1
|
Loughran HM, Schirripa KM, Roecker AJ, Breslin MJ, Tong L, Fillgrove KL, Kuo Y, Bleasby K, Collier H, Altman MD, Ford MC, Newman JA, Drolet RE, Cosden M, Jinn S, Flick RB, Liu X, Minnick C, Watt ML, Lemaire W, Burlein C, Adam GC, Austin LA, Marcus JN, Smith SM, Fraley ME. Fluorinated Isoindolinone-Based Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors with Low Human Dose Projections. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:123-131. [PMID: 38229758 PMCID: PMC10788949 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease (PD), particularly in patients where glycosphingolipid accumulation and lysosomal impairment are thought to be contributing to disease progression. Herein, we report the late-stage optimization of an orally bioavailable and CNS penetrant isoindolinone class of GCS inhibitors. Starting from advanced lead 1, we describe efforts to identify an improved compound with a lower human dose projection, minimal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, and acceptable pregnane X receptor (PXR) profile through fluorine substitution. Our strategy involved the use of predicted volume ligand efficiency to advance compounds with greater potential for low human doses down our screening funnel. We also applied minimized electrostatic potentials (Vmin) calculations for hydrogen bond acceptor sites to rationalize P-gp SAR. Together, our strategies enabled the alignment of a lower human dose with reduced P-gp efflux, and favorable PXR selectivity for the discovery of compound 12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ling Tong
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Yuhsin Kuo
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kelly Bleasby
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hannah Collier
- Merck
& Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Melissa C. Ford
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Robert E. Drolet
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mali Cosden
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sarah Jinn
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Xiaomei Liu
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Marla L. Watt
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Wei Lemaire
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Gregory C. Adam
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Lauren A. Austin
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jacob N. Marcus
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sean M. Smith
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark E. Fraley
- Merck
& Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roecker AJ, Schirripa KM, Loughran HM, Tong L, Liang T, Fillgrove KL, Kuo Y, Bleasby K, Collier H, Altman MD, Ford MC, Drolet RE, Cosden M, Jinn S, Hatcher NG, Yao L, Kandebo M, Vardigan JD, Flick RB, Liu X, Minnick C, Price LA, Watt ML, Lemaire W, Burlein C, Adam GC, Austin LA, Marcus JN, Smith SM, Fraley ME. Pyrazole Ureas as Low Dose, CNS Penetrant Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:146-155. [PMID: 36793422 PMCID: PMC9923837 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Loss-of-function mutations in GBA, the gene that encodes for the lysosomal enzyme glucosylcerebrosidase, are a major genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease potentially through the accumulation of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine in the CNS. A therapeutic strategy to reduce glycosphingolipid accumulation in the CNS would entail inhibition of the enzyme responsible for their synthesis, glucosylceramide synthase (GCS). Herein, we report the optimization of a bicyclic pyrazole amide GCS inhibitor discovered through HTS to low dose, oral, CNS penetrant, bicyclic pyrazole urea GCSi's with in vivo activity in mouse models and ex vivo activity in iPSC neuronal models of synucleinopathy and lysosomal dysfunction. This was accomplished through the judicious use of parallel medicinal chemistry, direct-to-biology screening, physics-based rationalization of transporter profiles, pharmacophore modeling, and use a novel metric: volume ligand efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Roecker
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kathy M. Schirripa
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - H. Marie Loughran
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ling Tong
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Tao Liang
- Discovery
Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kerry L. Fillgrove
- ADME
& Discovery Toxicology, Merck &
Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yuhsin Kuo
- ADME
& Discovery Toxicology, Merck &
Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kelly Bleasby
- ADME
Transporters, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hannah Collier
- ADME
Transporters, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Computational
and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Melissa C. Ford
- Computational
and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Robert E. Drolet
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mali Cosden
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sarah Jinn
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nathan G. Hatcher
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Lihang Yao
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Monika Kandebo
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joshua D. Vardigan
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rosemarie B. Flick
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christina Minnick
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Laura A. Price
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Marla L. Watt
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Wei Lemaire
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christine Burlein
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gregory C. Adam
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Lauren A. Austin
- Discovery
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co.,
Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jacob N. Marcus
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sean M. Smith
- Discovery
Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark E. Fraley
