfully deposited in milk. This is the first study to investigate the effect of supplementing the diet of dairy cows with a protist-based biomass, namely, on important rumen fermentation parameters and on DHA deposition in milk, using a combination of ex vivo and in vivo approaches.
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Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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26
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Ishibashi Y, Goda H, Hamaguchi R, Sakaguchi K, Sekiguchi T, Ishiwata Y, Okita Y, Mochinaga S, Ikeuchi S, Mizobuchi T, Takao Y, Mori K, Tashiro K, Okino N, Honda D, Hayashi M, Ito M. PUFA synthase-independent DHA synthesis pathway in Parietichytrium sp. and its modification to produce EPA and n-3DPA. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1378. [PMID: 34887503 PMCID: PMC8660808 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3LC-PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), will exceed their supply in the near future, and a sustainable source of n-3LC-PUFAs is needed. Thraustochytrids are marine protists characterized by anaerobic biosynthesis of DHA via polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase (PUFA-S). Analysis of a homemade draft genome database suggested that Parietichytrium sp. lacks PUFA-S but possesses all fatty acid elongase (ELO) and desaturase (DES) genes required for DHA synthesis. The reverse genetic approach and a tracing experiment using stable isotope-labeled fatty acids revealed that the ELO/DES pathway is the only DHA synthesis pathway in Parietichytrium sp. Disruption of the C20 fatty acid ELO (C20ELO) and ∆4 fatty acid DES (∆4DES) genes with expression of ω3 fatty acid DES in this thraustochytrid allowed the production of EPA and n-3docosapentaenoic acid (n-3DPA), respectively, at the highest level among known microbial sources using fed-batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hatsumi Goda
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Rie Hamaguchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Keishi Sakaguchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sekiguchi
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Yuko Ishiwata
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Yuji Okita
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Seiya Mochinaga
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shingo Ikeuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takahiro Mizobuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takao
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefecture University, Fukui, 917-0003 Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Daiske Honda
- grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Hyogo, 658-8501 Japan ,grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Hyogo, 658-8501 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- grid.410849.00000 0001 0657 3887Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,Innovative Bio-architecture Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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27
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Thraustochytrids of Mangrove Habitats from Andaman Islands: Species Diversity, PUFA Profiles and Biotechnological Potential. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100571. [PMID: 34677470 PMCID: PMC8539084 DOI: 10.3390/md19100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are the most promising microbial source for the commercial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for its application in the human health, aquaculture, and nutraceutical sectors. The present study isolated 127 thraustochytrid strains from mangrove habitats of the south Andaman Islands, India to study their diversity, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and biotechnological potential. The predominant strains were identified as belonging to two major genera (Thraustochytrium, Aurantiochytrium) based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The strain ANVKK-06 produced the maximum biomass of 5.42 g·L-1, while ANVKK-03 exhibited the maximum total lipid (71.03%). Omega-3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) accumulated up to 11.03% in ANVKK-04, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) up to 8.65% in ANVKK-07, and DHA up to 47.19% in ANVKK-06. ANVKK-06 showed the maximum scavenging activity (84.79 ± 2.30%) while ANVKK-03 and ANVKK-10 displayed the highest antibacterial activity against human and fish pathogens, S. aureus (18.69 ± 1.2 mm) and V. parahaemolyticus (18.31 ± 1.0 mm), respectively. All strains were non-toxic as evident by negative blood agar hemolysis, thus, the thraustochytrids are suggested to be a potential source of DHA for application in the health care of human and fish.
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28
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Aurantiochytrium sp. Meal Improved Body Fatty Acid Profile and Morphophysiology in Nile Tilapia Reared at Low Temperature. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. is a heterotrophic microorganism that produces docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), thus being considered as a possible replacement for fish oil in aquafeeds. We investigated the effect of Aurantiochytrium sp. meal (AM) dietary levels (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g kg−1) on Nile tilapia body and hepatopancreas fatty acid (FA) profile, body FA retention, somatic indices, and morphophysiological changes in the intestine and hepatopancreas, after feeding Nile tilapia juveniles (average initial weight 8.47 g) for 87 days at 22 °C. The 10AM diet was compared to a control diet containing cod liver oil (CLO), since their DHA concentration was similar. Within fish fed diets containing increasing levels of AM, there was a linear increase in n-3 FA content, especially DHA, which varied in the body (0.02 to 0.41 g 100 g−1) and hepatopancreas (0.15 to 1.05 g 100 g−1). The morphology of the intestines and hepatopancreas was positively affected in AM-fed fish. Fish fed 10AM showed less accumulation of n-3 FAs in the body and hepatopancreas when compared to fish fed CLO. Therefore, AM is an adequate substitute for fish oil in winter diets for Nile tilapia, with the supplementation of 40AM promoting the best results regarding intestine and hepatopancreas morphophysiology.
