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Unger L, Ghila L, Chera S. Targeted Gene Silencing by Using GapmeRs in Differentiating Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSC) Toward Pancreatic Progenitors. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2736:23-38. [PMID: 37615889 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2023_498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells as a source for generating pancreatic islet endocrine cells represent a great research tool for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of lineage commitment, a layered multi-step process. Additionally, targeted gene silencing by using GapmeRs, short antisense oligonucleotides, proved instrumental in studying the role of different developmental genes. Here we describe our approach to induce mTOR silencing by using specific GapmeRs during the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells toward pancreatic progenitors. We will describe our current differentiation protocol, the transfection procedure, and the quality control steps required for a successful experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Unger
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luiza Ghila
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simona Chera
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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2
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Karpov DS, Sosnovtseva AO, Pylina SV, Bastrich AN, Petrova DA, Kovalev MA, Shuvalova AI, Eremkina AK, Mokrysheva NG. Challenges of CRISPR/Cas-Based Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: How Not to Engineer a "Trojan Horse". Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17320. [PMID: 38139149 PMCID: PMC10743607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas by cytotoxic T-cells. To date, there are no drugs that can prevent the development of T1D. Insulin replacement therapy is the standard care for patients with T1D. This treatment is life-saving, but is expensive, can lead to acute and long-term complications, and results in reduced overall life expectancy. This has stimulated the research and development of alternative treatments for T1D. In this review, we consider potential therapies for T1D using cellular regenerative medicine approaches with a focus on CRISPR/Cas-engineered cellular products. However, CRISPR/Cas as a genome editing tool has several drawbacks that should be considered for safe and efficient cell engineering. In addition, cellular engineering approaches themselves pose a hidden threat. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss novel strategies for the treatment of T1D using genome editing technology. A well-designed approach to β-cell derivation using CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technology will significantly reduce the risk of incorrectly engineered cell products that could behave as a "Trojan horse".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Karpov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anastasiia O. Sosnovtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Svetlana V. Pylina
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Asya N. Bastrich
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Darya A. Petrova
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Maxim A. Kovalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anastasija I. Shuvalova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anna K. Eremkina
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Natalia G. Mokrysheva
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
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3
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Chen G, Obal D. Detecting and measuring of GPCR signaling - comparison of human induced pluripotent stem cells and immortal cell lines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1179600. [PMID: 37293485 PMCID: PMC10244570 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1179600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of transmembrane proteins that play a major role in many physiological processes, and thus GPCR-targeted drug development has been widely promoted. Although research findings generated in immortal cell lines have contributed to the advancement of the GPCR field, the homogenous genetic backgrounds, and the overexpression of GPCRs in these cell lines make it difficult to correlate the results with clinical patients. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential to overcome these limitations, because they contain patient specific genetic information and can differentiate into numerous cell types. To detect GPCRs in hiPSCs, highly selective labeling and sensitive imaging techniques are required. This review summarizes existing resonance energy transfer and protein complementation assay technologies, as well as existing and new labeling methods. The difficulties of extending existing detection methods to hiPSCs are discussed, as well as the potential of hiPSCs to expand GPCR research towards personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Detlef Obal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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4
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Karami Z, Moradi S, Eidi A, Soleimani M, Jafarian A. Induced pluripotent stem cells: Generation methods and a new perspective in COVID-19 research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1050856. [PMID: 36733338 PMCID: PMC9887183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1050856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) exhibit an unlimited ability to self-renew and produce various differentiated cell types, thereby creating high hopes for both scientists and patients as a great tool for basic research as well as for regenerative medicine purposes. The availability and safety of iPSCs for therapeutic purposes require safe and highly efficient methods for production of these cells. Different methods have been used to produce iPSCs, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Studying these methods would be very helpful in developing an easy, safe, and efficient method for the generation of iPSCs. Since iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells, they can be considered as valuable cellular resources available for important research needs and various therapeutic purposes. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease that has endangered numerous human lives worldwide and currently has no definitive cure. Therefore, researchers have been rigorously studying and examining all aspects of COVID-19 and potential treatment modalities and various drugs in order to enable the treatment, control, and prevention of COVID-19. iPSCs have become one of the most attractive and promising tools in this field by providing the ability to study COVID-19 and the effectiveness of drugs on this disease outside the human body. In this study, we discuss the different methods of generation of iPSCs as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages. We also present recent applications of iPSCs in the study and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karami
