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Kim HJ, Kim YH. Comprehensive Insights into Keloid Pathogenesis and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8776. [PMID: 39201463 PMCID: PMC11354446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Keloid scars, characterized by abnormal fibroproliferation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) production that extends beyond the original wound, often cause pruritus, pain, and hyperpigmentation, significantly impacting the quality of life. Keloid pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, immune response dysregulation, and aberrant wound-healing processes. Central molecular pathways such as TGF-β/Smad and JAK/STAT are important in keloid formation by sustaining fibroblast activation and ECM deposition. Conventional treatments, including surgical excision, radiation, laser therapies, and intralesional injections, yield variable success but are limited by high recurrence rates and potential adverse effects. Emerging therapies targeting specific immune pathways, small molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, and mesenchymal stem cells show promise in disrupting the underlying mechanisms of keloid pathogenesis, potentially offering more effective and lasting treatment outcomes. Despite advancements, further research is essential to fully elucidate the precise mechanisms of keloid formation and to develop targeted therapies. Ongoing clinical trials and research efforts are vital for translating these scientific insights into practical treatments that can markedly enhance the quality of life for individuals affected by keloid scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, International St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeong Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Dirand Z, Maraux M, Tissot M, Chatelain B, Supp D, Viennet C, Perruche S, Rolin G. Macrophage phenotype is determinant for fibrosis development in keloid disease. Matrix Biol 2024; 128:79-92. [PMID: 38485100 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Keloid refers to a fibroproliferative disorder characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components at the dermis level, overgrowth beyond initial wound, and formation of tumor-like nodule areas. Treating keloid is still an unmet clinical need and the lack of an efficient therapy is clearly related to limited knowledge about keloid etiology, despite the growing interest of the scientific community in this pathology. In past decades, keloids were often studied in vitro through the sole prism of fibroblasts considered as the major effector of ECM deposition. Nevertheless, development of keloids results from cross-interactions of keloid fibroblasts (KFs) and their surrounding microenvironment, including immune cells such as macrophages. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of M1 and M2 monocyte-derived macrophages on KFs in vitro. We focused on the effects of the macrophage secretome on fibrosis-related criteria in KFs, including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and ECM synthesis. First, we demonstrated that M2-like macrophages enhanced the fibrogenic profile of KFs in culture. Then, we surprisingly founded that M1-like macrophages can have an anti-fibrogenic effect on KFs, even in a pro-fibrotic environment. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that M1 and M2 macrophage subsets differentially impact the fibrotic fate of KFs in vitro, and suggest that restoring the M1/M2 balance to favor M1 in keloids could be an efficient therapeutic lever to prevent or treat keloid fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zélie Dirand
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mélissa Maraux
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Marion Tissot
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000 Besançon, France; DImaCell Imaging Resource Center, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Brice Chatelain
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Stomatologie et Odontologie Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Dorothy Supp
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Scientific Staff, Shriners Children's Ohio, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Céline Viennet
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000 Besançon, France; DImaCell Imaging Resource Center, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000 Besançon, France; MED'INN'Pharma 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Gwenaël Rolin
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000 Besançon, France; DImaCell Imaging Resource Center, 25000 Besançon, France; INSERM CIC-1431, CHU Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France.
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3
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Yang ZR, Suo H, Fan JW, Lv N, Du K, Ma T, Qin H, Li Y, Yang L, Zhou N, Jiang H, Tao J, Zhu J. Endogenous stimuli-responsive separating microneedles to inhibit hypertrophic scar through remodeling the pathological microenvironment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2038. [PMID: 38448448 PMCID: PMC10917775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) considerably affects the appearance and causes tissue dysfunction in patients. The low bioavailability of 5-fluorouracil poses a challenge for HS treatment. Here we show a separating microneedle (MN) consisting of photo-crosslinked GelMA and 5-FuA-Pep-MA prodrug in response to high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the HS pathological microenvironment. In vivo experiments in female mice demonstrate that the retention of MN tips in the tissue provides a slowly sustained drug release manner. Importantly, drug-loaded MNs could remodel the pathological microenvironment of female rabbit ear HS tissues by ROS scavenging and MMPs consumption. Bulk and single cell RNA sequencing analyses confirm that drug-loaded MNs could reverse skin fibrosis through down-regulation of BCL-2-associated death promoter (BAD), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) pathways, simultaneously regulate inflammatory response and keratinocyte differentiation via up-regulation of toll-like receptors (TOLL), interleukin-1 receptor (IL1R) and keratinocyte pathways, and promote the interactions between fibroblasts and keratinocytes via ligand-receptor pair of proteoglycans 2 (HSPG2)-dystroglycan 1(DAG1). This study reveals the potential therapeutic mechanism of drug-loaded MNs in HS treatment and presents a broad prospect for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ran Yang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huinan Suo
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing-Wen Fan
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Forth Military Medical University (FMMU), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Niannian Lv
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kehan Du
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huimin Qin
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nuoya Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Tewary G, Freyter B, Al-Razaq MA, Auerbach H, Laschke MW, Kübelbeck T, Kolb A, Mangelinck A, Mann C, Kramer D, Rübe CE. Immunomodulatory Effects of Histone Variant H2A.J in Ionizing Radiation Dermatitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 118:801-816. [PMID: 37758068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Histone variant H2A.J is associated with premature senescence after ionizing radiation (IR) and modulates senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Using constitutive H2A.J knock-out mice, the role of H2A.J was investigated in radiation dermatitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS H2A.J wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mice were exposed to moderate or high IR doses (≤20 Gy, skinfold IR). Radiation-induced skin reactions were investigated up to 2 weeks post-IR at macroscopic and microscopic levels. H2A.J and other senescence markers, as well as DNA damage and proliferation markers, were studied by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. After high-dose IR, protein-coding transcriptomes were analyzed by RNA sequencing, immune cell infiltration by flow cytometry, and gene expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in (non-) irradiated WT versus KO skin. RESULTS In WT skin, epidermal keratinocytes showed time- and dose-dependent H2A.J accumulation after IR exposure. Unexpectedly, stronger inflammatory reactions with increased epidermal thickness and progressive hair follicle loss were observed in irradiated KO versus WT skin. Clearly more radiation-induced senescence was observed in keratinocyte populations of KO skin after moderate and high doses, with hair follicle stem cells being particularly badly damaged, leading to follicle atrophy. After high-dose IR, transcriptomic analysis revealed enhanced senescence-associated signatures in irradiated KO skin, with intensified release of SASP factors. Flow cytometric analysis indicated increased immune cell infiltration in both WT and KO skin; however, specific chemokine-mediated signaling in irradiated KO skin led to more neutrophil recruitment, thereby aggravating radiation toxicities. Increased skin damage in irradiated KO skin led to hyperproliferation, abnormal differentiation, and cornification of keratinocytes, accompanied by increased upregulation of transcription-factor JunB. CONCLUSIONS Lack of radiation-induced H2A.J expression in keratinocytes is associated with increased senescence induction, modulation of SASP expression, and exacerbated inflammatory skin reactions. Hence, epigenetic H2A.J-mediated gene expression in response to IR regulates keratinocyte immune functions and plays an essential role in balancing the inflammatory response during radiation dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Tewary
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Benjamin Freyter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Mutaz Abd Al-Razaq
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Hendrik Auerbach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tanja Kübelbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonia Kolb
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adèle Mangelinck
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Carl Mann
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Daniela Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Faour S, Farahat M, Aijaz A, Jeschke MG. Fibrosis in burns: an overview of mechanisms and therapies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1545-C1557. [PMID: 37811732 PMCID: PMC10881229 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00254.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Scar development remains a common occurrence and a major healthcare challenge affecting the lives of millions of patients annually. Severe injuries to the skin, such as burns can lead to pathological wound healing patterns, often characterized by dermal fibrosis or excessive scarring, and chronic inflammation. The two most common forms of fibrotic diseases following burn trauma are hypertrophic scars (HSCs) and keloids, which severely impact the patient's quality of life. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms are similar, HSC and keloids have several distinct differences. In this review, we discuss the different forms of fibrosis that occur postburn injury, emphasizing how the extent of burn influences scar development. Moreover, we highlight how a systemic response induced by a burn injury drives wound fibrosis, including both the role of the inflammatory response, as well as the fate of fibroblast during skin healing. Finally, we list potential therapeutics aimed at alleviating pathological scar formation. An understanding of the mechanisms of postburn fibrosis will allow us to effectively move studies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Faour
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayesha Aijaz