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Gupta A, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Multiproduct biorefinery from marine thraustochytrids towards a circular bioeconomy. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:448-462. [PMID: 34627647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal biotechnology research continues to expand due to largely unexplored marine environments and growing consumer interest in healthy products. Thraustochytrids, which are marine oleaginous protists, are known for their production of bioactives with significant applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and aquaculture. A wide range of high-value biochemicals, such as nutritional supplements (omega-3 fatty acids), squalene, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), enzymes, aquaculture feed, and biodiesel and pigment compounds, have been investigated. We discuss thraustochytrids as potential feedstocks to produce various bioactive compounds and advocate developing a biorefinery to offset production costs. We anticipate that future advances in cell manufacturing, lipidomic analysis, and nanotechnology-guided lipid extraction would facilitate large-scale cost-competitive production through these microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Geelong, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Geelong, Australia.
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Exogenous Antioxidants Improve the Accumulation of Saturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100559. [PMID: 34677458 PMCID: PMC8541261 DOI: 10.3390/md19100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Schizochytrium are well known for their remarkable ability to produce lipids intracellularly. However, during their lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated inevitably as byproducts, which if in excess results in lipid peroxidation. To alleviate such ROS-induced damage, seven different natural antioxidants (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, tea extract, melatonin, mannitol, sesamol, and butylated hydroxytoluene) were evaluated for their effects on the lipid accumulation in Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 using a fractional factorial design. Among the tested antioxidants, mannitol showed the best increment (44.98%) in total fatty acids concentration. However, the interaction effects of mannitol (1 g/L) and ascorbic acid (1 g/L) resulted in 2.26 ± 0.27 g/L and 1.45 ± 0.04 g/L of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA and PUFA), respectively, in batch fermentation. These concentrations were further increased to 7.68 ± 0.37 g/L (SFA) and 5.86 ± 0.03 g/L (PUFA) through fed-batch fermentation. Notably, the interaction effects yielded 103.7% and 49.6% increment in SFA and PUFA concentrations in batch fermentation. The possible mechanisms underlining those increments were an increased maximum growth rate of strain PKU#Mn4, alleviated ROS level, and the differential expression of lipid biosynthetic genes andupregulated catalase gene. This study provides an applicable strategy for improving the accumulation of SFA and PUFA in thraustochytrids by exogenous antioxidants and the underlying mechanisms.
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31
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Puri M, Gupta A, McKinnon RA, Abraham RE. Marine bioactives: from energy to nutrition. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:271-280. [PMID: 34507810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae have been evaluated as promising resource for biodiesel production, but algal biofuel production is not yet commercially viable, which reflects the high energy costs linked with cultivation, harvesting, and dewatering of algae. As crude oil processing declines, microalgae biorefineries are being considered for producing bioactives such as enzymes, proteins, omega-3 oils, pigments, recombinant products, and vitamins, to offset the costs of biofuel production. We believe that producing algal bioactives through advanced manufacturing pathways, encompassing a biorefinery approach, would be effective, profitable, and economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Reinu E Abraham
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5045, Adelaide, Australia
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32
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Endo I, Watanabe T, Miyamoto T, Monjusho-Goda H, Ohara J, Hayashi M, Hama Y, Ishibashi Y, Okino N, Ito M. C4-monomethylsterol β-glucoside and its synthase in Aurantiochytrium limacinum mh0186. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1350-1363. [PMID: 34224567 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids, unicellular marine protists, synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFA-containing phospholipids; however, little is known about their glycolipids and their associated metabolism. Here, we report two glycolipids (GL-A, B) and their synthases in Aurantiochytrium limacinum mh0186. Two glycolipids were purified from A. limacinum mh0186, and they were determined by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance to be 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-stigmasta-5,7,22-triene (GL-A) and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4α-methyl-stigmasta-7,22-diene (GL-B), both of which are sterol β-glucosides (β-SGs); the structure of GL-B has not been reported thus far. Seven candidate genes responsible for the synthesis of these β-SGs were extracted from the draft genome database of A. limacinum using the yeast sterol β-glucosyltransferase (SGT; EC 2.4.1.173) sequence as a query. Expression analysis using Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that two gene products (AlSGT-1 and 2) catalyze the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to sterols, generating sterylglucosides (SGs). Compared to AlSGT-1, AlSGT-2 exhibited wide specificity for sterols and used C4-monomethylsterol to synthesize GL-B. The disruption of alsgt-2 but not alsgt-1 in strain mh0186 resulted in a decrease in total SG and almost complete loss of GL-B, indicating that AlSGT-2 is responsible for the synthesis of β-SGs in A. limacinum mh0186, especially GL-B, which possesses a unique sterol structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Endo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology
| | | | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hama
- Applied Biochemistry and Food Science Course, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology.,Innovative Bio-Architecture Center, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395
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Microbial lipid biosynthesis from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis products. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107791. [PMID: 34192583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are a biorefinery platform to prepare fuel, food and health products. They are traditionally obtained from plants, but those of microbial origin allow for a better use of land and C resources, among other benefits. Several (thermo)chemical and biochemical strategies are used for the conversion of C contained in lignocellulosic biomass into lipids. In particular, pyrolysis can process virtually any biomass and is easy to scale up. Products offer cost-effective, renewable C in the form of readily fermentable molecules and other upgradable intermediates. Although the production of microbial lipids has been studied for 30 years, their incorporation into biorefineries was only described a few years ago. As pyrolysis becomes a profitable technology to depolymerize lignocellulosic biomass into assimilable C, the number of investigations on it raises significantly. This article describes the challenges and opportunities resulting from the combination of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis and lipid biosynthesis with oleaginous microorganisms. First, this work presents the basics of the individual processes, and then it shows state-of-the-art processes for the preparation of microbial lipids from biomass pyrolysis products. Advanced knowledge on separation techniques, structure analysis, and fermentability is detailed for each biomass pyrolysis fraction. Finally, the microbial fatty acid platform comprising biofuel, human food and animal feed products, and others, is presented. Literature shows that the microbial lipid production from anhydrosugars, like levoglucosan, and short-chain organic acids, like acetic acid, is straightforward. Indeed, processes achieving nearly theoretical yields form the latter have been described. Some authors have shown that lipid biosynthesis from different lignin sources is biochemically feasible. However, it still imposes major challenges regarding strain performance. No report on the fermentation of pyrolytic lignin is yet available. Research on the microbial uptake of pyrolytic humins remains vacant. Microorganisms that make use of methane show promising results at the proof-of-concept level. Overall, despite some issues need to be tackled, it is now possible to conceive new versatile biorefinery models by combining lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis products and robust oleaginous microbial cell factories.
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Mariam I, Kareya MS, Nesamma AA, Jutur PP. Delineating metabolomic changes in native isolate Aurantiochytrium for production of docosahexaenoic acid in presence of varying carbon substrates. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hu X, Tang X, Bi Z, Zhao Q, Ren L. Adaptive evolution of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. under high temperature for efficient production of docosahexaeonic acid. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kaya K, Shiraishi F, Iida T, Yamada M, Sano T. An acidic morpholine derivative containing glyceride from thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6868. [PMID: 33767211 PMCID: PMC7994316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel acidic morpholine-derivative containing glyceride (M-glyceride) was isolated from the cells of two strains of the thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium. The glyceride accounted for approximately 0.1 -0.4% of the lyophilized cells. The glyceride consisted of peaks I (85%) and II (15%). The structures of the intact and acetylated glycerides were elucidated by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC–Q/TOF) and NMR spectroscopy. The hydrate type of M-glyceride was detected as a minor component by LC–MS/MS. By 2D-NMR experiments, peaks I of the intact M-glyceride were elucidated as 1,2-didocosapentaenoyl-glyceryl-2′-oxy-3′-oxomorpholino propionic acid, and peak II was estimated 1,2-palmitoyldocosapentaenoyl- and/or 1,2-docosapentaenoylpalmitoyl-glyceryl-2′-oxy-3′-oxomorpholino propionic acid. The double bond position of docosapentaenoic acid was of the ω − 6 type (C22 = 5.ω − 6). The M-glyceride content varied by the cell cycle. The content was 0.4% of lyophilized cells at the mid logarithmic phase, and decreased to 0.1% at the mid stationary phase. When cells were grown in 1.0 µM M-glyceride-containing growth media, cell growth was stimulated to 110% of the control. With 0.1 µM acetyl M-glyceride, stimulation of 113% of the control was observed. Finding morpholine derivatives in biological components is rare, and 2-hydroxy-3-oxomorpholino propionic acid (auranic acid) is a novel morpholine derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunimitsu Kaya
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds, Seaact Co. Ltd. TCI, 2-6-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan. .,Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0053, Japan.
