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Tunc H, Dogan B, Darendeli Kiraz BN, Sari M, Durdagi S, Kotil S. Prediction of HIV-1 protease resistance using genotypic, phenotypic, and molecular information with artificial neural networks. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14987. [PMID: 36967989 PMCID: PMC10038082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a primary barrier to effective treatments of HIV/AIDS. Calculating quantitative relations between genotype and phenotype observations for each inhibitor with cell-based assays requires time and money-consuming experiments. Machine learning models are good options for tackling these problems by generalizing the available data with suitable linear or nonlinear mappings. The main aim of this study is to construct drug isolate fold (DIF) change-based artificial neural network (ANN) models for estimating the resistance potential of molecules inhibiting the HIV-1 protease (PR) enzyme. Throughout the study, seven of eight protease inhibitors (PIs) have been included in the training set and the remaining ones in the test set. We have obtained 11,803 genotype-phenotype data points for eight PIs from Stanford HIV drug resistance database. Using the leave-one-out (LVO) procedure, eight ANN models have been produced to measure the learning capacity of models from the descriptors of the inhibitors. Mean R2 value of eight ANN models for unseen inhibitors is 0.716, and the 95% confidence interval (CI) is [0.592-0.840]. Predicting the fold change resistance for hundreds of isolates allowed a robust comparison of drug pairs. These eight models have predicted the drug resistance tendencies of each inhibitor pair with the mean 2D correlation coefficient of 0.933 and 95% CI [0.930-0.938]. A classification problem has been created to predict the ordered relationship of the PIs, and the mean accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) values are calculated as 0.954, 0.791, 0.791, and 0.688, respectively. Furthermore, we have created an external test dataset consisting of 51 unique known HIV-1 PR inhibitors and 87 genotype-phenotype relations. Our developed ANN model has accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.749 and 0.818 to predict the ordered relationships of molecules on the same strain for the external dataset. The currently derived ANN models can accurately predict the drug resistance tendencies of PI pairs. This observation could help test new inhibitors with various isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Tunc
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berna Dogan
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Nur Darendeli Kiraz
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sari
- Department of Mathematics Engineering, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Kotil
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Everett RK, Wolfe JP. Aza-Wittig Rearrangements of N-Benzyl and N-Allyl Glycine Methyl Esters. Discovery of a Surprising Cascade Aza-Wittig Rearrangement/Hydroboration Reaction. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9041-56. [PMID: 26327486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of N-(arylmethyl)-N-aryl or N-allyl-N-aryl glycine methyl ester derivatives with (n)Bu2BOTf and (i)Pr2NEt effects an aza-Wittig rearrangement that provides N-aryl phenylalanine methyl ester derivatives and N-aryl allylglycine methyl ester derivatives, respectively, in good yield with moderate to good diastereoselectivity. Under similar conditions, analogous substrates bearing N-carbonyl groups are converted to 1,4,2-oxazaborole derivatives. Additionally, N-allyl-N-aryl glycine methyl ester derivatives subjected to similar conditions at elevated temperatures undergo an aza-[2,3]-Wittig rearrangement, followed by a subsequent hydroboration oxidation reaction, to afford substituted amino alcohol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata K Everett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John P Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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Nalam MN, Ali A, Reddy GKK, Cao H, Anjum SG, Altman MD, Yilmaz NK, Tidor B, Rana TM, Schiffer CA. Substrate envelope-designed potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors to avoid drug resistance. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2013; 20:1116-24. [PMID: 24012370 PMCID: PMC3934494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of HIV under selective drug pressure has led to multidrug resistant (MDR) strains that evade standard therapies. We designed highly potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) using the substrate envelope model, which confines inhibitors within the consensus volume of natural substrates, providing inhibitors less susceptible to resistance because a mutation affecting such inhibitors will simultaneously affect viral substrate processing. The designed PIs share a common chemical scaffold but utilize various moieties that optimally fill the substrate envelope, as confirmed by crystal structures. The designed PIs retain robust binding to MDR protease variants and display exceptional antiviral potencies against different clades of HIV as well as a panel of 12 drug-resistant viral strains. The substrate envelope model proves to be a powerful strategy to develop potent and robust inhibitors that avoid drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi N.L. Nalam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - G.S. Kiran Kumar Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Saima G. Anjum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Bruce Tidor: Phone: +1 (617) 253-7258, , Tariq M. Rana: Phone: +1 (858)795-5325, , Celia A. Schiffer: Phone: +1 (508) 856-8008,