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sosa F, Carmickle AT, Oliveira LJ, Sagheer M, Saleem M, Yu FH, Altman MD, Dikmen S, Denicol AC, Sonstegard TS, Larson CC, Hansen PJ. Effects of the bovine SLICK1 mutation in PRLR on sweat gland area, FOXA1 abundance, and global gene expression in skin. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9206-9215. [PMID: 36085108 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The SLICK1 mutation in the prolactin receptor (PRLR) results in a short-hair coat and increased ability to regulate body temperature during heat stress. It is unclear whether the mutation affects capacity for sweating. The objective of this observational study was to evaluate whether the SLICK1 mutation in PRLR alters characteristics of skin related to sweat gland abundance or function. Skin biopsies from 31 Holstein heifers, including 14 wild-type (SL-/-) and 17 heterozygous slick (SL+/-), were subjected to histological analysis to determine the percent of the surface area of skin sections that are occupied by sweat glands. We detected no effect of genotype on this variable. Immunohistochemical analysis of the forkhead transcription factor A1 (FOXA1), a protein essential for sweating in mice, from 6 SL-/- and 6 SL+/- heifers indicated twice as much FOXA1 in sweat glandular epithelia of SL+/- heifers as in SL-/- heifers. Results from RNA sequencing of skin biopsies from 5 SL-/- and 7 SL+/- heifers revealed few genes that were differentially expressed and none that have been associated with sweat gland development or function. In conclusion, results do not support the idea that the SLICK1 mutation changes the abundance of sweat glands in skin, but do show that functional properties of sweat glands, as indicated by increased abundance of immunoreactive FOXA1, are modified by inheritance of the mutation in PRLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910
| | - A T Carmickle
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616
| | - L J Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - M Sagheer
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910
| | - M Saleem
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - F H Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - M D Altman
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616
| | - S Dikmen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, University of Uludag, Bursa, 16059, Turkey
| | - A C Denicol
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616
| | | | - C C Larson
- Okeechobee County Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Okeechobee 34972
| | - P J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kawamura S, Palte RL, Kim HY, Saurí J, Sondey C, Mansueto MS, Altman MD, Machacek MR. Design and synthesis of unprecedented 9- and 10-membered cyclonucleosides with PRMT5 inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 66:116820. [PMID: 35594650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of medium-sized rings is known to be challenging due to high transannular strain especially for 9- and 10-membered rings. Herein we report design and synthesis of unprecedented 9- and 10-membered purine 8,5'-cyclonucleosides as the first cyclonucleoside PRMT5 inhibitors. The cocrystal structure of PRMT5:MEP50 in complex with the synthesized 9-membered cyclonucleoside 1 revealed its binding mode in the SAM binding pocket of PRMT5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kawamura
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- NMR Structure Elucidation, Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Josep Saurí
- NMR Structure Elucidation, Process and Analytical Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christopher Sondey
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - My S Mansueto
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michael D Altman
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang W, Altman MD, Lesburg CA, Perera SA, Piesvaux JA, Schroeder GK, Wyss DF, Cemerski S, Chen Y, DiNunzio E, Haidle AM, Ho T, Kariv I, Knemeyer I, Kopinja JE, Lacey BM, Laskey J, Lim J, Long BJ, Ma Y, Maddess ML, Pan BS, Presland JP, Spooner E, Steinhuebel D, Truong Q, Zhang Z, Fu J, Addona GH, Northrup AB, Parmee E, Tata JR, Bennett DJ, Cumming JN, Siu T, Trotter BW. Discovery of MK-1454: A Potent Cyclic Dinucleotide Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonist for the Treatment of Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5675-5689. [PMID: 35332774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stereochemically and structurally complex cyclic dinucleotide-based stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists were designed and synthesized to access a previously unexplored chemical space. The assessment of biochemical affinity and cellular potency, along with computational, structural, and biophysical characterization, was applied to influence the design and optimization of novel STING agonists, resulting in the discovery of MK-1454 as a molecule with appropriate properties for clinical development. When administered intratumorally to immune-competent mice-bearing syngeneic tumors, MK-1454 exhibited robust tumor cytokine upregulation and effective antitumor activity. Tumor shrinkage in mouse models that are intrinsically resistant to single-agent therapy was further enhanced when treating the animals with MK-1454 in combination with a fully murinized antimouse PD-1 antibody, mDX400. These data support the development of STING agonists in combination with pembrolizumab (humanized anti-PD-1 antibody) for patients with tumors that are partially responsive or nonresponsive to single-agent anti-PD-1 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Chang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel F Wyss
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Saso Cemerski
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yiping Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Edward DiNunzio
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew M Haidle
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Thu Ho
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ilona Kariv
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Brian M Lacey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jason Laskey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jongwon Lim
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brian J Long
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yanhong Ma
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Bo-Sheng Pan
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Edward Spooner