- 1Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- 2Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- 1Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- 3Hematology and Cell Therapy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,4Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Jafarian
- 5Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Arefeh Jafarian,
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5
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Yamoah MA, Thai PN, Zhang XD. Transgene Delivery to Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:334. [PMID: 33917388 PMCID: PMC8067386 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and hiPSCs-derived cells have the potential to revolutionize regenerative and precision medicine. Genetically reprograming somatic cells to generate hiPSCs and genetic modification of hiPSCs are considered the key procedures for the study and application of hiPSCs. However, there are significant technical challenges for transgene delivery into somatic cells and hiPSCs since these cells are known to be difficult to transfect. The existing methods, such as viral transduction and chemical transfection, may introduce significant alternations to hiPSC culture which affect the potency, purity, consistency, safety, and functional capacity of hiPSCs. Therefore, generation and genetic modification of hiPSCs through non-viral approaches are necessary and desirable. Nanotechnology has revolutionized fields from astrophysics to biology over the past two decades. Increasingly, nanoparticles have been used in biomedicine as powerful tools for transgene and drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The most successful example is the recent development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines at warp speed to combat the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which brought nanoparticles to the center stage of biomedicine and demonstrated the efficient nanoparticle-mediated transgene delivery into human body. Nanoparticles have the potential to facilitate the transgene delivery into the hiPSCs and offer a simple and robust approach. Nanoparticle-mediated transgene delivery has significant advantages over other methods, such as high efficiency, low cytotoxicity, biodegradability, low cost, directional and distal controllability, efficient in vivo applications, and lack of immune responses. Our recent study using magnetic nanoparticles for transfection of hiPSCs provided an example of the successful applications, supporting the potential roles of nanoparticles in hiPSC biology. This review discusses the principle, applications, and significance of nanoparticles in the transgene delivery to hiPSCs and their successful application in the development of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Yamoah
- Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK;
| | - Phung N. Thai
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
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6
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Kumar D, Talluri TR, Selokar NL, Hyder I, Kues WA. Perspectives of pluripotent stem cells in livestock. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1-29. [PMID: 33584977 PMCID: PMC7859985 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in derivation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from farm animals opens new approaches not only for reproduction, genetic engineering, treatment and conservation of these species, but also for screening novel drugs for their efficacy and toxicity, and modelling of human diseases. Initial attempts to derive PSCs from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stages in farm animals were largely unsuccessful as either the cells survived for only a few passages, or lost their cellular potency; indicating that the protocols which allowed the derivation of murine or human embryonic stem (ES) cells were not sufficient to support the maintenance of ES cells from farm animals. This scenario changed by the innovation of induced pluripotency and by the development of the 3 inhibitor culture conditions to support naïve pluripotency in ES cells from livestock species. However, the long-term culture of livestock PSCs while maintaining the full pluripotency is still challenging, and requires further refinements. Here, we review the current achievements in the derivation of PSCs from farm animals, and discuss the potential application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Thirumala R Talluri
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner 334001, India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Iqbal Hyder
- Department of Physiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram 521102, India
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Institute of Animal Health, Neustadt 31535, Germany
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Suppression of miR-10a-5p in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhances the therapeutic effect on spinal cord injury via BDNF. Neurosci Lett 2019; 714:134562. [PMID: 31626878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS/AIMS Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a primary role in the maturation, proliferation, and differentiation of neuronal cells, can induce bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into nerve cells. This study aims to explore whether regulation of BDNF through microRNAs (miRNAs) in MSCs may further enhance the therapeutic effect on spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Bioinformatics analyses were done to predict miRNAs that target BDNF in MSCs. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to verify the target relationship between microRNA and BDNF. We examined the mRNA and protein levels of BDNF in MSCs by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. CCK 8 assay was chosen to assess cell viability. MSCs were transduced with miR-10a-5p-ASO, which were transplanted into rats that underwent SCI. The tissue integrity percentage, cavity volume, and Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale were assessed. Neurofilament (NF) was detected using immunohistochemistry. Histological features of spinal cord tissues examined following HE staining. RESULTS MiR-10a-5p inhibited protein translation of BDNF, through binding to the 3'-UTR of the BDNF. MSCs transduced with MiR-10a-5p-ASO further increased the tissue integrity percentage, decreased cavity volume, and enhanced the recovery of BBB score in SCI model rats, compared to control MSCs. CONCLUSION Upregulation of BDNF by miR-10a-5p suppression in MSCs further improve the therapeutic potential of MSCs in treating SCI in rats.