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Bruce Tidor: Phone: +1 (617) 253-7258, , Tariq M. Rana: Phone: +1 (858)795-5325, , Celia A. Schiffer: Phone: +1 (508) 856-8008,
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Bruce Tidor: Phone: +1 (617) 253-7258, , Tariq M. Rana: Phone: +1 (858)795-5325, , Celia A. Schiffer: Phone: +1 (508) 856-8008,
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Asahchop EL, Oliveira M, Quashie PK, Moisi D, Martinez-Cajas JL, Brenner BG, Tremblay CL, Wainberg MA. In vitro and structural evaluation of PL-100 as a potential second-generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:105-12. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ali A, Bandaranayake RM, Cai Y, King NM, Kolli M, Mittal S, Murzycki JF, Nalam MN, Nalivaika EA, Özen A, Prabu-Jeyabalan MM, Thayer K, Schiffer CA. Molecular Basis for Drug Resistance in HIV-1 Protease. Viruses 2010; 2:2509-2535. [PMID: 21994628 PMCID: PMC3185577 DOI: 10.3390/v2112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 protease is one of the major antiviral targets in the treatment of patients infected with HIV-1. The nine FDA approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors were developed with extensive use of structure-based drug design, thus the atomic details of how the inhibitors bind are well characterized. From this structural understanding the molecular basis for drug resistance in HIV-1 protease can be elucidated. Selected mutations in response to therapy and diversity between clades in HIV-1 protease have altered the shape of the active site, potentially altered the dynamics and even altered the sequence of the cleavage sites in the Gag polyprotein. All of these interdependent changes act in synergy to confer drug resistance while simultaneously maintaining the fitness of the virus. New strategies, such as incorporation of the substrate envelope constraint to design robust inhibitors that incorporate details of HIV-1 protease’s function and decrease the probability of drug resistance, are necessary to continue to effectively target this key protein in HIV-1 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Rajintha M. Bandaranayake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Yufeng Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Nancy M. King
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Madhavi Kolli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Seema Mittal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Jennifer F. Murzycki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Madhavi N.L. Nalam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Ellen A. Nalivaika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Ayşegül Özen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Moses M. Prabu-Jeyabalan
- Division of Basic Sciences, The Commonwealth Medical College, 150 N. Washington Avenue, Scranton, PA 18503, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kelly Thayer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; E-Mails: (A.A.); (R.M.B.); (Y.C.); (N.M.K.); (M.K.); (S.M.), (M.N.L.N.); (E.A.N.); (A.Ö.); (K.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-508-856-8008; Fax: +1-508-856-6464
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Approaches to the design of HIV protease inhibitors with improved resistance profiles. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2009; 3:633-41. [PMID: 19373035 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328313911d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes current approaches to HIV protease inhibitor design, with a focus on improving their profile against drug-resistant mutants. Potential explanations for the flat resistance profile of some potent protease inhibitors and discrepancies between the apparent fold change of potency at the enzyme level and in cell-based assays are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Despite new ideas and a clear rationale for designing inhibitors that bind outside the enzyme active site, all current protease inhibitors with potent antiviral activity target this site. Several bis-tetrahydrofuran-containing compounds including darunavir, brecanavir, GS-8374, and Sequoia protease inhibitors exhibit excellent potency against mutant HIV strains that are resistant to clinically used protease inhibitors. The apparently flat resistance profiles of these and some other protease inhibitors may, at least in part, be explained by their high potency against wild-type enzyme. The substrate envelope and solvent-anchoring hypotheses have been used to design and/or rationalize improved resistance profiles. Traditional approaches yielded a lysine sulfonamide PL-100 with a unique resistance profile. SUMMARY Several theories on how to design HIV protease inhibitors with improved resistance profiles have been proposed during the review period. The general concepts that are incorporated into most design strategies include maximizing the interactions with the backbone and conserved side chains of the enzyme while minimizing inhibitor size and maintaining conformational flexibility to allow for modified binding modes.
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Schlick P, Skern T. Investigating human immunodeficiency virus-1 proteinase specificity at positions P4 to P2 using a bacterial screening system. Anal Biochem 2008; 377:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dandache S, Sévigny G, Yelle J, Stranix BR, Parkin N, Schapiro JM, Wainberg MA, Wu JJ. In vitro antiviral activity and cross-resistance profile of PL-100, a novel protease inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:4036-43. [PMID: 17638694 PMCID: PMC2151432 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00149-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the current emergence and spread of drug-resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stress the need for new inhibitors with distinct properties. We designed, produced, and screened a library of compounds based on an original l-lysine scaffold for their potentials as HIV type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors (PI). One candidate compound, PL-100, emerged as a specific and noncytotoxic PI that exhibited potent inhibition of HIV-1 protease and viral replication in vitro (K(i), approximately 36 pM, and 50% effective concentration [EC(50)], approximately 16 nM, respectively). To confirm that PL-100 possessed a favorable resistance profile, we performed a cross-resistance study using a panel of 63 viral strains from PI-experienced patients selected for the presence of primary PI mutations known to confer resistance to multiple PIs now in clinical use. The results showed that PL-100 retained excellent antiviral activity against almost all of these PI-resistant viruses and that its performance in this regard was superior to those of atazanavir, amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir. In almost every case, the increase in the EC(50) for PL-100 observed with viruses containing multiple mutations in protease was far less than that obtained with the other drugs tested. These data underscore the potential for PL-100 to be used in the treatment of drug-resistant HIV disease and argue for its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Dandache
- Ambrilia Biopharma, Inc., 1000 Chemin du Golf, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H3E 1H4.
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Nalam MNL, Peeters A, Jonckers THM, Dierynck I, Schiffer CA. Crystal structure of lysine sulfonamide inhibitor reveals the displacement of the conserved flap water molecule in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease. J Virol 2007; 81:9512-8. [PMID: 17596316 PMCID: PMC1951406 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00799-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease has been continuously evolving and developing resistance to all of the protease inhibitors. This requires the development of new inhibitors that bind to the protease in a novel fashion. Most of the inhibitors that are on the market are peptidomimetics, where a conserved water molecule mediates hydrogen bonding interactions between the inhibitors and the flaps of the protease. Recently a new class of inhibitors, lysine sulfonamides, was developed to combat the resistant variants of HIV protease. Here we report the crystal structure of a lysine sulfonamide. This inhibitor binds to the active site of HIV-1 protease in a novel manner, displacing the conserved water and making extensive hydrogen bonds with every region of the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi N L Nalam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Stranix BR, Lavallée JF, Sévigny G, Yelle J, Perron V, LeBerre N, Herbart D, Wu JJ. Lysine sulfonamides as novel HIV-protease inhibitors: Nepsilon-acyl aromatic alpha-amino acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3459-62. [PMID: 16644213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of lysine sulfonamide analogues bearing Nepsilon-acyl aromatic amino acids were synthesized using an efficient synthetic route. Evaluation of these novel protease inhibitors revealed compounds with high potency against wild-type and multiple-protease inhibitor-resistant HIV viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent R Stranix
- Ambrilia Biopharma Inc., 1000 chemin du Golf, Verdun, QC, Canada H3E 1H4.
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Bouzide A, Sauvé G, Yelle J. Lysine derivatives as potent HIV protease inhibitors. Discovery, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1509-13. [PMID: 15713418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A screening assay program on HIV-protease was carried out on more than fifty commercially available N-protected amino acids and has revealed that those with a long side chain such as lysine, ornithine and arginine exhibited significant inhibition of HIV protease enzyme. The presence of an Fmoc group was found to be essential to obtain micromolar inhibitors and the addition of an alkyl group at the Nalpha-position resulted in the discovery of the lead compound 11 displaying a 5 nM inhibition constant. Although this new inhibitor series is not categorized among those mimicking the substrate with a non-hydrolyzable transition-state isoster, it was found very specific to inhibit HIV protease enzyme in comparison to the mammalian aspartyl proteases pepsin, renin and cathepsin. Furthermore, these inhibitors did not show any cytotoxicity at a concentration below 75 microM.
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Stranix BR, Sauvé G, Bouzide A, Coté A, Sévigny G, Yelle J, Perron V. Lysine sulfonamides as novel HIV-protease inhibitors: Nε-disubstituted ureas. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3971-4. [PMID: 15225709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of lysine sulfonamide analogues bearing a Nepsilon-benzylic ureas was synthesized using both solution-phase and solid-phase approaches. A novel synthetic route of Nalpha-(alkyl)-Nalpha-(sulfonamides)lysinol using alpha-amino-caprolactam was developed. Evaluation of these novel protease inhibitors revealed compounds with high potency against wild-type HIV virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent R Stranix
- Procyon Biopharma Inc., 1650 Trans-Canada Highway, Suite 200, Dorval, Quebec, Canada, H9P 1H7.
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