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Lin J, Jia S, Zhang W, Nian M, Liu P, Yang L, Zuo J, Li W, Zeng H, Zhang X. Recent Advances in Small Molecule Inhibitors for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051986. [PMID: 36902773 PMCID: PMC10004353 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis refers to a degenerative disease with joint pain as the main symptom, and it is caused by various factors, including fibrosis, chapping, ulcers, and loss of articular cartilage. Traditional treatments can only delay the progression of osteoarthritis, and patients may need joint replacement eventually. As a class of organic compound molecules weighing less than 1000 daltons, small molecule inhibitors can target proteins as the main components of most drugs clinically. Small molecule inhibitors for osteoarthritis are under constant research. In this regard, by reviewing relevant manuscripts, small molecule inhibitors targeting MMPs, ADAMTS, IL-1, TNF, WNT, NF-κB, and other proteins were reviewed. We summarized these small molecule inhibitors with different targets and discussed disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs based on them. These small molecule inhibitors have good inhibitory effects on osteoarthritis, and this review will provide a reference for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjing Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Shicheng Jia
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Weifei Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Mengyuan Nian
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jianwei Zuo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone and Joint, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xintao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
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Fuerst R, Choi JY, Knapinska AM, Cameron MD, Ruiz C, Delmas A, Sundrud MS, Fields GB, Roush WR. Development of a putative Zn2+-chelating but highly selective MMP-13 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 76:129014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Karila T, Tervahartiala T, Cohen B, Sorsa T. The collagenases: are they tractable targets for preventing cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:93-105. [PMID: 35081858 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2035362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology and pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) have been intensely investigated; however, the disease course and progression are not completely understood. A prominent role for interstitial collagenases is recognized in this degenerative process, hence strategies to target them are of major interest. AREAS COVERED The pathogenesis of OA, the role of interstitial collagenases (MMP-1, -8 and -13) and collagenase modifying drugs are examined and discussed. We reviewed relevant papers from PubMed and Google Scholar. EXPERT OPINION There is strong evidence for the therapeutic potential of MMP inhibitors in OA; however, they are not expected to impact the inflammatory process. Therefore, there is a need for a relative inhibitor of MMP-13 collagenase which possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The identification of novel broad-spectrum relative multiple peptidase inhibitors could provide desirable tools for the prophylaxis, cure, or treatment of diseases involving articular cartilage (AC) degradation, in particular OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Karila
- Hospital Orton, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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4
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Structure-based molecular insights into matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer treatments. Future Med Chem 2021; 14:35-51. [PMID: 34779649 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are of considerable interest as anticancer agents. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were the earliest type of proteases considered as anticancer targets. The developments of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) by pharmaceutical companies can be dated from the early 1980s. Thus far, none of the over 50 MMPIs entering clinical trials have been approved. This work summarizes the reported studies on the structure of MMPs and complexes with ligands and inhibitors, based on which, the authors analyzed the clinical failures of MMPIs in a structural biological manner. Furthermore, MMPs were systematically compared with urokinase, a protease-generating plasmin, which plays similar pathological roles in cancer development; the reasons for the clinical successes of urokinase inhibitors and the clinical failures of MMPIs are discussed.
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Knapinska AM, Singh C, Drotleff G, Blanco D, Chai C, Schwab J, Herd A, Fields GB. Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 Inhibitors for Modulation of Osteoclastogenesis: Enhancement of Solubility and Stability. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1133-1142. [PMID: 33331147 PMCID: PMC8035250 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) activity has been correlated to breast cancer bone metastasis. It has been proposed that MMP-13 contributes to bone metastasis through the promotion of osteoclastogenesis. To explore the mechanisms of MMP-13 action, we previously described a highly efficacious and selective MMP-13 inhibitor, RF036. Unfortunately, further pursuit of RF036 as a probe of MMP-13 in vitro and in vivo activities was not practical due to the limited solubility and stability of the inhibitor. Our new study has explored replacing the RF036 backbone sulfur atom and terminal methyl group to create inhibitors with more favorable pharmacokinetic properties. One compound, designated inhibitor 3, in which the backbone sulfur and terminal methyl group of RF036 were replaced by nitrogen and oxetane, respectively, had comparable activity, selectivity, and membrane permeability to RF036, while exhibiting greatly enhanced solubility and stability. Inhibitor 3 effectively inhibited MMP-13-mediated osteoclastogenesis but spared collagenolysis, and thus represents a next-generation MMP-13 probe applicable for in vivo studies of breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Knapinska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Chandani Singh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gary Drotleff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Daniela Blanco
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Cedric Chai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Jason Schwab
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Anu Herd
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Institute for Human Health & Disease Intervention (I-HEALTH), Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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6
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Zipfel P, Rochais C, Baranger K, Rivera S, Dallemagne P. Matrix Metalloproteinases as New Targets in Alzheimer's Disease: Opportunities and Challenges. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10705-10725. [PMID: 32459966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in the regulation of numerous physiological processes, evidence of their pathological roles have also been obtained in the last decades, making MMPs attractive therapeutic targets for several diseases. Recent discoveries of their involvement in central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and in particular in Alzheimer's disease (AD), have paved the way to consider MMP modulators as promising therapeutic strategies. Over the past few decades, diverse approaches have been undertaken in the design of therapeutic agents targeting MMPs for various purposes, leading, more recently, to encouraging developments. In this article, we will present recent examples of inhibitors ranging from small molecules and peptidomimetics to biologics. We will also discuss the scientific knowledge that has led to the development of emerging tools and techniques to overcome the challenges of selective MMP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zipfel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
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7