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- TaARI, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Eftimie R, Rolin G, Adebayo OE, Urcun S, Chouly F, Bordas SPA. Modelling Keloids Dynamics: A Brief Review and New Mathematical Perspectives. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:117. [PMID: 37855947 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative disorders described by excessive growth of fibrotic tissue, which also invades adjacent areas (beyond the original wound borders). Since these disorders are specific to humans (no other animal species naturally develop keloid-like tissue), experimental in vivo/in vitro research has not led to significant advances in this field. One possible approach could be to combine in vitro human models with calibrated in silico mathematical approaches (i.e., models and simulations) to generate new testable biological hypotheses related to biological mechanisms and improved treatments. Because these combined approaches do not really exist for keloid disorders, in this brief review we start by summarising the biology of these disorders, then present various types of mathematical and computational approaches used for related disorders (i.e., wound healing and solid tumours), followed by a discussion of the very few mathematical and computational models published so far to study various inflammatory and mechanical aspects of keloids. We conclude this review by discussing some open problems and mathematical opportunities offered in the context of keloid disorders by such combined in vitro/in silico approaches, and the need for multi-disciplinary research to enable clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eftimie
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - G Rolin
- INSERM CIC-1431, CHU Besançon, F-25000, Besançon, France
- EFS, INSERM, UMR 1098 RIGHT, Université de Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - O E Adebayo
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - S Urcun
- Institute for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - F Chouly
- Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne, Université de Franche-Comté, 21078, Dijon, France
- Center for Mathematical Modelling and Department of Mathematical Engineering, University of Chile and IRL 2807 - CNRS, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, CI2MA, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - S P A Bordas
- Institute for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Widiatmoko A, Fitri LE, Endharti AT, Murlistyarini S, Brahmanti H, Yuniaswan AP, Ekasari DP, Rasyidi F, Nahlia NL, Safitri PR. Inhibition Effect of Physalis angulata Leaf Extract on Viability, Collagen Type I, and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) but Not Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) of Keloid Fibroblast Culture. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2365-2373. [PMID: 37667736 PMCID: PMC10475283 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s425036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Keloids are excessive fibroproliferative diseases that are caused by abnormal wound healing. The anti-proliferative activity of Physalis angulata compounds has potential as a keloid therapeutic agent. This study aimed to observe the effects of P. angulata on fibroblast viability and collagen type I, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels in human keloid fibroblasts. Methods We conducted an experimental study of P. angulata ethanol extract on three primary human keloid fibroblast 3 passage cultures with four replications. Fibroblast viability was measured using the MTT assay after incubation with 3, 5, and 10 µg/mL P. angulata. Concentrations of P. angulata used to observe effects on TIMP-1, PAI-1, and collagen type I levels were 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50). The levels of collagen type I, TIMP-1, and PAI-1 were measured by ELISA. Mean comparisons between multiple treatment groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis. Results The 10 µg/mL P. angulata group had significantly lower fibroblast viability than the control group (p<0.05) with an IC50 6.3 µg/mL. The collagen type I level of 10% IC50 (0.63 µg/mL) P. angulata group was lower than control (12.910 vs 47.866 ng/mL) (p=0.042). Level of TIMP-1 in 40% IC50 (2.51 µg/mL) P. angulata group was lower than control (5.350 vs 9.972 ng/mL) (p=0.043). There was no significant difference in the PAI-1 levels. Conclusion This study showed the inhibitory effect of 10 µg/mL P. angulata extract on keloid fibroblast viability, with an IC50 of 6.3 µg/mL. This study also showed collagen type-1 and TIMP-1 inhibition, but not PAI-1 inhibition, after P. angulate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Widiatmoko
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Loeki Enggar Fitri
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Agustina Tri Endharti
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sinta Murlistyarini
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Herwinda Brahmanti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Anggun Putri Yuniaswan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dhany Prafita Ekasari
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Faradiani Rasyidi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Laili Nahlia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Putri Rachma Safitri
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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Zhu L, Liu L, Wang A, Liu J, Huang X, Zan T. Positive feedback loops between fibroblasts and the mechanical environment contribute to dermal fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2023; 121:1-21. [PMID: 37164179 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dermal fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the dermis and affects millions of people worldwide and causes limited movement, disfigurement and psychological distress in patients. Fibroblast dysfunction of plays a central role in the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis and is controlled by distinct factors. Recent studies support the hypothesis that fibroblasts can drive matrix deposition and stiffening, which in turn can exacerbate the functional dysregulation of fibroblasts. Ultimately, through a positive feedback loop, uncontrolled pathological fibrosis develops. This review aims to summarize the phenomenon and mechanism of the positive feedback loop in dermal fibrosis, and discuss potential therapeutic targets to help further elucidate the pathogenesis of dermal fibrosis and develop therapeutic strategies. In this review, fibroblast-derived compositional and structural changes in the ECM that lead to altered mechanical properties are briefly discussed. We focus on the mechanisms by which mechanical cues participate in dermal fibrosis progression. The mechanosensors discussed in the review include integrins, DDRs, proteoglycans, and mechanosensitive ion channels. The FAK, ERK, Akt, and Rho pathways, as well as transcription factors, including MRTF and YAP/TAZ, are also discussed. In addition, we describe stiffness-induced biological changes in the ECM on fibroblasts that contribute to the formation of a positive feedback loop. Finally, we discuss therapeutic strategies to treat the vicious cycle and present important suggestions for researchers conducting in-depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lechen Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aoli Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwen Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tao Zan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Mony MP, Harmon KA, Hess R, Dorafshar AH, Shafikhani SH. An Updated Review of Hypertrophic Scarring. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050678. [PMID: 36899815 PMCID: PMC10000648 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring (HTS) is an aberrant form of wound healing that is associated with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and connective tissue at the site of injury. In this review article, we provide an overview of normal (acute) wound healing phases (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling). We next discuss the dysregulated and/or impaired mechanisms in wound healing phases that are associated with HTS development. We next discuss the animal models of HTS and their limitations, and review the current and emerging treatments of HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula P. Mony
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kelly A. Harmon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ryan Hess
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amir H. Dorafshar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Materials and extracellular matrix rigidity highlighted in tissue damages and diseases: Implication for biomaterials design and therapeutic targets. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:381-403. [PMID: 35784640 PMCID: PMC9234013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigidity (or stiffness) of materials and extracellular matrix has proven to be one of the most significant extracellular physicochemical cues that can control diverse cell behaviors, such as contractility, motility, and spreading, and the resultant pathophysiological phenomena. Many 2D materials engineered with tunable rigidity have enabled researchers to elucidate the roles of matrix biophysical cues in diverse cellular events, including migration, lineage specification, and mechanical memory. Moreover, the recent findings accumulated under 3D environments with viscoelastic and remodeling properties pointed to the importance of dynamically changing rigidity in cell fate control, tissue repair, and disease progression. Thus, here we aim to highlight the works related with material/matrix-rigidity-mediated cell and tissue behaviors, with a brief outlook into the studies on the effects of material/matrix rigidity on cell behaviors in 2D systems, further discussion of the events and considerations in tissue-mimicking 3D conditions, and then examination of the in vivo findings that concern material/matrix rigidity. The current discussion will help understand the material/matrix-rigidity-mediated biological phenomena and further leverage the concepts to find therapeutic targets and to design implantable materials for the treatment of damaged and diseased tissues. Discuss the cutting-edge findings on the role of matrix rigidity in dictating diverse cell behaviors. Underscore the dynamic matrix rigidity that interplays with cells, and the related pathophysiological phenomena. Illuminate the significance of matrix rigidity in clinically-relevant settings.
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Comparative assessment of commercially available wound gels in ex vivo human skin reveals major differences in immune response-modulatory effects. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17481. [PMID: 36261541 PMCID: PMC9581930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a crucial process for maintaining the function of human skin as a protective barrier to pathogens and other external stress factors. Hydrogels-in combination with antimicrobials-are often used, as moist wound care has been widely accepted as standard therapy. Recently, we reported about immune response-modulatory effects of an octenidine-based hydrogel, however little is known about the mechanism of action of other hydrogels including antiseptic molecules or chlorine-based and chlorine-releasing agents, respectively. The aim of this study was the comparative assessment of commercially available wound gels (octenilin®, Prontosan®, Lavanid®, Betadona®, ActiMaris®, Microdacyn60®, VeriforteTMmed) with regard to their effects on the secretion of distinct cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), matrix-metalloproteinases as well as their potential to cause alterations in skin structure and apoptosis. Hence, tape-stripped human ex vivo skin biopsies were treated topically with wound gels and cultured for 48 h. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and an enzyme activity assay of culture supernatants revealed that octenilin® demonstrates significantly broader anti-inflammatory and protease-inhibitory capacities than other wound gels. Further, haematoxylin & eosin as well as caspase-3 staining of treated biopsies showed that octenilin® does not alter skin morphology and shows the least interfering effect on human epidermal cells compared to untreated controls. Overall, this study clearly demonstrates totally different effects for several commercially available hydrogels in our wound model, which gives also new insight into their tissue compatibility and mode of action.
