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Çapan İ, Hawash M, Jaradat N, Sert Y, Servi R, Koca İ. Design, synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of new carbazole derivatives as anticancer, and antioxidant agents. BMC Chem 2023; 17:60. [PMID: 37328860 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carbazole skeleton is an important structural motif occurring naturally or synthesized chemically and has antihistaminic, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to design and synthesize a novel series of carbazole derivatives and evaluate their antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. METHODS The synthesized compounds were characterized utilizing HRMS, 1H-, and 13CAPT-NMR, and assessed for their anticancer, antifibrotic, and antioxidant effects utilizing reference biomedical procedures. In addition, the AutoDock Vina application was used to perform in-silico docking computations. RESULTS A series of carbazole derivatives were synthesized and characterized in the current study. Compounds 10 and 11 were found to have a stronger antiproliferative effect than compounds 2-5 against HepG2, HeLa, and MCF7 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 7.68, 10.09, and 6.44 µM, respectively. Moreover, compound 9 showed potent antiproliferative activity against HeLa cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 7.59 µM. However, except for compound 5, all of the synthesized compounds showed moderate antiproliferative activities against CaCo-2 with IC50 values in the range of 43.7-187.23 µM. All of these values were compared with the positive control anticancer drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). In addition, compound 9 showed the most potent anti-fibrotic compound, and the cellular viability of LX-2 was found 57.96% at 1 µM concentration in comparison with the positive control 5-FU. Moreover, 4 and 9 compounds showed potent antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 1.05 ± 0.77 and 5.15 ± 1.01 µM, respectively. CONCLUSION Most of the synthesized carbazole derivatives showed promising antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antifibrotic biological effects, and further in-vivo investigations are needed to approve or disapprove these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Çapan
- Department of Material and Material Processing Technologies, Gazi University, Technical Sciences Vocational College, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mohammed Hawash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, 00970, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, 00970, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Yusuf Sert
- Yozgat Bozok University, Sorgun Vocational School, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Refik Servi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - İrfan Koca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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2
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Kumar N, Gupta P, Bansal S. Progress and Development of Carbazole Scaffold Based as Potential Anti-
Alzheimer Agents Using MTDL Approach. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220314144219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease (NDs) found in old age people with associated
most common symptom dementia. MTDLs (Multi-Target Direct Ligand strategy) is based on a combination
of two or more bioactive pharmacophores into a single molecule and this phenomenon has received a
great attention in the new era of modern drug discovery and emerging as a choice to treat this complex
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In last fifteen years, many research groups designed, and synthesized new
carbazole integrated molecules linked with other bioactive pharmacophores like thiazoles, carvedilol, α-
naphthylaminopropan-2-ol, tacrine, ferulic acid, piperazine, coumarin, chalcones, stilbene, benzyl piperidine,
adamantane, quinoline, phthalocyanines, α-amino phosphonate, thiosemicarbazones, hydrazones,
etc. derivatives using MTDLs approach to confront AD. The present review entails the scientific data on
carbazole hybrids as potential Anti-Alzheimer activities from 2007 to 2021 that have shown potential
anti-Alzheimer activities through multiple target pathways thereby promising hope for new drug development
to confront AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kumar
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Sanskar College of Pharmacy and Research (SCPR), NH-24, Ahead Masuri Canal, Ghaziabad 201302, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sahil Bansal
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences (SMAS), K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna road, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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3
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A green protocol for the electrochemical synthesis of a fluorescent dye with antibacterial activity from imipramine oxidation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4921. [PMID: 35318352 PMCID: PMC8941072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of imipramine (IMP) has been studied in aqueous solutions by cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry techniques. Our voltammetric results show a complex behavior for oxidation of IMP at different pH values. In this study, we focused our attention on the electrochemical oxidation of IMP at a pH of about 5. Under these conditions, our results show that the oxidation of IMP leads to the formation of a unique dimer of IMP (DIMP). The structure of synthesized dimer is fully characterized by UV-visible, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry techniques. It seems that the first step in the oxidation of IMP is the cleavage of the alkyl group (formation of IMPH). After this, a domino oxidation-hydroxylation-dimerization-oxidation reaction, converts IMPH to (E)-10,10',11,11'-tetrahydro-[2,2'-bidibenzo[b,f]azepinylidene]-1,1'(5H,5'H)-dione (DIMP). The synthesis of DIMP is performed in an aqueous solution under mild conditions, without the need for any catalyst or oxidant. Based on our electrochemical findings as well as the identification of the final product, a possible reaction mechanism for IMP oxidation has been proposed. Conjugated double bonds in the DIMP structure cause the compound to become colored with sufficient fluorescence activity (excitation wave-length 535 nm and emission wave-length 625 nm). Moreover, DIMP has been evaluated for in vitro antibacterial. The antibacterial tests indicated that DIMP showed good antibacterial performance against all examined gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Shigella sonnei).
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Annunziata F, Pinna C, Dallavalle S, Tamborini L, Pinto A. An Overview of Coumarin as a Versatile and Readily Accessible Scaffold with Broad-Ranging Biological Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4618. [PMID: 32610556 PMCID: PMC7370201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as an effective template for the research and discovery of high value chemicals. Coumarin is a simple scaffold widespread in Nature and it can be found in a considerable number of plants as well as in some fungi and bacteria. In the last years, these natural compounds have been gaining an increasing attention from the scientific community for their wide range of biological activities, mainly due to their ability to interact with diverse enzymes and receptors in living organisms. In addition, coumarin nucleus has proved to be easily synthetized and decorated, giving the possibility of designing new coumarin-based compounds and investigating their potential in the treatment of various diseases. The versatility of coumarin scaffold finds applications not only in medicinal chemistry but also in the agrochemical field as well as in the cosmetic and fragrances industry. This review is intended to be a critical overview on coumarins, comprehensive of natural sources, metabolites, biological evaluations and synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Annunziata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Cecilia Pinna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (A.P.)
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Shi DH, Min W, Song MQ, Si XX, Li MC, Zhang ZY, Liu YW, Liu WW. Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and evaluation of four carbazole-coumarin hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Waris S, Habib S, Khan S, Kausar T, Naeem SM, Siddiqui SA, Moinuddin, Ali A. Molecular docking explores heightened immunogenicity and structural dynamics of acetaldehyde human immunoglobulin G adduct. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1522-1536. [PMID: 31185142 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is a metabolite of ethanol, an important constituent of tobacco pyrolysis and the aldehydic product of lipid peroxidation. Acetaldehyde induced toxicity is mainly due to its binding to cellular macromolecules resulting in the formation of stable adducts accompanied by oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to characterize structural and immunological alterations in human immunoglobulin G (IgG) modified with acetaldehyde in the presence of sodium borohydride, a reducing agent. The IgG modifications were studied by various physicochemical techniques such as fluorescence and CD spectroscopy, free amino group estimation, 2,2-azobis 2-amidinopropane (AAPH) induced red blood cell hemolysis as well as transmission electron microscopy. Molecular docking was also employed to predict the preferential binding of acetaldehyde to IgG. The immunogenicity of native and acetaldehyde-modified IgG was investigated by immunizing female New Zealand white rabbits using native and modified IgG as antigens. Binding specificity and cross reactivity of rabbit antibodies was screened by competitive inhibition ELISA and band shift assays. The modification of human IgG with acetaldehyde results in quenching of the fluorescence of tyrosine residues, decrease in free amino group content, a change in the antioxidant property as well as formation of cross-linked structures in human IgG. Molecular docking reveals strong binding of IgG to acetaldehyde. Moreover, acetaldehyde modified IgG induced high titer antibodies (>1:12800) in the experimental animals. The antibodies exhibited high specificity in competitive binding assay toward acetaldehyde modified human IgG. The results indicate that acetaldehyde induces alterations in secondary and tertiary structure of IgG molecule that leads to formation of neo-epitopes on IgG that enhances its immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Waris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Safia Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shifa Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tasneem Kausar
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shahid M Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shahid A Siddiqui
- Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Moinuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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A novel antioxidant sulfated polysaccharide from the algae Gracilaria caudata: In vitro and in vivo activities. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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8
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Bingul M, Şenkuytu E, Boğa M, Uslu TN, Kandemir H, Sengul IF. Synthesis, photophysical and antioxidant properties of pyrrolo[3,2-c]carbazole and dipyrrolo[3,2-c:2′,3′-g]carbazole compounds. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang SN, Chen QH, Tu YL, Yang XH, Chen JK, Yan JW, Pi RB, Wang Y. Discovery of a novel multifunctional carbazole–aminoquinoline dimer for Alzheimer's disease: copper selective chelation, anti-amyloid aggregation, and neuroprotection. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Peng S, Hou Y, Yao J, Fang J. Activation of Nrf2-driven antioxidant enzymes by cardamonin confers neuroprotection of PC12 cells against oxidative damage. Food Funct 2017; 8:997-1007. [PMID: 28271112 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress represents a disorder of the redox equilibrium between the production of free radicals and the capability of cells to eliminate them. As subversion of this redox balance is thought to initiate various diseases, living cells maintain a redox equilibrium diligently. More and more pieces of evidence show that oxidative stress has already become a common risk factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. So, considerable importance has been given to the prevention of oxidative stress as a potential therapeutic strategy. It is well known that the Nrf2-ARE pathway represents one of the most important cellular endogenous defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. Activation of Nrf2 signaling induces the transcriptional regulation of multiple ARE-dependent antioxidant defense genes. Here, we showed that cardamonin (CD), a chalcone isolated from Alpinia katsumadai, attenuated cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in PC12 cells. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with CD dose-dependently upregulated the expression of phase II antioxidant molecules governed by Nrf2. In contrast, CD failed to provide neuroprotection after silencing Nrf2 expression, indicating that this cytoprotection may be mediated by the activation of transcription factor Nrf2. Our results demonstrate that CD is a novel small molecule activator of Nrf2 in PC12 cells, and suggest that CD may be a potential candidate for the prevention of oxidative stress-mediated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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11
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Wu WY, Dai YC, Li NG, Dong ZX, Gu T, Shi ZH, Xue X, Tang YP, Duan JA. Novel multitarget-directed tacrine derivatives as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:572-587. [PMID: 28133981 PMCID: PMC6009885 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is complex and progressive; it has not only threatened the health of elderly people, but also burdened the whole social medical and health system. The available therapy for AD is limited and the efficacy remains unsatisfactory. In view of the prevalence and expected increase in the incidence of AD, the design and development of efficacious and safe anti-AD agents has become a hotspot in the field of pharmaceutical research. Due to the multifactorial etiology of AD, the multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) approach is promising in search for new drugs for AD. Tacrine, which is the first acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has been selected as the ideal active fragment because of its simple structure, clear activity, and its superiority in the structural modification, thus it could be introduced into the overall molecular skeletons of the multi-target-directed anti-AD agents. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances (2012 to the present) in the chemical modification of tacrine, which could provide the reference for the further study of novel multi-target-directed tacrine derivatives to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Wu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Chen Dai
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Nian-Guang Li
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ze-Xi Dong
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ting Gu
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhi-Hao Shi
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,c Department of Organic Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xin Xue
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- a Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.,b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
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12
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Lee SC, Jeon YJ. Effect of defatted sesame meal extract on phospholipid peroxidation in liposomes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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13
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Huang W, Wei W, Shen Z. Drug-like chelating agents: a potential lead for Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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14
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A time-dose model to quantify the antioxidant responses of the oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay (OxHLIA) and its extension to evaluate other hemolytic effectors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:632971. [PMID: 25243169 PMCID: PMC4160643 DOI: 10.1155/2014/632971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of a convenient mathematical application for testing the antioxidant potential of standard and novel therapeutic agents is essential for the research community to perform evaluations in a more precise form. The in vitro oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay, despite its relevance for in vivo responses, lacks a proper mathematical model to quantify the responses. In this work, a simple nonlinear time-dose tool to test the effectiveness of antioxidant compounds is presented. The model was verified with available experimental data from the bibliography. The model helps to describe accurately the antioxidant response as a function of time and dose allowing comparisons between compounds. Its advantages are a simple application, provision of parametric estimates that characterize the response, simplification of the protocol, economization of experimental effort, and facilitation of rigorous comparisons among the effects of different compounds and experimental approaches. Finally, other effectors that may obstruct or be of interest for the antioxidant determination are also modeled in similar principles. Thus, the basis of more complex multivariable models is provided. In all experimental data fitted, the calculated parameters were always statistically significant, the equations prove to be consistent, and the correlation coefficient of determination was in all cases higher than 0.98.
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Thiratmatrakul S, Yenjai C, Waiwut P, Vajragupta O, Reubroycharoen P, Tohda M, Boonyarat C. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling study of novel tacrine-carbazole hybrids as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:21-30. [PMID: 24508831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
New tacrine-carbazole hybrids were developed as potential multifunctional anti-Alzheimer agents for their cholinesterase inhibitory and radical scavenging activities. The developed compounds showed high inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values ranging from 0.48 to 1.03 μM and exhibited good inhibition selectivity against AChE over butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Molecular modeling studies revealed that these tacrine-carbazole hybrids interacted simultaneously with the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. The derivatives containing methoxy group showed potent ABTS radical scavenging activity. Considering their neuroprotection, our results indicate that these derivatives can reduce neuronal death induced by oxidative stress and β-amyloid (Aβ). Moreover, S1, the highest potency for both radical scavenging and AChE inhibitory activity, exhibited an ability to improve both short-term and long-term memory deficit in mice induced by scopolamine. Overall, tacrine-carbazole derivatives can be considered as a candidate with potential impact for further pharmacological development in Alzheimer's therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chavi Yenjai
- Natural Products Research Unit, Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pornthip Waiwut
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Drug Design and Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasert Reubroycharoen
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Michihisa Tohda
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 9300194, Japan; Wakan-yaku Theory-based Integrated Pharmacology, Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama,Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Chantana Boonyarat
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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He Y, Yao PF, Chen SB, Huang ZH, Huang SL, Tan JH, Li D, Gu LQ, Huang ZS. Synthesis and evaluation of 7,8-dehydrorutaecarpine derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:299-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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He RR, Li Y, Li XD, Yi RN, Wang XY, Tsoi B, Lee KKH, Abe K, Yang X, Kurihara H. A new oxidative stress model, 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride induces cardiovascular damages in chicken embryo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57732. [PMID: 23469224 PMCID: PMC3585800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that the developing embryo is very sensitive to oxidative stress, which is a contributing factor to pregnancy-related disorders. However, little is known about the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the embryonic cardiovascular system due to a lack of appropriate ROS control method in the placenta. In this study, a small molecule called 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), a free radicals generator, was used to study the effects of oxidative stress on the cardiovascular system during chick embryo development. When nine-day-old (stage HH 35) chick embryos were treated with different concentrations of AAPH inside the air chamber, it was established that the LD50 value for AAPH was 10 µmol/egg. At this concentration, AAPH was found to significantly reduce the density of blood vessel plexus that was developed in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of HH 35 chick embryos. Impacts of AAPH on younger embryos were also examined and discovered that it inhibited the development of vascular plexus on yolk sac in HH 18 embryos. AAPH also dramatically repressed the development of blood islands in HH 3+ embryos. These results implied that AAPH-induced oxidative stress could impair the whole developmental processes associated with vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we observed heart enlargement in the HH 40 embryo following AAPH treatment, where the left ventricle and interventricular septum were found to be thickened in a dose-dependent manner due to myocardiac cell hypertrophy. In conclusion, oxidative stress, induced by AAPH, could lead to damage of the cardiovascular system in the developing chick embryo. The current study also provided a new developmental model, as an alternative for animal and cell models, for testing small molecules and drugs that have anti-oxidative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong He
- Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Di Li
- Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Nan Yi
- Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bun Tsoi
- Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Keiichi Abe
- BRAND’s Health Science Centre, Scientific Research Division, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XY); (HK)
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XY); (HK)
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18
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A curvilinear approach to the kinetic analysis of linoleate peroxidation in aqueous liposomes by 2,2′azobis(2-amidoinopropane) dihydrochloride. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:682-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Naik N, Kumar HV, Harini ST. Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of novel indole-3-acetic acid analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.2.3.337-341.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Rea G, Antonacci A, Lambreva M, Pastorelli S, Tibuzzi A, Ferrari S, Fischer D, Johanningmeier U, Oleszek W, Doroszewska T, Rizzo AM, Berselli PV, Berra B, Bertoli A, Pistelli L, Ruffoni B, Calas-Blanchard C, Marty JL, Litescu SC, Diaconu M, Touloupakis E, Ghanotakis D, Giardi MT. Integrated plant biotechnologies applied to safer and healthier food production: The Nutra-Snack manufacturing chain. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Kumar BS, Kunwar A, Singh BG, Ahmad A, Priyadarsini KI. Anti-hemolytic and peroxyl radical scavenging activity of organoselenium compounds: an in vitro study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 140:127-38. [PMID: 20424929 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selenium-containing amino acids, selenocystine (CysSeSeCys), methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys), and selenomethionine (SeMet) have been examined for anti-hemolytic and peroxyl radical scavenging ability. Effect of these compounds on membrane lipid peroxidation, release of hemoglobin, and loss of intracellular K(+) ion as a consequence of peroxyl radicals-induced oxidation of human red blood cells were used to evaluate their anti-hemolytic ability. The peroxyl radicals were generated from thermal degradation of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. Significant delay (t(eff)) was observed in oxidative damage in the presence of the selenium compounds. From the IC(50) values for the inhibition of hemolysis, lipid peroxidation, and K(+) ion leakage, the relative anti-hemolytic ability of the compounds were found to be in the order of CysSeSeCys > MeSeCys > SeMet. The anti-hemolytic abilities of the compounds, when compared with sodium selenite (Na(2)SeO(3)) under identical experimental conditions, were found to be better than Na(2)SeO(3). Relative rate constants estimated for the reaction of MeSeCys and SeMet with peroxyl radicals by competition kinetics using ABTS(2-) as a reference confirmed that all the compounds are efficient peroxyl radical scavengers. Comparison of the GPx-like activity of these compounds, by NADPH-GSH reductase coupled assay, indicated that CysSeSeCys exhibits the highest activity. Based on these results, it is concluded that among the compounds examined, CysSeSeCys, possessing the ability to reduce peroxyl radicals and hydroperoxides showed efficient anti-hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Santhosh Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India.
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22
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Blasa M, Angelino D, Gennari L, Ninfali P. The cellular antioxidant activity in red blood cells (CAA-RBC): A new approach to bioavailability and synergy of phytochemicals and botanical extracts. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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González E, Vaillant F, Rojas G, Pérez A. Novel semiautomated method for assessing in vitro cellular antioxidant activity using the light-scattering properties of human erythrocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1455-1461. [PMID: 20088504 DOI: 10.1021/jf903467x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The novel method developed for screening cellular antioxidant activity relies on differences in light-scattering properties (turbidity) between intact and lysed human erythrocytes. AAPH, a peroxyl radical generator, was used to enhance lipid peroxidation. The consequent hemolysis triggered a loss of the light-scattering ability in the lysed erythrocytes. When an antioxidant was added, the area under the absorbance decay curve (AUC) was linearly proportional to the concentration of antioxidant compound. This erythrocyte cellular antioxidant activity (ERYCA) method was found to be relatively fast, sensitive, accurate, and repeatable, even when using erythrocytes from different donors and for different storage times. The method was used to assess the antioxidant capacity of pure phenolic compounds, fruit juices, stimulant beverages, and blood plasma and compared with ORAC values. The values resulting from the two methods did not correlate as the mechanisms involved were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban González
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, Codigo Postal 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica
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24
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Zhao F, Liu ZQ. Indole and its alkyl-substituted derivatives protect erythrocyte and DNA against radical-induced oxidation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 23:273-9. [PMID: 19705360 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant properties of 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydrocarbazole, 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocar-bazole (MTC), 2,3-dimethylindole, 5-methoxy-2,3-dimethylindole, and indole were investigated in the case of hemolysis of human erythrocytes and oxidative damage of DNA induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH), respectively. The aim of this work was to explore the influence of methoxy, methyl, and cyclohexyl substituents on the antioxidant activities of indole derivatives. These indole derivatives were able to protect erythrocytes and DNA in a concentration-dependent manner. The alkyl-substituted indole can protect erythrocytes and DNA against AAPH-induced oxidation. Especially, the structural features of cyclohexyl and methoxy substituents made MTC the best antioxidant among the indole derivatives used herein. Finally, the interaction between these indole derivatives and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, provided direct evidence for these indole derivatives to scavenge radicals and emphasized the importance of electron-donating groups for the free radical-scavenging activity of indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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25
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Synthesis of novel 3-chloro-1-(5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5yl)propan-1-one derivatives with antioxidant activity. Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-009-9292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Liu ZQ, Tang YZ, Wu D. Antioxidant effects of phenothiazine, phenoxazine, and iminostilbene on free-radical-induced oxidation of linoleic acid and DNA. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Vijay Kumar H, Naik N. Synthesis and antioxidant properties of some novel 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine derivatives in different in vitro model systems. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 45:2-10. [PMID: 19846240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine containing different aminophenols and substituted aminophenols were synthesized. 3-chloro-1-(5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5yl)propan-1-one (2) was obtained by N-acylation of 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (1) with 3-chloro propionyl chloride. Further base condensation with different aminophenols and substituted aminophenols to produce series of 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine containing aminophenol and substituted aminophenol (2a-e). The structures of newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral and elemental analysis. Their antioxidant properties were evaluated by using several methods: scavenging effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, inhibition of lipid peroxidation using beta-carotene linoleate system, inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and reducing power. Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) and Ascorbic acid (AA) were used as the reference antioxidant compounds and also the comparative study with the synthesized compounds was done. Under our experimental conditions, Compound (2) showed negligible activity over all the antioxidant assays but 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine containing different aminophenols and substituted aminophenols (2a-e) showed good antioxidant activities over all the methods and compounds containing substituted aminophenols 2e and 2d showed predominant antioxidant activities among the synthesized analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vijay Kumar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India
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28
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Li GX, Tang YZ, Liu ZQ. Pro-oxidant effects of phenothiazine and phenoxazine on erythrocytes in the presence of peroxyl radical. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:280-6. [PMID: 19705362 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazine (PtzNH) and phenoxazine (PozNH) can protect human erythrocytes against hemolysis induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH), a peroxyl radical supplier. However, an antioxidant may be a pro-oxidant to accelerate the oxidation in the presence of radicals. The aim of this work is to assess whether PtzNH and PozNH have the potential to be pro-oxidants in AAPH-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes. It has been found that high concentrations of PtzNH and PozNH employed were able to initiate hemolysis even in the absence of AAPH. In the presence of AAPH, the period of PtzNH and PozNH to lag hemolysis (t(lag)) decreased with the increase in the concentrations of PtzNH and PozNH, implicating that high concentration of PtzNH and PozNH accelerated hemolysis. So, PtzNH and PozNH played pro-oxidants' role in this case. Furthermore, high concentrations of AAPH employed made the pro-oxidant effect of PtzNH more remarkable. On the contrary, PozNH played a pro-oxidant role if only low concentration of AAPH was employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiang Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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29
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Tang YZ, Liu ZQ, Wu D. Lidocaine: An inhibitor in the free-radical-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:81-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Li GX, Liu ZQ, Wu D. Carminic acid: an antioxidant to protect erythrocytes and DNA against radical-induced oxidation. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of ten Portuguese regional and commercial almond cultivars. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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The protective effects of ginsenosides on human erythrocytes against hemin-induced hemolysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:886-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Antioxidative effect of melatonin on DNA and erythrocytes against free-radical-induced oxidation. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 151:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Miura H, Takano K, Kitao Y, Hibino S, Choshi T, Murakami R, Suzuki H, Yamada M, Ogawa S, Hori O. A Carbazole Derivative Protects Cells Against Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Glutathione Depletion. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:164-71. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08136fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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