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Quang Truong
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Fu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - George H Addona
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan B Northrup
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emma Parmee
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James R Tata
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Jared N Cumming
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tony Siu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reutershan MH, Machacek MR, Altman MD, Bogen S, Cai M, Cammarano C, Chen D, Christopher M, Cryan J, Daublain P, Fradera X, Geda P, Goldenblatt P, Hill AD, Kemper RA, Kutilek V, Li C, Martinez M, McCoy M, Nair L, Pan W, Thompson CF, Scapin G, Shizuka M, Spatz ML, Steinhuebel D, Sun B, Voss ME, Wang X, Yang L, Yeh TC, Dussault I, Marshall CG, Trotter BW. Discovery of MK-4688: an Efficient Inhibitor of the HDM2-p53 Protein-Protein Interaction. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16213-16241. [PMID: 34714078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of low-dose, low-molecular-weight, drug-like inhibitors of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is a challenging area of research. Despite the challenges, the therapeutic potential of PPI inhibition has driven significant efforts toward this goal. Adding to recent success in this area, we describe herein our efforts to optimize a novel purine carboxylic acid-derived inhibitor of the HDM2-p53 PPI into a series of low-projected dose inhibitors with overall favorable pharmacokinetic and physical properties. Ultimately, a strategy focused on leveraging known binding hot spots coupled with biostructural information to guide the design of conformationally constrained analogs and a focus on efficiency metrics led to the discovery of MK-4688 (compound 56), a highly potent, selective, and low-molecular-weight inhibitor suitable for clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Reutershan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michelle R Machacek
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael D Altman
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stephane Bogen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07032, United States
| | - Mingmei Cai
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carolyn Cammarano
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Christopher
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John Cryan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Pierre Daublain
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Prasanthi Geda
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter Goldenblatt
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Armetta D Hill
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Raymond A Kemper
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Victoria Kutilek
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chaomin Li
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michelle Martinez
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mark McCoy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07032, United States
| | - Latha Nair
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07032, United States
| | - Weidong Pan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07032, United States
| | | | - Giovanna Scapin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07032, United States
| | - Manami Shizuka
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Marianne L Spatz
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dietrich Steinhuebel
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Binyuan Sun
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew E Voss
- Albany Molecular Research Inc., 61 Science Park Road, Singapore (West) 117525, Singapore
| | - Xiao Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Liping Yang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tammie C Yeh
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Isabelle Dussault
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - C Gary Marshall
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - B Wesley Trotter
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simov V, Altman MD, Bianchi E, DelRizzo S, DiNunzio EN, Feng G, Goldenblatt P, Ingenito R, Johnson SA, Mansueto MS, Mayhood T, Mortison JD, Serebrov V, Sondey C, Sriraman V, Tucker TJ, Walji A, Wan H, Yue Y, Stoeck A, DiMauro EF. Discovery and characterization of novel peptide inhibitors of the NRF2/MAFG/DNA ternary complex for the treatment of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113686. [PMID: 34303079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathway activating mutations of the transcription factor NRF2 and its negative regulator KEAP1 are strongly correlative with poor clinical outcome with pemetrexed/carbo(cis)platin/pembrolizumab (PCP) chemo-immunotherapy in lung cancer. Despite the strong genetic support and therapeutic potential for a NRF2 transcriptional inhibitor, currently there are no known direct inhibitors of the NRF2 protein or its complexes with MAF and/or DNA. Herein we describe the design of a novel and high-confidence homology model to guide a medicinal chemistry effort that resulted in the discovery of a series of peptides that demonstrate high affinity, selective binding to the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) DNA and thereby displace NRF2-MAFG from its promoter, which is an inhibitory mechanism that to our knowledge has not been previously described. In addition to their activity in electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and TR-FRET-based assays, we show significant dose-dependent ternary complex disruption of NRF2-MAFG binding to DNA by SPR, as well as cellular target engagement by thermal destabilization of HiBiT-tagged NRF2 in the NCI-H1944 NSCLC cell line upon digitonin permeabilization, and SAR studies leading to improved cellular stability. We report the characterization and unique profile of lead peptide 18, which we believe to be a useful in vitro tool to probe NRF2 biology in cancer cell lines and models, while also serving as an excellent starting point for additional in vivo optimization toward inhibition of NRF2-driven transcription to address a significant unmet medical need in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA.