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Khodaei B, Nasimi M, Nassireslami E, Seyedpour S, Rahmati J, Haddady Abianeh S, Motavalli Khiavi F. Efficacy of Topical Losartan in Management of Mammoplasty and Abdominoplasty Scars: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:2580-2587. [PMID: 35614156 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-02935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annually, millions of people suffer from skin scars' psychological and physical disadvantages. Pathologic scars prevention is challenging and requires developing feasible and effective therapeutic strategies. Regarding promising results of losartan (an angiotensin 1 receptor inhibitor) on skin scar in preclinical studies, we aimed to assess the losartan ointment's impact on surgical scars in a clinical setting. MATERIAL AND METHOD Twenty-four patients with surgical wounds were enrolled from Razi hospital's plastic and reconstructive surgery department. The patients were trained to apply ointments 14-18 days post-surgery on the determined scar side, twice a day for 6 months. Two dermatologists independently evaluated scar formation at 3 and 6-month follow-ups using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) score. RESULT Twenty-four female patients with cosmetic surgeries were included. The mean VSS score of losartan-treated sides was 7.1 ± 2.06 (at month 3) and 5.21 ± 1.71 (at month 6) that significantly were different from placebo-treated sides (9.77 ± 1.55 and 8.31 ± 1.88 at 3 and 6 months, respectively) (P value < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively, for months 3 and 6). The subset analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in height (P value < 0.001 at 3 and 6 months), pliability (P value < 0.001 at 3 and 6 months), and vascularity (P value < 0.001 at 3 and 6 months) subsets at losartan compared to placebo-treated side. Losartan ointment was well tolerated with no complication. CONCLUSION Losartan ointment successfully improved scar formation in mammoplasty and abdominoplasty patients. The losartan preventive effect should be confirmed in future large-scale studies with long-term follow-ups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Khodaei
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Etemad zadeh Street, Fatemi-Gharbi Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nasimi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nassireslami
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Seyedpour
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Rahmati
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Haddady Abianeh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Motavalli Khiavi
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Etemad zadeh Street, Fatemi-Gharbi Street, Tehran, Iran.
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Extracellular Vesicles in Facial Aesthetics: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126742. [PMID: 35743181 PMCID: PMC9223821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial aesthetics involve the application of non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques to improve facial appearance. Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting much interest as nanocarriers in facial aesthetics due to their lipid bilayer membrane, nanosized dimensions, biological origin, intercellular communication ability, and capability to modulate the molecular activities of recipient cells that play important roles in skin rejuvenation. Therefore, EVs have been suggested to have therapeutic potential in improving skin conditions, and these highlighted the potential to develop EV-based cosmetic products. This review summarizes EVs’ latest research, reporting applications in facial aesthetics, including scar removal, facial rejuvenation, anti-aging, and anti-pigmentation. This review also discussed the advanced delivery strategy of EVs, the therapeutic potential of plant EVs, and clinical studies using EVs to improve skin conditions. In summary, EV therapy reduces scarring, rejuvenates aging skin, and reduces pigmentation. These observations warrant the development of EV-based cosmetic products. However, more efforts are needed to establish a large-scale EV production platform that can consistently produce functional EVs and understand EVs’ underlying mechanism of action to improve their efficacy.
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Hong YK, Wu CH, Lin YC, Huang YL, Hung KS, Pai TP, Liu YT, Chen TC, Chan H, Hsu CK. ASC-J9 Blocks Cell Proliferation and Extracellular Matrix Production of Keloid Fibroblasts through Inhibiting STAT3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105549. [PMID: 35628356 PMCID: PMC9141592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are a fibrotic skin disorder caused by abnormal wound healing and featuring the activation and expansion of fibroblasts beyond the original wound margin. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been found to mediate the biological functions of keloid fibroblasts (KFs). Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate whether ASC-J9, an inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation, can suppress the activation of KFs. Western blotting results showed that ASC-J9 inhibited the levels of COL1A1 and FN1 proteins, which were upregulated in KFs, by decreasing the expression of pSTAT3 and STAT3. RNA sequencing and in vitro studies further demonstrated that ASC-J9 treatment of KFs reduced cell division, inflammation, and ROS generation, as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. ELISA assays verified that ASC-J9 treatment significantly mitigated IL-6 protein secretion in KFs. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that ASC-J9 induced the formation of multilamellar bodies in KFs, which is associated with autophagy-related signaling. These results suggested that inhibiting a vicious cycle of the ROS/STAT3/IL-6 axis by ASC-J9 may represent a potential therapeutic approach to suppress cell proliferation and ECM production in KFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kai Hong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-K.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-L.H.)
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Han Wu
- Allianz Pharmascience, Ltd. (Now AnnJi Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd.), Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.W.); (T.-P.P.); (Y.-T.L.); (T.-C.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-K.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-L.H.)
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Huang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-K.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-L.H.)
| | - Kuo-Shu Hung
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Pin Pai
- Allianz Pharmascience, Ltd. (Now AnnJi Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd.), Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.W.); (T.-P.P.); (Y.-T.L.); (T.-C.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Yen-Ting Liu
- Allianz Pharmascience, Ltd. (Now AnnJi Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd.), Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.W.); (T.-P.P.); (Y.-T.L.); (T.-C.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Tzu-Chi Chen
- Allianz Pharmascience, Ltd. (Now AnnJi Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd.), Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.W.); (T.-P.P.); (Y.-T.L.); (T.-C.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Hardy Chan
- Allianz Pharmascience, Ltd. (Now AnnJi Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd.), Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.W.); (T.-P.P.); (Y.-T.L.); (T.-C.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-K.H.); (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-L.H.)
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration (iWRR), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535-5415
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Jiang K, Zhao D, Ye R, Liu X, Gao C, Guo Y, Zhang C, Zeng J, Wang S, Song J. Transdermal delivery of poly-hyaluronic acid-based spherical nucleic acids for chemogene therapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1834-1846. [PMID: 35040454 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06353g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acid (SNA), as a good gene delivery system, has a good application prospect for transdermal administration in skin disorder treatment. However, most of the traditional SNA core materials are non-degradable materials, so it is worthy of further research. Herein, we report a spherical nucleic acid based on poly-hyaluronic acid (PHA) for the co-delivery of a typical chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), and an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) for the treatment of hypertrophic scars (HS) which are caused by abnormal fibroblast proliferation. Our study showed that PHA-based SNAs simultaneously bearing TIMP-1 ASO and DOX (termed PHAAD) could significantly promote skin penetration, improve the cellular uptake, and effectively down-regulate the TIMP-1 expression and enhance the cytotoxicity of DOX. Moreover, PHAAD nanoparticles facilitated the apoptosis of hypertrophic scar cells, and reduced the burden and progression of hypertrophic scars in a xenografted mouse model without adverse side effects. Thus, our PHA-based SNA represents a new transdermal delivery vehicle for efficient combinatorial chemo and gene therapy, which is expected to treat various skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Di Zhao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ye
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinlong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Wang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences; The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
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Nazir Y, Linsaenkart P, Khantham C, Chaitep T, Jantrawut P, Chittasupho C, Rachtanapun P, Jantanasakulwong K, Phimolsiripol Y, Sommano SR, Tocharus J, Mingmalairak S, Wongsa A, Arjin C, Sringarm K, Berrada H, Barba FJ, Ruksiriwanich W. High Efficiency In Vitro Wound Healing of Dictyophora indusiata Extracts via Anti-Inflammatory and Collagen Stimulating (MMP-2 Inhibition) Mechanisms. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121100. [PMID: 34947082 PMCID: PMC8708927 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictyophora indusiata or Phallus indusiatus is widely used as not only traditional medicine, functional foods, but also, skin care agents. Biological activities of the fruiting body from D. indusiata were widely reported, while the studies on the application of immature bamboo mushroom extracts were limited especially in the wound healing effect. Wound healing process composed of 4 stages including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. This study divided the egg stage of bamboo mushroom into 3 parts: peel and green mixture (PGW), core (CW), and whole mushroom (WW). Then, aqueous extracts were investigated for their nucleotide sequencing, biological compound contents, and wound healing effect. The anti-inflammatory determination via the levels of cytokine releasing from macrophages, and the collagen stimulation activity on fibroblasts by matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) inhibitory activity were determined to serve for the wound healing process promotion in the stage 2–4 (wound inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling of the skin). All D. indusiata extracts showed good antioxidant potential, significantly anti-inflammatory activity in the decreasing of the nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-1 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion from macrophage cells (p < 0.05), and the effective collagen stimulation via MMP-2 inhibition. In particular, CW extract containing high content of catechin (68.761 ± 0.010 mg/g extract) which could significantly suppress NO secretion (0.06 ± 0.02 µmol/L) better than the standard anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (0.12 ± 0.02 µmol/L) and their MMP-2 inhibition (41.33 ± 9.44%) was comparable to L-ascorbic acid (50.65 ± 2.53%). These findings support that CW of D. indusiata could be an essential natural active ingredient for skin wound healing pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Nazir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Y.N.); (P.L.); (C.K.); (T.C.); (P.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Pichchapa Linsaenkart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Y.N.); (P.L.); (C.K.); (T.C.); (P.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiranan Khantham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Y.N.); (P.L.); (C.K.); (T.C.); (P.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Tanakarn Chaitep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Y.N.); (P.L.); (C.K.); (T.C.); (P.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Y.N.); (P.L.); (C.K.); (T.C.); (P.J.); (C.C.)
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (K.S.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.); (Y.P.)
| | - Chuda Chittasupho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Y.N.); (P.L.); (C.K.); (T.C.); (P.J.); (C.C.)
