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Yang Q, Guo S, Ran Y, Zeng J, Qiao D, Xu H, Cao Y. Enhanced degradation of exogenetic citrinin by glycosyltransferases in the oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica zwy-2-3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 413:131468. [PMID: 39260733 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The contamination by the toxin citrinin (CIT), produced by fungi, has been reported in agricultural foods and is known to be nephrotoxic to humans. In this study, we found that CIT could be effectively degraded by the oleaginous yeast Saitozyma podzolica zwy-2-3. Four genes encoding glycosyltransferases (GTs) in S. podzolica zwy-2-3 (SPGTs) were identified by evolutionary and structural analyses. The overexpression of SPGTs enhanced CIT degradation to 0.56 mg/L/h in S. podzolica zwy-2-3 by increasing ATP and glutathione (GSH) contents to oxidize CIT and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Besides, SPGTs promoted lipid synthesis by 9.3 % of S. podzolica zwy-2-3 under CIT stress. These results suggest that SPGTs in oleaginous yeast play a pivotal role in enhancing CIT degradation and lipid accumulation. These findings provide a valuable basis for the application of GTs in oleaginous yeast to alleviate CIT contamination in agricultural production, which may contribute to food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhuoma Yang
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Shengtao Guo
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yulu Ran
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Dairong Qiao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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2
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Su K, Wu Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Liu M, Wang Y, Wang H, Fu C. UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT96C10 functions as a novel detoxification factor for conjugating the activated dinitrotoluene sulfonate in switchgrass. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2530-2540. [PMID: 38690830 PMCID: PMC11331779 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Dinitrotoluene sulfonates (DNTSes) are highly toxic hazards regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in the United States. The trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water formed during the TNT purification process consists mainly of DNTSes. Certain plants, including switchgrass, reed and alfalfa, can detoxify low concentrations of DNTS in TNT red water-contaminated soils. However, the precise mechanism by which these plants detoxify DNTS remains unknown. In order to aid in the development of phytoremediation resources with high DNTS removal rates, we identified and characterized 1-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (HMDNBS) and its glycosylated product HMDNBS O-glucoside as the degradation products of 2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na, the major isoform of DNTS in TNT red water-contaminated soils, in switchgrass via LC-MS/MS- and NMR-based metabolite analyses. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 15 UDP-glycosyltransferase genes were dramatically upregulated in switchgrass plants following 2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na treatment. We expressed, purified and assayed the activity of recombinant UGT proteins in vitro and identified PvUGT96C10 as the enzyme responsible for the glycosylation of HMDNBS in switchgrass. Overexpression of PvUGT96C10 in switchgrass significantly alleviated 2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na-induced plant growth inhibition. Notably, PvUGT96C10-overexpressing transgenic switchgrass plants removed 83.1% of 2,4-DNT-3-SO3Na in liquid medium after 28 days, representing a 3.2-fold higher removal rate than that of control plants. This work clarifies the DNTS detoxification mechanism in plants for the first time, suggesting that PvUGT96C10 is crucial for DNTS degradation. Our results indicate that PvUGT96C10-overexpressing plants may hold great potential for the phytoremediation of TNT red water-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Shandong Energy InstituteQingdaoChina
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong LaboratoryQingdaoChina
| | - Zhenying Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Shandong Energy InstituteQingdaoChina
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong LaboratoryQingdaoChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Shandong Energy InstituteQingdaoChina
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong LaboratoryQingdaoChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Han Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meifeng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Shandong Energy InstituteQingdaoChina
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong LaboratoryQingdaoChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Honglun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau BiologyXiningChina
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Shandong Energy InstituteQingdaoChina
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong LaboratoryQingdaoChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine ResearchNorthwest Institute of Plateau BiologyXiningChina
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3
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Pasini I, Ruprecht C, Osswald U, Bittmann A, Maltrovsky L, Romanò C, Clausen MH, Pfrengle F. Chemical synthesis of natural and azido-modified UDP-rhamnose and -arabinofuranose for glycan array-based characterization of plant glycosyltransferases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9368-9371. [PMID: 39135501 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02095b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Chemical syntheses of UDP-rhamnose and UDP-arabinofuranose and respective azido-modified analogues are reported. The prepared substrates are useful for the glycan array-based analysis of glycosyltransferases, as exemplified with the plant cell wall-biosynthetic enzymes PvXAT3, AtRRT4 and PtRRT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pasini