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Gorter RP, Baron W. Matrix metalloproteinases shape the oligodendrocyte (niche) during development and upon demyelination. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134980. [PMID: 32315713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte lineage cell is crucial to proper brain function. During central nervous system development, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrate and proliferate to populate the entire brain and spinal cord, and subsequently differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes that wrap neuronal axons in an insulating myelin layer. When damage occurs to the myelin sheath, OPCs are activated and recruited to the demyelinated site, where they differentiate into oligodendrocytes that remyelinate the denuded axons. The process of OPC attraction and differentiation is influenced by a multitude of factors from the cell's niche. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are powerful and versatile enzymes that do not only degrade extracellular matrix proteins, but also cleave cell surface receptors, growth factors, signaling molecules, proteases and other precursor proteins, leading to their activation or degradation. MMPs are markedly upregulated during brain development and upon demyelinating injury, where their broad functions influence the behavior of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), OPCs and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we focus on the role of MMPs in (re)myelination. We will start out in the developing brain with describing the effects of MMPs on NPCs, OPCs and eventually oligodendrocytes. Then, we will outline their functions in oligodendrocyte process extension and developmental myelination. Finally, we will review their potential role in demyelination, describe their significance in remyelination and discuss the evidence for a role of MMPs in remyelination failure, focusing on multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, MMPs shape the oligodendrocyte (niche) both during development and upon demyelination, and thus are important players in directing the fate and behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells throughout their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne P Gorter
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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8
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Structure-based design and optimization of pyrimidine- and 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine-based matrix metalloproteinase-10/13 inhibitors via Dimroth rearrangement towards targeted polypharmacology. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Ahrens CC, Chiswick EL, Ravindra KC, Miller MA, Ramseier JY, Isaacson KB, Lauffenburger DA, Griffith LG. Development and Application of the Metalloprotease Activity Multiplexed Bead-Based Immunoassay (MAMBI). Biochemistry 2019; 58:3938-3942. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Ahrens
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evan L. Chiswick
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kodihalli C. Ravindra
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Miles A. Miller
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julie Y. Ramseier
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith B. Isaacson
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Minimally Invasive Gynecology Surgery Center, Newton Wellesley Hospital, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02462, United States
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Linda G. Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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10
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The Rebirth of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors: Moving Beyond the Dogma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090984. [PMID: 31461880 PMCID: PMC6769477 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors began in earnest over three decades ago. Initial clinical trials were disappointing, resulting in a negative view of MMPs as therapeutic targets. As a better understanding of MMP biology and inhibitor pharmacokinetic properties emerged, it became clear that initial MMP inhibitor clinical trials were held prematurely. Further complicating matters were problematic conclusions drawn from animal model studies. The most recent generation of MMP inhibitors have desirable selectivities and improved pharmacokinetics, resulting in improved toxicity profiles. Application of selective MMP inhibitors led to the conclusion that MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, and MT1-MMP are not involved in musculoskeletal syndrome, a common side effect observed with broad spectrum MMP inhibitors. Specific activities within a single MMP can now be inhibited. Better definition of the roles of MMPs in immunological responses and inflammation will help inform clinic trials, and multiple studies indicate that modulating MMP activity can improve immunotherapy. There is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MMP inhibitor for periodontal disease, and several MMP inhibitors are in clinic trials, targeting a variety of maladies including gastric cancer, diabetic foot ulcers, and multiple sclerosis. It is clearly time to move on from the dogma of viewing MMP inhibition as intractable.
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11
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Marcink TC, Simoncic JA, An B, Knapinska AM, Fulcher YG, Akkaladevi N, Fields GB, Van Doren SR. MT1-MMP Binds Membranes by Opposite Tips of Its β Propeller to Position It for Pericellular Proteolysis. Structure 2018; 27:281-292.e6. [PMID: 30471921 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Critical to migration of tumor cells and endothelial cells is the proteolytic attack of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) upon collagen, growth factors, and receptors at cell surfaces. Lipid bilayer interactions of the substrate-binding hemopexin-like (HPX) domain of MT1-MMP were investigated by paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation enhancements (PREs), fluorescence, and mutagenesis. The HPX domain binds bilayers by blades II and IV on opposite sides of its β propeller fold. The EPGYPK sequence protruding from both blades inserts among phospholipid head groups in PRE-restrained molecular dynamics simulations. Bilayer binding to either blade II or IV exposes the CD44 binding site in blade I. Bilayer association with blade IV allows the collagen triple helix to bind without obstruction. Indeed, vesicles enhance proteolysis of collagen triple-helical substrates by the ectodomain of MT1-MMP. Hypothesized side-by-side MT1-MMP homodimerization would allow binding of bilayers, collagen, CD44, and head-to-tail oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Marcink
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jayce A Simoncic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bo An
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Anna M Knapinska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yan G Fulcher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Narahari Akkaladevi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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12
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Fuerst R, Yong Choi J, Knapinska AM, Smith L, Cameron MD, Ruiz C, Fields GB, Roush WR. Development of matrix metalloproteinase-13 inhibitors - A structure-activity/structure-property relationship study. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4984-4995. [PMID: 30249495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity/structure-property relationship study based on the physicochemical as well as in vitro pharmacokinetic properties of a first generation matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 inhibitor (2) was undertaken. After systematic variation of inhibitor 2, compound 31 was identified which exhibited microsomal half-life higher than 20 min, kinetic solubility higher than 20 μM, and a permeability coefficient greater than 20 × 10-6 cm/s. Compound 31 also showed excellent in vivo PK properties after IV dosing (Cmax = 56.8 μM, T1/2 (plasma) = 3.0 h, Cl = 0.23 mL/min/kg) and thus is a suitable candidate for in vivo efficacy studies in an OA animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fuerst
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York 11367, United States
| | - Anna M Knapinska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Lyndsay Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Claudia Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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Amar S, Minond D, Fields GB. Clinical Implications of Compounds Designed to Inhibit ECM-Modifying Metalloproteinases. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28613012 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial in development and homeostasis, but also has a significant role in disease progression. Two metalloproteinase families, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs), participate in the remodeling of the ECM, either directly or through the liberation of growth factors and cell surface receptors. The correlation of MMP and ADAM activity to a variety of diseases has instigated numerous drug development programs. However, broad-based and Zn2+ -chelating MMP and ADAM inhibitors have fared poorly in the clinic. Selective MMP and ADAM inhibitors have been described recently based on (a) antibodies or antibody fragments or (b) small molecules designed to take advantage of protease secondary binding sites (exosites) or allosteric sites. Clinical trials have been undertaken with several of these inhibitors, while others are in advanced pre-clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Amar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Dmitriy Minond
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
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14
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Xie XW, Wan RZ, Liu ZP. Recent Research Advances in Selective Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Inhibitors as Anti-Osteoarthritis Agents. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1157-1168. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wen Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 P.R. China
| | - Ren-Zhong Wan
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine; Shandong Agricultural University; 61 Daizong Street Taian 271018 P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 P.R. China
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Discovery of an enzyme and substrate selective inhibitor of ADAM10 using an exosite-binding glycosylated substrate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:11. [PMID: 28442704 PMCID: PMC5431342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-016-0013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 and ADAM17 have been shown to contribute to the acquired drug resistance of HER2-positive breast cancer in response to trastuzumab. The majority of ADAM10 and ADAM17 inhibitor development has been focused on the discovery of compounds that bind the active site zinc, however, in recent years, there has been a shift from active site to secondary substrate binding site (exosite) inhibitor discovery in order to identify non-zinc-binding molecules. In the present work a glycosylated, exosite-binding substrate of ADAM10 and ADAM17 was utilized to screen 370,276 compounds from the MLPCN collection. As a result of this uHTS effort, a selective, time-dependent, non-zinc-binding inhibitor of ADAM10 with Ki = 883 nM was discovered. This compound exhibited low cell toxicity and was able to selectively inhibit shedding of known ADAM10 substrates in several cell-based models. We hypothesize that differential glycosylation of these cognate substrates is the source of selectivity of our novel inhibitor. The data indicate that this novel inhibitor can be used as an in vitro and, potentially, in vivo, probe of ADAM10 activity. Additionally, results of the present and prior studies strongly suggest that glycosylated substrate are applicable as screening agents for discovery of selective ADAM probes and therapeutics.
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Knapinska AM, Dreymuller D, Ludwig A, Smith L, Golubkov V, Sohail A, Fridman R, Giulianotti M, LaVoi TM, Houghten RA, Fields GB, Minond D. SAR Studies of Exosite-Binding Substrate-Selective Inhibitors of A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) and Application as Selective in Vitro Probes. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5808-24. [PMID: 26192023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ADAM17 is implicated in several debilitating diseases. However, drug discovery efforts targeting ADAM17 have failed due to the utilization of zinc-binding inhibitors. We previously reported discovery of highly selective nonzinc-binding exosite-targeting inhibitors of ADAM17 that exhibited not only enzyme isoform selectivity but synthetic substrate selectivity as well ( J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288, 22871). As a result of SAR studies presented herein, we obtained several highly selective ADAM17 inhibitors, six of which were further characterized in biochemical and cell-based assays. Lead compounds exhibited low cellular toxicity and high potency and selectivity for ADAM17. In addition, several of the leads inhibited ADAM17 in a substrate-selective manner, which has not been previously documented for inhibitors of the ADAM family. These findings suggest that targeting exosites of ADAM17 can be used to obtain highly desirable substrate-selective inhibitors. Additionally, current inhibitors can be used as probes of biological activity of ADAM17 in various in vitro and, potentially, in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Knapinska
- ∥Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Daniela Dreymuller
- ⊥Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- ⊥Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lyndsay Smith
- ∥Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Vladislav Golubkov
- ‡Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anjum Sohail
- §Wayne State University, 8200 Scott Hall, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Rafael Fridman
- §Wayne State University, 8200 Scott Hall, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Marc Giulianotti
- †Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States.,∇Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Travis M LaVoi
- †Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Richard A Houghten
- †Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Gregg B Fields
- ∥Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,#The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Dmitriy Minond
- †Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
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Fields GB. New strategies for targeting matrix metalloproteinases. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:239-46. [PMID: 25595836 PMCID: PMC4466128 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors has often been frustrated by a lack of specificity and subsequent off-target effects. More recently, inhibitor design has considered secondary binding sites (exosites) to improve specificity. Small molecules and peptides have been developed that bind exosites in the catalytic (CAT) domain of MMP-13, the CAT or hemopexin-like (HPX) domain of MT1-MMP, and the collagen binding domain (CBD) of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Antibody-based approaches have resulted in selective inhibitors for MMP-9 and MT1-MMP that target CAT domain exosites. Triple-helical “mini-proteins” have taken advantage of collagen binding exosites, producing a family of novel probes. A variety of non-traditional approaches that incorporate exosite binding into the design process has yielded inhibitors with desirable selectivities within the MMP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 5353 Parkside Drive, Building MC17, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Department of Chemistry, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States; Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Department of Chemistry, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, United States; Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Department of Biology, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, United States.
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18
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Spicer TP, Jiang J, Taylor AB, Choi JY, Hart PJ, Roush WR, Fields GB, Hodder PS, Minond D. Characterization of selective exosite-binding inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 13 that prevent articular cartilage degradation in vitro. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9598-611. [PMID: 25330343 PMCID: PMC4255739 DOI: 10.1021/jm501284e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) has been shown to be the main collagenase responsible for degradation of articular cartilage during osteoarthritis and therefore represents a target for drug development. As a result of high-throughput screening and structure-activity relationship studies, we identified a novel, highly selective class of MMP-13 inhibitors (compounds 1 (Q), 2 (Q1), and 3 (Q2)). Mechanistic characterization revealed a noncompetitive nature of these inhibitors with binding constants in the low micromolar range. Crystallographic analyses revealed two binding modes for compound 2 in the MMP-13 S1' subsite and in an S1/S2* subsite. Type II collagen- and cartilage-protective effects exhibited by compounds 1, 2, and 3 suggested that these compounds might be efficacious in future in vivo studies. Finally, these compounds were also highly selective when tested against a panel of 30 proteases, which, in combination with a good CYP inhibition profile, suggested low off-target toxicity and drug-drug interactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Spicer
- Lead Identification Division, Translational Research Institute, ‡Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and §Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Choi CH, Kim TH, Sung YK, Choi CB, Na YI, Yoo H, Jun JB. SKI306X inhibition of glycosaminoglycan degradation in human cartilage involves down-regulation of cytokine-induced catabolic genes. Korean J Intern Med 2014; 29:647-55. [PMID: 25228841 PMCID: PMC4164729 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.5.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS SKI306X, a mixed extract of three herbs, Clematis mandshurica (CM), Prunella vulgaris (PV), and Trichosanthes kirilowii (TK), is chondroprotective in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA). The objectives of this study were to investigate its effect on interleukin (IL)-1β-induced degradation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and the basis of its action in human OA cartilage, as well as to screen for the presence of inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 in SKI306X and its component herbs, as well as in fractions from SKI306X. METHODS Human OA chondrocytes and cartilage explants were obtained during total knee replacements and incubated with IL-1β ± oncostatin M with or without SKI306X or its component herb extracts. GAG degradation was assayed in cartilage explants using a commercial kit. Expression of genes involved in cartilage destruction was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction using chondrocyte RNA. SKI306X was fractionated by preparative liquid chromatography to test for the presence of inhibitors of MMP-13 and ADAMTS-4. RESULTS SKI306X and PV inhibited IL-1β-induced GAG release from cartilage explants, and SKI306X, CM, PV, and TK inhibited IL-1β-induced MMP gene expression. Unexpectedly, SKI306X greatly stimulated IL-1β + oncostatin M-induced ADAMTS-4 gene expression, probably due to its TK component. Some fractions of SKI306X also inhibited ADAMTS-4 activity. CONCLUSIONS SKI306X and its herbal components inhibit GAG degradation and catabolic gene expression in human OA chondrocytes and cartilage explants. SKI306X likely also contains one or more ADAMTS-4 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Surgery for Rheumatism, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Sung
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Bum Choi
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-In Na
- Institute of Rheumatism, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunseung Yoo
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Jun
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Kotzsch A, Skovgaard T, Buus U, Andersen S, Devkota K, Berthelsen J. A substrate-optimized electrophoretic mobility shift assay for ADAM12. Anal Biochem 2014; 452:34-42. [PMID: 24534253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ADAM12 belongs to the A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family of secreted sheddases activating extracellular growth factors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). ADAM proteases, most notably ADAM17 (TNF-α-converting enzyme), have long been investigated as pharmaceutical drug targets; however, due to lack of potency and in vivo side effects, none of the small-molecule inhibitors discovered so far has made it beyond clinical testing. Ongoing research on novel selective inhibitors of ADAMs requires reliable biochemical assays to validate molecular probes from large-scale screening efforts. Here we describe an electrophoretic mobility shift assay for ADAM12 based on the identification of an optimized peptide substrate that is characterized by excellent performance and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kotzsch
- Facility for Protein Purification and Function at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Tine Skovgaard
- Facility for Protein Purification and Function at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Uwe Buus
- Facility for Protein Purification and Function at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Simon Andersen
- Facility for Protein Purification and Function at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kanchan Devkota
- Facility for Protein Purification and Function at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens Berthelsen
- Facility for Protein Purification and Function at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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21
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Kalva S, Vinod D, Saleena LM. Combined structure- and ligand-based pharmacophore modeling and molecular dynamics simulation studies to identify selective inhibitors of MMP-8. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2191. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Identification of exosite-targeting inhibitors of anthrax lethal factor by high-throughput screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:875-82. [PMID: 22840775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitor discovery has focused almost exclusively on compounds that bind to the active site. Inhibitors targeting protease exosites, regions outside of the active site that influence catalysis, offer potential advantages of increased specificity but are difficult to systematically discover. Here, we describe an assay suitable for detecting exosite-targeting inhibitors of the metalloproteinase anthrax lethal factor (LF) based on cleavage of a full-length mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) substrate. We used this assay to screen a small-molecule library and then subjected hits to a secondary screen to exclude compounds that efficiently blocked cleavage of a peptide substrate. We identified a compound that preferentially inhibited cleavage of MKKs compared with peptide substrates and could suppress LF-induced macrophage cytolysis. This approach should be generally applicable to the discovery of exosite-targeting inhibitors of many additional proteases.
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23
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Patil SP, Kanawade SB, Bhavsar DC, Nikam PS, Gangurde SA, Toche RB. Syntheses of New Unsymmetrical 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-Triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles Bearing Thieno[2,3-c]pyrazolo Moiety. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivaraj P. Patil
- Organic Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KTHM College; University of Pune; Gangapur Road Nashik 422002 M S India
| | - Shrikant B. Kanawade
- Organic Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KTHM College; University of Pune; Gangapur Road Nashik 422002 M S India
| | - Dinesh C. Bhavsar
- Organic Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KTHM College; University of Pune; Gangapur Road Nashik 422002 M S India
| | - Prashant S. Nikam
- Organic Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KTHM College; University of Pune; Gangapur Road Nashik 422002 M S India
| | - Sachin A. Gangurde
- Organic Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KTHM College; University of Pune; Gangapur Road Nashik 422002 M S India
| | - Raghunath B. Toche
- Organic Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, KTHM College; University of Pune; Gangapur Road Nashik 422002 M S India
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Tokmina-Roszyk M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Fields GB. The synthesis and application of Fmoc-Lys(5-Fam) building blocks. Biopolymers 2013; 100:347-55. [PMID: 23444261 PMCID: PMC4260938 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrates are often utilized for protease activity assays. This study has examined the preparation of FRET triple-helical peptide (THP) substrates using 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-Fam) as the fluorophore and 4,4-dimethylamino-azobenzene-4'-carboxylic acid (Dabcyl) as the quencher. The N(α)-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-N(ε)-(5-carboxyfluorescein)-L-lysine [Fmoc-Lys(5-Fam)] building block was synthesized utilizing two distinct synthetic routes. The first involved copper complexation of Lys while the second utilized Fmoc-Lys with microwave irradiation. Both approaches allowed convenient production of a very pure final product at a reasonable cost. Fmoc-Lys(5-Fam) and Fmoc-Lys(Dabcyl) were incorporated into the sequence of a THP substrate utilizing automated solid-phase peptide synthesis protocols. A second substrate was assembled where (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)-acetyl (Mca) was the fluorophore and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) was the quencher. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to determine the influence of the fluorophore/quencher pair on the stability of the triple-helix. The activity of the two substrates was examined with three matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-1, MMP-13, and MT1-MMP. The combination of 5-Fam as fluorophore and Dabcyl as quencher resulted in a triple-helical substrate that, compared with the fluorophore/quencher pair of Mca/Dnp, had a slightly destabilized triple-helix but was hydrolyzed more rapidly by MMP-1 and MMP-13 and had greater sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Tokmina-Roszyk
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987
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25
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Stawikowska R, Cudic M, Giulianotti M, Houghten RA, Fields GB, Minond D. Activity of ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17) is regulated by its noncatalytic domains and secondary structure of its substrates. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22871-9. [PMID: 23779109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM proteases are implicated in multiple diseases, but no drugs based on ADAM inhibition exist. Most of the ADAM inhibitors developed to date feature zinc-binding moieties that target the active site zinc, which leads to a lack of selectivity and off target toxicity. Targeting secondary substrate binding sites (exosites) can potentially work as an alternative strategy for drug discovery; however, there are only a few reports of potential exosites in ADAM protease structures. In the study presented here, we utilized a series of TNFα-based substrates to probe ADAM10 and 17 interactions with its canonical substrate to identify the structural features that determine ADAM protease substrate specificity. We found that noncatalytic domains of ADAM17 did not directly bind the substrates used in the study but affected the binding nevertheless, most likely because of steric hindrance. Additionally, noncatalytic domains of ADAM17 affected the size/shape of the carbohydrate-binding pocket contained within the catalytic domain of ADAM17. This suggests that noncatalytic domains of ADAM17 play a role in substrate specificity and might help explain differences in substrate repertoires of ADAM17 and its closest homologue, ADAM10. We also addressed the question of which substrate features can affect ADAM protease specificity. We found that all ADAM proteases tested (i.e., ADAM10, 12, and 17) significantly decreased activity when the TNFα-derived sequence was induced into α-helical conformation, suggesting that conformation plays a role in determining ADAM protease substrate specificity. These findings can help in the discovery of ADAM isoform- and substrate-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Stawikowska
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, USA
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26
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Yoon HK, Jung ST, Kim JH, Yoo TH. Recent development of highly sensitive protease assay methods: Signal amplification through enzyme cascades. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013; 17:1113-1119. [PMID: 32218678 PMCID: PMC7090753 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are involved in almost all biological processes, and therefore, aberrant activity of many of these enzymes is an important indicator of disease. Various methods have been developed to analyze protease activity, among which, protease assays based on resonance energy transfer are currently used most widely. However, quantitative methods with relatively higher sensitivity are needed, especially for disease diagnosis at early stages. One of the strategies to achieve higher sensitivity is to implement signal amplification of the protease activity. In this review, we briefly summarize the protease assay methods based on resonance energy transfer, and then elaborate the efforts to develop sensitive protease assays through signal amplification by using enzyme cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Bio and Nano Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 136-702 Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749 Korea
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27
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Characterization of TAMRA- and biotin-conjugated peptide arrays for on-chip matrix metalloproteinase activity assay. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-012-6401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Minond D, Cudic M, Bionda N, Giulianotti M, Maida L, Houghten RA, Fields GB. Discovery of novel inhibitors of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) using glycosylated and non-glycosylated substrates. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36473-87. [PMID: 22927435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) proteases are implicated in multiple diseases, but no drugs based on ADAM inhibition exist. Most of the ADAM inhibitors developed to date feature zinc-binding moieties that target the active site zinc, which leads to a lack of selectivity and off-target toxicity. We hypothesized that secondary binding site (exosite) inhibitors should provide a viable alternative to active site inhibitors. Potential exosites in ADAM structures have been reported, but no studies describing substrate features necessary for exosite interactions exist. Analysis of ADAM cognate substrates revealed that glycosylation is often present in the vicinity of the scissile bond. To study whether glycosylation plays a role in modulating ADAM activity, a tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) substrate with and without a glycan moiety attached was synthesized and characterized. Glycosylation enhanced ADAM8 and -17 activities and decreased ADAM10 activity. Metalloprotease (MMP) activity was unaffected by TNFα substrate glycosylation. High throughput screening assays were developed using glycosylated and non-glycosylated substrate, and positional scanning was conducted. A novel chemotype of ADAM17-selective probes was discovered from the TPIMS library (Houghten, R. A., Pinilla, C., Giulianotti, M. A., Appel, J. R., Dooley, C. T., Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J. M., Yu, Y., Maggiora, G. M., Medina-Franco, J. L., Brunner, D., and Schneider, J. (2008) Strategies for the use of mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries. Scaffold ranking, direct testing in vivo, and enhanced deconvolution by computational methods. J. Comb. Chem. 10, 3-19; Pinilla, C., Appel, J. R., Borràs, E., and Houghten, R. A. (2003) Advances in the use of synthetic combinatorial chemistry. Mixture-based libraries. Nat. Med. 9, 118-122) that preferentially inhibited glycosylated substrate hydrolysis and spared ADAM10, MMP-8, and MMP-14. Kinetic studies revealed that ADAM17 inhibition occurred via a non-zinc-binding mechanism. Thus, modulation of proteolysis via glycosylation may be used for identifying novel, potentially exosite binding compounds. The newly described ADAM17 inhibitors represent research tools to investigate the role of ADAM17 in the progression of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Minond
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, USA.
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29
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Iyer RP, Patterson NL, Fields GB, Lindsey ML. The history of matrix metalloproteinases: milestones, myths, and misperceptions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H919-30. [PMID: 22904159 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00577.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of tadpole collagenase in 1962, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family has emerged as a significant proteinase group with recognized effects on the cardiovascular system. Over the last 40 years, many milestones have been achieved, from the identification of the first MMP, to the generation of the first MMP cDNA clone and null mouse, to the clinical approval of the first MMP inhibitor. Over the years, a few myths and misunderstandings have interwoven into the truths. In this review, we will discuss the major milestones of MMP research, as well as review the misinterpretations and misperceptions that have evolved. Clarifying the confusions and dispelling the myths will both provide a better understanding of MMP properties and functions and focus the cardiovascular field on the outstanding research questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
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30
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Yadav MR, Murumkar PR, Zambre VP. Advances in studies on collagenase inhibitors. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 103:83-135. [PMID: 22642191 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0364-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. Development of MMP inhibitors, in particular collagenase inhibitors, for the treatment of arthritis has been more challenging, undoubtedly. Small-molecular-weight collagenase inhibitors may be classified into several different arbitrary structural classes, depending on the catalytic zinc-binding function as well as other structural elements of the inhibitors. This chapter tries to make an attempt in providing the reader with an overall flavor of the type of scaffolds reported in the past few years along with the molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mange Ram Yadav
- Pharmacy Department, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 001, Gujarat, India.
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Roth J, Minond D, Darout E, Liu Q, Lauer J, Hodder P, Fields GB, Roush WR. Identification of novel, exosite-binding matrix metalloproteinase-13 inhibitor scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7180-4. [PMID: 22018790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) has been implicated as the protease responsible for collagen degradation in cartilage during osteoarthritis (OA). Compounds that inhibit the metalloproteinase at the Zn binding site typically lack specificity among MMP family members. Analogs of the low-micromolar lead MMP-13 inhibitor 4, discovered through high-throughput screening, were synthesized to investigate structure-activity relationships in this inhibitor series. Systematic modifications of 4 led to the discovery of MMP-13 inhibitors 20 and 24 which are more selective than 4 against other MMPs. Compound 20 is also approximately fivefold more potent as an MMP-13 inhibitor than the original HTS-derived lead compound 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States
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Peptide from the C-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) inhibits membrane activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Matrix Biol 2011; 30:404-12. [PMID: 21839835 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular activation of latent matrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2) requires formation of a cell membrane-associated activation complex that involves specific binding between the hemopexin domain of proMMP-2 (PEX) and the C-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (C-TIMP-2). In this study, we tested the feasibility of inhibiting activation of proMMP-2 by exogenous inhibitors, which block the binding between PEX and TIMP-2. The recombinant C-TIMP-2 and synthetic peptides from C-TIMP-2 were used as inhibitors for proMMP-2 activation. Recombinant C-TIMP-2 bound specifically to both the catalytically inactive MMP-2(E404A) and the C-terminal domain of MMP-2 (PEX) in a concentration dependent manner with apparent K(d) of 3.9×10(-7)M and 1.7×10(-7)M, respectively. Moreover, C-TIMP-2 competed the binding between MMP-2(E404A) and full-length TIMP-2. Finally, activity assays showed that addition of C-TIMP-2 to HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells inhibited proMMP-2 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. We then designed a synthetic peptide, P175L, consisting of 20 residues from the PEX-binding tail region of C-TIMP-2. P175L bound PEX and inhibited cell membrane-mediated activation of proMMP-2 in a concentration dependent manner. Deletion of the last 9 tail residues of C-TIMP-2 in P175L abrogated the inhibitory activities of the peptide showing that these residues were essential for function. Overall, these experiments have demonstrated that proMMP-2 activation can be inhibited by exogenous inhibitors which points to a potential strategy for MMP-2 specific inhibition.
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El Debs BW, Tschulena U, Griffiths AD, Merten CA. A competitive co-cultivation assay for cancer drug specificity evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:818-24. [PMID: 21788393 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111414898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of compounds that specifically inhibit or kill cancer cells without affecting cells from healthy tissues is very challenging but very important for reducing the side effects of current cancer therapies. Hence, there is an urgent need for improved assays allowing the selectivity of a given compound to be monitored directly. The authors present an assay system based on the competitive co-cultivation of an excess of cancer cells with a small fraction of noncancer human indicator cells generating a fluorescence signal. In the absence of a specific anticancer compound, the cancer cells outgrow the indicator cells and abolish the fluorescence signal. In contrast, the presence of specific anticancer drugs (such as Tyrphostin-AG1478 or PLX4720) results in the selective growth of the indicator cells, giving rise to a strong fluorescence signal. Furthermore, the authors show that the nonspecific cytotoxic compound sodium azide kills both cancer and noncancer cells, and no fluorescence signal is obtained. Hence, this assay system favors the selection of compounds that specifically target cancer cells and decreases the probability of selecting nonspecific cytotoxic molecules. Z factors of up to 0.85 were obtained, indicating an excellent assay that can be used for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir W El Debs
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Vandooren J, Geurts N, Martens E, Van den Steen PE, Jonghe SD, Herdewijn P, Opdenakker G. Gelatin degradation assay reveals MMP-9 inhibitors and function of O-glycosylated domain. World J Biol Chem 2011; 2:14-24. [PMID: 21537473 PMCID: PMC3083944 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v2.i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish a novel, sensitive and high-throughput gelatinolytic assay to define new inhibitors and compare domain deletion mutants of gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9.
METHODS: Fluorogenic Dye-quenched (DQ)™-gelatin was used as a substrate and biochemical parameters (substrate and enzyme concentrations, DMSO solvent concentrations) were optimized to establish a high-throughput assay system. Various small-sized libraries (ChemDiv, InterBioScreen and ChemBridge) of heterocyclic, drug-like substances were tested and compared with prototypic inhibitors.
RESULTS: First, we designed a test system with gelatin as a natural substrate. Second, the assay was validated by selecting a novel pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (barbiturate) inhibitor. Third, and in line with present structural data on collagenolysis, it was found that deletion of the O-glycosylated region significantly decreased gelatinolytic activity (kcat/kM± 40% less than full-length MMP-9).
CONCLUSION: The DQ™-gelatin assay is useful in high-throughput drug screening and exosite targeting. We demonstrate that flexibility between the catalytic and hemopexin domain is functionally critical for gelatinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vandooren
- Jennifer Vandooren, Nathalie Geurts, Erik Martens, Philippe E Van den Steen, Ghislain Opdenakker, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroederstraat 10, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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Hadler-Olsen E, Fadnes B, Sylte I, Uhlin-Hansen L, Winberg JO. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity in health and disease. FEBS J 2010; 278:28-45. [PMID: 21087458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is regulated at several levels, including enzyme activation, inhibition, complex formation and compartmentalization. Regulation at the transcriptional level is also important, although this is not a subject of the present minireview. Most MMPs are secreted and have their function in the extracellular environment. This is also the case for the membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs). MMPs are also found inside cells, both in the nucleus, cytosol and organelles. The role of intracellular located MMPs is still poorly understood, although recent studies have unraveled some of their functions. The localization, activation and activity of MMPs are regulated by their interactions with other proteins, proteoglycan core proteins and/or their glycosaminoglycan chains, as well as other molecules. Complexes formed between MMPs and various molecules may also include interactions with noncatalytic sites. Such exosites are regions involved in substrate processing, localized outside the active site, and are potential binding sites of specific MMP inhibitors. Knowledge about regulation of MMP activity is essential for understanding various physiological processes and pathogenesis of diseases, as well as for the development of new MMP targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Hadler-Olsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway
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Kong DH, Jung SH, Lee ST, Ha KS. On-chip assay of matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity using fluorescence-conjugated gelatin arrays. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-010-4308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dormán G, Cseh S, Hajdú I, Barna L, Kónya D, Kupai K, Kovács L, Ferdinandy P. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: a critical appraisal of design principles and proposed therapeutic utility. Drugs 2010; 70:949-64. [PMID: 20481653 DOI: 10.2165/11318390-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tissue remodelling associated with various physiological and pathological processes, such as morphogenesis, angiogenesis, tissue repair, arthritis, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic inflammation and cancer metastasis. As a result, MMPs are considered to be viable drug targets in the therapy of these diseases. Despite the high therapeutic potential of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs), all clinical trials have failed to date, except for doxycycline for periodontal disease. This can be attributed to (i) poor selectivity of the MMPIs, (ii) poor target validation for the targeted therapy and (iii) poorly defined predictive preclinical animal models for safety and efficacy. Lessons from previous failures, such as recent discoveries of oxidative/nitrosative activation and phosphorylation of MMPs, as well as novel non-matrix related intra- and extracellular targets of MMP, give new hope for MMPI development for both chronic and acute diseases. In this article we critically review the major structural determinants of the selectivity and the milestones of past design efforts of MMPIs where 2-/3-dimensional structure-based methods were intensively applied. We also analyse the in vitro screening and preclinical/clinical pharmacology approaches, with particular emphasis on drawing conclusions on how to overcome efficacy and safety problems through better target validation and design of preclinical studies.
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Abstract
Triple-helical peptides (THPs) have been utilized as collagen models since the 1960s. The original focus for THP-based research was to unravel the structural determinants of collagen. In the last two decades, virtually all aspects of collagen structural biochemistry have been explored with THP models. More specifically, secondary amino acid analogs have been incorporated into THPs to more fully understand the forces that stabilize triple-helical structure. Heterotrimeric THPs have been utilized to better appreciate the contributions of chain sequence diversity on collagen function. The role of collagen as a cell signaling protein has been dissected using THPs that represent ligands for specific receptors. The mechanisms of collagenolysis have been investigated using THP substrates and inhibitors. Finally, THPs have been developed for biomaterial applications. These aspects of THP-based research are overviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Biochemistry, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Li JJ, Johnson AR. Selective MMP13 inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2010; 31:863-94. [PMID: 20196103 DOI: 10.1002/med.20204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacology of MMP13 and MMP13 selective inhibitors is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jack Li
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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Jung SH, Kong DH, Park JH, Lee ST, Hyun J, Kim YM, Ha KS. Rapid analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-3 activity by gelatin arrays using a spectral surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Analyst 2010; 135:1050-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b919857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
A continuous assay method, such as the one that utilizes an increase in fluorescence upon hydrolysis, allows for rapid and convenient kinetic evaluation of proteases. To better understand MMP behaviors and to aid in the design of MMP inhibitors, a variety of sequence specificity, phage display, and combinatorial chemistry studies have been performed. Results of these studies have been valuable for defining the differences in MMPs and for creating quenched fluorescent substrates that utilize fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)/intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer (IFET). FRET triple-helical substrates have been constructed to examine the collagenolytic activity of MMP family members. The present chapter provides an overview of MMP and related FRET substrates and describes how to construct and utilize these substrates.
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Cudic M, Burstein GD, Fields GB, Lauer-Fields J. Analysis of flavonoid-based pharmacophores that inhibit aggrecanases (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) and matrix metalloproteinases through the use of topologically constrained peptide substrates. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:473-82. [PMID: 19793184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenolic natural products from green tea and red wine have been identified as metalloproteinase inhibitors. Members from the flavonoid and stilbene families found to possess metalloproteinase inhibitory activities include (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate and piceatannol, but their minimally active pharmacophores have not been evaluated. The present study has examined compounds that are structural components of or structurally related to (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate and piceatannol for inhibition of aggrecanases and four representative matrix metalloproteinases. Piceatannol and pyrogallol were found to inhibit all aggrecanases and matrix metalloproteinases studied, indicating a crucial reliance on multiple hydroxyl groups for (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate and piceatannol activity. Differences in K(i) values for pyrogallol as determined with two structurally distinct substrates indicated the likelihood that this compound binds in a non-competitive modality. Further analysis showed that pyrogallol acts as an exosite inhibitor, consistent with the action of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. In contrast, piceatannol was shown to be a competitive binding inhibitor and showed no differences in apparent K(i) values as determined by distinct substrates, illustrating the benefits of using two structurally distinct substrates to assist the analysis of protease inhibitors. The compounds identified here could be utilized to develop novel metalloproteinase probes or as fragment components of more active inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, 33431, USA
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Lauer-Fields JL, Chalmers MJ, Busby SA, Minond D, Griffin PR, Fields GB. Identification of specific hemopexin-like domain residues that facilitate matrix metalloproteinase collagenolytic activity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24017-24. [PMID: 19574232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen serves as a structural scaffold and a barrier between tissues, and thus collagen catabolism (collagenolysis) is required to be a tightly regulated process in normal physiology. In turn, the destruction or damage of collagen during pathological states plays a role in tumor growth and invasion, cartilage degradation, or atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. Several members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family catalyze the hydrolysis of collagen triple helical structure. This study has utilized triple helical peptide (THP) substrates and inhibitors to dissect MMP-1 collagenolytic behavior. Analysis of MMP-1/THP interactions by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry followed by evaluation of wild type and mutant MMP-1 kinetics led to the identification of three noncatalytic regions in MMP-1 (residues 285-295, 302-316, and 437-457) and two specific residues (Ile-290 and Arg-291) that participate in collagenolysis. Ile-290 and Arg-291 contribute to recognition of triple helical structure and facilitate both the binding and catalysis of the triple helix. Evidence from this study and prior studies indicates that the MMP-1 catalytic and hemopexin-like domains collaborate in collagen catabolism by properly aligning the triple helix and coupling conformational states to facilitate hydrolysis. This study is the first to document the roles of specific residues within the MMP-1 hemopexin-like domain in substrate binding and turnover. Noncatalytic sites, such as those identified here, can ultimately be utilized to create THP inhibitors that target MMPs implicated in disease progression while sparing proteases with host-beneficial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L Lauer-Fields
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Sela-Passwell N, Rosenblum G, Shoham T, Sagi I. Structural and functional bases for allosteric control of MMP activities: can it pave the path for selective inhibition? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:29-38. [PMID: 19406173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-dependent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a large family of structurally homologous enzymes. These enzymes are involved in a wide variety of biological processes ranging from physiological cell proliferation and differentiation to pathological states associated with tumor metastasis, inflammation, tissue degeneration, and cell death. Controlling the enzymatic activity of specific individual MMPs by antagonist molecules is highly desirable, first, for studying their individual roles, and second as potential therapeutic agents. However, blocking the enzymatic activity with synthetic small inhibitors appears to be an extremely difficult task. Thus, this is an unmet need presumably due to the high structural homology between MMP catalytic domains. Recent reports have recognized a potential role for exosite or allosteric protein regions, distinct from the extended catalytic pocket, in mediating MMP activation and substrate hydrolysis. This raises the possibility that MMP enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities may be modified via antagonist molecules targeted to such allosteric sites or to alternative enzyme domains. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional bases for potential allosteric control of MMPs and highlight potential alternative enzyme domains as targets for designing highly selective MMP inhibitors.
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45
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Abstract
A continuous assay method, such as one that utilizes an increase in fluorescence upon hydrolysis, allows for rapid and convenient kinetic evaluation of proteases. To better understand MMP behaviors and to aid in the design of MMP inhibitors, a variety of sequence specificity, phage display, and combinatorial chemistry studies have been performed. Results of these studies have been valuable for defining the differences in MMPs and for creating quenched fluorescent substrates that utilize fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)/intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer (IFET). FRET triple-helical substrates have been constructed to examine the collagenolytic activity of MMP family members. The present chapter provides an overview of MMP and related FRET substrates and describes how to construct and utilize these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 U.S.A. Phone 561-297-2093, Fax 561-297-2759
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