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.); (Y.P.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.); (Y.P.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.); (Y.P.)
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (K.S.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.); (Y.P.)
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Salin Mingmalairak
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Anchali Wongsa
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Chaiwat Arjin
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Korawan Sringarm
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (K.S.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.); (Y.P.)
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Houda Berrada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (H.B.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (H.B.); (F.J.B.)
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (Y.N.); (P.L.); (C.K.); (T.C.); (P.J.); (C.C.)
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.R.S.); (K.S.)
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (K.J.); (Y.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-96269-5354
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Nikonorova VG, Chrishtop VV, Rumyantseva TA. Transforming growth factor beta-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in the recovery and formation of skin scars. RUDN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.22363/2313-0245-2021-25-3-235-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevance. Scars are multi-tissue structures that significantly reduce the quality of life of the young, able-bodied population. The most socially significant variants are represented by hypertrophic and keloid postoperative scars and scars after burns, atrophic scars after acne vulgaris and striae. Growth factors, which are also used for their treatment, play a significant role in their formation and progression. The aim of this work is to summarize data on the participation of growth factors (transforming growth factor beta-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor) in the formation of a hypertrophic or atrophic scar. Materials and Methods. The study of literary sources of scientometric scientific bases was carried out. Results and Discussion . The study showed that the duration of the scarring phases preceding it is of great importance in scar formation, their prolongation leads to chronic inflammation and the attachment of an autoimmune component, an increase in the number of myofibroblasts due to inhibition of apoptosis and an increase in the synthesis of intercellular substance and immature forms of collagen, as well as thinning of the epidermis over scar. Growth factors such as growth factor beta-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor are capable of shifting the balance of these two main pathways or towards proliferative processes, contributing to an increase in the number of blood vessels in the hemomicrocirculatory bed, the number of mast cells and total cellularity, as well as, in some cases, the synthesis of keloid - that is, the formation of a hypertrophic or keloid scar. On the contrary, the prevalence of inflammatory processes leads to a decrease in cellularity, a decrease in blood vessels and intercellular substance, as well as damage to elastin and collagen fibers, forming the phenotype of an atrophic scar or striae. Conclusion. Growth factors play a key role in scar formation, contributing to an increase in the number of blood vessels in the hemomicrocirculatory bed, the number of mast cells and total cellularity, as well as, in some cases, the synthesis of keloid - that is, the formation of a hypertrophic or keloid scar.
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Zhang S, Liu B, Wang W, Lv L, Gao D, Chai M, Li M, Wu Z, Zhu Y, Ma J, Leng L. The "Matrisome" reveals the characterization of skin keloid microenvironment. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21237. [PMID: 33715180 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001660rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative dermal tumors of unknown origin that are characterized by the overabundant accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The mechanism of keloid formation has remained unclear because of a poor understanding of its molecular basis. In this study, the dermal ECM components of keloids were identified and the pathological features of keloid formation were characterized using large-scale quantitative proteomic analyses of decellularized keloid biomatrix scaffolds. We identified a total of 267 dermal core ECM and ECM-associated proteins that were differentially expressed between patients with keloids and healthy controls. Skin mechanical properties and biological processes including protease activity, wound healing, and adhesion were disordered in keloids. The integrated network analysis of the upregulated ECM proteins revealed multiple signaling pathways involved in these processes that may lead to keloid formation. Our findings may improve the scientific basis of keloid treatment and provide new ideas for the establishment of keloid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikun Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Binghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luye Lv
- Institute of NBC Defense, Beijing, China
| | - Dunqin Gao
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Chai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, China.,Basic Medical School, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Leng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Serum concentration of matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenic factors in patients with venous leg ulcers. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:230-234. [PMID: 34408591 PMCID: PMC8362752 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leg ulcers are a frequently observed medical problem affecting 3-5% of the general population over 65 years of age. The most common factor responsible for the development of leg ulcers is chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). It is believed that during the formation of an ulcer there are two processes occurring simultaneously, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and angiogenesis in which several proteins including matrix metalloproteinases, angiogenic and regulatory factors are engaged. AIM To determine the serum concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), -9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), angiogenin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients suffering from venous leg ulcers and in the healthy control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 71 Caucasians (39 patients, 32 controls). To evaluate the serum concentration of MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1, VEGF and angiogenin, the ELISA technique was used. RESULTS Mean MMP-1 and MMP-9 concentrations in the study group were 14.16 ±2.98 and 12.45 ±3.85 ng/ml, respectively, and in controls 6.08 ±2.51 ng/ml and 6.77 ±2.41 ng/ml, respectively and both differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the study and the control group in TIMP-1 concentration. Mean VEGF and ANG concentrations in the study group were 589.3 ±346.2 pg/ml and 1802.0 ±415.7 pg/ml, respectively, and in controls 220.3 ±110.4 pg/ml and 1229.0 ±337.7 pg/ml, respectively and both differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lack of significant differences in the concentration of TIMP-1 between the control and the study group confirms that proteolysis is a hallmark of CVI, but increased concentration of VEGF and angiogenin in the study group compared to the control group shows that angiogenesis occurs simultaneously with ECM remodelling.
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Marty P, Chatelain B, Lihoreau T, Tissot M, Dirand Z, Humbert P, Senez C, Secomandi E, Isidoro C, Rolin G. Halofuginone regulates keloid fibroblast fibrotic response to TGF-β induction. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111182. [PMID: 33433355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are characterized by increased deposition of fibrous tissue in the skin and subcutaneous tissue following an abnormal wound healing process. Although keloid etiology is yet to be fully understood, fibroblasts are known to be key players in its development. Here we analyze the antifibrotic mechanisms of Halofuginone (HF), a drug reportedly able to inhibit the TGF-β1-Smad3 pathway and to attenuate collagen synthesis, in an in-vitro keloid model using patient-derived Keloid Fibroblasts (KFs) isolated from fibrotic tissue collected during the "Scar Wars" clinical study (NCT NCT03312166). TGF-β1 was used as a pro-fibrotic agent to stimulate fibroblasts response under HF treatment. The fibrotic related properties of KFs, including survival, migration, proliferation, myofibroblasts conversion, ECM synthesis and remodeling, were investigated in 2D and 3D cultures. HF at 50 nM concentration impaired KFs proliferation, and decreased TGF-β1-induced expression of α-SMA and type I procollagen production. HF treatment also reduced KFs migration, prevented matrix contraction and increased the metallo-proteases/inhibitors (MMP/TIMP) ratio. Overall, HF elicits an anti-fibrotic contrasting the TGF-β1 stimulation of KFs, thus supporting its therapeutic use for keloid prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Marty
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France; Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Stomatologie et Odontologie Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Brice Chatelain
- Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Stomatologie et Odontologie Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Marion Tissot
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Zélie Dirand
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Humbert
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Clémence Senez
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy.
| | - Gwenaël Rolin
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000, Besançon, France; INSERM CIC-1431, CHU Besançon, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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22
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Octenidine-based hydrogel shows anti-inflammatory and protease-inhibitory capacities in wounded human skin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:32. [PMID: 33420112 PMCID: PMC7794247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) is a widely used antiseptic molecule, promoting skin wound healing accompanied with improved scar quality after surgical procedures. However, the mechanisms by which OCT is contributing to tissue regeneration are not yet completely clear. In this study, we have used a superficial wound model by tape stripping of ex vivo human skin. Protein profiles of wounded skin biopsies treated with OCT-containing hydrogel and the released secretome were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Proteomics analysis of OCT-treated skin wounds revealed significant lower levels of key players in tissue remodeling as well as reepithelization after wounding such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6) and matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9) when compared to controls. In addition, enzymatic activity of several released MMPs into culture supernatants was significantly lower in OCT-treated samples. Our data give insights on the mode of action based on which OCT positively influences wound healing and identified anti-inflammatory and protease-inhibitory activities of OCT.