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Uwe Osswald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Bittmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lina Maltrovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cecilia Romanò
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Feng Z, Admas T, Cheng B, Meng Y, Pan R, Zhang W. UGT gene family identification and functional analysis of HvUGT1 under drought stress in wild barley. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:1225-1238. [PMID: 39184559 PMCID: PMC11341513 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Drought stress poses a significant threat to global agriculture, highlighting the urgent need to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant drought tolerance. The UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) gene family plays crucial roles in diverse biological processes in plants. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the UGT gene family in wild barley EC_S1, focusing on gene characteristics, subcellular localization, phylogenetic relationships, and protein structure. A total of 175 UGT gene family members were identified, exhibiting diverse patterns in protein length, molecular weight, isoelectric point, hydrophilicity, and subcellular localization. Most genes are located at chromosome ends. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the UGT genes into seven clusters, with barley-specific group E. Expression analysis across barley tissues showed upregulation in roots and senescent leaves, implying diverse roles. Under drought stress, expression patterns varied, with drought-tolerant varieties showing fewer changes than sensitive ones. Clustering analysis revealed distinct expression patterns, suggesting regulatory functions in barley's drought response. As a case, the HvUGT1 was cloned. Overexpression of HvUGT1 in Arabidopsis enhanced drought tolerance, with increased water retention, reduced cell damage, and elevated flavonoid levels. Conversely, HvUGT1 silencing in wild barley decreased drought tolerance, accompanied by reduced antioxidant enzyme activity and flavonoid content. These results highlight HvUGT1's importance in enhancing plant drought tolerance, possibly through flavonoid-mediated ROS clearance. The research provides gene resources and valuable insights for the development of drought-resistant crops through targeted genetic manipulation strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01487-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbao Feng
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Tayachew Admas
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Bingyun Cheng
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Yutong Meng
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Rui Pan
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 China
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5
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Zhang MQ, Yang Z, Dong YX, Zhu YL, Chen XY, Dai CC, Zhichun Z, Mei YZ. Expression of endogenous UDP-glucosyltransferase in endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris reduces deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 173:103899. [PMID: 38802054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease that causes severe yield loses and mycotoxin contamination in wheat grain. Additionally, balancing the trade-off between wheat production and disease resistance has proved challenging. This study aimed to expand the genetic tools of the endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris against Fusarium graminearum. Specifically, we engineered a UDP-glucosyltransferase-expressing P. liquidambaris strain (PL-UGT) using ADE1 as a selection marker and obtained a deletion mutant using an inducible promoter that drives Cas9 expression. Our PL-UGT strain converted deoxynivalenol (DON) into DON-3-G in vitro at a rate of 71.4 % after 36 h. DON inactivation can be used to confer tolerance in planta. Wheat seedlings inoculated with endophytic strain PL-UGT showed improved growth compared with those inoculated with wildtype P. liquidambaris. Strain PL-UGT inhibited the growth of Fusarium graminearum and reduced infection rate to 15.7 %. Consistent with this finding, DON levels in wheat grains decreased from 14.25 to 0.56 μg/g when the flowers were pre-inoculated with PL-UGT and then infected with F. graminearum. The expression of UGT in P. liquidambaris was nontoxic and did not inhibit plant growth. Endophytes do not enter the seeds nor induce plant disease, thereby representing a novel approach to fungal disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd.,Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Xin Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Li Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhan Zhichun
- Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd.,Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Sánchez-Pérez R, Neilson EH. The case for sporadic cyanogenic glycoside evolution in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102608. [PMID: 39089185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides are α-hydroxynitrile glucosides present in approximately 3000 different plant species. Upon tissue disruption, cyanogenic glycosides are hydrolyzed to release toxic hydrogen cyanide as a means of chemical defense. Over 100 different cyanogenic glycosides have been reported, with structural diversity dependent on the precursor amino acid, and subsequent modifications. Cyanogenic glycosides represent a prime example of sporadic metabolite evolution, with the metabolic trait arising multiple times throughout the plant lineage as evidenced by recruitment of different enzyme families for biosynthesis. Here, we review the latest developments within cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis, and argue possible factors driving sporadic evolution including shared intermediates and crossovers with other metabolic pathways crossovers, and metabolite multifunctionality beyond chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Hj Neilson
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen.
