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Voros C, Dias J, Timperley CM, Nachon F, Brown RCD, Baati R. The risk associated with organophosphorus nerve agents: from their discovery to their unavoidable threat, current medical countermeasures and perspectives. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:110973. [PMID: 38574837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The first organophosphorus nerve agent was discovered accidently during the development of pesticides, shortly after the first use of chemical weapons (chlorine, phosgene) on the battlefield during World War I. Despite the Chemical Weapons Convention banning these substances, they have still been employed in wars, terrorist attacks or political assassinations. Characterised by their high lethality, they target the nervous system by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, preventing neurotransmission, which, if not treated rapidly, inevitably leads to serious injury or the death of the person intoxicated. The limited efficacy of current antidotes, known as AChE reactivators, pushes research towards new treatments. Numerous paths have been explored, from modifying the original pyridinium oximes to developing hybrid reactivators seeking a better affinity for the inhibited AChE. Another crucial approach resides in molecules more prone to cross the blood-brain barrier: uncharged compounds, bio-conjugated reactivators or innovative formulations. Our aim is to raise awareness on the threat and toxicity of organophosphorus nerve agents and to present the main synthetic efforts deployed since the first AChE reactivator, to tackle the task of efficiently treating victims of these chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Voros
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France.
| | - José Dias
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Richard C D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Rachid Baati
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France; OPGS Pharmaceuticals, Paris BioTech Santé, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, F-75014, Paris, France.
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2
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Lindgren C, Forsgren N, Hoster N, Akfur C, Artursson E, Edvinsson L, Svensson R, Worek F, Ekström F, Linusson A. Broad-Spectrum Antidote Discovery by Untangling the Reactivation Mechanism of Nerve-Agent-Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200678. [PMID: 35420233 PMCID: PMC9400889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactivators are vital for the treatment of organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) intoxication but new alternatives are needed due to their limited clinical applicability. The toxicity of OPNAs stems from covalent inhibition of the essential enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which reactivators relieve via a chemical reaction with the inactivated enzyme. Here, we present new strategies and tools for developing reactivators. We discover suitable inhibitor scaffolds by using an activity-independent competition assay to study non-covalent interactions with OPNA-AChEs and transform these inhibitors into broad-spectrum reactivators. Moreover, we identify determinants of reactivation efficiency by analysing reactivation and pre-reactivation kinetics together with structural data. Our results show that new OPNA reactivators can be discovered rationally by exploiting detailed knowledge of the reactivation mechanism of OPNA-inhibited AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN Defense and SecuritySwedish Defense Research Agency906 21UmeåSweden
| | - Norman Hoster
- Department of ChemistryUmeå University901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Christine Akfur
- CBRN Defense and SecuritySwedish Defense Research Agency906 21UmeåSweden
| | - Elisabet Artursson
- CBRN Defense and SecuritySwedish Defense Research Agency906 21UmeåSweden
| | | | | | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology80937MunichGermany
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN Defense and SecuritySwedish Defense Research Agency906 21UmeåSweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of ChemistryUmeå University901 87UmeåSweden
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3
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Hofmanova T, Maraković N, Žunec S, Hrvat NM, Andrys R, Psotka M, Zandona A, Svobodova J, Prchal L, Fingler S, Katalinić M, Kovarik Z, Musilek K. Halogen substituents enhance oxime nucleophilicity for reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by nerve agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Andrýs R, Klusoňová A, Lísa M, Kassa J, Karasová JŽ. Effect of Oxime Encapsulation on Acetylcholinesterase Reactivation: Pharmacokinetic Study of the Asoxime-Cucurbit[7]uril Complex in Mice Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2416-2427. [PMID: 34019427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxime-based molecules are used for the treatment of patients to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) function after organophosphate intoxication. However, their efficacy is limited by low penetration through the blood-brain barrier and fast elimination. In this work, the cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) carrier was used for the encapsulation of the clinical agent asoxime to enhance brain bioavailability and the treatment window. We present a pharmacokinetic study of asoxime and the asoxime-CB[7] complex in an in vivo mouse model. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry detection was developed to determine asoxime and CB[7] in biological fluids and tissues after thorough optimization of chromatographic conditions. The dihydroxypropane-silica stationary phase using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography conditions provided the best chromatographic performance. The final method was validated and applied for the pharmacokinetic study of mouse plasma, urine, bile, liver, kidney, and brain samples at different times after administration of asoxime and the asoxime-CB[7] complex. The results showed a greater than 3-fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC) in the brain for asoxime administered as a complex with CB[7] relative to that for the administration of asoxime alone. The effectiveness of the treatment strategy was evaluated using a reactivation study and a functional observatory battery. Protection of brain AChE activity is crucial for saving human lives or reducing the consequences of poisoning. The asoxime administered as a complex increased the brain activity by approximately 30% compared to that with atropine alone. CB[7] coadministration improved the AChE activity by 11%, which agrees with the higher asoxime AUC assessed in the pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Andrýs