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Catanzano O, Quaglia F, Boateng JS. Wound dressings as growth factor delivery platforms for chronic wound healing. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:737-759. [PMID: 33338386 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1867096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Years of tissue engineering research have clearly demonstrated the potential of integrating growth factors (GFs) into scaffolds for tissue regeneration, a concept that has recently been applied to wound dressings. The old concept of wound dressings that only take a passive role in wound healing has now been overtaken, and advanced dressings which can take an active part in wound healing, are of current research interest.Areas covered: In this review we will focus on the recent strategies for the delivery of GFs to wound sites with an emphasis on the different approaches used to achieve fine tuning of spatial and temporal concentrations to achieve therapeutic efficacy.Expert opinion: The use of GFs to accelerate wound healing and reduce scar formation is now considered a feasible therapeutic approach in patients with a high risk of infections and complications. The integration of micro - and nanotechnologies into wound dressings could be the key to overcome the inherent instability of GFs and offer adequate control over the release rate. Many investigations have led to encouraging outcomes in various in vitro and in vivo wound models, and it is expected that some of these technologies will satisfy clinical needs and will enter commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidio Catanzano
- Institute for Polymers Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Quaglia
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Joshua S Boateng
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
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24
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Limandjaja GC, Niessen FB, Scheper RJ, Gibbs S. Hypertrophic scars and keloids: Overview of the evidence and practical guide for differentiating between these abnormal scars. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:146-161. [PMID: 32479693 PMCID: PMC7818137 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although hypertrophic scars and keloids both generate excessive scar tissue, keloids are characterized by their extensive growth beyond the borders of the original wound, which is not observed in hypertrophic scars. Whether or not hypertrophic scars and keloids are two sides of the same coin or in fact distinct entities remains a topic of much debate. However, proper comparison between the two ideally occurs within the same study, but this is the exception rather than the rule. For this reason, the goal of this review was to summarize and evaluate all publications in which both hypertrophic scars and keloids were studied and compared to one another within the same study. The presence of horizontal growth is the mainstay of the keloid diagnosis and remains the strongest argument in support of keloids and hypertrophic scars being distinct entities, and the histopathological distinction is less straightforward. Keloidal collagen remains the strongest keloid parameter, but dermal nodules and α-SMA immunoreactivity are not limited to hypertrophic scars alone. Ultimately, the current hypertrophic scars-keloid differences are mostly quantitative in nature rather than qualitative, and many similar abnormalities exist in both lesions. Nonetheless, the presence of similarities does not equate the absence of fundamental differences, some of which may not yet have been uncovered given how much we still have to learn about the processes involved in normal wound healing. It therefore seems pertinent to continue treating hypertrophic scars and keloids as separate entities, until such a time as new findings more decisively convinces us otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C. Limandjaja
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre (location VUmc)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frank B. Niessen
- Department of Plastic SurgeryAmsterdam University Medical Centre (location VUmc)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rik J. Scheper
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre (location VUmc)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyAmsterdam University Medical Centre (location VUmc)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell BiologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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25
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Fan C, El Andaloussi S, Lehto T, Kong KW, Seow Y. Smad‑binding decoy reduces extracellular matrix expression in human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4589-4600. [PMID: 33173952 PMCID: PMC7646840 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms underlying hypertrophic scarring is yet to be fully understood. However, excessive collagen deposition by fibroblasts has been demonstrated to result in hypertrophic scar formation, and collagen synthesis in dermal fibroblasts is regulated by the transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signaling pathway. In view of this, a Smad-binding decoy was designed and its effects on hypertrophic scar-derived human skin fibroblasts was evaluated. The results of the present study revealed that the Smad decoy attenuates the total amount of collagen, collagen I and Smad2/3 expression in scar fibroblasts. Data from RNA sequencing indicated that the Smad decoy induced more than 4-fold change in 178 genes, primarily associated with to the extracellular matrix, compared with the untreated control. In addition, results from quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction further confirmed that the Smad decoy significantly attenuated the expression of extracellular matrix-related genes, including COL1A1, COL1A2 and COL3A1. Furthermore, the Smad decoy reduced transforming growth factor-β1-induced collagen deposition in scar fibroblasts. Data generated from the present study provide evidence supporting the use of the Smad decoy as a potential hypertrophic scar treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fan
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A STAR), Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Advanced Therapies, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Taavi Lehto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Advanced Therapies, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Kiat Whye Kong
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A STAR, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yiqi Seow
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A STAR, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
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26
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Gihring A, Gärtner F, Liu C, Hoenicka M, Wabitsch M, Knippschild U, Xu P. Influence of Obesity on the Organization of the Extracellular Matrix and Satellite Cell Functions After Combined Muscle and Thorax Trauma in C57BL/6J Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:849. [PMID: 32848828 PMCID: PMC7399228 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been described as a major factor of health risk in modern society. Next to intricately linked comorbidities like coronary artery disease or diabetes, an influence of obesity on regeneration after muscle injury has been described previously. However, the influence of obesity on tissue regeneration in a combined trauma, merging the more systemic influence of a blunt lung trauma and the local blunt muscle trauma, has not been investigated yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of obesity on regeneration in a mouse model that combined both muscle and thorax trauma. Using gene expression analysis, a focus was put on the structure as well as the organization of the extracellular matrix and on functional satellite cell physiology. An increased amount of debris in the lung of obese mice compared to normal weight mice up to 192 h after combined trauma based on visual assessment can be reported which is accompanied by a decreased response of Mmp2 in obese mice. Additionally, a delayed and elongated response of inhibitor genes like Timp1 has been revealed in obese mice. This elongated response to the trauma in obese mice can also be seen in plasma based on increased levels of pro-inflammatory chemo- and cytokines (IL-6, MCP-1, and IL 23) 192 h post trauma. In addition to changes in the lung, morphological analysis of the injured extensor iliotibialis anticus of the left hind leg in lean and diet-induced obese mice revealed deposition of fat in the regenerating muscle in obese animals hindering the structure of a compact muscle. Additionally, decreased activation of satellite cells and changes in organization and build-up of the ECM could be detected, finally leading to a decreased stability of the regenerated muscle in obese mice. Both factors contribute to an attenuated response to the trauma by obese mice which is reflected by a statistically significant decrease in muscle force of obese mice compared to lean mice 192 h post trauma induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gihring
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Gärtner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Congxing Liu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Hoenicka
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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27
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Aoki M, Matsumoto NM, Dohi T, Kuwahawa H, Akaishi S, Okubo Y, Ogawa R, Yamamoto H, Takabe K. Direct Delivery of Apatite Nanoparticle-Encapsulated siRNA Targeting TIMP-1 for Intractable Abnormal Scars. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:50-61. [PMID: 32911344 PMCID: PMC7486579 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HSs) and keloids are histologically characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. ECM deposition depends on the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs). TIMP-1 has been linked to ECM degradation and is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, we generated super carbonate apatite (sCA) nanoparticle-encapsulated TIMP-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) (siTIMP1) preparations and examined the effect of local injections on mouse HSs and on ex vivo-cultured keloids. The sCA-siTIMP1 injections significantly reduced scar formation, scar cross-sectional areas, collagen densities, and collagen types I and III levels in the lesions. None of the mice died or exhibited abnormal endpoints. Apatite accumulation was not detected in the other organs. In an ex vivo keloid tissue culture system, sCA-siTIMP1 injections reduced the thickness and complexity of collagen bundles. Our results showed that topical sCA-siTIMP1 injections during mechanical stress-induced HS development reduced scar size. When keloids were injected three times with sCA-siTIMP1 during 6 days, keloidal collagen levels decreased substantially. Accordingly, sCA-siRNA delivery may be an effective approach for keloid treatment, and further investigations are needed to enable its practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Aoki
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Noriko M Matsumoto
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Dohi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kuwahawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Akaishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Okubo
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | | | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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28
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Hedayatyanfard K, Haddadi N, Ziai SA, Karim H, Niazi F, Steckelings UM, Habibi B, Modarressi A, Dehpour A. The renin‐angiotensin system in cutaneous hypertrophic scar and keloid formation. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:902-909. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keshvad Hedayatyanfard
- Evidence‐Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
- Cardiovascular Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
| | - Nazgol‐Sadat Haddadi
- Cardiovascular Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Ziai
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Hossein Karim
- Cardiovascular Research Center Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran
| | - Feizollah Niazi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Behnam Habibi
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Ali Modarressi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Geneva University Hospitals Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Switzerland
| | - Ahmad‐Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Proteolytic parameter changes in the plasma of patients with bladder cancer – depending on tumor stage. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a worldwide common disease with a high mortality rate. Recognizing the dynamic changes in plasma that proteases and their inhibitors undergo might be valuable in understanding the carcinogenesis of invasive bladder cancer and in identifying BC patients with poor prognosis. This study aims to determine the activity of the proteolytic enzyme system and their inhibitors in patients with BC. In this paper, the total proteolytic activity, the activity of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and serine proteases was analyzed by the method of caseinolytic activity. For detection of activity of some inhibitors of proteolysis, we used the unified method for determining the activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin (α1A) and alpha-2-Macroglobulin (α2M) in human plasma. The level of medium-mass molecules (MMM) was assessed spectrophotometrically by applying the Nikolaichik method.
The activity of MMPs was elevated in all groups of patients. Moreover, the activity of serine proteases was found to be enhanced in patients with Stage I, III and IV BC, while the activity of α1A was up by 1.4 and 1.3 times in patients with Stage I and Stage IV. The most significant increase was observed with regard to the activity of α2M in patients with I and III stages of BC. In addition, the level of MMM correlated with cancer stage. Indeed, the highest increase in the activity of protease inhibitors was observed in Stage I bladder cancer patients, which might signify their protective role at the onset of the bladder carcinogenesis. In contrast, significant growth in activity of α2M in patients with III stage of BC may point at a compensatory mechanism that inhibits tumor growth.