| | - Fujio Shiraishi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds, Seaact Co. Ltd. TCI, 2-6-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Iida
- Global Application Development Center, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo Kuwaharacho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamada
- Global Application Development Center, Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo Kuwaharacho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Sano
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0053, Japan
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Pawar PR, Velani S, Kumari S, Lali AM, Prakash G. Isolation and optimization of a novel thraustochytrid strain for DHA rich and astaxanthin comprising biomass as aquafeed supplement. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:71. [PMID: 33489688 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A marine organism, belonging to the Thraustochytrids family was isolated from mangroves of Mumbai, India. The isolated strain was identified as Aurantiochytrium limacinum by internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Optimization of process parameters yielded 14.47 g/L dry cell weight containing 55-58% oil in 3.5 days' cultivation on glucose, yeast extract, and peptone in the bioreactor. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found to be the dominant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, accounting for 32-35% of total fatty acid content. The process parameter was tweaked to simultaneously synthesize astaxanthin along with DHA. The concurrent synthesis of DHA and astaxanthin-containing biomass establishes the isolated strain as a perfect choice for aquafeed. Accession number: NCBI accession number MN046792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik R Pawar
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sneha Velani
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujata Kumari
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Arvind M Lali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Gunjan Prakash
- DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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Shene C, Paredes P, Flores L, Leyton A, Asenjo JA, Chisti Y. Dynamic flux balance analysis of biomass and lipid production by Antarctic thraustochytrid
Oblongichytrium
sp. RT2316‐13. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3006-3017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Shene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Paris Paredes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Liset Flores
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Allison Leyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Juan A. Asenjo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
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Bagul VP, Annapure US. Effect of sequential recycling of spent media wastewater on docosahexaenoic acid production by newly isolated strain Aurantiochytrium sp. ICTFD5. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123153. [PMID: 32197193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this work was the optimization of recycled spent media wastewater (SMW) concentration for high biomass production of Aurantiochytrium sp. ICTFD5. Further, optimization for growth patterns and lipid accumulation capacity with three subsequent recycling runs was also performed. The biomass production after 96 h fermentation for recycling with 50% SMW was; 21.3 ± 1.5, 19.1 ± 1.3, 19 ± 1.2, and 23 ± 1.2 g/L for the first, second, third recycle runs, and control respectively. All the recycle runs were carried out with the same media and cultivation conditions. Subsequent recycling affected lipid accumulation, and it was decreased by ~4 to 9% compared to the control. The compositional shift of fatty acids was observed with sequential recycle runs, changing more towards saturated fatty acids content, suggesting it to be a new potential source for biodiesel feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali P Bagul
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Uday S Annapure
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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Alves A, Sousa E, Kijjoa A, Pinto M. Marine-Derived Compounds with Potential Use as Cosmeceuticals and Nutricosmetics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112536. [PMID: 32486036 PMCID: PMC7321322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cosmetic industry is among the fastest growing industries in the last decade. As the beauty concepts have been revolutionized, many terms have been coined to accompany the innovation of this industry, since the beauty products are not just confined to those that are applied to protect and enhance the appearance of the human body. Consequently, the terms such as cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics have emerged to give a notion of the health benefits of the products that create the beauty from inside to outside. In the past years, natural products-based cosmeceuticals have gained a huge amount of attention not only from researchers but also from the public due to the general belief that they are harmless. Notably, in recent years, the demand for cosmeceuticals from the marine resources has been exponentially on the rise due to their unique chemical and biological properties that are not found in terrestrial resources. Therefore, the present review addresses the importance of marine-derived compounds, stressing new chemical entities with cosmeceutical potential from the marine natural resources and their mechanisms of action by which these compounds exert on the body functions as well as their related health benefits. Marine environments are the most important reservoir of biodiversity that provide biologically active substances whose potential is still to be discovered for application as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Marine organisms are not only an important renewable source of valuable bulk compounds used in cosmetic industry such as agar and carrageenan, which are used as gelling and thickening agents to increase the viscosity of cosmetic formulations, but also of small molecules such as ectoine (to promote skin hydration), trichodin A (to prevent product alteration caused by microbial contamination), and mytiloxanthin (as a coloring agent). Marine-derived molecules can also function as active ingredients, being the main compounds that determine the function of cosmeceuticals such as anti-tyrosinase (kojic acid), antiacne (sargafuran), whitening (chrysophanol), UV protection (scytonemin, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)), antioxidants, and anti-wrinkle (astaxanthin and PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alves
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.P.); Tel.: +35-(19)-6609-2514 (M.P.)
