1
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Wickstead ES, Solito E, McArthur S. Promiscuous Receptors and Neuroinflammation: The Formyl Peptide Class. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122009. [PMID: 36556373 PMCID: PMC9786789 DOI: 10.3390/life12122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors, abbreviated as FPRs in humans, are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) mainly found in mammalian leukocytes. However, they are also expressed in cell types crucial for homeostatic brain regulation, including microglia and blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Thus, the roles of these immune-associated receptors are extensive, from governing cellular adhesion and directed migration through chemotaxis, to granule release and superoxide formation, to phagocytosis and efferocytosis. In this review, we will describe the similarities and differences between the two principal pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory FPRs, FPR1 and FPR2, and the evidence for their importance in the development of neuroinflammatory disease, alongside their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Wickstead
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (E.S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
- Department of Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, 4, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Correspondence: (E.S.W.); (S.M.)
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2
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Rui-Zhi T, Ke-Huan X, Yuan L, Xiao L, Bing-Wen Z, Tong-Tong L, Li W. Renoprotective effect of isoliquiritigenin on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury through inhibition of FPR2 in macrophage. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:56-64. [PMID: 34924130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication in critically ill patients. Accumulating evidences indicated that macrophages play an important pro-inflammatory role in AKI and isoliquiritigenin (ISL) can inhibit macrophagic inflammation, but its role in AKI and the underlying mechanism are unknown. The present study aims to investigate the renoprotective effect of ISL on AKI and the role of Formyl peptide receptors 2 (FPR2) in this process. In this study, cisplatin-induced AKI model and lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory model were employed to perform the in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results showed that ISL strongly relieved kidney injury and inhibited renal inflammation in vivo and suppress macrophagic inflammatory response in vitro. Importantly, it was found that FPR2 was significantly upregulated compared to the control group in AKI and LPS-induced macrophage, whereas it was strongly suppressed by ISL. Interestingly, overexpression of FPR2 with transfection of pcDNA3.1-FPR2 effectively reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of ISL in macrophage, suggesting that FPR2 may be the potential target for ISL to prevent inflammation and improve kidney injury of AKI. Take together, these findings indicated that ISL improved cisplantin-induced kidney injury by inhibiting FPR2 involved macrophagic inflammation, which may provide a potential therapeutic option for AKI.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced
- Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy
- Acute Kidney Injury/genetics
- Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & control
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chalcones/isolation & purification
- Chalcones/pharmacology
- Chalcones/therapeutic use
- Cisplatin/adverse effects
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Glycyrrhiza/chemistry
- Inflammation
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Phytotherapy
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/physiology
- Receptors, Lipoxin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Lipoxin/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoxin/metabolism
- Receptors, Lipoxin/physiology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Rui-Zhi
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xie Ke-Huan
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Liao Yuan
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhu Bing-Wen
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu Tong-Tong
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wang Li
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Malki Y, Martinez J, Masurier N. 1,3-Diazepine: A privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2247-2315. [PMID: 33645848 DOI: 10.1002/med.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as effective templates for drug discovery. While benzo-1,4-diazepine constitutes the first historical example of such a structure, the 1,3 analogue is just as rich in terms of applications in medicinal chemistry. The 1,3-diazepine moiety is present in numerous biological active compounds including natural products, and is used to design compounds displaying a large range of biological activities. It is present in the clinically used anticancer compound pentostatin, in several recent FDA approved β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., avibactam) and also in coformycin, a natural product known as a ring-expanded purine analogue displaying antiviral and anticancer activities. Several other 1,3-diazepine containing compounds have entered into clinical trials. This heterocyclic structure has been and is still widely used in medicinal chemistry to design enzyme inhibitors, GPCR ligands, and so forth. This review endeavours to highlight the main use of the 1,3-diazepine scaffold and its derivatives, and their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and therapy. We will focus more particularly on the development of enzyme inhibitors incorporating this scaffold, with a strong emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Malki
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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4