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30
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Niu X, Lin X, Chen X, Xu S, Huang Z, Tang Q. Long-wave Ultraviolet Ray Promotes Inflammation in Keloid-derived Fibroblasts by Activating P38-NFκB1 Signaling Pathway. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41:1231-1239. [PMID: 32433772 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the main mechanisms of keloid formation is the persistent chronic inflammation, which initiates the activation of keloid-derived fibroblasts (KFs) and boosts the production of extracellular matrix. Meanwhile, 95% of the ultraviolet rays that reach the earth are long-wave ultraviolet (UVA). However, the effect of UVA on keloids is currently unclear. The objective of our research is to investigate UVA's impact on keloids. Cell viability assay, migration assay, and cell cycle analysis were conducted. UVA's impacts on gene expressions were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence. Our results indicated that UVA inhibited the proliferation and migration of KFs. In addition, after UVA irradiation, the expressions of matrix metallopeptidase 1 and matrix metallopeptidase 2 markedly increased in KFs. Moreover, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I decreased. Furthermore, KFs with UVA irradiation secreted more interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in the culture medium. And it was confirmed that the protein expressions of inflammation-related factors, including P38, CK2A, NFκB1, and P65, increased observably in KFs with UVA irradiation. The protein expression of IKBα, also known as NFκB inhibitor α, decreased. All these observations suggested that UVA irradiation could inhibit cellular activity and collagen production in KFs while promoting inflammation by activating P38-NFκB1 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Niu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunxun Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- General Committee Office, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqia Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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El Ayadi A, Jay JW, Prasai A. Current Approaches Targeting the Wound Healing Phases to Attenuate Fibrosis and Scarring. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031105. [PMID: 32046094 PMCID: PMC7037118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous fibrosis results from suboptimal wound healing following significant tissue injury such as severe burns, trauma, and major surgeries. Pathologic skin fibrosis results in scars that are disfiguring, limit normal movement, and prevent patient recovery and reintegration into society. While various therapeutic strategies have been used to accelerate wound healing and decrease the incidence of scarring, recent studies have targeted the molecular regulators of each phase of wound healing, including the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. Here, we reviewed the most recent literature elucidating molecular pathways that can be targeted to reduce fibrosis with a particular focus on post-burn scarring. Current research targeting inflammatory mediators, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and regulators of myofibroblast differentiation shows promising results. However, a multimodal approach addressing all three phases of wound healing may provide the best therapeutic outcome.
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Raktoe RS, Rietveld MH, Out-Luiting JJ, Kruithof-de Julio M, van Zuijlen PPM, van Doorn R, Ghalbzouri AE. Exon skipping of TGFβRI affects signalling and ECM expression in hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts. Scars Burn Heal 2020; 6:2059513120908857. [PMID: 32528734 PMCID: PMC7263111 DOI: 10.1177/2059513120908857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In burn patients, wound healing is often accompanied by hypertrophic scar (HS) development, resulting in both functional and aesthetic problems. HSs are characterised by abundant presence of myofibroblasts that contribute to overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM) that is regulated by the TGF-β signalling pathway. Studies have shown that inhibition of TGF-β receptors in fibrotic diseases reduces the fibrotic load. In the present study, we aim to inactivate ALK5, also known as TGF-β receptor I, in human HS fibroblasts by exon skipping using antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). METHODS HS biopsies were used to isolate and set up fibroblast monocultures. AONs targeting ALK5 were supplemented to the fibroblast cultures to induce exon skipping, while pharmacological ALK5 inhibition was induced using SB431542. AON delivery in HS fibroblasts was examined using immunofluorescence (IF), while TGF-β signalling downstream targets, such as Smad2/3, PAI-1, ACTA2, COL1A1 and COL3A1, were analysed using touchdown polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), IF or western blotting. RESULTS Our data clearly demonstrate that AONs were successfully delivered in the nuclei of HS fibroblasts and that functional exon skipping of ALK5 took place as confirmed with touchdown PCR and qPCR. In addition, exon skipping affected the expression of ECM-related genes, such as type I/III collagens, PAI-1 and CCN2. Moreover, AON treatment did not affect the migration of HS fibroblasts in a model for wound healing. CONCLUSION Exon skipping is a promising tool to modulate the TGF-β signalling pathway in HS. This would open a therapeutic window for the treatment of patients suffering from HSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv S Raktoe
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), The Netherlands
| | - Marion H Rietveld
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), The Netherlands
| | - Jacoba J Out-Luiting
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul PM van Zuijlen
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), The Netherlands
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Kilmister EJ, Paterson C, Brasch HD, Davis PF, Tan ST. The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Vitamin D in Keloid Disorder-A Review. Front Surg 2019; 6:67. [PMID: 32039229 PMCID: PMC6988818 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2019.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloid disorder (KD) is a fibroproliferative condition characterized by excessive dermal collagen deposition in response to wounding and/or inflammation of the skin. Despite intensive research, treatment for KD remains empirical and unsatisfactory. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) leads to fibrosis in various organs through its direct effect and the resultant hypertension, and activation of the immune system. The observation of an increased incidence of KD in dark-skinned individuals who are predisposed to vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and hypertension, and the association of KD with hypertension and VDD, all of which are associated with an elevated activity of the RAS, provides clues to the pathogenesis of KD. There is increasing evidence implicating embryonic-like stem (ESC) cells that express ESC markers within keloid-associated lymphoid tissues (KALTs) in keloid lesions. These primitive cells express components of the RAS, cathepsins B, D, and G that constitute bypass loops of the RAS, and vitamin D receptor (VDR). This suggests that the RAS directly, and through signaling pathways that converge on the RAS, including VDR-mediated mechanisms and the immune system, may play a critical role in regulating the primitive population within the KALTs. This review discusses the role of the RAS, its relationship with hypertension, vitamin D, VDR, VDD, and the immune system that provide a microenvironmental niche in regulating the ESC-like cells within the KALTs. These ESC-like cells may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of this enigmatic and challenging condition, by modulating the RAS using inhibitors of the RAS and its bypass loops and convergent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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Gu Z, Li Y, Li H. Use of Condensed Nanofat Combined With Fat Grafts to Treat Atrophic Scars. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2019; 20:128-135. [PMID: 28975248 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2017.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Importance In addition to the physical deformity, there is often great psychological burden of facial scars for patients. In this study, we use condensed nanofat combined with fat grafts in a novel technique to improve atrophic facial scars by raising both the surface and the bottom of the affected area. Objective To assess whether the use of condensed nanofat combined with fat grafting can be effective in treating atrophic facial scars from both an aesthetic and a functional perspective. Design, Setting, and Participants In this prospective case series of 20 patients with 25 atrophic facial scars, each scar was treated with condensed nanofat combined with fat grafts at the Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Postoperative results were evaluated by the patients themselves and by 3 senior plastic surgeon observers. Main Outcomes and Measures Multiple preoperative and postoperative examinations included the use of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) to evaluate both the functional and aesthetic aspects of the atrophic facial scars. Punch biopsy specimens were stained for the presence of melanin, elastic fibers, and cytokeratin (CK) 14 and CK19. Images were analyzed using ImageJ software, and the data were analyzed by paired sample t test. Results Twenty patients (6 men and 14 women; mean age, 38.25 years; age range, 21-62 years) with a total of 25 atrophic facial scars were treated between March 2014 and December 2016. The patients' mean (SD) scar assessment scores were significantly decreased postoperatively in the final examination for color, 6.40 (0.51) vs 2.40 (0.24) (P < .001); stiffness, 7.20 (0.37) vs 3.20 (0.20) (P < .001); thickness, 5.80 (0.73) vs 1.80 (0.37) (P = .001); and irregularity, 5.20 (0.49) vs 2.20 (0.37) (P = .003); and the observers' scores were also significantly decreased for pigmentation, 4.40 (0.51) vs 2.00 (0.32) (P = .004); thickness, 3.00 (0.32) vs 1.80 (0.20) (P = .03); relief, 4.40 (0.51) vs 2.40 (0.24) (P = .003); and pliability, 4.20 (0.37) vs 1.40 (0.24) (P < .001). In the final follow-up examinations, a significantly improved overall POSAS score was found among both patients, 28.80 (1.02) vs 12.20 (0.80) (P < .001), and observers, 18.00 (0.71) vs 9.20 (0.37) (P = .001). Enhancement of Fontana-Masson staining of melanin in the basal cell layer was observed postoperatively, and a significant postoperative change was detected for the mean (SD) values of average optical density from the preoperative measurement, 0.671 (0.083) vs 0.844 (0.110) (P = .01). The sebaceous glands and sweat glands that were not found in the preoperative images were seen postoperatively by immunohistochemical staining with CK14 and CK19. Conclusions and Relevance Our preliminary clinical and pathological results indicate that the use of condensed nanofat combined with fat grafts may be an effective approach to treating atrophic facial scars from both an aesthetic and a functional perspective. Level of Evidence 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Gu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yirun Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Tan S, Khumalo N, Bayat A. Understanding Keloid Pathobiology From a Quasi-Neoplastic Perspective: Less of a Scar and More of a Chronic Inflammatory Disease With Cancer-Like Tendencies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1810. [PMID: 31440236 PMCID: PMC6692789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are considered as benign fibroproliferative skin tumors growing beyond the site of the original dermal injury. Although traditionally viewed as a form of skin scarring, keloids display many cancer-like characteristics such as progressive uncontrolled growth, lack of spontaneous regression and extremely high rates of recurrence. Phenotypically, keloids are consistent with non-malignant dermal tumors that are due to the excessive overproduction of collagen which never metastasize. Within the remit of keloid pathobiology, there is increasing evidence for the various interplay of neoplastic-promoting and suppressing factors, which may explain its aggressive clinical behavior. Amongst the most compelling parallels between keloids and cancer are their shared cellular bioenergetics, epigenetic methylation profiles and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition amongst other disease biological (genotypic and phenotypic) behaviors. This review explores the quasi-neoplastic or cancer-like properties of keloids and highlights areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvian Tan