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Klusoňová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences Hradec Králové, University of Defence, Tychonova 1, 160 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Žd'árová Karasová
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences Hradec Králové, University of Defence, Tychonova 1, 160 00 Praha, Czech Republic
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5
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Hrvat NM, Kovarik Z. Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:266-284. [PMID: 33410774 PMCID: PMC7968514 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim's survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Yerri J, Dias J, Nimmakayala MR, Razafindrainibe F, Courageux C, Gastellier A, Jegoux J, Coisne C, Landry C, Gosselet F, Hachani J, Goossens J, Dehouck M, Nachon F, Baati R. Chemoselective Hydrogenation of 6‐Alkynyl‐3‐fluoro‐2‐pyridinaldoximes: Access to First‐in‐Class 6‐Alkyl‐3‐Fluoro‐2‐pyridinaldoxime Scaffolds as New Reactivators of Sarin‐Inhibited Human Acetylcholinesterase with Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability. Chemistry 2020; 26:15035-15044. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Yerri
- ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515 Institut de Chimie des Procédés, pour l'Energie, l'Environnement, et la Santé 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - José Dias
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge France
| | - Mallikajurna Reddy Nimmakayala
- ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515 Institut de Chimie des Procédés, pour l'Energie, l'Environnement, et la Santé 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Franck Razafindrainibe
- ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515 Institut de Chimie des Procédés, pour l'Energie, l'Environnement, et la Santé 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Charlotte Courageux
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge France
| | - Anne‐Julie Gastellier
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge France
| | - Johanne Jegoux
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge France
| | - Caroline Coisne
- UR 2465 Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE) Université d'Artois (UArtois) 62307 Lens France
| | - Christophe Landry
- UR 2465 Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE) Université d'Artois (UArtois) 62307 Lens France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- UR 2465 Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE) Université d'Artois (UArtois) 62307 Lens France
| | - Johan Hachani
- UR 2465 Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE) Université d'Artois (UArtois) 62307 Lens France
| | - Jean‐François Goossens
- ULR 7365—GRITA—Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes, Injectables et Technologies Associées University of Lille 59000 Lille France
| | - Marie‐Pierre Dehouck
- UR 2465 Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE) Université d'Artois (UArtois) 62307 Lens France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge France
| | - Rachid Baati
- ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515 Institut de Chimie des Procédés, pour l'Energie, l'Environnement, et la Santé 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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7
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Gambino A, Burnett JC, Koide K. Methyl Scanning and Revised Binding Mode of 2-Pralidoxime, an Antidote for Nerve Agent Poisoning. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1893-1898. [PMID: 33062170 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and, despite the Chemical Weapons Convention arms control treaty, continue to represent a threat to both military personnel and civilians. 2-Pralidoxime (2-PAM) is currently the only therapeutic countermeasure approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating OPNA poisoning. However, 2-PAM is not centrally active due to its hydrophilicity and resulting poor blood-brain barrier permeability; hence, these deficiencies warrant the development of more hydrophobic analogs. Specifically, gaps exist in previously published structure activity relationship (SAR) studies for 2-PAM, thereby making it difficult to rationally design novel analogs that are concomitantly more permeable and more efficacious. In this study, we methodically performed a methyl scan on the core pyridinium of 2-PAM to identify ring positions that could tolerate both additional steric bulk and hydrophobicity. Subsequently, SAR-guided molecular docking was used to rationalize hydropathically feasible binding modes for 2-PAM and the reported derivatives. Overall, the data presented herein provide new insights that may facilitate the rational design of more efficacious 2-PAM analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gambino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - James C. Burnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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8
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Kalász H, Szimrók Z, Karvaly G, Adeghate J, Tekes K. Pharmacokinetics of Two Chlorine-Substituted Bis-Pyridinium Mono-Aldoximes with Regenerating Effect on Butyrylcholinesterase. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051250. [PMID: 32164301 PMCID: PMC7179459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to find chlorine-substituted antidotes against organophosphate poisoning and compare their pharmacokinetics to their parent compound, K-203. White male Wistar rats were intramuscularly injected with K-203, K-867 or K-870. Serum, brain, kidneys, liver, lung, eyes, and testes tissues were taken after 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min and analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. K-203, K-867, or K-870 was present in every tissue that was analyzed, including the serum, the eyes, testes, liver, kidneys, lungs, and the brain. The serum levels of K-867 and K-870 (chlorine-substituted derivatives of K-203) were nearly constant between 15 and 30 min, while their parent compound (K-203) showed peak level at 15 min after the administration of 30 µmol/rat. Neither K-203, nor K-867 or K-870 were toxic at a dose of 100 µmol/200 g in rats. Chlorine-substitution of K-867 and K-870 produced limited absorbance and distribution compared to their parent compound, K203.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.)