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7
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Marques I, Fernandes I, Paulo OS, Batista D, Lidon FC, Rodrigues AP, Partelli FL, DaMatta FM, Ribeiro-Barros AI, Ramalho JC. Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal That Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora Have More Complex Responses under Combined Heat and Drought than under Individual Stressors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7995. [PMID: 39063237 PMCID: PMC11277005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing exposure to unfavorable temperatures and water deficit imposes major constraints on most crops worldwide. Despite several studies regarding coffee responses to abiotic stresses, transcriptome modulation due to simultaneous stresses remains poorly understood. This study unravels transcriptomic responses under the combined action of drought and temperature in leaves from the two most traded species: Coffea canephora cv. Conilon Clone 153 (CL153) and C. arabica cv. Icatu. Substantial transcriptomic changes were found, especially in response to the combination of stresses that cannot be explained by an additive effect. A large number of genes were involved in stress responses, with photosynthesis and other physiologically related genes usually being negatively affected. In both genotypes, genes encoding for protective proteins, such as dehydrins and heat shock proteins, were positively regulated. Transcription factors (TFs), including MADS-box genes, were down-regulated, although responses were genotype-dependent. In contrast to Icatu, only a few drought- and heat-responsive DEGs were recorded in CL153, which also reacted more significantly in terms of the number of DEGs and enriched GO terms, suggesting a high ability to cope with stresses. This research provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf Coffea responses to drought and heat, revealing their influence on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Marques
- Plant-Environment Interactions and Biodiversity Lab, Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.P.R.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Isabel Fernandes
- cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (O.S.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Octávio S. Paulo
- cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (O.S.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Dora Batista
- cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.F.); (O.S.P.); (D.B.)
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando C. Lidon
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Ana P. Rodrigues
- Plant-Environment Interactions and Biodiversity Lab, Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.P.R.); (J.C.R.)
| | - Fábio L. Partelli
- Centro Universitário do Norte do Espírito Santo (CEUNES), Departmento Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas (DCAB), Universidade Federal Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus 29932-540, ES, Brazil;
| | - Fábio M. DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros
- Plant-Environment Interactions and Biodiversity Lab, Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.P.R.); (J.C.R.)
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - José C. Ramalho
- Plant-Environment Interactions and Biodiversity Lab, Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.P.R.); (J.C.R.)