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nonhlanhla Khumalo
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kang S, Hur JK, Kim D. Advances in diagnostic methods for keloids and biomarker-targeted fluorescent probes. Analyst 2019; 144:1866-1875. [PMID: 30734778 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A keloid is a type of unusually raised scar. Unlike other raised scars, keloids form larger sizes than the wound site due to overgrowth, generally related to various biological factors. To date, only a few diagnostic and therapeutic methods for keloids have been reported. The high recurrence rates and undesirable side effects of keloids, at the end stage, encourage the invention of novel diagnostic tools, in order to cure keloids at an earlier stage. In this review, we summarize the general information about keloid diagnosis, keloid biomarkers, and recently reported fluorescent probes that can sense the key biomarkers of keloids. The focused description of fluorescent probes for keloid biomarkers and the author's perspective give useful insights in order to design the next-generation diagnostic sensing system for keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangrim Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Lago JC, Puzzi MB. The effect of aging in primary human dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219165. [PMID: 31269075 PMCID: PMC6608952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process, and alterations in human skin due to aging have distinct characteristic as compared to other organs. The aging of dermal cells and the biological mechanisms involved in this process are key areas to understand skin aging. A large number of biological mechanisms, such as decreasing of protein synthesis of extracellular matrix or increasing of degradation, are known to be altered through skin aging. However, environmental influence can accelerate this characteristic phenotype. In this study, we analyzed primary human dermal fibroblasts in three different in-vitro aging models—UVB irradiation and accelerated proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts from young donors as well as from elderly donors—for the gene expression of COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL7A1, MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMP10, MMP12, MMP13, MMP14, TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, TIMP4, IL1B, IL1A, IL6, IL8, IL10, PTGS2, TP53, CASP3, LMNA, SIRT1. We compared the gene expression levels with young control. Furthermore, the behavior of skin fibroblasts was also evaluated using cell growth rate. The findings reveal that the gene expression levels in skin fibroblasts was altered in the process of aging in all three in-vitro aging models, and the cell growth rate was reduced, suggesting that these methods can be employed to understand skin aging mechanisms as well as drug discovery screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carvalhães Lago
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Skin Cell Cultures-Pediatric Research Center, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Beatriz Puzzi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Skin Cell Cultures-Pediatric Research Center, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Botulinum toxin type A prevents the phenotypic transformation of fibroblasts induced by TGF‑β1 via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:661-671. [PMID: 31173164 PMCID: PMC6605626 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a common type of dermatosis. Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) can exert an anti-HS effect; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of BTXA on phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) expression and the fibroblast phenotypic transformation induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which is an important regulatory factor involved in the process of HS. For this purpose, fibroblasts were treated with various concentrations of BTXA and then treated with 10 ng/ml of TGF-β1 with gradient concentrations of BTXA. The proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8) and flow cytometry, respectively. PTEN methylation was analyzed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity was determined using a corresponding kit. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were performed to detect the transcription and translation levels. The results revealed that BTXA suppressed the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of fibroblasts treated with TGF-β1 in a dose-dependent manner. BTXA in combination with TGF-β1 suppressed the expression of molecules related to the extracellular matrix (ECM), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. BTXA reduced the PTEN methylation level and downregulated the expression levels of methylation-associated genes. BTXA also inhibited the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that BTXA may inhibit fibroblast phenotypic transformation by regulating PTEN methylation and the phosphorylation of related pathways. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for HS treatment.
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Caveolin-1 as a target in prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scarring. NPJ Regen Med 2019; 4:9. [PMID: 31044089 PMCID: PMC6486604 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-019-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an important pathogenic factor in hypertrophic scarring (HTS). Such a reduction can be found in connection with the main known risk factors for HTS, including dark skin, female gender, young age, burn site and severity of the injury. The degree of overexpression of Cav-1 associated with different therapeutic options for HTS correlates with clinical improvements in HTS. This makes endo- or exogenous induction of Cav-1 not only an important therapeutic target for HTS, but also highlights its use as a preventive target to reduce or avoid HTS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549 USA
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Amiri A, Nikitina N, Stepanova L, Beregova T. Potential impact of cerium dioxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) on the concentration of C-reactive protein and middle-mass molecules after wound treatment in rats. SCIENCERISE: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15587/2519-8025.2019.159010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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An HJ, Ahn EH, Kim JO, Park HS, Ryu CS, Cho SH, Kim JH, Lee WS, Kim NK. Association between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) genetic polymorphisms and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Maturitas 2019; 120:77-82. [PMID: 30583769 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until now, an association between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) polymorphisms and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) has not been identified. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the TIMP polymorphisms TIMP1T > C (rs4898), TIMP1G > A (rs6609533), TIMP2G > C (rs8179090), TIMP2G > A (rs2277698), TIMP3G > A (rs135029), and TIMP4T > C (rs3755724), which regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), confer a risk for primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in Korean women (further studies would be required to evaluate the associations between TIMP polymorphisms and POI in other populations). METHODS We genotyped 137 POI patients and 236 controls for the single nucleotide polymorphism sites using PCR-RFLP analysis. Differences in the frequencies of the TIMP1T > C (rs4898), TIMP1G > A (rs6609533), TIMP2G > C (rs8179090), TIMP2G > A (rs2277698), TIMP3G > A (rs135029), and TIMP4T > C (rs3755724) genotypes between patients and controls were compared, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were determined to measure of the strength of the association between the genotypes and POI. RESULTS The TIMP1T > C (rs4898), TIMP1G > A (rs6609533), TIMP2G > C (rs8179090), TIMP2G > A (rs2277698), TIMP3G > A (rs135029), and TIMP4T > C (rs3755724) genotypes, but especially the TIMP2 genotypes, were found more frequently in POI patients than in control subjects. Among the four TIMP loci, the TIMP1T > C (rs4898), TIMP1G > A (rs6609533), TIMP2G > C (rs8179090), TIMP2G > A (rs2277698), TIMP3G > A (rs135029), and TIMP4T > C (rs3755724) haplotypes were identified more frequently in POI patients than in control subjects and conferred susceptibility to POI (P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The TIMP2G > C (rs8179090) and G > A (rs2277698) alleles were strongly associated with POI. Our data suggest that the minor TIMP2 alleles may increase POI risk in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jeong An
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, South Korea; Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Jung Oh Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, South Korea; Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Han Sung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, South Korea; Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Chang Soo Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, South Korea; Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, South Korea; Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyang Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Woo Sik Lee
- Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul 06135, South Korea
| | - Nam Keun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, South Korea; Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea.
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Grünwald B, Schoeps B, Krüger A. Recognizing the Molecular Multifunctionality and Interactome of TIMP-1. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:6-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Yang JH, Yoon JY, Moon J, Min S, Kwon HH, Suh DH. Expression of inflammatory and fibrogenetic markers in acne hypertrophic scar formation: focusing on role of TGF-β and IGF-1R. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:665-673. [PMID: 30167815 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a universal skin disease and it may leave a scar when the original skin lesion disappears. These scars can cause cosmetic problems and psychological burden, leading to poor quality of life of patients. Acne scars are classified into atrophic scars and hypertrophic scars. As most of the acne scars are atrophic, many studies have been conducted focusing on the treatment of atrophic lesions. This study was conducted to investigate the underlying pathogenesis of acne hypertrophic scars by identifying roles of fibrogenetic and inflammatory markers. Skin biopsy samples were obtained from hypertrophic scars of face and back and from adjacent normal tissues as control group. Some samples from back were immature hypertrophic scars and the other samples were in mature stages. Immunohistochemistry staining and quantitative PCR were performed for fibrogenetic and inflammatory markers. Both in mature and immature hypertrophic scars, vimentin and α-SMA were increased. Production of TGF-β3 protein as well as transcription of TGF-β3 was also significantly elevated. In contrast, expression of TGF-β1 showed no increase. Instead, expression levels of SMAD2 and SMAD4 were increased. Elevations of CD45RO, TNF-α and IL-4 and reduction of IL-10 were observed. In immature hypertrophic scars, IGF-1R and insulin-degrading enzyme expression were increased. Increased apoptosis was observed in immature stages of hypertrophic scars but not in mature stages. Elevations of TGF-β3, SMAD2 and SMAD4 in hypertrophic scars and increase of IGF-1R in immature stages may give some clues for acne hypertrophic scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Acne, Rosacea, Seborrheic Dermatitis and Hidradenitis Suppurativa Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 03080, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Yoon
- Acne, Rosacea, Seborrheic Dermatitis and Hidradenitis Suppurativa Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 03080, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungyoon Moon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Acne, Rosacea, Seborrheic Dermatitis and Hidradenitis Suppurativa Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 03080, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Dae Hun Suh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Acne, Rosacea, Seborrheic Dermatitis and Hidradenitis Suppurativa Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 03080, Seoul, South Korea.