| | - Michael D Altman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM, Via Pontina, 30,600, 00071 Pomezia RM, Italy
| | - Sonia DelRizzo
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM, Via Pontina, 30,600, 00071 Pomezia RM, Italy
| | - Edward N DiNunzio
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-15, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Guo Feng
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Peter Goldenblatt
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Raffaele Ingenito
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM, Via Pontina, 30,600, 00071 Pomezia RM, Italy
| | - Scott A Johnson
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - My Sam Mansueto
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Todd Mayhood
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-15, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mortison
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Victor Serebrov
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Christopher Sondey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Venkat Sriraman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Thomas J Tucker
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Abbas Walji
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Hui Wan
- Merck & Co., Inc., PPDM, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yingzi Yue
- Merck & Co., Inc., Biology, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Alexander Stoeck
- Merck & Co., Inc., Biology, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Erin F DiMauro
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fradera X, Deng Q, Achab A, Garcia Y, Kattar SD, McGowan MA, Methot JL, Wilson K, Zhou H, Shaffer L, Goldenblatt P, Tong V, Augustin MA, Altman MD, Lesburg CA, Shah S, Katz JD. Discovery of a new series of PI3K-δ inhibitors from Virtual Screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 42:128046. [PMID: 33865969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PI3K-δ mediates key immune cell signaling pathways and is a target of interest for treatment of oncological and immunological disorders. Here we describe the discovery and optimization of a novel series of PI3K-δ selective inhibitors. We first identified hits containing an isoindolinone scaffold using a combined ligand- and receptor-based virtual screening workflow, and then improved potency and selectivity guided by structural data and modeling. Careful optimization of molecular properties led to compounds with improved permeability and pharmacokinetic profile, and high potency in a whole blood assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fradera
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Yudith Garcia
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Joey L Methot
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Wilson
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynsey Shaffer
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael D Altman
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Lesburg
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjiv Shah
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason D Katz
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Methot JL, Zhou H, McGowan MA, Anthony NJ, Christopher M, Garcia Y, Achab A, Lipford K, Trotter BW, Altman MD, Fradera X, Lesburg CA, Li C, Alves S, Chappell CP, Jain R, Mangado R, Pinheiro E, Williams SMG, Goldenblatt P, Hill A, Shaffer L, Chen D, Tong V, McLeod RL, Lee HH, Yu H, Shah S, Katz JD. Projected Dose Optimization of Amino- and Hydroxypyrrolidine Purine PI3Kδ Immunomodulators. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5137-5156. [PMID: 33797901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The approvals of idelalisib and duvelisib have validated PI3Kδ inhibitors for the treatment for hematological malignancies driven by the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our program led to the identification of structurally distinct heterocycloalkyl purine inhibitors with excellent isoform and kinome selectivity; however, they had high projected human doses. Improved ligand contacts gave potency enhancements, while replacement of metabolic liabilities led to extended half-lives in preclinical species, affording PI3Kδ inhibitors with low once-daily predicted human doses. Treatment of C57BL/6-Foxp3-GDL reporter mice with 30 and 100 mg/kg/day of 3c (MSD-496486311) led to a 70% reduction in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells as observed through bioluminescence imaging with luciferin, consistent with the role of PI3K/AKT signaling in Treg cell proliferation. As a model for allergic rhinitis and asthma, treatment of ovalbumin-challenged Brown Norway rats with 0.3 to 30 mg/kg/day of 3c gave a dose-dependent reduction in pulmonary bronchoalveolar lavage inflammation eosinophil cell count.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joey L Methot
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Meredeth A McGowan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Neville John Anthony
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Matthew Christopher
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Yudith Garcia
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Abdelghani Achab
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Kathryn Lipford
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Benjamin Wesley Trotter
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Michael D Altman
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Charles A Lesburg
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Chaomin Li
- Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Stephen Alves
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Craig P Chappell
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Renu Jain
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Ruban Mangado
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Elaine Pinheiro
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Sybill M G Williams
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Peter Goldenblatt
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Armetta Hill
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Lynsey Shaffer
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Vincent Tong
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Robbie L McLeod
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Hongshi Yu
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Sanjiv Shah
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Jason D Katz
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Palte RL, Schneider SE, Altman MD, Hayes RP, Kawamura S, Lacey BM, Mansueto MS, Reutershan M, Siliphaivanh P, Sondey C, Xu H, Xu Z, Ye Y, Machacek MR. Allosteric Modulation of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1688-1693. [PMID: 32944135 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) belongs to a family of enzymes that regulate the posttranslational modification of histones and other proteins via methylation of arginine. Methylation of histones is linked to an increase in transcription and regulates a manifold of functions such as signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. PRMT5 has been shown to be upregulated in the tumor environment of several cancer types, and the inhibition of PRMT5 activity was identified as a potential way to reduce tumor growth. Previously, four different modes of PRMT5 inhibition were known-competing (covalently or non-covalently) with the essential cofactor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), blocking the substrate binding pocket, or blocking both simultaneously. Herein we describe an unprecedented conformation of PRMT5 in which the formation of an allosteric binding pocket abrogates the enzyme's canonical binding site and present the discovery of potent small molecule allosteric PRMT5 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert P. Hayes