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.P.); Tel.: +35-(19)-6609-2514 (M.P.)
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Miranda AF, Nham Tran TL, Abramov T, Jehalee F, Miglani M, Liu Z, Rochfort S, Gupta A, Cheirsilp B, Adhikari B, Puri M, Mouradov A. Marine Protists and Rhodotorula Yeast as Bio-Convertors of Marine Waste into Nutrient-Rich Deposits for Mangrove Ecosystems. Protist 2020; 171:125738. [PMID: 32544845 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper represents a comprehensive study of two new thraustochytrids and a marine Rhodotorula red yeast isolated from Australian coastal waters for their abilities to be a potential renewable feedstock for the nutraceutical, food, fishery and bioenergy industries. Mixotrophic growth of these species was assessed in the presence of different carbon sources: glycerol, glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose, and sucrose, starch, cellulose, malt extract, and potato peels. Up to 14g DW/L (4.6gDW/L-day and 2.8gDW/L-day) of biomass were produced by Aurantiochytrium and Thraustochytrium species, respectively. Thraustochytrids biomass contained up to 33% DW of lipids, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, 124mg/g DW); up to 10.2mg/gDW of squalene and up to 61μg/gDW of total carotenoids, composed of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, and β-carotene. Along with the accumulation of these added-value chemicals in biomass, thraustochytrid representatives showed the ability to secrete extracellular polysaccharide matrixes containing lipids and proteins. Rhodotorula sp lipids (26% DW) were enriched in palmitic acid (C16:0, 18mg/gDW) and oleic acid (C18:1, 41mg/gDW). Carotenoids (87μg/gDW) were mainly represented by β-carotene (up to 54μg/gDW). Efficient growth on organic and inorganic sources of carbon and nitrogen from natural and anthropogenic wastewater pollutants along with intracellular and extracellular production of valuable nutrients makes the production of valuable chemicals from isolated species economical and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Miranda
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tomer Abramov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Faridah Jehalee
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Mohini Miglani
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhiqian Liu
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Orozco Colonia BS, Vinícius de Melo Pereira G, Soccol CR. Omega-3 microbial oils from marine thraustochytrids as a sustainable and technological solution: A review and patent landscape. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Uncovers Genes Responsible for the DHA Enhancement in the Mutant Aurantiochytrium sp. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040529. [PMID: 32272666 PMCID: PMC7232246 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, is critical for physiological activities of the human body. Marine eukaryote Aurantiochytrium sp. is considered a promising source for DHA production. Mutational studies have shown that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (50 W, 30 s) could be utilized as a breeding strategy for obtaining high-yield DHA-producing Aurantiochytrium sp. After UV irradiation (50 W, 30 s), the mutant strain X2 which shows enhanced lipid (1.79-fold, 1417.37 mg/L) and DHA (1.90-fold, 624.93 mg/L) production, was selected from the wild Aurantiochytrium sp. Instead of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 9.07% of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was observed in the mutant strain X2. The comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that in both wild type and mutant strain, the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway was incomplete with key desaturases, but genes related to the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway were observed. Results presented that mRNA expression levels of CoAT, AT, ER, DH, and MT down-regulated in wild type but up-regulated in mutant strain X2, corresponding to the increased intercellular DHA accumulation. These findings indicated that CoAT, AT, ER, DH, and MT can be exploited for high DHA yields in Aurantiochytrium.
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Lab-Scale Optimization of Aurantiochytrium sp. Culture Medium for Improved Growth and DHA Production. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids have gained increasing relevance over the last decades, due to their fast growth and outstanding capacity to accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this context, the present work aimed to optimize the growth performance and DHA yields by improving the culture medium of Aurantiochytrium sp. AF0043. Accordingly, two distinct culture media were optimized: (i) an inorganic optimized medium (IOM), containing only monosodium glutamate and glucose as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively; and (ii) an organic and sustainable waste-based optimized medium (WOM), containing corn steep powder and glycerol, added in fed-batch mode, as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. Overall, the lab-scale optimization allowed to increase the biomass yield 1.5-fold and enhance DHA content 1.7-fold using IOM. Moreover, WOM enabled a 2-fold increase in biomass yield and a significant improvement in lipid contents, from 22.78% to 31.14%. However, DHA content was enhanced almost 3-fold, from an initial content of 10.12% to 29.66% of total fatty acids contained in the biomass. Therefore, these results strongly suggest, not only that the production pipeline was significantly improved but also confirmed the potential use of Aurantiochytrium sp. AF0043 as a source of DHA.
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Feeding Whole Thraustochytrid Biomass to Cultured Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fingerlings: Culture Performance and Fatty Acid Incorporation. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of fish oil by 5% thraustochytrid whole cell biomass in diets for Atlantic salmon had no ill effect on fish growth performance, carcass total lipid and total fatty acid content. Carcass fatty acid composition indicated incorporation of the dietary thraustochytrid-derived fatty acids. This was confirmed by compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) which revealed significantly 13C-depleted (δ13C value of −24‰) ω3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFAs) in the fingerlings fed the thraustochytrid biomass containing diet, reflecting the highly 13C-depleted glycerol used to grow the thraustochytrid cultures. This finding demonstrates the bioavailability of the ω3 LC-PUFA of the Australian strain thraustochytrid culture (TC) 20 from the whole cell biomass that was partly cultivated on crude glycerol produced during biodiesel manufacturing. This paper demonstrates the value of Australian thraustochytrid strains grown heterotrophically for their wider biotechnological potential including as a source of higher value lipids, in particular the health-benefitting ω3 LC-PUFA, for use in aquaculture and other applications.
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Nham Tran TL, Miranda AF, Gupta A, Puri M, Ball AS, Adhikari B, Mouradov A. The Nutritional and Pharmacological Potential of New Australian Thraustochytrids Isolated from Mangrove Sediments. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E151. [PMID: 32155832 PMCID: PMC7142457 DOI: 10.3390/md18030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mangrove sediments represent unique microbial ecosystems that act as a buffer zone, biogeochemically recycling marine waste into nutrient-rich depositions for marine and terrestrial species. Marine unicellular protists, thraustochytrids, colonizing mangrove sediments have received attention due to their ability to produce large amounts of long-chain ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids. This paper represents a comprehensive study of two new thraustochytrids for their production of valuable biomolecules in biomass, de-oiled cakes, supernatants, extracellular polysaccharide matrixes, and recovered oil bodies. Extracted lipids (up to 40% of DW) rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 80% of total fatty acids) were mainly represented by docosahexaenoic acid (75% of polyunsaturated fatty acids). Cells also showed accumulation of squalene (up to 13 mg/g DW) and carotenoids (up to 72 µg/g DW represented by astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, and β-carotene). Both strains showed a high concentration of protein in biomass (29% DW) and supernatants (2.7 g/L) as part of extracellular polysaccharide matrixes. Alkalinization of collected biomass represents a new and easy way to recover lipid-rich oil bodies in the form of an aqueous emulsion. The ability to produce added-value molecules makes thraustochytrids an important alternative to microalgae and plants dominating in the food, pharmacological, nutraceutical, and cosmetics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Linh Nham Tran
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Ana F. Miranda
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, 5042 Adelaide, Australia; (A.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, 5042 Adelaide, Australia; (A.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrew S. Ball
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- School of Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, 3083 Bundoora, Australia; (T.L.N.T.); (A.F.M.); (A.S.B.); (B.A.)
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Kermanshahi pour A, Mirmehrabi M, Brar SK. A novel process for isolation and purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids from a thraustochytrid. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Guo Y, Cai Z, Xie Y, Ma A, Zhang H, Rao P, Wang Q. Synthesis, physicochemical properties, and health aspects of structured lipids: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:759-800. [PMID: 33325163 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structured lipids (SLs) refer to a new type of functional lipids obtained by chemically, enzymatically, or genetically modifying the composition and/or distribution of fatty acids in the glycerol backbone. Due to the unique physicochemical characteristics and health benefits of SLs (for example, calorie reduction, immune function improvement, and reduction in serum triacylglycerols), there is increasing interest in the research and application of novel SLs in the food industry. The chemical structures and molecular architectures of SLs define mainly their physicochemical properties and nutritional values, which are also affected by the processing conditions. In this regard, this holistic review provides coverage of the latest developments and applications of SLs in terms of synthesis strategies, physicochemical properties, health aspects, and potential food applications. Enzymatic synthesis of SLs particularly with immobilized lipases is presented with a short introduction to the genetic engineering approach. Some physical features such as solid fat content, crystallization and melting behavior, rheology and interfacial properties, as well as oxidative stability are discussed as influenced by chemical structures and processing conditions. Health-related considerations of SLs including their metabolic characteristics, biopolymer-based lipid digestion modulation, and oleogelation of liquid oils are also explored. Finally, potential food applications of SLs are shortly introduced. Major challenges and future trends in the industrial production of SLs, physicochemical properties, and digestion behavior of SLs in complex food systems, as well as further exploration of SL-based oleogels and their food application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Rheology Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Cai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Rheology Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Xie
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Rheology Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Aiqin Ma
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Rheology Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Ye H, He Y, Xie Y, Sen B, Wang G. Fed-batch fermentation of mixed carbon source significantly enhances the production of docosahexaenoic acid in Thraustochytriidae sp. PKU#Mn16 by differentially regulating fatty acids biosynthetic pathways. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122402. [PMID: 31761627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports comparative evaluation of the growth and DHA productivity of the thraustochytrid strain Thraustochytriidae PKU#Mn16 fermented with seven different substrate feeding strategies. Of these strategies, fed-batch fermentation of the mixed substrate (glucose & glycerol) yielded the maximum growth (52.2 ± 1.5 g/L), DHA yield (Yp/s: 8.65) and productivity (100.7 ± 2.9 mg/L-h), comparable with those of previously reported Aurantiochytrium strains. Transcriptomics analyses revealed that glucose upregulated some genes of the fatty acid synthase pathway whereas glycerol upregulated a few genes of the polyketide synthase pathway. Co-fermentation of the mixed substrate differentially regulated genes of these two pathways and significantly enhanced the DHA productivity. Furthermore, some genes involved in DNA replication, phagosome, carbon metabolism, and β-oxidation were also found to alter significantly during the mixed-substrate fermentation. Overall, this study provides a unique strategy for enhancing growth and DHA productivity of the strain PKU#Mn16 and the first insight into the mechanisms underlying mixed-substrate fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Qingdao Institute Ocean Engineering of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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50
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Moon M, Park WK, Suh WI, Chang YK, Lee B. Biological Carbon Recovery from Sugar Refinery Washing Water into Microalgal DHA: Medium Optimization and Stress Induction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19959. [PMID: 31882916 PMCID: PMC6934592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar refinery washing water (SRWW) contains abundant levels of carbon sources and lower levels of contaminants than other types of wastewater, which makes it ideal for heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae. Here, carbon sources in SRWW were utilized for conversion into the form of value-added docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) using Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. Since SRWW is not a defined medium, serial optimizations were performed to maximize the biomass, lipid, and DHA yields by adjusting the nutrient (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) concentrations as well as the application of salt stress. Optimum growth performance was achieved with 30% dilution of SRWW containing a total organic carbon of 95,488 mg L−1. Increasing the nutrient level in the medium by supplementation of 9 g L−1 KH2PO4 and 20 g L−1 yeast extract further improved the biomass yield by an additional 14%, albeit at the expense of a decrease in the lipid content. Maximum biomass, lipid, and DHA yields (22.9, 6.33, and 2.03 g L−1, respectively) were achieved when 35 g L−1 sea salt was applied on a stationary phase for osmotic stress. These results demonstrate the potential of carbon-rich sugar refinery washing water for DHA production using Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 and proper cultivation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myounghoon Moon
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 25, Samso-ro 270beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kun Park
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University, 20 Hongjimun 2-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - William I Suh
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bongsoo Lee
- Department of Microbial and Nano Materials, College of Science and Technology, Mokwon University, 88 Doanbuk-ro, Seo-Gu, Daejeon, 35349, Republic of Korea.
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