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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8
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Zhu F, Han J, Hong J, Cai F, Tang Q, Yu Q, Ma S, Liu X, Huo S, Chen K. Characterization of the UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT33D1 in silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38956869 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are important metabolizing enzymes functioning by adding a sugar moiety to a small lipophilic substrate molecule and play critical roles in drug/toxin metabolism for all realms of life. In this study, the silkworm Bombyx mori UGT33D1 gene was characterized in detail. UGT33D1 was found localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) compartment just like other animal UGTs and was mainly expressed in the silkworm midgut. We first reported that UGT33D1 was important to BmNPV infection, as silencing UGT33D1 inhibited the BmNPV infection in silkworm BmN cells, while overexpressing the gene promoted viral infection. The molecular pathways regulated by UGT33D1 were analysed via transcriptome sequencing upon UGT33D1 knockdown, highlighting the important role of the gene in maintaining a balanced oxidoreductive state of the organism. In addition, proteins that physically interact with UGT33D1 were identified through immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis, which includes tubulin, elongation factor, certain ribosomal proteins, histone proteins and zinc finger proteins that had been previously reported for human UGT-interacting proteins. This study provided preliminary but important functional information on UGT33D1 and is hoped to trigger deeper investigations into silkworm UGTs and their functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinying Han
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingdie Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fuchuan Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qi Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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9
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Li T, Borg AJE, Krammer L, Weber H, Breinbauer R, Nidetzky B. Discovery, characterization, and comparative analysis of new UGT72 and UGT84 family glycosyltransferases. Commun Chem 2024; 7:147. [PMID: 38942997 PMCID: PMC11213884 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylated derivatives of natural product polyphenols display a spectrum of biological activities, rendering them critical for both nutritional and pharmacological applications. Their enzymatic synthesis by glycosyltransferases is frequently constrained by the limited repertoire of characterized enzyme-catalyzed transformations. Here, we explore the glycosylation capabilities and substrate preferences of newly identified plant uridine diphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) within the UGT72 and UGT84 families, with particular focus on natural polyphenol glycosylation from UDP-glucose. Four UGTs are classified according to their phylogenetic relationships and reaction products, identifying them as biocatalysts for either glucoside (UGT72 enzymes) or glucose ester (UGT84 members) formation from selected phenylpropanoid compounds. Detailed kinetic evaluations expose the unique attributes of these enzymes, including their specific activities and regio-selectivities towards diverse polyphenolic substrates, with product characterizations validating the capacity of UGT84 family members to perform di-O-glycosylation on flavones. Sequence analysis coupled with structural predictions through AlphaFold reveal an unexpected absence of a conserved threonine residue across all four enzymes, a trait previously linked to pentosyltransferases. This comparative analysis broadens the understood substrate specificity range for UGT72 and UGT84 enzymes, enhancing our understanding of their utility in the production of natural phenolic glycosides. The findings from this in-depth characterization provide valuable insights into the functional versatility of UGT-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Annika J E Borg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Leo Krammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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10
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Mu L, Wang X, Ma Y, Zhao A, Han S, Li R, Lei K, Ji L, Li P. Apple Glycosyltransferase MdUGT73AR4 Glycosylates ABA to Regulate Stomatal Movement Involved in Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5672. [PMID: 38891859 PMCID: PMC11171509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a drought-stress-responsive hormone that plays an important role in the stomatal activity of plant leaves. Currently, ABA glycosides have been identified in apples, but their glycosyltransferases for glycosylation modification of ABA are still unidentified. In this study, the mRNA expression of glycosyltransferase gene MdUGT73AR4 was significantly up-regulated in mature apple leaves which were treated in drought stress by Real-Time PCR. It was hypothesised that MdUGT73AR4 might play an important role in drought stress. In order to further characterise the glycosylation modification substrate of glycosyltransferase MdUGT73AR4, we demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo functional validation that MdUGT73AR4 can glycosylate ABA. Moreover, the overexpression lines of MdUGT73AR4 significantly enhance its drought stress resistance function. We also found that the adversity stress transcription factor AREB1B might be an upstream transcription factor of MdUGT73AR4 by bioinformatics, EMSA, and ChIP experiments. In conclusion, this study found that the adversity stress transcription factor AREB1B was significantly up-regulated at the onset of drought stress, which in turn positively regulated the downstream glycosyltransferase MdUGT73AR4, causing it to modify ABA by mass glycosylation and promoting the ABA synthesis pathway, resulting in the accumulation of ABA content, and displaying a stress-resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lusha Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.M.); (X.W.); (Y.M.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (R.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (L.M.); (X.W.); (Y.M.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (R.L.); (K.L.)