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Structural and histological differences between connective tissue grafts harvested from the lateral palatal mucosa or from the tuberosity area. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:957-964. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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45
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Xue M, Zhao R, Lin H, Jackson C. Delivery systems of current biologicals for the treatment of chronic cutaneous wounds and severe burns. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:219-241. [PMID: 29567398 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While wound therapy remains a clinical challenge in current medical practice, much effort has focused on developing biological therapeutic approaches. This paper presents a comprehensive review of delivery systems for current biologicals for the treatment of chronic wounds and severe burns. The biologicals discussed here include proteins such as growth factors and gene modifying molecules, which may be delivered to wounds free, encapsulated, or released from living systems (cells, skin grafts or skin equivalents) or biomaterials. Advances in biomaterial science and technologies have enabled the synthesis of delivery systems such as scaffolds, hydrogels and nanoparticles, designed to not only allow spatially and temporally controlled release of biologicals, but to also emulate the natural extracellular matrix microenvironment. These technologies represent an attractive field for regenerative wound therapy, by offering more personalised and effective treatments.
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Computational analysis identifies putative prognostic biomarkers of pathological scarring in skin wounds. J Transl Med 2018; 16:32. [PMID: 29458433 PMCID: PMC5819197 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological scarring in wounds is a prevalent clinical outcome with limited prognostic options. The objective of this study was to investigate whether cellular signaling proteins could be used as prognostic biomarkers of pathological scarring in traumatic skin wounds. Methods We used our previously developed and validated computational model of injury-initiated wound healing to simulate the time courses for platelets, 6 cell types, and 21 proteins involved in the inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound healing. Next, we analysed thousands of simulated wound-healing scenarios to identify those that resulted in pathological (i.e., excessive) scarring. Then, we identified candidate proteins that were elevated (or decreased) at the early stages of wound healing in those simulations and could therefore serve as predictive biomarkers of pathological scarring outcomes. Finally, we performed logistic regression analysis and calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to quantitatively assess the predictive accuracy of the model-identified putative biomarkers. Results We identified three proteins (interleukin-10, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, and fibronectin) whose levels were elevated in pathological scars as early as 2 weeks post-wounding and could predict a pathological scarring outcome occurring 40 days after wounding with 80% accuracy. Conclusion Our method for predicting putative prognostic wound-outcome biomarkers may serve as an effective means to guide the identification of proteins predictive of pathological scarring. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1406-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Morrey ME, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Lewallen EA, An KN, Grill DE, Steinmann SP, Yao JJ, Salib CG, Trousdale WH, Reina N, Kremers HM, Lewallen DG, van Wijnen AJ, Abdel MP. Intra-articular injection of a substance P inhibitor affects gene expression in a joint contracture model. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:1326-1336. [PMID: 28671282 PMCID: PMC6388635 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP), a neurotransmitter released after injury, has been linked to deregulated tissue repair and fibrosis in musculoskeletal tissues and other organs. Although SP inhibition is an effective treatment for nausea, it has not been previously considered as an anti-fibrotic therapy. Although there are extensive medical records of individuals who have used SP antagonists, our analysis of human registry data revealed that patients receiving these antagonists and arthroplasty are exceedingly rare, thus precluding a clinical evaluation of their potential effects in the context of arthrofibrosis. Therefore, we pursued in vivo studies to assess the effect of SP inhibition early after injury on pro-fibrotic gene expression and contractures in an animal model of post-traumatic joint stiffening. Skeletally mature rabbits (n = 24) underwent surgically induced severe joint contracture, while injected with either fosaprepitant (a selective SP antagonist) or saline (control) early after surgery (3, 6, 12, and 24 h). Biomechanical testing revealed that differences in mean contracture angles between the groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.27), suggesting that the drug neither mitigates nor exacerbates joint contracture. However, microarray gene expression analysis revealed that mRNA levels for proteins related to cell signaling, pro-angiogenic, pro-inflammatory, and collagen matrix production were significantly different between control and fosaprepitant treated rabbits (P < 0.05). Hence, our study demonstrates that inhibition of SP alters expression of pro-fibrotic genes in vivo. This finding will motivate future studies to optimize interventions that target SP to reduce the formation of post-traumatic joint contractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Morrey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Kai-Nan An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Diane E. Grill
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Jie J. Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Nicolas Reina
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hilal M. Kremers
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Jiang BH, Zhang Q, Zhou RP, Zhang L, Wang C. Study on the role of Hsa-miR-31-5p in hypertrophic scar formation and the mechanism. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:201-209. [PMID: 29056521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) formation is associated with the fibrosis of fibrocytes caused by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition, the initial event of HS formation. Our high throughput screen of miRNA expression profiles identified hsa-miR31-5p, whose transcription level was most differentially in normal skin fibroblasts (NS) and HS among other miRNAs. The level of hsa-miR31-5p in HS was significantly higher than in NS. In-vitro functional experiments showed hsa-miR31-5p knockdown remarkably suppressed the proliferation of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFBs) under hypoxia, promoted cell invasion, and inhibited the expression of Collagen I and III and Fibronectin (FN), suggesting that hsa-miR31-5p knockdown effectively reduces HS formation caused by excessive ECM synthesis and deposition in HSFBs under hypoxia. Mechanism study showed that the regulation of HS formation by hsa-miR31-5p was mediated by its target gene, factor-inhibiting HIF-1 (FIH): under hypoxia, hsa-miR31-5p down-regulated FIH and thus increased the level of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which subsequently activated the HIF-1α fibrosis regulation pathway in HSFBs, and stimulated the proliferation and ECM synthesis in HSFBs, eventually resulting in fibrosis and scar formation. The data also show that knockdown of hsa-miR31-5p in HSFBs impaired the trend of increased proliferation, reduced invasion and excessive ECM synthesis and deposition caused by HIF-1a activation under hypoxia through upregulating FIH, indicating that knockdown of hsa-miR31-5p effectively inhibits the formation of HS. In conclusion, hsa-miR31 -5p plays an important role in HS formation by inhibiting FIH and regulating the HIF-1α pathway. Therefore, hsa-miR31 -5p may be a novel therapeutic target for HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, PR China
| | - B H Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, An'hui, PR China
| | - Q Zhang
- People's Hospital of Dancheng County, Dancheng City, Henan Province, PR China
| | - R P Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, An'hui, PR China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai 200011, PR China.
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Exosomes secreted by human adipose mesenchymal stem cells promote scarless cutaneous repair by regulating extracellular matrix remodelling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13321. [PMID: 29042658 PMCID: PMC5645460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar formation is an intractable medical problem that appears after skin wounds have healed. Recent research has shown that exosomes secreted by human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-Exos) can benefit wound healing. To further explore the therapeutic potential of ASC-Exos, we investigated their effects on mitigating scar formation, and the underlying mechanisms of these effects. We found that intravenous injection of ASC-Exos decreased the size of scars and increased the ratio of collagen III to collagen I in murine incisional wounds. Exosome treatment also prevented the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and increased the ratio of transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) to TGF-β1 in vivo. Additionally, we found that ASC-Exos increased the matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP3) expression of skin dermal fibroblasts by activating the ERK/MAPK pathway, leading to a high ratio of MMP3 to tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP1), which is also beneficial for the remodelling of extracellular matrix (ECM). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that ASC-Exos promote ECM reconstruction in cutaneous wound repair by regulating the ratios of collagen type III: type I, TGF-β3:TGF-β1 and MMP3:TIMP1, and by regulating fibroblast differentiation to mitigate scar formation. Therefore, the application of ASC-Exos may be a novel therapeutic approach for scarless wound repair.
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Lindsay S, Oates A, Bourdillon K. The detrimental impact of extracellular bacterial proteases on wound healing. Int Wound J 2017; 14:1237-1247. [PMID: 28745010 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to clinical signs of infection (e.g. inflammation, purulence and pain), a microbial count of ≥105 colony-forming units/g has historically been used to define wound infection. However, it is increasingly recognised that, rather than a high bioburden level alone being detrimental to wound healing, it is the virulence of the invading microorganism and the host's immune status that can affect clinical outcomes. Bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, have developed a range of virulence factors to help them overcome host defences and proliferate within the underlying soft tissue. More specifically, bacterial proteases are one such virulence factor that has been implicated in promoting the invasion and destruction of the host tissue. Because of the complexities of microorganisms, the proteases can negatively impact the wound environment, leading to delayed wound healing. The aim of the present paper is to describe various extracellular bacterial proteases; review the impact they have on the wound environment, the host immune response and biofilms; and discuss potential wound management strategies against them. The evidence discussed suggests that proteases may play a profound role in wound infections, contribute to the development of an inflammatory response and impede wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lindsay
- Research & Development Department, Systagenix, Gargrave, UK
| | - Angela Oates
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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