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Maciuszek M, Ortega-Gomez A, Maas SL, Perretti M, Merritt A, Soehnlein O, Chapman TM. Synthesis and evaluation of novel cyclopentane urea FPR2 agonists and their potential application in the treatment of cardiovascular inflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113194. [PMID: 33548634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of natural specialized pro-resolving mediators and their corresponding receptors, such as formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), indicated that resolution of inflammation (RoI) is an active process which could be harnessed for innovative approaches to tame pathologies with underlying chronic inflammation. In this work, homology modelling, molecular docking and pharmacophore studies were deployed to assist the rationalization of the structure-activity relationships of known FPR2 agonists. The developed pharmacophore hypothesis was then used in parallel with the homology model for the design of novel ligand structures and in virtual screening. In the first round of optimization compound 8, with a cyclopentane core, was chosen as the most promising agonist (β-arrestin recruitment EC50 = 20 nM and calcium mobilization EC50 = 740 nM). In a human neutrophil static adhesion assay, compound 8 decreased the number of adherent neutrophils in a concentration dependent manner. Further investigation led to the more rigid cycloleucines (compound 22 and 24) with improved ADME profiles and maintaining FPR2 activity. Overall, we identified novel cyclopentane urea FPR2 agonists with promising ADMET profiles and the ability to suppress the inflammatory process by inhibiting the neutrophil adhesion cascade, which indicates their anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Maciuszek
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK; The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gomez
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Sanne L Maas
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andy Merritt
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy M Chapman
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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5
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Xin VW, Wang XW, Peng XC, Liu XQ, Wang D, Li N, Cheng JT, Lyv YN, Cui SZ, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Xin HW. Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:107. [PMID: 32746880 PMCID: PMC7397618 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovered to participate in antigen presentation. T cell microvillar dynamics and TCR conformational changes were demonstrated upon DC antigen presentation. Caspase-11-driven hyperactive DCs were recently reported to convert effectors into memory T cells. DCs were also reported to crosstalk with NK cells. Additionally, DCs are the most important sentinel cells for immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Alongside DC biology, we review the latest developments for DC-based tumor immunotherapy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Personalized DC vaccine-induced T cell immunity, which targets tumor-specific antigens, has been demonstrated to be a promising form of tumor immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. Importantly, allogeneic-IgG-loaded and HLA-restricted neoantigen DC vaccines were discovered to have robust anti-tumor effects in mice. Our comprehensive review of DC biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy aids in the understanding of DCs as the mentors of T cells and as novel tumor immunotherapy cells with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | | | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Ning Lyv
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Lianjiang, 524400, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Boltersdorf T, Ansari J, Senchenkova EY, Groeper J, Pajonczyk D, Vital SA, Kaur G, Alexander JS, Vogl T, Rescher U, Long NJ, Gavins FNE. Targeting of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 for in vivo imaging of acute vascular inflammation. Theranostics 2020; 10:6599-6614. [PMID: 32550892 PMCID: PMC7295040 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions are associated with a variety of diseases and can significantly contribute to their pathophysiology. Neutrophils are recognised as key players in driving vascular inflammation and promoting inflammation resolution. As a result, neutrophils, and specifically their surface formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), are attractive targets for non-invasive visualization of inflammatory disease states and studying mechanistic details of the process. Methods: A small-molecule Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX)-targeted compound was combined with two rhodamine-derived fluorescent tags to form firstly, a targeted probe (Rho-pip-C1) and secondly a targeted, pH-responsive probe (Rho-NH-C1) for in vivo applications. We tested internalization, toxicity and functional interactions with neutrophils in vitro for both compounds, as well as the fluorescence switching response of Rho-NH-C1 to neutrophil activation. Finally, in vivo imaging (fluorescent intravital microscopy [IVM]) and therapeutic efficacy studies were performed in an inflammatory mouse model. Results: In vitro studies showed that the compounds bound to human neutrophils via FPR2/ALX without causing internalization at relevant concentrations. Additionally, the compounds did not cause toxicity or affect neutrophil functional responses (e.g. chemotaxis or transmigration). In vivo studies using IVM showed Rho-pip-C1 bound to activated neutrophils in a model of vascular inflammation. The pH-sensitive (“switchable”) version termed Rho-NH-C1 validated these findings, showing fluorescent activity only in inflammatory conditions. Conclusions: These results indicate a viable design of fluorescent probes that have the ability to detect inflammatory events by targeting activated neutrophils.
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7
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Wang H, Peng X, Ge Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Fan Y, Huang W, Qiu M, Ye RD. A Ganoderma-Derived Compound Exerts Inhibitory Effect Through Formyl Peptide Receptor 2. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:337. [PMID: 32265709 PMCID: PMC7105723 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in neutrophils and other phagocytes. FPRs play important roles in host defense, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Because of these functions, FPRs are potential targets for anti-inflammatory therapies. In order to search for potentially novel anti-inflammatory agents, we examined Ganoderma (Lingzhi), a Chinese medicinal herbs known for its anti-inflammatory effects, and found that compound 18 (C18) derived from Ganoderma cochlear could limit the inflammatory response through FPR-related signaling pathways. Further studies showed that C18 could bind to FPR2 and induce conformation change of the receptor that differed from the conformational change induced by the pan-agonist, WKYMVm. C18 inhibited at the receptor level and blocked WKYMVm signaling through FPR2, resulting in reduced superoxide production and compromised cell chemotaxis. These results identified for the first time that a Ganoderma-derived component with inhibitory effects that acts through a G protein-coupled receptor FPR2. Considering its less than optimal IC50 value, further optimization of C18 would be necessary for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, Macau.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingrong Peng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Yunjun Ge
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minghua Qiu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, Macau.,Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Zhuang Y, Liu H, Edward Zhou X, Kumar Verma R, de Waal PW, Jang W, Xu TH, Wang L, Meng X, Zhao G, Kang Y, Melcher K, Fan H, Lambert NA, Eric Xu H, Zhang C. Structure of formylpeptide receptor 2-G i complex reveals insights into ligand recognition and signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:885. [PMID: 32060286 PMCID: PMC7021761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can recognize formylpeptides derived from pathogens or host cells to function in host defense and cell clearance. In addition, FPRs, especially FPR2, can also recognize other ligands with a large chemical diversity generated at different stages of inflammation to either promote or resolve inflammation in order to maintain a balanced inflammatory response. The mechanism underlying promiscuous ligand recognition and activation of FPRs is not clear. Here we report a cryo-EM structure of FPR2-Gi signaling complex with a peptide agonist. The structure reveals a widely open extracellular region with an amphiphilic environment for ligand binding. Together with computational docking and simulation, the structure suggests a molecular basis for the recognition of formylpeptides and a potential mechanism of receptor activation, and reveals conserved and divergent features in Gi coupling. Our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of the functional promiscuity of FPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhuang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Heng Liu
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parker W de Waal
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Wonjo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ting-Hai Xu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Xing Meng
- David Van Andel Advanced Cryo-Electron Microscopy Suite, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Gongpu Zhao
- David Van Andel Advanced Cryo-Electron Microscopy Suite, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Yanyong Kang
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Takeda Research, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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9
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Boltersdorf T, Ansari J, Senchenkova EY, Jiang L, White AJP, Coogan M, Gavins FNE, Long NJ. Development, characterisation and in vitro evaluation of lanthanide-based FPR2/ALX-targeted imaging probes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16764-16775. [PMID: 31674608 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03520f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, preparation and characterisation of three small-molecule, Formyl Peptide Receptor (FPR)-targeted lanthanide complexes (Tb·14, Eu·14 and Gd·14). Long-lived, metal-based emission was observed from the terbium complex (τH2O = 1.9 ms), whereas only negligible lanthanide signals were detected in the europium analogue. Ligand-centred emission was investigated using Gd·14 at room temperature and 77 K, leading to the postulation that metal emission may be sensitised via a ligand-based charge transfer state of the targeting Quin C1 unit. Comparatively high longitudinal relaxivity values (r1) for octadentate metal complexes of Gd·14 were determined (6.9 mM-1 s-1 at 400 MHz and 294 K), which could be a result of a relative increase in twisted square antiprism (TSAP) isomer prevalence compared to typical DOTA constructs (as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy). In vitro validation of concentration responses of Tb·14via three key neutrophil functional assays demonstrated that the inflammatory responses of neutrophils (i.e. chemotaxis, transmigration and granular release) remained unchanged in the presence of specific concentrations of the compound. Using a time-resolved microscopy set-up we were able to observe binding of the Tb·14 probe to stimulated human neutrophils around the cell periphery, while in the same experiment with un-activated neutrophils, no metal-based signals were detected. Our results demonstrate the utility of Tb·14 for time-resolved microscopy with lifetimes several orders of magnitude longer than autofluorescent signals and a preferential uptake in stimulated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Boltersdorf
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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10
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Miszta P, Pasznik P, Jakowiecki J, Sztyler A, Latek D, Filipek S. GPCRM: a homology modeling web service with triple membrane-fitted quality assessment of GPCR models. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:W387-W395. [PMID: 29788177 PMCID: PMC6030973 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the involvement of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in most of the physiological and pathological processes in humans they have been attracting a lot of attention from pharmaceutical industry as well as from scientific community. Therefore, the need for new, high quality structures of GPCRs is enormous. The updated homology modeling service GPCRM (http://gpcrm.biomodellab.eu/) meets those expectations by greatly reducing the execution time of submissions (from days to hours/minutes) with nearly the same average quality of obtained models. Additionally, due to three different scoring functions (Rosetta, Rosetta-MP, BCL::Score) it is possible to select accurate models for the required purposes: the structure of the binding site, the transmembrane domain or the overall shape of the receptor. Currently, no other web service for GPCR modeling provides this possibility. GPCRM is continually upgraded in a semi-automatic way and the number of template structures has increased from 20 in 2013 to over 90 including structures the same receptor with different ligands which can influence the structure not only in the on/off manner. Two types of protein viewers can be used for visual inspection of obtained models. The extended sortable tables with available templates provide links to external databases and display ligand-receptor interactions in visual form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Miszta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pasznik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sztyler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Latek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Lind S, Gabl M, Holdfeldt A, Mårtensson J, Sundqvist M, Nishino K, Dahlgren C, Mukai H, Forsman H. Identification of Residues Critical for FPR2 Activation by the Cryptic Peptide Mitocryptide-2 Originating from the Mitochondrial DNA-Encoded Cytochrome b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2710-2719. [PMID: 30902901 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Similar to bacteria, synthesis of mitochondrial DNA-encoded proteins requires an N-formylated methionine to initiate translation. Thus, the N-formylated methionine peptides originating from mitochondria should be recognized as danger signals. To date, only one such peptide, denoted as mitocryptide-2 (MCT-2), originating from the N-terminal of the mitochondrial cytochrome b, has been isolated from mammalian tissues. Human neutrophils express FPR1 and FPR2 that detect formyl peptides, and the precise structural determinants for receptor recognition remain to be elucidated. MCT-2 is known to activate neutrophils through FPR2 but not FPR1. The aim of this study was to elucidate the structural determinants of importance for receptor preference and human neutrophil activation in MCT-2 by generating a series of MCT-2 variants. We show that there is an absolute requirement for the N-formyl group and the side chain of Met1 at position 1 of MCT-2 but also the C terminus is of importance for MCT-2 activity. We also uncovered individual side chains that positively contribute to MCT-2 activity as well as those suppressed in the response. The MCT-2 peptide and its two polymorphic variants ([Thr7]MCT-2 and [Ser8]MCT-2) all activated neutrophils, but MCT-2 containing Ile7 and Asn8 was the most potent. We also show that some peptide variants displayed a biased FPR2-signaling property related to NADPH oxidase activation and β-arrestin recruitment, respectively. In conclusion, we disclose several critical elements in MCT-2 that are required for neutrophil activation and disclose structural insights into how FPR2 recognition of this mitochondrial DNA-derived peptide may increase our understanding of the role of FPR2 in aseptic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lind
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Michael Gabl
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - André Holdfeldt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Jonas Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Kodai Nishino
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Graduate School of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Hidehito Mukai
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Graduate School of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
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12
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Stama ML, Lacivita E, Kirpotina LN, Niso M, Perrone R, Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT, Leopoldo M. Functional N-Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) Antagonists Based on the Ureidopropanamide Scaffold Have Potential To Protect Against Inflammation-Associated Oxidative Stress. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1839-1847. [PMID: 28922577 PMCID: PMC5909973 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a G protein coupled receptor belonging to the N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family that plays critical roles in peripheral and brain inflammatory responses. FPR2 has been proposed as a target for the development of drugs that could facilitate the resolution of chronic inflammatory reactions by enhancing endogenous anti-inflammation systems. Starting from lead compounds previously identified in our laboratories, we designed a new series of ureidopropanamide derivatives with the goal of converting functional activity from agonism into antagonism and to develop new FPR2 antagonists. Although none of the compounds behaved as antagonists, some of the compounds were able to induce receptor desensitization and, thus, functionally behaved as antagonists. Evaluation of these compounds in an in vitro model of neuroinflammation showed that they decreased the production of reactive oxygen species in mouse microglial N9 cells after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. These FPR2 ligands may protect cells from damage due to inflammation-associated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia L. Stama
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Liliya N. Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
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14
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Skvortsov SS, Gabdoulkhakova AG. Formyl peptide receptor polymorphisms: 27 most possible ways for phagocyte dysfunction. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:426-437. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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He HQ, Ye RD. The Formyl Peptide Receptors: Diversity of Ligands and Mechanism for Recognition. Molecules 2017; 22:E455. [PMID: 28335409 PMCID: PMC6155412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are G protein-coupled receptors that transduce chemotactic signals in phagocytes and mediate host-defense as well as inflammatory responses including cell adhesion, directed migration, granule release and superoxide production. In recent years, the cellular distribution and biological functions of FPRs have expanded to include additional roles in homeostasis of organ functions and modulation of inflammation. In a prototype, FPRs recognize peptides containing N-formylated methionine such as those produced in bacteria and mitochondria, thereby serving as pattern recognition receptors. The repertoire of FPR ligands, however, has expanded rapidly to include not only N-formyl peptides from microbes but also non-formyl peptides of microbial and host origins, synthetic small molecules and an eicosanoid. How these chemically diverse ligands are recognized by the three human FPRs (FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3) and their murine equivalents is largely unclear. In the absence of crystal structures for the FPRs, site-directed mutagenesis, computer-aided ligand docking and structural simulation have led to the identification of amino acids within FPR1 and FPR2 that interact with several formyl peptides. This review article summarizes the progress made in the understanding of FPR ligand diversity as well as ligand recognition mechanisms used by these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qiong He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
| | - Richard D Ye
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
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16
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Dahlgren C, Gabl M, Holdfeldt A, Winther M, Forsman H. Basic characteristics of the neutrophil receptors that recognize formylated peptides, a danger-associated molecular pattern generated by bacteria and mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:22-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Perretti M, Leroy X, Bland EJ, Montero-Melendez T. Resolution Pharmacology: Opportunities for Therapeutic Innovation in Inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:737-755. [PMID: 26478210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current medicines for the clinical management of inflammatory diseases act by inhibiting specific enzymes or antagonising specific receptors or blocking their ligands. In the past decade, a new paradigm in our understanding of the inflammatory process has emerged with the appreciation of genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that are engaged to actively resolve inflammation. The 'resolution of acute inflammation' is enabled by counter-regulatory checkpoints to terminate the inflammatory reaction, promoting healing and repair. It may be possible to harness this knowledge for innovative approaches to the treatment of inflammatory pathologies. Here we discuss current translational attempts to develop agonists at proresolving targets as a strategy to rectify chronic inflammatory status. We reason this new approach will lead to the identification of better drugs that will establish a new branch of pharmacology, 'resolution pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Xavier Leroy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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18
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Cavasotto CN, Palomba D. Expanding the horizons of G protein-coupled receptor structure-based ligand discovery and optimization using homology models. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13576-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05050b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We show the key role of structural homology models in GPCR structure-based lead discovery and optimization, highlighting methodological aspects, recent progress and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio N. Cavasotto
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Damián Palomba
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
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