1
|
Owens SL, Ahmed SR, Lang Harman RM, Stewart LE, Mori S. Natural Products That Contain Higher Homologated Amino Acids. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300822. [PMID: 38487927 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on discussing natural products (NPs) that contain higher homologated amino acids (homoAAs) in the structure as well as the proposed and characterized biosynthesis of these non-proteinogenic amino acids. Homologation of amino acids includes the insertion of a methylene group into its side chain. It is not a very common modification found in NP biosynthesis as approximately 450 homoAA-containing NPs have been isolated from four bacterial phyla (Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetota, Myxococcota, and Pseudomonadota), two fungal phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), and one animal phylum (Porifera), except for a few examples. Amino acids that are found to be homologated and incorporated in the NP structures include the following ten amino acids: alanine, arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and tyrosine, where isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine share the comparable enzymatic pathway. Other amino acids have their individual homologation pathway (arginine, proline, and glutamic acid for bacteria), likely utilize the primary metabolic pathway (alanine and glutamic acid for fungi), or have not been reported (cysteine and serine). Despite its possible high potential in the drug discovery field, the biosynthesis of homologated amino acids has a large room to explore for future combinatorial biosynthesis and metabolic engineering purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skyler L Owens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Shopno R Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Rebecca M Lang Harman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Laura E Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Shogo Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mehjabin JJ, Phan CS, Okino T. Noducyclamides A1-A4, B1, and B2 from the Cyanobacterium Nodularia sp. NIES-3585. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:984-993. [PMID: 38587271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A chemical investigation of the hydrophilic fraction of a cultured Nodularia sp. (NIES-3585) afforded six new cyclic lipopeptides, noducyclamides A1-A4 (1-4) containing 10 amino acid residues and dodecapeptides noducyclamides B1 and B2 (5 and 6). The planar structures of these lipopeptides were elucidated based on the combination of HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data analyses. These peptides are structurally analogous to laxaphycins and contain the nonproteinogenic amino acids 3-hydroxyvaline and 3-hydroxyleucine and a β-amino decanoic acid residue. The absolute configurations of the noducyclamides (1-6) were determined by acid hydrolysis, followed by advanced Marfey's analysis. Noducyclamide B1 (5) showed cytotoxic activities against MCF7 breast cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 3.0 μg/mL (2.2 μM).
Collapse
|
3
|
do Amaral SC, Xavier LP, Vasconcelos V, Santos AV. Cyanobacteria: A Promising Source of Antifungal Metabolites. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:359. [PMID: 37367684 DOI: 10.3390/md21060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a rich source of secondary metabolites, and they have received a great deal of attention due to their applicability in different industrial sectors. Some of these substances are known for their notorious ability to inhibit fungal growth. Such metabolites are very chemically and biologically diverse. They can belong to different chemical classes, including peptides, fatty acids, alkaloids, polyketides, and macrolides. Moreover, they can also target different cell components. Filamentous cyanobacteria have been the main source of these compounds. This review aims to identify the key features of these antifungal agents, as well as the sources from which they are obtained, their major targets, and the environmental factors involved when they are being produced. For the preparation of this work, a total of 642 documents dating from 1980 to 2022 were consulted, including patents, original research, review articles, and theses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cavalcante do Amaral
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pereira Xavier
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agenor Valadares Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformation, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cui J, Kim E, Moon DH, Kim TH, Kang I, Lim Y, Shin D, Hwang S, Du YE, Song MC, Bae M, Cho JC, Jang J, Lee SK, Yoon YJ, Oh DC. Taeanamides A and B, Nonribosomal Lipo-Decapeptides Isolated from an Intertidal-Mudflat-Derived Streptomyces sp. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060400. [PMID: 35736203 PMCID: PMC9229766 DOI: 10.3390/md20060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new lipo-decapeptides, namely taeanamides A and B (1 and 2), were discovered from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces sp. AMD43, which was isolated from a mudflat sample from Anmyeondo, Korea. The exact molecular masses of 1 and 2 were revealed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the planar structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined using a combined analysis of 1H-1H coupling constants and ROESY correlations, the advanced Marfey’s method, and bioinformatics. The putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase pathway for the taeanamides was identified by analyzing the full genome sequence data of Streptomyces sp. AMD43. We also found that taeanamide A exhibited mild anti-tuberculosis bioactivity, whereas taeanamide B showed significant bioactivity against several cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Cui
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Eunji Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Dong Hyun Moon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Molecular Mechanism of Antibiotics, Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (T.H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Ilnam Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.K.); (Y.L.); (J.-C.C.)
| | - Yeonjung Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.K.); (Y.L.); (J.-C.C.)
| | - Daniel Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Sunghoon Hwang
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Young Eun Du
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Munhyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Jang-Cheon Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.K.); (Y.L.); (J.-C.C.)
| | - Jichan Jang
- Molecular Mechanism of Antibiotics, Division of Life Science, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (T.H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.Y.); (D.-C.O.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2379 (Y.J.Y.); +82-2-880-2491 (D.-C.O.); Fax: +82-2-762-8322 (D.-C.O.)
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.C.); (E.K.); (D.H.M.); (D.S.); (S.H.); (Y.E.D.); (M.C.S.); (S.K.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.Y.); (D.-C.O.); Tel.: +82-2-880-2379 (Y.J.Y.); +82-2-880-2491 (D.-C.O.); Fax: +82-2-762-8322 (D.-C.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santos-Aberturas J, Vior NM. Beyond Soil-Dwelling Actinobacteria: Fantastic Antibiotics and Where to Find Them. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:195. [PMID: 35203798 PMCID: PMC8868522 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites represent an invaluable source of bioactive molecules for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Although screening campaigns for the discovery of new compounds have traditionally been strongly biased towards the study of soil-dwelling Actinobacteria, the current antibiotic resistance and discovery crisis has brought a considerable amount of attention to the study of previously neglected bacterial sources of secondary metabolites. The development and application of new screening, sequencing, genetic manipulation, cultivation and bioinformatic techniques have revealed several other groups of bacteria as producers of striking chemical novelty. Biosynthetic machineries evolved from independent taxonomic origins and under completely different ecological requirements and selective pressures are responsible for these structural innovations. In this review, we summarize the most important discoveries related to secondary metabolites from alternative bacterial sources, trying to provide the reader with a broad perspective on how technical novelties have facilitated the access to the bacterial metabolic dark matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia M. Vior
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR7 4UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamano A, Asato Y, Natsume N, Iwasaki A, Suenaga K, Teruya T. Odookeanynes A and B, Acetylene-Containing Lipopeptides from an Okeania sp. Marine Cyanobacterium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:169-175. [PMID: 34928625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Odookeanynes A (1) and B (2), two acetylene-containing lipopeptides, were isolated from an Okeania sp. marine cyanobacterium collected in Okinawa, Japan. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and Marfey's analysis of acid hydrolysates. Odookeanynes A (1) and B (2) dose-dependently promoted the differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aki Yamano
- Faculty of Education, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yuka Asato
- Graduate School of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Natsume
- Graduate School of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Arihiro Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teruya
- Faculty of Education, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phycochemistry and bioactivity of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11149-11167. [PMID: 36161579 PMCID: PMC9513011 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are a huge contributor to people's health around the world since they produce a lot of beneficial secondary metabolites. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic bacteria cosmopolitan in nature. Adaptability of cyanobacteria to wide spectrum of environment can be contributed to the production of various secondary metabolites which are also therapeutic in nature. As a result, they are a good option for the development of medicinal molecules. These metabolites could be interesting COVID-19 therapeutic options because the majority of these compounds have demonstrated substantial pharmacological actions, such as neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, HHV-6, and HIV-1. They have been reported to produce a single metabolite active against wide spectrum of microbes like Fischerella ambigua produces ambigols active against bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Similarly, Moorea producens produces malygomides O and P, majusculamide C and somocystinamide which are active against bacteria, fungi and tumour cells, respectively. In addition to the above, Moorea sp. produce apratoxin A and dolastatin 15 possessing anti cancerous activity but unfortunately till date only brentuximab vedotin (trade name Adcetris), a medication derived from marine peptides, for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma has been approved by FDA. However, several publications have effectively described and categorised cyanobacterial medicines based on their biological action. In present review, an effort is made to categorize cyanobacterial metabolites on the basis of their phycochemistry. The goal of this review is to categorise cyanobacterial metabolites based on their chemical functional group, which has yet to be described.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fewer DP, Jokela J, Heinilä L, Aesoy R, Sivonen K, Galica T, Hrouzek P, Herfindal L. Chemical diversity and cellular effects of antifungal cyclic lipopeptides from cyanobacteria. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:639-650. [PMID: 34145585 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a variety of chemically diverse cyclic lipopeptides with potent antifungal activities. These cyclic lipopeptides have an amphipathic structure comprised of a polar peptide cycle and hydrophobic fatty acid side chain. Many have antibiotic activity against a range of human and plant fungal pathogens. This review article aims to summarize the present knowledge on the chemical diversity and cellular effects of cyanobacterial cyclic lipopeptides that display antifungal activity. Cyclic antifungal lipopeptides from cyanobacteria commonly fall into four structural classes; hassallidins, puwainaphycins, laxaphycins, and anabaenolysins. Many of these antifungal cyclic lipopeptides act through cholesterol and ergosterol-dependent disruption of membranes. In many cases, the cyclic lipopeptides also exert cytotoxicity in human cells, and a more extensive examination of their biological activity and structure-activity relationship is warranted. The hassallidin, puwainaphycin, laxaphycin, and anabaenolysin structural classes are unified through shared complex biosynthetic pathways that encode a variety of unusual lipoinitiation mechanisms and branched biosynthesis that promote their chemical diversity. However, the biosynthetic origins of some cyanobacterial cyclic lipopeptides and the mechanisms, which drive their structural diversification in general, remain poorly understood. The strong functional convergence of differently organized chemical structures suggests that the production of lipopeptide confers benefits for their producer. Whether these benefits originate from their antifungal activity or some other physiological function remains to be answered in the future. However, it is clear that cyanobacteria encode a wealth of new cyclic lipopeptides with novel biotechnological and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lassi Heinilä
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reidun Aesoy
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomáš Galica
- Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Darcel L, Das S, Bonnard I, Banaigs B, Inguimbert N. Thirtieth Anniversary of the Discovery of Laxaphycins. Intriguing Peptides Keeping a Part of Their Mystery. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090473. [PMID: 34564135 PMCID: PMC8471579 DOI: 10.3390/md19090473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopeptides are a class of compounds generally produced by microorganisms through hybrid biosynthetic pathways involving non-ribosomal peptide synthase and a polyketyl synthase. Cyanobacterial-produced laxaphycins are examples of this family of compounds that have expanded over the past three decades. These compounds benefit from technological advances helping in their synthesis and characterization, as well as in deciphering their biosynthesis. The present article attempts to summarize most of the articles that have been published on laxaphycins. The current knowledge on the ecological role of these complex sets of compounds will also be examined.
Collapse
|
10
|
Heinilä LMP, Fewer DP, Jokela JK, Wahlsten M, Ouyang X, Permi P, Jortikka A, Sivonen K. The structure and biosynthesis of heinamides A1-A3 and B1-B5, antifungal members of the laxaphycin lipopeptide family. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5577-5588. [PMID: 34085692 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Laxaphycins are a family of cyclic lipopeptides with synergistic antifungal and antiproliferative activities. They are produced by multiple cyanobacterial genera and comprise two sets of structurally unrelated 11- and 12-residue macrocyclic lipopeptides. Here, we report the discovery of new antifungal laxaphycins from Nostoc sp. UHCC 0702, which we name heinamides, through antimicrobial bioactivity screening. We characterized the chemical structures of eight heinamide structural variants A1-A3 and B1-B5. These variants contain the rare non-proteinogenic amino acids 3-hydroxy-4-methylproline, 4-hydroxyproline, 3-hydroxy-d-leucine, dehydrobutyrine, 5-hydroxyl β-amino octanoic acid, and O-carbamoyl-homoserine. We obtained an 8.6-Mb complete genome sequence from Nostoc sp. UHCC 0702 and identified the 93 kb heinamide biosynthetic gene cluster. The structurally distinct heinamides A1-A3 and B1-B5 variants are synthesized using an unusual branching biosynthetic pathway. The heinamide biosynthetic pathway also encodes several enzymes that supply non-proteinogenic amino acids to the heinamide synthetase. Through heterologous expression, we showed that (2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-l-proline is supplied through the action of a novel enzyme LxaN, which hydroxylates l-proline. 11- and 12-residue heinamides have the characteristic synergistic activity of laxaphycins against Aspergillus flavus FBCC 2467. Structural and genetic information of heinamides may prove useful in future discovery of natural products and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Peter Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jouni Kalevi Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Xiaodan Ouyang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland and Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Jortikka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pérez-Fuentes N, Alvariño R, Alfonso A, González-Jartín J, Gegunde S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Single and combined effects of regulated and emerging mycotoxins on viability and mitochondrial function of SH-SY5Y cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112308. [PMID: 34062223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Co-occurrence of emerging and regulated mycotoxins in contaminated samples has been widely documented, but studies about their combined toxicity are scarce. In this report, the regulated mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1 and zearalenone, and the emerging ones enniatin A, enniatin B and beauvericin were tested in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Their individual and binary combined effects on cell viability and mitochondrial function were evaluated. The results with individual mycotoxins revealed that deoxynivalenol and emerging mycotoxins were the most damaging to neuronal cells, presenting IC50 values between 0.35 and 2.4 μM. Interestingly, non-regulated mycotoxins triggered apoptosis by affecting to mitochondrial membrane potential. However, when regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins were binary mixed, antagonistic effects were found in all cases. Finally, cow feed and milk extracts were analysed by UHPLC-MS/MS, detecting the presence of several mycotoxins included in this study. These extracts were tested in neuroblastoma cells, and damaging effects on cell viability were found. Although binary combinations of mycotoxins produced antagonistic effects, their mixture in natural matrixes induces greater effects than expected. Therefore, it would be interesting to explore the matrix influence on mycotoxin toxicity, and to continue studying the neurotoxic mechanism of action of emerging mycotoxins, as they could be a health hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Pérez-Fuentes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain.
| | - Jesús González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Sandra Gegunde
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Darcel L, Bornancin L, Raviglione D, Bonnard I, Mills SC, Sáez-Vásquez J, Banaigs B, Inguimbert N. d-Peptidase Activity in a Marine Mollusk Detoxifies a Nonribosomal Cyclic Lipopeptide: An Ecological Model to Study Antibiotic Resistance. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6198-6208. [PMID: 33914531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the marine environment, sessile cyanobacteria have developed chemical strategies for protection against grazers. In turn, herbivores have to circumvent these defenses and in certain cases even take advantage of them as shelter from their own predators. This is the case of Stylocheilus striatus, a sea hare that feeds on Anabaena torulosa, a cyanobacterium that produces toxic cyclic lipopeptides of the laxaphycin B family. S. striatus consumes the cyanobacterium without being affected by the toxicity of its compounds and also uses it as an invisibility cloak against predators. In this article, using different substrates analogous to laxaphycin B, we demonstrate the presence of an enzyme in the digestive gland of the mollusk that is able to biotransform laxaphycin B derivatives. The enzyme belongs to the poorly known family of d-peptidases that are suspected to be involved in antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Darcel
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Louis Bornancin
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Delphine Raviglione
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Suzanne C Mills
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, Papetoai, Moorea 98729, French Polynesia.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Julio Sáez-Vásquez
- LGDP, UMR CNRS 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:362-413. [PMID: 33570537 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2019 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 719 citations (701 for the period January to December 2019) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 440 papers for 2019), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Methods used to study marine fungi and their chemical diversity have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heinilä LMP, Fewer DP, Jokela JK, Wahlsten M, Jortikka A, Sivonen K. Shared PKS Module in Biosynthesis of Synergistic Laxaphycins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:578878. [PMID: 33042096 PMCID: PMC7524897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of lipopeptides that exhibit potent membrane-disrupting activities. Laxaphycins consist of two families of structurally distinct macrocyclic lipopeptides that act in a synergistic manner to produce antifungal and antiproliferative activities. Laxaphycins are produced by range of cyanobacteria but their biosynthetic origins remain unclear. Here, we identified the biosynthetic pathways responsible for the biosynthesis of the laxaphycins produced by Scytonema hofmannii PCC 7110. We show that these laxaphycins, called scytocyclamides, are produced by this cyanobacterium and are encoded in a single biosynthetic gene cluster with shared polyketide synthase enzymes initiating two distinct non-ribosomal peptide synthetase pathways. The unusual mechanism of shared enzymes synthesizing two distinct types of products may aid future research in identifying and expressing natural product biosynthetic pathways and in expanding the known biosynthetic logic of this important family of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Kalevi Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Jortikka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grab HA, Kirsch VC, Sieber SA, Bach T. Total Synthesis of the Cyclic Depsipeptide Vioprolide D via its (Z)-Diastereoisomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12357-12361. [PMID: 32126146 PMCID: PMC7383572 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of vioprolide D was accomplished in an overall yield of 2.0 % starting from methyl (2S)-3-benzyloxy-2-hydroxypropanoate (16 steps in the longest linear sequence). The cyclic depsipeptide was assembled from two building blocks of similar size and complexity in a modular, highly convergent approach. Peptide bond formation at the C-terminal dehydrobutyrine amino acid of the northern fragment was possible via its (Z)-diastereoisomer. After macrolactamization and formation of the thiazoline ring, the (Z)-double bond of the dehydrobutyrine unit was isomerized to the (E)-double bond of the natural product. The cytotoxicity of vioprolide D is significantly higher than that of its (Z)-diastereoisomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanusch A. Grab
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Volker C. Kirsch
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alvariño R, Alonso E, Bornancin L, Bonnard I, Inguimbert N, Banaigs B, Botana LM. Biological Activities of Cyclic and Acyclic B-Type Laxaphycins in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070364. [PMID: 32679743 PMCID: PMC7404270 DOI: 10.3390/md18070364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Laxaphycins are a family of non-ribosomal lipopeptides that have been isolated from several cyanobacteria. Some of these compounds have presented cytotoxic activities, but their mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this work, the already described laxaphycins B and B3, and acyclolaxaphycins B and B3 were isolated from the marine cyanobacteria Anabaena torulosa. Moreover, two new acyclic compounds, [des-(Ala4-Hle5)] acyclolaxaphycins B and B3, were purified from the herviborous gastropod Stylocheilus striatus, with this being the first description of biotransformed laxaphycins. The structure of these new compounds was elucidated, together with the absolute configuration of acyclolaxaphycins B and B3. The bioactivities of the six peptides were determined in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Laxaphycins B and B3 were cytotoxic (IC50: 1.8 and 0.8 µM, respectively) through the induction of apoptosis. In comparison, acyclic laxaphycins did not show cytotoxicity but affected mitochondrial functioning, so their effect on autophagy-related protein expression was analyzed, finding that acyclic peptides affected this process by increasing AMPK phosphorylation and inhibiting mTOR. This work confirms the pro-apoptotic properties of cyclic laxaphycins B and is the first report indicating the effects on autophagy of their acyclic analogs. Moreover, gastropod-derived compounds presented ring opening and amino-acids deletion, a biotransformation that had not been previously described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003 Lugo, Spain; (R.A.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003 Lugo, Spain; (R.A.); (L.M.B.)
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitario Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, 27003 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34982822233
| | - Louis Bornancin
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (L.B.); (I.B.); (N.I.); (B.B.)
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (L.B.); (I.B.); (N.I.); (B.B.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (L.B.); (I.B.); (N.I.); (B.B.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (L.B.); (I.B.); (N.I.); (B.B.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003 Lugo, Spain; (R.A.); (L.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Assessment of the Chemical Diversity and Potential Toxicity of Benthic Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, an apparent increase in the frequency of benthic cyanobacterial blooms has occurred in coral reefs and tropical lagoons, possibly in part because of global change and anthropogenic activities. In the frame of the survey of marine benthic cyanobacteria proliferating in the lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), 15 blooms were collected, mainly involving three species—Anabaena sp.1, Lyngbya majuscula and Hydrocoleum majus-B. Their chemical fingerprints, obtained through high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-MS) analyses, revealed a high extent of species-specificity. The chemical profile of Anabaena sp.1 was characterized by three major cyclic lipopeptides of the laxaphycin family, whereas the one of L. majuscula was characterized by a complex mixture including tiahuramides, trungapeptins and serinol-derived malyngamides. Toxicity screening analyses conducted on these cyanobacterial samples using Artemia salina and mouse neuroblastoma cell-based (CBA-N2a) cytotoxic assays failed to show any toxicity to a degree that would merit risk assessment with regard to public health. However, the apparently increasing presence of blooms of Lyngbya, Hydrocoleum, Anabaena or other benthic cyanobacteria on coral reefs in French Polynesia encourages the implementation of ad hoc monitoring programs for the surveillance of their proliferation and potential assessment of associated hazards.
Collapse
|
18
|
Solanki H, Pierdet M, Thomas OP, Zubia M. Insights into the Metabolome of the Cyanobacterium Leibleinia gracilis from the Lagoon of Tahiti and First Inspection of Its Variability. Metabolites 2020; 10:E215. [PMID: 32456338 PMCID: PMC7281704 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are known to produce a large diversity of specialized metabolites that can cause severe (eco)toxicological effects. In the lagoon of Tahiti, the benthic cyanobacterium Leibleinia gracilis is commonly found overgrowing the proliferative macroalga Turbinaria ornata or dead branching corals. The specialized metabolome of the cyanobacterium L. gracilis was therefore investigated together with its variability on both substrates and changes in environmental parameters. For the study of the metabolome variability, replicates of L. gracilis were collected in the same location of the lagoon of Tahiti before and after a raining event, both on dead corals and on T. ornata. The variability in the metabolome was inferred from a comparative non-targeted metabolomic using high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) data and a molecular network analysis built through MS/MS analyses. Oxidized fatty acid derivatives including the unusual 11-oxopalmitelaidic acid were found as major constituents of the specialized metabolome of this species. Significant variations in the metabolome of the cyanobacteria were observed, being more important with a change in environmental factors. Erucamide was found to be the main chemical marker highly present when the cyanobacterium grows on the macroalga. This study highlights the importance of combined approaches in metabolomics and molecular networks to inspect the variability in the metabolome of cyanobacteria with applications for ecological questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Solanki
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Manon Pierdet
- University of French Polynesia, UMR Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, LabEx CORAIL, BP6570, Faa’a, 98702 Tahiti, French Polynesia;
| | - Olivier P. Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Mayalen Zubia
- University of French Polynesia, UMR Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, LabEx CORAIL, BP6570, Faa’a, 98702 Tahiti, French Polynesia;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grab HA, Kirsch VC, Sieber SA, Bach T. Totalsynthese des cyclischen Depsipeptids Vioprolid D über sein (
Z
)‐Diastereomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanusch A. Grab
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Volker C. Kirsch
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laxaphycins B5 and B6 from the cultured cyanobacterium UIC 10484. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:526-533. [PMID: 32235860 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two laxaphycin type-B cyclic dodecapeptides, laxaphycins B5 and B6, were obtained from UIC 10484, a freshwater cf. Phormidium sp. Analysis using the 16S rRNA sequence found UIC 10484 to clade with UIC 10045, a known laxaphycin type-A and -B producer, and MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of two novel laxaphycin type-B compounds. The structures of the metabolites were elucidated using 2D NMR and MS/MS. The absolute configurations of the amino acids were determined by advanced Marfey's analysis. Both metabolites were evaluated against the same three cancer cell lines. The IC50 of both laxaphycins B5 and B6 was near 1 μM against breast cancer MDA-MB-231, melanoma MDA-MB-435, and ovarian cancer OVCAR3 cell lines.
Collapse
|
21
|
Clathriamide, an hexapeptide isolated from the marine sponge Clathria (Clathria) nicoleae. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|