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11
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Gaudet M, Pollegioni P, Ciolfi M, Mattioni C, Cherubini M, Beritognolo I. Identification of a Unique Genomic Region in Sweet Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) That Controls Resistance to Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1355. [PMID: 38794426 PMCID: PMC11125237 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) (Hymenoptera Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu) is a severe pest of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) with a strong impact on growth and nut production. A comparative field trial in Central Italy, including provenances from Spain, Italy, and Greece, was screened for ACGW infestation over consecutive years. The Greek provenance Hortiatis expressed a high proportion of immune plants and was used to perform a genome-wide association study based on DNA pool sequencing (Pool-GWAS) by comparing two DNA pools from 25 susceptible and 25 resistant plants. DNA pools were sequenced with 50X coverage depth. Sequence reads were aligned to a C. mollissima reference genome and the pools were compared to identify SNPs associated with resistance. Twenty-one significant SNPs were identified and highlighted a small genomic region on pseudochromosome 3 (Chr 3), containing 12 candidate genes of three gene families: Cytochrome P450, UDP-glycosyltransferase, and Rac-like GTP-binding protein. Functional analyses revealed a putative metabolic gene cluster related to saccharide biosynthesis in the genomic regions associated with resistance that could be involved in the production of a toxic metabolite against parasites. The comparison with previous genetic studies confirmed the involvement of Chr 3 in the control of resistance to ACGW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Gaudet
- CNR Istituto di Ricerca Sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri IRET, Via Guglielmo Marconi, 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; (P.P.); (M.C.); (C.M.); (M.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Isacco Beritognolo
- CNR Istituto di Ricerca Sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri IRET, Via Guglielmo Marconi, 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; (P.P.); (M.C.); (C.M.); (M.C.)
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12
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Singh BN, Tabatabaei M, Pandit A, Elling L, Gupta VK. Emerging advances in glycoengineering of carbohydrates/glycans and their industrial applications. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108324. [PMID: 38360155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Brahma N Singh
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin D09 K20V, Ireland; Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin D09 K20V, Ireland.
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13
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Wang X, Yang J, Hu H, Yuan T, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Li W, Liu J. Genome-Wide Analysis and Identification of UDP Glycosyltransferases Responsive to Chinese Wheat Mosaic Virus Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2024; 16:489. [PMID: 38675832 PMCID: PMC11054786 DOI: 10.3390/v16040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation, a dynamic modification prevalent in viruses and higher eukaryotes, is principally regulated by uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in plants. Although UGTs are involved in plant defense responses, their responses to most pathogens, especially plant viruses, remain unclear. Here, we aimed to identify UGTs in the whole genome of Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) and to analyze their function in Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection. A total of 147 NbUGTs were identified in N. benthamiana. To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, the UGT protein sequences of N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana were aligned. The gene structure and conserved motifs of the UGTs were also analyzed. Additionally, the physicochemical properties and predictable subcellular localization were examined in detail. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the putative promoter revealed that NbUGTs were involved in temperature, defense, and hormone responses. The expression levels of 20 NbUGTs containing defense-related cis-acting elements were assessed in CWMV-infected N. benthamiana, revealing a significant upregulation of 8 NbUGTs. Subcellular localization analysis of three NbUGTs (NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17) revealed their predominant localization in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaves, and NbUGT12 was also distributed in the chloroplasts. CWMV infection did not alter the subcellular localization of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17. Transient overexpression of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17 enhanced CWMV infection, whereas the knockdown of NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17 inhibited CWMV infection in N. benthamiana. These NbUGTs could serve as potential susceptibility genes to facilitate CWMV infection. Overall, the findings throw light on the evolution and function of NbUGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.W.); (H.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Haichao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.W.); (H.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tangyu Yuan
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 26 Gangcheng West Street, Fushan District, Yantai City 265500, China;
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.W.); (H.H.)
| | - Jiaqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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14
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Rates ADB, Cesarino I. Pour some sugar on me: The diverse functions of phenylpropanoid glycosylation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 291:154138. [PMID: 38006622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid metabolism is the source of a vast array of specialized metabolites that play diverse functions in plant growth and development and contribute to all aspects of plant interactions with their surrounding environment. These compounds protect plants from damaging ultraviolet radiation and reactive oxygen species, provide mechanical support for the plants to stand upright, and mediate plant-plant and plant-microorganism communications. The enormous metabolic diversity of phenylpropanoids is further expanded by chemical modifications known as "decorative reactions", including hydroxylation, methylation, glycosylation, and acylation. Among these modifications, glycosylation is the major driving force of phenylpropanoid structural diversification, also contributing to the expansion of their properties. Phenylpropanoid glycosylation is catalyzed by regioselective uridine diphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), whereas glycosyl hydrolases known as β-glucosidases are the major players in deglycosylation. In this article, we review how the glycosylation process affects key physicochemical properties of phenylpropanoids, such as molecular stability and solubility, as well as metabolite compartmentalization/storage and biological activity/toxicity. We also summarize the recent knowledge on the functional implications of glycosylation of different classes of phenylpropanoid compounds. A balance of glycosylation/deglycosylation might represent an essential molecular mechanism to regulate phenylpropanoid homeostasis, allowing plants to dynamically respond to diverse environmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur de Barros Rates
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues 370, 05508-020, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Li H, Li Y, Wang X, Jiao Z, Zhang W, Long Y. Characterization of Glycosyltransferase Family 1 (GT1) and Their Potential Roles in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Maize. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2099. [PMID: 38003042 PMCID: PMC10671782 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase family 1 (GT1) is a large group of proteins that play critical roles in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. However, the GT1 family is not well studied in maize. In this study, 107 GT1 unigenes were identified in the maize reference genome and classified into 16 groups according to their phylogenetic relationship. GT1s are unevenly distributed across all ten maize chromosomes, occurring as gene clusters in some chromosomes. Collinearity analysis revealed that gene duplication events, whole-genome or segmental duplication, and tandem duplication occurred at a similar frequency, indicating that both types of gene duplication play notable roles in the expansion of the GT1 gene family. Expression analysis showed GT1s expressing in all tissues with specific expression patterns of each GT1, suggesting that they might participate in multiple biological processes during the whole growth and development stages. Furthermore, 16 GT1s were identified to have similar expression patterns to those of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), the critical enzyme in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Molecular docking was carried out to examine the affinity of GT1s with substrates in anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study provides valuable information on the GT1s of maize and will promote the development of research on their biological functions in the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangai Li
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Yiping Li
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Ziwei Jiao
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China; (Z.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Industry Research Institute of Biotechnology Breeding, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China; (Z.J.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yan Long
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
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16
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Robinson KA, St-Jacques AD, Shields SW, Sproule A, Demissie ZA, Overy DP, Loewen MC. Multiple Clonostachys rosea UDP-Glycosyltransferases Contribute to the Production of 15-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol-3-O-Glycoside When Confronted with Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:723. [PMID: 37504712 PMCID: PMC10381798 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, derived from toxigenic fungi such as Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species have impacted the human food chain for thousands of years. Deoxynivalenol (DON), is a tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid type B trichothecene mycotoxin predominantly produced by F. culmorum and F. graminearum during the infection of corn, wheat, oats, barley, and rice. Glycosylation of DON is a protective detoxification mechanism employed by plants. More recently, DON glycosylating activity has also been detected in fungal microparasitic (biocontrol) fungal organisms. Here we follow up on the reported conversion of 15-acetyl-DON (15-ADON) into 15-ADON-3-O-glycoside (15-ADON-3G) in Clonostachys rosea. Based on the hypothesis that the reaction is likely being carried out by a uridine diphosphate glycosyl transferase (UDP-GTase), we applied a protein structural comparison strategy, leveraging the availability of the crystal structure of rice Os70 to identify a subset of potential C. rosea UDP-GTases that might have activity against 15-ADON. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we knocked out several of the selected UDP-GTases in the C. rosea strain ACM941. Evaluation of the impact of knockouts on the production of 15-ADON-3G in confrontation assays with F. graminearum revealed multiple UDP-GTase enzymes, each contributing partial activities. The relationship between these positive hits and other UDP-GTases in fungal and plant species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Robinson
- Aquatic and Crop Resources Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Antony D St-Jacques
- Aquatic and Crop Resources Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sam W Shields
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z2, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z2, Canada
| | - Zerihun A Demissie
- Aquatic and Crop Resources Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - David P Overy
- Ottawa Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Z2, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- Aquatic and Crop Resources Development Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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