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Kimura Y, Shofuda T, Higuchi Y, Nagamori I, Oda M, Nakamori M, Onodera M, Kanematsu D, Yamamoto A, Katsuma A, Suemizu H, Nakano T, Kanemura Y, Mochizuki H. Human Genomic Safe Harbors and the Suicide Gene-Based Safeguard System for iPSC-Based Cell Therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:627-638. [PMID: 30887735 PMCID: PMC6591650 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and recent advances in cell engineering have opened new prospects for cell‐based therapy. However, there are concerns that must be addressed prior to their broad clinical applications and a major concern is tumorigenicity. Suicide gene approaches could eliminate wayward tumor‐initiating cells even after cell transplantation, but their efficacy remains controversial. Another concern is the safety of genome editing. Our knowledge of human genomic safe harbors (GSHs) is still insufficient, making it difficult to predict the influence of gene integration on nearby genes. Here, we showed the topological architecture of human GSH candidates, AAVS1, CCR5, human ROSA26, and an extragenic GSH locus on chromosome 1 (Chr1‐eGSH). Chr1‐eGSH permitted robust transgene expression, but a 2 Mb‐distant gene within the same topologically associated domain showed aberrant expression. Although knockin iPSCs carrying the suicide gene, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV‐TK), were sufficiently sensitive to ganciclovir in vitro, the resulting teratomas showed varying degrees of resistance to the drug in vivo. Our findings suggest that the Chr1‐eGSH is not suitable for therapeutic gene integration and highlight that topological analysis could facilitate exploration of human GSHs for regenerative medicine applications. Our data indicate that the HSV‐TK/ganciclovir suicide gene approach alone may be not an adequate safeguard against the risk of teratoma, and suggest that the combination of several distinct approaches could reduce the risks associated with cell therapy. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:627&638
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ippei Nagamori
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oda
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakamori
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- Department of Human Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanematsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuyo Yamamoto
- Division of Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asako Katsuma
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Jiang XC, Xiang JJ, Wu HH, Zhang TY, Zhang DP, Xu QH, Huang XL, Kong XL, Sun JH, Hu YL, Li K, Tabata Y, Shen YQ, Gao JQ. Neural Stem Cells Transfected with Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Polyplexes for Effective Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807591. [PMID: 30633395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs), capable of ischemia-homing, regeneration, and differentiation, exert strong therapeutic potentials in treating ischemic stroke, but the curative effect is limited in the harsh microenvironment of ischemic regions rich in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gene transfection to make NSCs overexpress brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can enhance their therapeutic efficacy; however, viral vectors must be used because current nonviral vectors are unable to efficiently transfect NSCs. The first polymeric vector, ROS-responsive charge-reversal poly[(2-acryloyl)ethyl(p-boronic acid benzyl)diethylammonium bromide] (B-PDEA), is shown here, that mediates efficient gene transfection of NSCs and greatly enhances their therapeutics in ischemic stroke treatment. The cationic B-PDEA/DNA polyplexes can effectively transfect NSCs; in the cytosol, the B-PDEA is oxidized by intracellular ROS into negatively charged polyacrylic acid, quickly releasing the BDNF plasmids for efficient transcription and secreting a high level of BDNF. After i.v. injection in ischemic stroke mice, the transfected NSCs (BDNF-NSCs) can home to ischemic regions as efficiently as the pristine NSCs but more efficiently produce BDNF, leading to significantly augmented BDNF levels, which in turn enhances the mouse survival rate to 60%, from 0% (nontreated mice) or ≈20% (NSC-treated mice), and enables more rapid and superior functional reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chi Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Jia Xiang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hui Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Ping Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Hao Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Lei Kong
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Hong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Lan Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, A*STAR, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - You-Qing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
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10
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Yamoah MA, Moshref M, Sharma J, Chen WC, Ledford HA, Lee JH, Chavez KS, Wang W, López JE, Lieu DK, Sirish P, Zhang XD. Highly efficient transfection of human induced pluripotent stem cells using magnetic nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6073-6078. [PMID: 30323594 PMCID: PMC6179720 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s172254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The delivery of transgenes into human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) represents an important tool in cardiac regeneration with potential for clinical applications. Gene transfection is more difficult, however, for hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs than for somatic cells. Despite improvements in transfection and transduction, the efficiency, cytotoxicity, safety, and cost of these methods remain unsatisfactory. The objective of this study is to examine gene transfection in hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs using magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). Methods Magnetic NPs are unique transfection reagents that form complexes with nucleic acids by ionic interaction. The particles, loaded with nucleic acids, can be guided by a magnetic field to allow their concentration onto the surface of the cell membrane. Subsequent uptake of the loaded particles by the cells allows for high efficiency transfection