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan BS, Perera SA, Piesvaux JA, Presland JP, Schroeder GK, Cumming JN, Trotter BW, Altman MD, Buevich AV, Cash B, Cemerski S, Chang W, Chen Y, Dandliker PJ, Feng G, Haidle A, Henderson T, Jewell J, Kariv I, Knemeyer I, Kopinja J, Lacey BM, Laskey J, Lesburg CA, Liang R, Long BJ, Lu M, Ma Y, Minnihan EC, O’Donnell G, Otte R, Price L, Rakhilina L, Sauvagnat B, Sharma S, Tyagarajan S, Woo H, Wyss DF, Xu S, Bennett DJ, Addona GH. An orally available non-nucleotide STING agonist with antitumor
activity. Science 2020; 369:369/6506/eaba6098. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the STING (stimulator of interferon
genes)–controlled innate immune pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy for
cancer. Here we report the identification of MSA-2, an orally available
non-nucleotide human STING agonist. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, subcutaneous
and oral MSA-2 regimens were well tolerated and stimulated interferon-β secretion
in tumors, induced tumor regression with durable antitumor immunity, and
synergized with anti–PD-1 therapy. Experimental and theoretical analyses showed
that MSA-2 exists as interconverting monomers and dimers in solution, but only
dimers bind and activate STING. This model was validated by using synthetic
covalent MSA-2 dimers, which were potent agonists. Cellular potency of MSA-2
increased upon extracellular acidification, which mimics the tumor
microenvironment. These properties appear to underpin the favorable activity and
tolerability profiles of effective systemic administration of MSA-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sheng Pan
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Samanthi A. Perera
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jeremy P. Presland
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jared N. Cumming
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - B. Wesley Trotter
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Alexei V. Buevich
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Brandon Cash
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Saso Cemerski
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Wonsuk Chang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Peter J. Dandliker
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Guo Feng
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew Haidle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy Henderson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - James Jewell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ilona Kariv
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Johnny Kopinja
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Brian M. Lacey
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Jason Laskey
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Charles A. Lesburg
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Brian J. Long
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yanhong Ma
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ellen C. Minnihan
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Greg O’Donnell
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan Otte
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Laura Price
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Larissa Rakhilina
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Berengere Sauvagnat
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Sharad Sharma
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Sriram Tyagarajan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Hyun Woo
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel F. Wyss
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Serena Xu
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - George H. Addona
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fradera X, Methot JL, Achab A, Christopher M, Altman MD, Zhou H, McGowan MA, Kattar SD, Wilson K, Garcia Y, Augustin MA, Lesburg CA, Shah S, Goldenblatt P, Katz JD. Corrigendum to “Design of selective PI3Kδ inhibitors using an iterative scaffold-hopping workflow” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 29 (2019) 2575–2580]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Siu T, Altman MD, Baltus GA, Childers M, Ellis JM, Gunaydin H, Hatch H, Ho T, Jewell J, Lacey BM, Lesburg CA, Pan BS, Sauvagnat B, Schroeder GK, Xu S. Discovery of a Novel cGAMP Competitive Ligand of the Inactive Form of STING. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:92-97. [PMID: 30655953 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugging large protein pockets is a challenge due to the need for higher molecular weight ligands, which generally possess undesirable physicochemical properties. In this communication, we highlight a strategy leveraging small molecule active site dimers to inhibit the large symmetric binding pocket in the STING protein. By taking advantage of the 2:1 binding stoichiometry, maximal buried interaction with STING protein can be achieved while maintaining the ligand physicochemical properties necessary for oral exposure. This mode of binding requires unique considerations for potency optimization including simultaneous optimization of protein-ligand as well as ligand-ligand interactions. Successful implementation of this strategy led to the identification of 18, which exhibits good oral exposure, slow binding kinetics, and functional inhibition of STING-mediated cytokine release.
Collapse
|
14
|
Baker JA, Altman MD, Martin IJ. Interpretation of in Vitro Metabolic Stability Studies for Racemic Mixtures. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:843-847. [PMID: 30128078 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In early drug discovery, where chiral syntheses may not yet have been elucidated or enantiomeric separation is not feasible, screening of racemates in metabolic stability assays may offer a pragmatic approach. To assess the risk of incorrectly deprioritizing enantiomers due to misclassification of apparent in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLintapp), we evaluated (1) theoretical simulations; (2) literature on enantiomeric CLintapp differences; (3) historic MSD data; and (4) new data on enantiomers with high eudysmic ratios and low predicted three-dimensional similarity. Overall, the results suggested minimal risk of not progressing an enantiomer due to an appreciably different (>3-fold) racemate CLintapp.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gunaydin H, Altman MD, Ellis JM, Fuller P, Johnson SA, Lahue B, Lapointe B. Strategy for Extending Half-life in Drug Design and Its Significance. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:528-533. [PMID: 29937977 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical optimization of compounds toward viable drug candidates requires an integrated understanding of properties that impact predictions of the clinically efficacious dose. The importance of optimizing half-life, unbound clearance, and potency and how they impact dose predictions are discussed in this letter. Modest half-life improvements for short half-life compounds can dramatically lower the efficacious dose. The relationship between dose and half-life is nonlinear when unbound clearance is kept constant, whereas the relationship between dose and unbound clearance is linear when half-life is kept constant. Due to this difference, we show that dose is more sensitive to changes in half-life than changes in unbound clearance when half-lives are shorter than 2 h. Through matched molecular pair analyses, we also show that the strategic introduction of halogens is likely to increase half-life and lower projected human dose even though increased lipophilicity does not guarantee extended half-life.
Collapse
|
16
|
Santa Maria JP, Park Y, Yang L, Murgolo N, Altman MD, Zuck P, Adam G, Chamberlin C, Saradjian P, Dandliker P, Boshoff HIM, Barry CE, Garlisi C, Olsen DB, Young K, Glick M, Nickbarg E, Kutchukian PS. Linking High-Throughput Screens to Identify MoAs and Novel Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dihydrofolate Reductase. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2448-2456. [PMID: 28806050 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Though phenotypic and target-based high-throughput screening approaches have been employed to discover new antibiotics, the identification of promising therapeutic candidates remains challenging. Each approach provides different information, and understanding their results can provide hypotheses for a mechanism of action (MoA) and reveal actionable chemical matter. Here, we describe a framework for identifying efficacy targets of bioactive compounds. High throughput biophysical profiling against a broad range of targets coupled with machine learning was employed to identify chemical features with predicted efficacy targets for a given phenotypic screen. We validate the approach on data from a set of 55 000 compounds in 24 historical internal antibacterial phenotypic screens and 636 bacterial targets screened in high-throughput biophysical binding assays. Models were built to reveal the relationships between phenotype, target, and chemotype, which recapitulated mechanisms for known antibacterials. We also prospectively identified novel inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase with nanomolar antibacterial efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecular modeling provided structural insight into target-ligand interactions underlying selective killing activity toward mycobacteria over human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P. Santa Maria
- Modeling & Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yumi Park
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lihu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Department of Information & Analytics, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Modeling & Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Paul Zuck
- Research Science, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., North Wales, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Greg Adam
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., North Wales, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Chad Chamberlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Peter Saradjian
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Peter Dandliker
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Charles Garlisi
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States
| | - David B. Olsen
- Neglected Tropical Disease Discovery, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Katherine Young
- Neglected Tropical Disease Discovery, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Meir Glick
- Modeling & Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Elliott Nickbarg
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Peter S. Kutchukian
- Modeling & Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Daublain P, Feng KI, Altman MD, Martin I, Mukherjee S, Nofsinger R, Northrup AB, Tschirret-Guth R, Cartwright M, McGregor C. Analyzing the Potential Root Causes of Variability of Pharmacokinetics in Preclinical Species. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1634-1645. [PMID: 28329443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess variability in pharmacokinetic profiles (PK variability) in preclinical species and identify the risk factors associated with the properties of a drug molecule that contribute to the variability. Exposure data in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey for a total of 16,592 research compounds studied between 1999 and 2013 were included in the analysis. Both in vivo study parameters and in silico/experimental physicochemical properties of the molecules were analyzed. Areas under the plasma concentration vs time curves (AUC) were used to assess PK variability. PK variability was calculated as the ratio of the highest AUC within a defined set of AUC values (AUCmax) over the lowest AUC within that set (AUCmin). Both intra- and inter-animal variability were analyzed, with intra-animal exposures found to be more variable than inter-animal exposures. While several routes of administration were initially studied, the analysis was focused on the oral route, which corresponds to the large majority of data points and displays higher variability than the subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous routes. The association between inter-animal PK variability and physical properties was studied, and low solubility, high administered dose, high preclinical dose number (PDo), and pH-dependent solubility were found to be associated with high variability in exposures. Permeability-as assessed by the measured permeability coefficient in the LLC-PK1 cell line-was also considered but appeared to only have a weak association with variability. Consistent with these findings, BCS class I and III compounds were found to be less prone to PK variability than BCS class II and IV compounds. A modest association of PK variability with clearance was observed while the association with bioavailability, a higher PK variability for compounds with lower bioavailability, appeared to be more pronounced. Finally, two case studies that highlight PK variability issues are described, and successful mitigation strategies are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Daublain
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kung-I Feng
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael D Altman
- Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Iain Martin
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Suman Mukherjee
- Biochemical Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rebecca Nofsinger
- Biopharmaceutics & Specialty Dosage Forms, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Alan B Northrup
- Medicinal Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard Tschirret-Guth
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark Cartwright
- Drug Safety, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Caroline McGregor
- Analytical Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ellis JM, Altman MD, Cash B, Haidle AM, Kubiak RL, Maddess ML, Yan Y, Northrup AB. Carboxamide Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) Inhibitors: Leveraging Ground State Interactions To Accelerate Optimization. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:1151-1155. [PMID: 27994755 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of a series of highly potent and kinome selective carbon-linked carboxamide spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitors with favorable drug-like properties is described. A pervasive Ames liability in an analogous nitrogen-linked carboxamide series was obviated by replacement with a carbon-linked moiety. Initial efforts lacked on-target potency, likely due to strain induced between the hinge binding amide and solvent front heterocycle. Consideration of ground state and bound state energetics allowed rapid realization of improved solvent front substituents affording subnanomolar Syk potency and high kinome selectivity. These molecules were also devoid of mutagenicity risk as assessed via the Ames test using the TA97a Salmonella strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Ellis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Brandon Cash
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Andrew M. Haidle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel L. Kubiak
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew L. Maddess
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Youwei Yan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan B. Northrup
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Katz JD, Haidle A, Childers KK, Zabierek AA, Jewell JP, Hou Y, Altman MD, Szewczak A, Chen D, Harsch A, Hayashi M, Warren L, Hutton M, Nuthall H, Su HP, Munshi S, Stanton MG, Davies IW, Munoz B, Northrup A. Structure guided design of a series of selective pyrrolopyrimidinone MARK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:114-120. [PMID: 27816515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The initial structure activity relationships around an isoindoline uHTS hit will be described. Information gleaned from ligand co-crystal structures allowed for rapid refinements in both MARK potency and kinase selectivity. These efforts allowed for the identification of a compound with properties suitable for use as an in vitro tool compound for validation studies on MARK as a viable target for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Andrew Haidle
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaleen K Childers
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna A Zabierek
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James P Jewell
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongquan Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael D Altman
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Szewczak
- Department of In Vitro Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreas Harsch
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mansuo Hayashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lee Warren
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Hutton
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hugh Nuthall
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sanjeev Munshi
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Matt G Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian W Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Northrup
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Haidle AM, Childers KK, Zabierek AA, Katz JD, Jewell JP, Hou Y, Altman MD, Szewczak A, Chen D, Harsch A, Hayashi M, Warren L, Hutton M, Nuthall H, Stanton MG, Davies IW, Munoz B, Northrup A. MARK inhibitors: Declaring a No-Go decision on a chemical series based on extensive DMPK experimentation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:109-113. [PMID: 27894874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to optimize pharmacokinetic properties in a promising series of pyrrolopyrimidinone MARK inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are described. A focus on physical properties and ligand efficiency while prosecuting this series afforded key tool compounds that revealed a large discrepancy in the rat in vitro-in vivo DMPK (Drug Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics) correlation. These differences prompted an in vivo rat disposition study employing a radiolabeled representative of the series, and the results from this experiment justified the termination of any further optimization efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Haidle
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaleen K Childers
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna A Zabierek
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason D Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James P Jewell
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yongquan Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael D Altman
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Szewczak
- Department of In Vitro Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreas Harsch
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mansuo Hayashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lee Warren
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Hutton
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hugh Nuthall
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matt G Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian W Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Northrup
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Severyn B, Nguyen T, Altman MD, Li L, Nagashima K, Naumov GN, Sathyanarayanan S, Cook E, Morris E, Ferrer M, Arthur B, Benita Y, Watters J, Loboda A, Hermes J, Gilliland DG, Cleary MA, Carroll PM, Strack P, Tudor M, Andersen JN. Development of a High-Throughput Gene Expression Screen for Modulators of RAS-MAPK Signaling in a Mutant RAS Cellular Context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:989-97. [PMID: 27461835 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116658646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The RAS-MAPK pathway controls many cellular programs, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In colorectal cancers, recurrent mutations in this pathway often lead to increased cell signaling that may contribute to the development of neoplasms, thereby making this pathway attractive for therapeutic intervention. To this end, we developed a 26-member gene signature of RAS-MAPK pathway activity utilizing the Affymetrix QuantiGene Plex 2.0 reagent system and performed both primary and confirmatory gene expression-based high-throughput screens (GE-HTSs) using KRAS mutant colon cancer cells (SW837) and leveraging a highly annotated chemical library. The screen achieved a hit rate of 1.4% and was able to enrich for hit compounds that target RAS-MAPK pathway members such as MEK and EGFR. Sensitivity and selectivity performance measurements were 0.84 and 1.00, respectively, indicating high true-positive and true-negative rates. Active compounds from the primary screen were confirmed in a dose-response GE-HTS assay, a GE-HTS assay using 14 additional cancer cell lines, and an in vitro colony formation assay. Altogether, our data suggest that this GE-HTS assay will be useful for larger unbiased chemical screens to identify novel compounds and mechanisms that may modulate the RAS-MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Severyn
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co. Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Thi Nguyen
- Oncology, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael D Altman
- Chemical Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lixia Li
- Oncology, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erica Cook
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co. Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | | | - Marc Ferrer
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co. Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Bill Arthur
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co. Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Yair Benita
- Informatics and Analysis, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jim Watters
- Informatics and Analysis, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Andrey Loboda
- Informatics and Analysis, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jeff Hermes
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co. Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matt Tudor
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck & Co. Inc., North Wales, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sloman DL, Noucti N, Altman MD, Chen D, Mislak AC, Szewczak A, Hayashi M, Warren L, Dellovade T, Wu Z, Marcus J, Walker D, Su HP, Edavettal SC, Munshi S, Hutton M, Nuthall H, Stanton MG. Optimization of microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK) inhibitors with improved physical properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4362-6. [PMID: 27491711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK) represents a potentially attractive means of arresting neurofibrillary tangle pathology in Alzheimer's disease. This manuscript outlines efforts to optimize a pyrazolopyrimidine series of MARK inhibitors by focusing on improvements in potency, physical properties and attributes amenable to CNS penetration. A unique cylcyclohexyldiamine scaffold was identified that led to remarkable improvements in potency, opening up opportunities to reduce MW, Pgp efflux and improve pharmacokinetic properties while also conferring improved solubility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Sloman
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Njamkou Noucti
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael D Altman
- Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Andrea C Mislak
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Alexander Szewczak
- CNS Pharmacology, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Mansuo Hayashi
- CNS Pharmacology, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Lee Warren
- CNS Pharmacology, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Tammy Dellovade
- Core Pharmacology, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Core Pharmacology, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Jacob Marcus
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Deborah Walker
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- Structural Biology, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Suzanne C Edavettal
- Structural Biology, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Sanjeev Munshi
- Structural Biology, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Michael Hutton
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Hugh Nuthall
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Matthew G Stanton
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck and Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lim J, Altman MD, Baker J, Brubaker JD, Chen H, Chen Y, Kleinschek MA, Li C, Liu D, Maclean JKF, Mulrooney EF, Presland J, Rakhilina L, Smith GF, Yang R. Identification of N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carboxamide inhibitors of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4: Bicyclic core modifications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5384-8. [PMID: 26403930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IRAK4 plays a critical role in the IL-1R and TLR signalling, and selective inhibition of the kinase activity of the protein represents an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. A series of permeable N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carboxamides was developed by introducing lipophilic bicyclic cores in place of the polar pyrazolopyrimidine core of 5-amino-N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides. Replacement of the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine core with the pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine, the pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazine, and thieno[2,3-b]pyrazine cores guided by cLogD led to the identification of highly permeable IRAK4 inhibitors with excellent potency and kinase selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Michael D Altman
- Department of Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - James Baker
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jason D Brubaker
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Melanie A Kleinschek
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Chaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - John K F Maclean
- Department of Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Erin F Mulrooney
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jeremy Presland
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Larissa Rakhilina
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Graham F Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ruojing Yang
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lim J, Altman MD, Baker J, Brubaker JD, Chen H, Chen Y, Fischmann T, Gibeau C, Kleinschek MA, Leccese E, Lesburg C, Maclean JKF, Moy LY, Mulrooney EF, Presland J, Rakhilina L, Smith GF, Steinhuebel D, Yang R. Discovery of 5-Amino-N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide Inhibitors of IRAK4. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:683-8. [PMID: 26101574 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is an essential signal transducer downstream of the IL-1R and TLR superfamily, and selective inhibition of the kinase activity of the protein represents an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. A series of 5-amino-N-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamides was developed via sequential modifications to the 5-position of the pyrazolopyrimidine ring and the 3-position of the pyrazole ring. Replacement of substituents responsible for poor permeability and improvement of physical properties guided by cLogD led to the identification of IRAK4 inhibitors with excellent potency, kinase selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties suitable for oral dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Lim
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James Baker
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jason D. Brubaker
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yiping Chen
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Thierry Fischmann
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Craig Gibeau
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Melanie A. Kleinschek
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erica Leccese
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles Lesburg
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John K. F. Maclean
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lily Y. Moy
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erin F. Mulrooney
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jeremy Presland
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Larissa Rakhilina
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Graham F. Smith
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dietrich Steinhuebel
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ruojing Yang
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Immunology, §Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, ∥Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ⊥In Vitro Pharmacology, #In Vivo Pharmacology, and ∇Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ellis JM, Altman MD, Bass A, Butcher JW, Byford AJ, Donofrio A, Galloway S, Haidle AM, Jewell J, Kelly N, Leccese EK, Lee S, Maddess M, Miller JR, Moy LY, Osimboni E, Otte RD, Reddy MV, Spencer K, Sun B, Vincent SH, Ward GJ, Woo GHC, Yang C, Houshyar H, Northrup AB. Overcoming Mutagenicity and Ion Channel Activity: Optimization of Selective Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1929-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5018169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Ellis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan Bass
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John W. Butcher
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan J. Byford
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anthony Donofrio
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sheila Galloway
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Andrew M. Haidle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James Jewell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nancy Kelly
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Erica K. Leccese
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sandra Lee
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Maddess
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - J. Richard Miller
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lily Y. Moy
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ekundayo Osimboni
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan D. Otte
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - M. Vijay Reddy
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kerrie Spencer
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Binyuan Sun
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Stella H. Vincent
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gwendolyn J. Ward
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Grace H. C. Woo
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chiming Yang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hani Houshyar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alan B. Northrup
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Process Research, §Department of Immunology, ