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Bonde CS, Bornancin L, Lu Y, Simonsen HT, Martínez-Valladares M, Peña-Espinoza M, Mejer H, Williams AR, Thamsborg SM. Bio-Guided Fractionation and Molecular Networking Reveal Fatty Acids to Be Principal Anti-Parasitic Compounds in Nordic Seaweeds. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674520. [PMID: 34149425 PMCID: PMC8206555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread use of antimicrobial drugs has led to high levels of drug-resistance in pathogen populations and a need for novel sources of anti-bacterial and anti-parasitic compounds. Macroalgae (seaweed) are potentially a rich source of bioactive compounds, and several species have traditionally been used as vermifuges. Here, we investigated the anti-parasitic properties of four common cold-water Nordic seaweeds; Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta), Laminaria digitata, Saccharina latissima and Ascophyllum nodosum (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae). Screening of organic extracts against helminths of swine (Ascaris suum) and sheep (Teladorsagia circumcincta) revealed that S. latissima and L. digitata had particularly high biological activity. A combination of molecular networking and bio-guided fractionation led to the isolation of six compounds from extracts of these two species identified in both fermented and non-fermented samples. The six isolated compounds were tentatively identified by using MS-FINDER as five fatty acids and one monoglyceride: Stearidonic acid (1), Eicosapentaenoic acid (2), Alpha-Linolenic acid (3), Docosahexaenoic acid (4), Arachidonic acid (5), and Monoacylglycerol (MG 20:5) (6). Individual compounds showed only modest activity against A. suum, but a clear synergistic effect was apparent when selected compounds were tested in combination. Collectively, our data reveal that fatty acids may have a previously unappreciated role as natural anti-parasitic compounds, which suggests that seaweed products may represent a viable option for control of intestinal helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Smith Bonde
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louis Bornancin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Department of Animal Health, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacologia y Morfofisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Helena Mejer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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2
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Darcel L, Bornancin L, Raviglione D, Bonnard I, Mills SC, Sáez-Vásquez J, Banaigs B, Inguimbert N. d-Peptidase Activity in a Marine Mollusk Detoxifies a Nonribosomal Cyclic Lipopeptide: An Ecological Model to Study Antibiotic Resistance. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6198-6208. [PMID: 33914531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the marine environment, sessile cyanobacteria have developed chemical strategies for protection against grazers. In turn, herbivores have to circumvent these defenses and in certain cases even take advantage of them as shelter from their own predators. This is the case of Stylocheilus striatus, a sea hare that feeds on Anabaena torulosa, a cyanobacterium that produces toxic cyclic lipopeptides of the laxaphycin B family. S. striatus consumes the cyanobacterium without being affected by the toxicity of its compounds and also uses it as an invisibility cloak against predators. In this article, using different substrates analogous to laxaphycin B, we demonstrate the presence of an enzyme in the digestive gland of the mollusk that is able to biotransform laxaphycin B derivatives. The enzyme belongs to the poorly known family of d-peptidases that are suspected to be involved in antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Darcel
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Louis Bornancin
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Delphine Raviglione
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Suzanne C Mills
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, BP 1013, Papetoai, Moorea 98729, French Polynesia.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Julio Sáez-Vásquez
- LGDP, UMR CNRS 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- CRIOBE, USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan 66860, France
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3
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Valente AH, de Roode M, Ernst M, Peña-Espinoza M, Bornancin L, Bonde CS, Martínez-Valladares M, Ramünke S, Krücken J, Simonsen HT, Thamsborg SM, Williams AR. Identification of compounds responsible for the anthelmintic effects of chicory (Cichorium intybus) by molecular networking and bio-guided fractionation. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 15:105-114. [PMID: 33618233 PMCID: PMC7907819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing resistance towards anthelmintic drugs has necessitated the search for alternative treatments for the control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites. Animals fed on chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), a temperate (pasture) crop, have reduced parasite burdens, hence making C. intybus a potentially useful source for novel anthelmintic compounds or a diet-based preventive/therapeutic option. Here, we utilized in vitro bioassays with the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum and molecular networking techniques with five chicory cultivars to identify putative active compounds. Network analysis predicted sesquiterpene lactones (SL) as the most likely group of anthelmintic compounds. Further bioassay-guided fractionation supported these predictions, and isolation of pure compounds demonstrated that the SL 8-deoxylactucin (8-DOL) is the compound most strongly associated with anti-parasitic activity. Furthermore, we showed that 8-DOL acts in a synergistic combination with other SL to exert the anti-parasitic effects. Finally, we established that chicory-derived extracts also showed activity against two ruminant nematodes (Teladorsagia circumcincta and Cooperia oncophora) in in vitro assays. Collectively, our results confirm the anti-parasitic activity of chicory against a range of nematodes, and pave the way for targeted extraction of active compounds or selective breeding of specific cultivars to optimize its future use in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Valente
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Matthew de Roode
- Sensus b.v., Oostelijke Havendijk 15, 4704, RA Roosendaal, the Netherlands
| | - Madeleine Ernst
- Section for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Louis Bornancin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte S Bonde
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Department of Animal Health, 24346, Grulleros. León, Spain
| | - Sabrina Ramünke
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik T Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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4
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Alvariño R, Alonso E, Bornancin L, Bonnard I, Inguimbert N, Banaigs B, Botana LM. Biological Activities of Cyclic and Acyclic B-Type Laxaphycins in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18070364. [PMID: 32679743 PMCID: PMC7404270 DOI: 10.3390/md18070364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Laxaphycins are a family of non-ribosomal lipopeptides that have been isolated from several cyanobacteria. Some of these compounds have presented cytotoxic activities, but their mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this work, the already described laxaphycins B and B3, and acyclolaxaphycins B and B3 were isolated from the marine cyanobacteria Anabaena torulosa. Moreover, two new acyclic compounds, [des-(Ala4-Hle5)] acyclolaxaphycins B and B3, were purified from the herviborous gastropod Stylocheilus striatus, with this being the first description of biotransformed laxaphycins. The structure of these new compounds was elucidated, together with the absolute configuration of acyclolaxaphycins B and B3. The bioactivities of the six peptides were determined in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Laxaphycins B and B3 were cytotoxic (IC50: 1.8 and 0.8 µM, respectively) through the induction of apoptosis. In comparison, acyclic laxaphycins did not show cytotoxicity but affected mitochondrial functioning, so their effect on autophagy-related protein expression was analyzed, finding that acyclic peptides affected this process by increasing AMPK phosphorylation and inhibiting mTOR. This work confirms the pro-apoptotic properties of cyclic laxaphycins B and is the first report indicating the effects on autophagy of their acyclic analogs. Moreover, gastropod-derived compounds presented ring opening and amino-acids deletion, a biotransformation that had not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003 Lugo, Spain; (R.A.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003 Lugo, Spain; (R.A.); (L.M.B.)
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitario Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, 27003 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34982822233
| | - Louis Bornancin
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (L.B.); (I.B.); (N.I.); (B.B.)
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (L.B.); (I.B.); (N.I.); (B.B.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (L.B.); (I.B.); (N.I.); (B.B.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France; (L.B.); (I.B.); (N.I.); (B.B.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003 Lugo, Spain; (R.A.); (L.M.B.)
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5
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Peña-Espinoza M, Valente AH, Bornancin L, Simonsen HT, Thamsborg SM, Williams AR, López-Muñoz R. Anthelmintic and metabolomic analyses of chicory (Cichorium intybus) identify an industrial by-product with potent in vitro antinematodal activity. Vet Parasitol 2020; 280:109088. [PMID: 32278938 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a bioactive forage rich in sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) with reported in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity in livestock. However, the on-farm adoption of chicory as an anthelmintic crop is limited and may be facilitated by using standardised industrial chicory material. Chicory root pulp is a by-product obtained from industrial chicory roots after inulin extraction and can potentially retain SLs. However, SL content and associated anthelmintic activity of chicory root pulp have not been investigated. Here, we evaluated the anthelmintic activity of SL-enriched extracts from chicory root pulp and forage chicory, and used untargeted metabolomics and molecular networking to identify potential anthelmintic molecules. Six different sources of chicory material were used: fresh chicory root pulp (from industrial chicory roots C. intybus var. sativum; "Root Pulp"), fresh leaves from chicory cv. Spadona (sampled on four occasions) and fresh leaves from chicory cv. Choice. The resulting extracts were tested for anthelmintic activity against the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the pig nematode Ascaris suum. The cytotoxicity of the chicory extracts was evaluated on mammalian (Vero) cells. In the C. elegans assays, the Root Pulp was the most potent extract and induced paralysis in >95% of worms exposed to >250 μg extract/mL (EC50 = 64.2 μg/mL). In the A. suum assays, the Root Pulp was also the most potent chicory extract to inhibit worm motility (EC50 = 87.6 μg/mL), followed closely by two of the Spadona leaf extracts (EC50 = 89.8 μg/mL and 112.2 μg/mL) The Root Pulp extract had the lowest cytotoxicity of all tested extracts towards mammalian cells, with a selectivity index of 5.37. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that chicory Root Pulp had a markedly different chemical profile in comparison with forage chicory extracts. Molecular networking confirmed several SLs and SL-derivatives mainly present in chicory root pulp, that may be responsible of its potent anti-parasitic activity. Bioactivity-based molecular networking of chicory root pulp and the most potent forage chicory extracts revealed a high predicted anthelmintic score for the guaianolide SL 11,13-dihydro-lactucopicrin. In conclusion, chicory root pulp showed potent and selective in vitro anthelmintic activity against C. elegans and A. suum, with low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. The promising anthelmintic activity of chicory root pulp should be confirmed in vivo to further explore the potential of this agro-industrial by-product as a nutraceutical anthelmintic for livestock and as novel source of anti-parasitic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacologia y Morfofisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Angela H Valente
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louis Bornancin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik T Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacologia y Morfofisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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6
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Levert A, Alvariño R, Bornancin L, Abou Mansour E, Burja AM, Genevière AM, Bonnard I, Alonso E, Botana L, Banaigs B. Structures and Activities of Tiahuramides A-C, Cyclic Depsipeptides from a Tahitian Collection of the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 2018; 81:1301-1310. [PMID: 29792428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The structures of three new cyclic depsipeptides, tiahuramides A (1), B (2), and C (3), from a French Polynesian collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula are described. The planar structures of these compounds were established by a combination of mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Absolute configurations of natural and nonproteinogenic amino acids were determined through a combination of acid hydrolysis, derivitization with Marfey's reagent, and HPLC. The absolute configuration of hydroxy acids was confirmed by Mosher's method. The antibacterial activities of tiahuramides against three marine bacteria were evaluated. Compound 3 was the most active compound of the series, with an MIC of 6.7 μM on one of the three tested bacteria. The three peptides inhibit the first cell division of sea urchin fertilized eggs with IC50 values in the range from 3.9 to 11 μM. Tiahuramide B (2), the most potent compound, causes cellular alteration characteristics of apoptotic cells, blebbing, DNA condensation, and fragmentation, already at the first egg cleavage. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 1-3 was tested in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Compounds 2 and 3 showed an IC50 of 14 and 6.0 μM, respectively, whereas compound 1 displayed no toxicity in this cell line at 100 μM. To determine the type of cell death induced by tiahuramide C (3), SH-SY5Y cells were costained with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry. The double staining indicated that the cytotoxicity of compound 3 in this cell line is produced by necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Levert
- CRIOBE, USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278 , Université de Perpignan , 66860 Perpignan , France
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo 27003 , Spain
| | - Louis Bornancin
- CRIOBE, USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278 , Université de Perpignan , 66860 Perpignan , France
| | - Eliane Abou Mansour
- CRIOBE, USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278 , Université de Perpignan , 66860 Perpignan , France
| | - Adam M Burja
- Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , Scotland EH14 4 AS
| | - Anne-Marie Genevière
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM) , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS , Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 , Banyuls/Mer , France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- CRIOBE, USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278 , Université de Perpignan , 66860 Perpignan , France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL" , 66860 , Perpignan , Cedex, France
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo 27003 , Spain
| | - Luis Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo 27003 , Spain
| | - Bernard Banaigs
- CRIOBE, USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278 , Université de Perpignan , 66860 Perpignan , France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL" , 66860 , Perpignan , Cedex, France
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7
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Bornancin L, Bonnard I, Mills SC, Banaigs B. Chemical mediation as a structuring element in marine gastropod predator-prey interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:644-676. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00097e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some diterpenoid compounds protect the sacoglossansElysiasp. andCyerce nigricansfrom their carnivorous predator the dorid nudibranch,Gymnodorissp., unlike chemically unprotected gastropods that are consumed by this voracious nudibranch (photo Philippe Bourseiller).
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Bornancin
- CRIOBE
- USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278
- Université de Perpignan
- 66860 Perpignan
- France
| | - I. Bonnard
- CRIOBE
- USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278
- Université de Perpignan
- 66860 Perpignan
- France
| | - S. C. Mills
- PSL Research University
- CRIOBE
- USR EPHE-UPVD-CNRS 3278
- 98729 Moorea
- French Polynesia
| | - B. Banaigs
- CRIOBE
- USR CNRS-EPHE-UPVD 3278
- Université de Perpignan
- 66860 Perpignan
- France
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