of the cells with nucleic acids. We developed a new method using magnetic NPs to transfect hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs. HiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs were cultured and analyzed using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and patch clamp recordings to quantify the transfection efficiency and cellular function. Results We compared the transfection efficiency of hiPSCs with that of human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. We observed that the average efficiency in hiPSCs was 43%±2% compared to 62%±4% in HEK 293 cells. Further analysis of the transfected hiPSCs showed that the differentiation of hiPSCs to hiPSC-CMs was not altered by NPs. Finally, robust transfection of hiPSC-CMs with an efficiency of 18%±2% was obtained. Conclusion The difficult-to-transfect hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs were efficiently transfected using magnetic NPs. Our study offers a novel approach for transfection of hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs without the need for viral vector generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Yamoah
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, ,
| | - Maryam Moshref
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, ,
| | - Janhavi Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, ,
| | - Wei Chun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, ,
| | - Hannah A Ledford
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, ,
| | - Jeong Han Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Karen S Chavez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, ,
| | - Wenying Wang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Javier E López
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, ,
| | - Deborah K Lieu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, ,
| | - Padmini Sirish
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, , .,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA, ,
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, , .,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA, ,
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11
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Fani Maleki A, Sekhavati MH. Application of phiC31 integrase system in stem cells biology and technology: a review. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2018.1447516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adham Fani Maleki
- Embryonic and Stem Cell Biology and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Sekhavati
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Chen D, Li Q, Meng Z, Guo L, Tang Y, Liu Z, Yin S, Qin W, Yuan Z, Zhang X, Wu C. Bright Polymer Dots Tracking Stem Cell Engraftment and Migration to Injured Mouse Liver. Theranostics 2017. [PMID: 28638470 PMCID: PMC5479271 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy holds promise for treatment of intractable diseases and injured organs. For clinical translation, it is pivotal to understand the homing, engraftment, and differentiation processes of stem cells in a living body. Here we report near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent semiconductor polymer dots (Pdots) for bright labeling and tracking of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The Pdots exhibit narrow-band emission at 775 nm with a quantum yield of 22%, among the highest value for various NIR probes. The Pdots together with a cell penetrating peptide are able to track stem cells over two weeks without disturbing their multipotent properties, as confirmed by the analyses on cell proliferation, differentiation, stem-cell markers, and immunophenotyping. The in vivo cell tracking was demonstrated in a liver-resection mouse model, which indicated that the Pdot-labeled MSCs after tail-vein transplantation were initially trapped in lung, gradually migrated to the injured liver, and then proliferated into cell clusters. Liver-function analysis and histological examination revealed that the inflammation induced by liver resection was apparently decreased after stem cell transplantation. With the bright labeling, superior biocompatibility, and long-term tracking performance, the Pdot probes are promising for stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
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Chen KY, Knoepfler PS. To CRISPR and beyond: the evolution of genome editing in stem cells. Regen Med 2016; 11:801-816. [PMID: 27905217 PMCID: PMC5221123 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of editing the genomes of stem cells to generate model organisms and cell lines for genetic and biological studies has been pursued for decades. There is also exciting potential for future clinical impact in humans. While recent, rapid advances in targeted nuclease technologies have led to unprecedented accessibility and ease of gene editing, biology has benefited from past directed gene modification via homologous recombination, gene traps and other transgenic methodologies. Here we review the history of genome editing in stem cells (including via zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases and CRISPR-Cas9), discuss recent developments leading to the implementation of stem cell gene therapies in clinical trials and consider the prospects for future advances in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul S Knoepfler
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute of Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital For Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Csöbönyeiová M, Danišovič Ľ, Polák Š. Induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling and cell therapy of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:727-8. [PMID: 27335549 PMCID: PMC4904456 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Csöbönyeiová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľuboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Vijaya Chandra SH, Makhija H, Peter S, Myint Wai CM, Li J, Zhu J, Ren Z, D'Alcontres MS, Siau JW, Chee S, Ghadessy FJ, Dröge P. Conservative site-specific and single-copy transgenesis in human LINE-1 elements. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:e55. [PMID: 26673710 PMCID: PMC4824084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome engineering of human cells plays an important role in biotechnology and molecular medicine. In particular, insertions of functional multi-transgene cassettes into suitable endogenous sequences will lead to novel applications. Although several tools have been exploited in this context, safety issues such as cytotoxicity, insertional mutagenesis and off-target cleavage together with limitations in cargo size/expression often compromise utility. Phage λ integrase (Int) is a transgenesis tool that mediates conservative site-specific integration of 48 kb DNA into a safe harbor site of the bacterial genome. Here, we show that an Int variant precisely recombines large episomes into a sequence, term edattH4X, found in 1000 human Long INterspersed Elements-1 (LINE-1). We demonstrate single-copy transgenesis through attH4X-targeting in various cell lines including hESCs, with the flexibility of selecting clones according to transgene performance and downstream applications. This is exemplified with pluripotency reporter cassettes and constitutively expressed payloads that remain functional in LINE1-targeted hESCs and differentiated progenies. Furthermore, LINE-1 targeting does not induce DNA damage-response or chromosomal aberrations, and neither global nor localized endogenous gene expression is substantially affected. Hence, this simple transgene addition tool should become particularly useful for applications that require engineering of the human genome with multi-transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harshyaa Makhija
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Sabrina Peter
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Cho Mar Myint Wai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Jinming Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Tonghe GuangZhou 510515, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Tonghe, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindong Zhu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Tonghe GuangZhou 510515, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Tonghe, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglu Ren
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Tonghe GuangZhou 510515, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Tonghe, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jia Wei Siau
- p53Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Sharon Chee
- p53Lab, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | | | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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Antigenically Modified Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Generate Antigen-Presenting Dendritic Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15262. [PMID: 26471005 PMCID: PMC4608011 DOI: 10.1038/srep15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a promising platform to produce dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. To streamline the production process, we investigated a unique antigen-loading strategy that suits this novel platform. Specifically, we stably modified hPSCs using tumour antigen genes in the form of a full-length tumour antigen gene or an artificial tumour antigen epitope-coding minigene. Such antigenically modified hPSCs were able to differentiate into tumour antigen-presenting DCs. Without conventional antigen-loading, DCs derived from the minigene-modified hPSCs were ready to prime a tumour antigen-specific T cell response and further expand these specific T cells in restimulation processes. These expanded tumour antigen-specific T cells were potent effectors with central memory or effector memory phenotype. Thus, we demonstrated that immunocompetent tumour antigen-loaded DCs can be directly generated from antigenically modified hPSCs. Using such strategy, we can completely eliminate the conventional antigen-loading step and significantly simplify the production of DC vaccine from hPSCs.
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Brändl B, Schneider SA, Loring JF, Hardy J, Gribbon P, Müller FJ. Stem cell reprogramming: basic implications and future perspective for movement disorders. Mov Disord 2014; 30:301-12. [PMID: 25546831 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of stem cell-associated molecular factors into human patient-derived cells allows for their reprogramming in the laboratory environment. As a result, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) can now be reprogrammed epigenetically without disruption of their overall genomic integrity. For patients with neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive loss of functional neurons, the ability to reprogram any individual's cells and drive their differentiation toward susceptible neuronal subtypes holds great promise. Apart from applications in regenerative medicine and cell replacement-based therapy, hiPSCs are increasingly used in preclinical research for establishing disease models and screening for drug toxicities. The rapid developments in this field prompted us to review recent progress toward the applications of stem cell technologies for movement disorders. We introduce reprogramming strategies and explain the critical steps in the differentiation of hiPSCs to clinical relevant subtypes of cells in the context of movement disorders. We summarize and discuss recent discoveries in this field, which, based on the rapidly expanding basic science literature as well as upcoming trends in personalized medicine, will strongly influence the future therapeutic options available to practitioners working with patients suffering from such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Brändl
- Center for Psychiatry, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
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Fontana G, Srivastava A, Thomas D, Lalor P, Dockery P, Pandit A. Three-Dimensional Microgel Platform for the Production of Cell Factories Tailored for the Nucleus Pulposus. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 26:1297-306. [DOI: 10.1021/bc5004247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Fontana
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials and ‡Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials and ‡Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dilip Thomas
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials and ‡Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pierce Lalor
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials and ‡Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials and ‡Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional
Biomaterials and ‡Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Bertoni C. Emerging gene editing strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy targeting stem cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:148. [PMID: 24795643 PMCID: PMC4001063 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of muscle mass characteristic of many muscular dystrophies impairs the efficacy of most of the gene and molecular therapies currently being pursued for the treatment of those disorders. It is becoming increasingly evident that a therapeutic application, to be effective, needs to target not only mature myofibers, but also muscle progenitors cells or muscle stem cells able to form new muscle tissue and to restore myofibers lost as the result of the diseases or during normal homeostasis so as to guarantee effective and lost lasting effects. Correction of the genetic defect using oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) or engineered nucleases holds great potential for the treatment of many of the musculoskeletal disorders. The encouraging results obtained by studying in vitro systems and model organisms have set the groundwork for what is likely to become an emerging field in the area of molecular and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the ability to isolate and expand from patients various types of muscle progenitor cells capable of committing to the myogenic lineage provides the opportunity to establish cell lines that can be used for transplantation following ex vivo manipulation and expansion. The purpose of this article is to provide a perspective on approaches aimed at correcting the genetic defect using gene editing strategies and currently under development for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most sever of the neuromuscular disorders. Emphasis will be placed on describing the potential of using the patient own stem cell as source of transplantation and the challenges that gene editing technologies face in the field of regenerative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bertoni
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA, USA
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Kalladka D, Muir KW. Brain repair: cell therapy in stroke. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 7:31-44. [PMID: 24627643 PMCID: PMC3937183 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s38003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke affects one in every six people worldwide, and is the leading cause of adult disability. Some spontaneous recovery is usual but of limited extent, and the mechanisms of late recovery are not completely understood. Endogenous neurogenesis in humans is thought to contribute to repair, but its extent is unknown. Exogenous cell therapy is promising as a means of augmenting brain repair, with evidence in animal stroke models of cell migration, survival, and differentiation, enhanced endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis, immunomodulation, and the secretion of trophic factors by stem cells from a variety of sources, but the potential mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. In the animal models of stroke, both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) improve functional recovery, and MSCs reduce the infarct volume when administered acutely, but the heterogeneity in the choice of assessment scales, publication bias, and the possible confounding effects of immunosuppressants make the comparison of effects across cell types difficult. The use of adult-derived cells avoids the ethical issues around embryonic cells but may have more restricted differentiation potential. The use of autologous cells avoids rejection risk, but the sources are restricted, and culture expansion may be necessary, delaying treatment. Allogeneic cells offer controlled cell numbers and immediate availability, which may have advantages for acute treatment. Early clinical trials of both NSCs and MSCs are ongoing, and clinical safety data are emerging from limited numbers of selected patients. Ongoing research to identify prognostic imaging markers may help to improve patient selection, and the novel imaging techniques may identify biomarkers of recovery and the mechanism of action for cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kalladka
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Keith W Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Pike JW, Lee SM, Meyer MB. Regulation of gene expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in bone cells: exploiting new approaches and defining new mechanisms. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:482. [PMID: 24466413 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The biological actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) serve both to orchestrate calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in higher vertebrates and to regulate a diverse set of cellular functions unrelated to control of mineral metabolism. With regard to bone, mesenchymal lineage cells, including both early and late osteoblasts as well as osteocytes represent classic targets of the vitamin D hormone. Accordingly, much of the early information regarding our current understanding of the mechanism of action of 1,25(OH)2D3, of which gene regulation is central, derives from a broad array of studies in these cell types. Indeed, a gene that provided both the earliest and perhaps the most extensive information regarding this and additional mechanisms was that of osteoblast-specific osteocalcin. Subsequent work has provided much additional detail as to how 1,25(OH)2D3, through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), mediates the modulation of many bone cell genes. In recent years, however, a series of technical advances involving the coupling of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to unbiased methodologies that involve next-generation DNA sequencing techniques (ChIP-seq) have opened new avenues in the study of gene regulation. In this review, we summarize early work and then focus on more recent studies that have used ChIP-seq analysis and other approaches to provide insight into not only the regulation of specific genes such as the VDR, TNFSF11 (RANKL), LRP5, CBS and CYP24a1, but overarching genome-wide principles of gene regulation as well. The results of these studies highlight the value of these new approaches and the increased insight that can be gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seong Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark B Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA
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