- Kalász Teaching and Research Co., Gvadányi utca 44-46, 1144 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoltán Szimrók
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Gellért Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Jennifer Adeghate
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 820, Eye & Ear Building, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
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de A. Cavalcante SF, Simas ABC, Kuča K. Nerve Agents’ Surrogates: Invaluable Tools for Development of Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190806114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of nerve agents as warfare and in terrorist acts has drawn much attention from the governments and societies. Such toxic organophosphorus compounds are listed in Chemical Weapons Convention as Schedule 1 chemicals. The discussion about the chemical identity of the elusive Novichok agents, more potent compounds than best known G- and V-Agents, which have been implicated in recent rumorous assassination plots, clearly demonstrating the importance of the matter. Furthermore, accidents with pesticides or misuse thereof have been a pressing issue in many countries. In this context, the continued development of novel cholinesterase reactivators, antidotes for organophosphorus poisoning, a rather restricted class of pharmaceutical substances, is warranted. Testing of novel candidates may require use of actual nerve agents. Nonetheless, only a few laboratories comply with the requirements for storing, possession and manipulation of such toxic chemicals. To overcome such limitations, nerve agents’ surrogates may be a useful alternative, as they undergo the same reaction with cholinesterases, yielding similar adducts, allowing assays with novel antidote candidates, among other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir F. de A. Cavalcante
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro B. C. Simas
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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10
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Maraković N, Maček Hrvat N, Zandona A, Novotny M, Skarka A, Andrys R, Benkova M, Soukup O, Katalinić M, Kuca K, Kovarik Z, Musilek K. Pyridinium Oximes with Ortho-Positioned Chlorine Moiety Exhibit Improved Physicochemical Properties and Efficient Reactivation of Human Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Several Nerve Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10753-10766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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11
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Yerri J, Baati R. Sonogashira Reaction of Bromofluoropyridinaldoxime Nuclei: Convergent Synthesis of Functionalized 2- and 3-Fluoropyridine Scaffolds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Yerri
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, UMR CNRS 7515; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, UMR CNRS 7515; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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12
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Pathak AK, Bandyopadhyay T. Dynamic Mechanism of a Fluorinated Oxime Reactivator Unbinding from AChE Gorge in Polarizable Water. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:3876-3888. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arup K. Pathak
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Tusar Bandyopadhyay
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
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de Koning MC, Joosen MJA, Worek F, Nachon F, van Grol M, Klaassen SD, Alkema DPW, Wille T, de Bruijn HM. Application of the Ugi Multicomponent Reaction in the Synthesis of Reactivators of Nerve Agent Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9376-9392. [PMID: 29091431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new class of reactivators of chemical warfare agent inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with promising in vitro potential was developed by the covalent linkage of an oxime nucleophile and a peripheral site ligand. However, the complexity of these molecular structures thwarts their accessibility. We report the compatibility of various oxime-based compounds with the use of the Ugi multicomponent reaction in which four readily accessible building blocks are mixed together to form a product that links a reactivating unit and a potential peripheral site ligand. A small library of imidazole and imidazolium reactivators was successfully synthesized using this method. Some of these compounds showed a promising ability to reactivate AChE inhibited by various types of CWA in vitro. Molecular modeling was used to understand differences in reactivation potential between these compounds. Four compounds were evaluated in vivo using sarin-exposed rats. One of the reactivators showed improved in vivo efficacy compared to the current antidote pralidoxime (2-PAM).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Marco van Grol
- TNO , Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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14
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Pathak AK, Bandyopadhyay T. Unbinding of fluorinated oxime drug from the AChE gorge in polarizable water: a well-tempered metadynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5560-5569. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08518k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A well-tempered metadynamics study reveals that fluorinated obidoxime is held more firmly in the AChE gorge in comparison to obidoxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Kumar Pathak
- Theoretical Chemistry Section
- Chemistry Group
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400085
- India
| | - Tusar Bandyopadhyay
- Theoretical Chemistry Section
- Chemistry Group
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400085
- India
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15
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Gorecki L, Korabecny J, Musilek K, Malinak D, Nepovimova E, Dolezal R, Jun D, Soukup O, Kuca K. SAR study to find optimal cholinesterase reactivator against organophosphorous nerve agents and pesticides. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2831-2859. [PMID: 27582056 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by organophosphates leads to many failures in living organism and ultimately in death. Organophosphorus compounds developed as nerve agents such as tabun, sarin, soman, VX and others belong to the most toxic chemical warfare agents and are one of the biggest threats to the modern civilization. Moreover, misuse of nerve agents together with organophosphorus pesticides (e.g. malathion, paraoxon, chlorpyrifos, etc.) which are annually implicated in millions of intoxications and hundreds of thousand deaths reminds us of insufficient protection against these compounds. Basic treatments for these intoxications are based on immediate administration of atropine and acetylcholinesterase reactivators which are currently represented by mono- or bis-pyridinium aldoximes. However, these antidotes are not sufficient to ensure 100 % treatment efficacy even they are administered immediately after intoxication, and in general, they possess several drawbacks. Herein, we have reviewed new efforts leading to the development of novel reactivators and proposition of new promising strategies to design novel and effective antidotes. Structure-activity relationships and biological activities of recently proposed acetylcholinesterase reactivators are discussed and summarized. Among further modifications of known oximes, the main attention has been paid to dual binding site ligands of AChE as the current mainstream strategy. We have also discussed new chemical entities as potential replacement of oxime functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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16
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Lee HM, Shin JS, Han SB, Jung YK, Kim M, Lee SH, Hur G, Jung YS. Reactivation of Paraoxon-inhibited Acetylcholinesterase by Monoquaternary Pyridinium Oximes withN-Alkylbromide Side Chains. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Myung Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 South Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Science and Technology; 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-355 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 South Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 South Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Science and Technology; 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-355 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyoung Jung
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 South Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Science and Technology; 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-355 Republic of Korea
| | - Meeheyin Kim
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 South Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Science and Technology; 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-355 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 South Korea
| | | | - Young-Sik Jung
- Division of Drug Discovery Research; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology; Daejeon 34114 South Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Science and Technology; 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-355 Republic of Korea
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17
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Kassa J, Karasová JZ, Pavlíková R, Caisberger F, Bajgar J. The Ability of Oxime Mixtures to Increase the Reactivating and Therapeutic Efficacy of Antidotal Treatment of Cyclosarin Poisoning in Rats and Mice. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2015; 55:27-31. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of two combinations of oximes (HI‑6 + trimedoxime and HI‑6 + K203) was compared with the effectiveness of antidotal treatment involving single oxime (HI‑6, trimedoxime, K203) using in vivo methods. In vivo determined percentage of reactivation of cyclosarin‑inhibited blood and tissue acetylcholinesterase in poisoned rats showed that the reactivating efficacy of both combinations of oximes is slightly higher than the reactivating efficacy of the most effective individual oxime in blood, diaphragm as well as in brain. Moreover, both combinations of oximes were found to be slightly more efficacious in the reduction of acute lethal toxic effects in cyclosarin‑poisoned mice than the antidotal treatment involving single oxime. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that the antidotal treatment involving chosen combinations of oximes brings a beneficial effect for its ability to counteract the acute poisoning with cyclosarin.
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18
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Legler PM, Soojhawon I, Millard CB. A conformational change in the peripheral anionic site of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase induced by a bis-imidazolium oxime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1788-98. [PMID: 26327369 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715011281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
As part of ongoing efforts to design improved nerve agent antidotes, two X-ray crystal structures of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (TcAChE) bound to the bis-pyridinium oxime, Ortho-7, or its experimental bis-imidazolium analogue, 2BIM-7, were determined. Bis-oximes contain two oxime groups connected by a hydrophobic linker. One oxime group of Ortho-7 binds at the entrance to the active-site gorge near Trp279, and the second binds at the bottom near Trp84 and Phe330. In the Ortho-7-TcAChE complex the oxime at the bottom of the gorge was directed towards the nucleophilic Ser200. In contrast, the oxime group of 2BIM-7 was rotated away from Ser200 and the oxime at the entrance induced a significant conformational change in the peripheral anionic site (PAS) residue Trp279. The conformational change alters the surface of the PAS and positions the imidazolium oxime of 2BIM-7 further from Ser200. The relatively weaker binding and poorer reactivation of VX-inhibited, tabun-inhibited or sarin-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase by 2BIM-7 compared with Ortho-7 may in part be owing to the unproductively bound states caught in crystallo. Overall, the reactivation efficiency of 2BIM-7 was comparable to that of 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride (2-PAM), but unlike 2-PAM the bis-imidazolium oxime lacks a fixed charge, which may affect its membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Legler
- CBMSE, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Iswarduth Soojhawon
- Bacterial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Charles B Millard
- Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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19
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Synthesis, structural determination, theoretical studies and catalytic activity of Mn(II) complex of N-isonicotinyl phosphoric triamide ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Kalász H, Nurulain SM, Veress G, Antus S, Darvas F, Adeghate E, Adem A, Hashemi F, Tekes K. Mini review on blood-brain barrier penetration of pyridinium aldoximes. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:116-23. [PMID: 25291712 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration of newly developed pyridinium aldoximes. Pyridinium aldoximes are highly charged hydrophilic compounds used in the treatment of subjects exposed to organophosphonates because they are effective as acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Pyridinium aldoximes have antidotal effects against poisoning with cholinesterase inhibitors, a frequent problem affecting people working with organophosphate-based insecticides and pesticides. Toxic organophosphonate products such as sarin and tabun can be used by terrorists as chemical warfare agents. This poses a severe challenge to all innocent and peace-loving people worldwide. This review gives a brief summary of BBB transporters and description of the current in vitro and in vivo methods for the characterization of BBB penetration of established and novel pyridinium aldoximes. The authors provide a putative mechanism of penetration, outline some future ways of formulation and discuss the possible advantages and disadvantages of increasing BBB penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CMHS, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O.Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Konidaris KF, Dalkas GA, Katsoulakou E, Pairas G, Raptopoulou CP, Lamari FN, Spyroulias GA, Manessi-Zoupa E. ZnII/pyridyloxime complexes as potential reactivators of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase: In vitro and docking simulation studies. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 134:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Mercey G, Verdelet T, Renou J, Kliachyna M, Baati R, Nachon F, Jean L, Renard PY. Reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus nerve agents. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:756-66. [PMID: 22360473 DOI: 10.1021/ar2002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, the specter of a chemical threat against civilian populations has renewed research interest in chemical warfare agents, their mechanisms of action, and treatments that reverse their effects. In this Account, we focus specifically on organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs). Although some OPNAs are used as pest control, the most toxic chemicals in this class are used as chemical warfare agents in armed conflicts. The acute toxicity of OPNAs results from the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) via the formation of a covalent P-O bond at the serine hydroxyl group in the enzyme active site. AChE breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular junctions. The irreversible inhibition of AChE causes the neurotransmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft, leading to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, seizures, respiratory arrest, and death. The current treatment for OPNA poisoning combines an antimuscarinic drug (e.g., atropine), an anticonvulsant drug (e.g., diazepam), and an AChE reactivator of the pyridinium aldoxime family (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, HLö-7). Because of their high nucleophilicity, oximes can displace the phosphyl group from the catalytic serine, thus restoring the enzyme's catalytic activity. During 50 years of research in the reactivator field, researchers have synthesized and tested numerous structural modifications of monopyridinium oximes and bispyridinium oximes. In the past decade, medicinal chemists have focused their research on the more efficient bispyridinium reactivators, but all known reactivators have several drawbacks. First, due to their permanent positive charge, they do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) efficiently and do not readily reactivate AChE in the central nervous system. Second, no single oxime is efficient against a wide variety of OPNAs. Third, oximes cannot reactivate "aged" AChE. This Account summarizes recent strategies for the development of AChE reactivators capable of crossing the BBB. The use of nanoparticulate transport and inhibition of P-glycoprotein efflux pumps improves BBB transport of these AChE reactivators. Chemical modifications that increased the lipophilicity of the pyridinium aldoximes, the addition of a fluorine atom and the replacement of a pyridyl ring with a dihydropyridyl moiety, enhances BBB permeability. The glycosylation of pyridine aldoximes facilitates increased BBB penetration via the GLUT-1 transport system. The development of novel uncharged reactivators that can move efficiently across the BBB represents one of the most promising of these new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mercey
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Tristan Verdelet
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julien Renou
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Maria Kliachyna
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire des Systèmes Chimiques Fonctionnels, 74 route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 24 Avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, BP87, 38702 La Tronche, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Equipe de Chimie Bio-Organique, COBRA - CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris, France
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Sepsova V, Caisberger F, Bajgar J. A comparison of the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of chosen combinations of oximes with individual oximes against VX in rats and mice. Int J Toxicol 2012; 30:562-7. [PMID: 22013137 DOI: 10.1177/1091581811415294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability of 2 combinations of oximes (HI-6 + trimedoxime and HI-6 + K203) to reactivate VX-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and reduce acute toxicity of VX was compared with the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment involving a single oxime (HI-6, trimedoxime, K203) in rats and mice. Our results showed that the reactivating efficacy of both combinations of oximes studied in rats is significantly higher than the reactivating efficacy of all individual oximes in diaphragm and roughly corresponds to the most effective individual oxime in blood and brain. Both combinations of oximes were found to be more effective in the reduction of acute lethal toxicity of VX in mice than the antidotal treatment involving the most efficacious individual oxime although the difference is not significant. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that the antidotal treatment involving the chosen combinations of oximes brings benefit for the reactivation of VX-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in rats and for the antidotal treatment of VX-induced acute poisoning in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Timperley CM, Banks RE, Young IM, Haszeldine RN. Synthesis of some fluorine-containing pyridinealdoximes of potential use for the treatment of organophosphorus nerve-agent poisoning. J Fluor Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Peripheral site ligand conjugation to a non-quaternary oxime enhances reactivation of nerve agent-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:54-9. [PMID: 21504785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Commonly employed pyridinium-oxime (charged) reactivators of nerve agent inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) do not readily pass the blood brain barrier (BBB) because of the presence of charge(s). Conversely, non-ionic oxime reactivators often suffer from a lack of reactivating potency due to a low affinity for the active site of AChE. It was therefore hypothesized that an extra contribution in affinity may be achieved by covalently connecting a peripheral site ligand (PSL) to a non-ionic reactivator, which may result in a higher reactivation potency of the total construct. This validity of this approach, which proved successful for charged pyridinium oximes in earlier work, is now further exemplified with the covalent linkage of a neutral PSL via a spacer to a non-ionic and otherwise almost non-reactivating α-ketoaldoxime. It is demonstrated that the linkage of the PSL resulted in a remarkable increase in reactivation potency of the hybrid compounds. Although the molecules reported here are still inefficient reactivators compared to the current pyridinium oximes, the presented approach holds promise for the future design and synthesis of non-ionic oxime reactivators with improved BBB penetration and may be suited as well for non-oxime reactivators thus further widening the scope in the ongoing search for broad-spectrum reactivators.
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de Souza RA, Stevanato A, Treu-Filho O, Netto AVG, Mauro AE, Castellano EE, Carlos IZ, Pavan FR, Leite CQF. Antimycobacterial and antitumor activities of palladium(II) complexes containing isonicotinamide (isn): X-ray structure of trans-[Pd(N3)2(isn)(2)]. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4863-8. [PMID: 20724041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of the type trans-[PdX(2)(isn)(2)] {X = Cl (1), N(3) (2), SCN (3), NCO (4); isn = isonicotinamide} were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antimycobacterial and antitumor activities. The coordination mode of the isonicotinamide and the pseudohalide ligands was inferred by IR spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray diffraction determination on 2 showed that coordination geometry around Pd(II) is nearly square planar, with the ligands in a trans configuration. All the compounds demonstrated better in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis than isonicotinamide and pyrazinamide. Among the complexes, compound 2 was found to be the most active with MIC of 35.89 μM. Complexes 1-4 were also screened for their in vitro antitumor activity towards LM3 and LP07 murine cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A de Souza
- Sao Paulo State Univ, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni s/n, C.P. 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Tesarova S, Musilek K, Kuca K, Jung YS. A Comparison of Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Oxime K203 and its Fluorinated Analogue (KR-22836) with Obidoxime in Tabun-Poisoned Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:861-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Caisberger F, Musilek K, Kuca K, Jung YS. A comparison of reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of the oxime K203 and its fluorinated analog (KR-22836) with currently available oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6) against tabun in rats and mice. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:480-4. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903257918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Filip Caisberger
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Toxicology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yusong, Daejeon, Korea
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29
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Kassa J, Karasova JZ, Caisberger F, Bajgar J. The influence of combinations of oximes on the reactivating and therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman poisoning in rats and mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:547-51. [DOI: 10.3109/15376510903350371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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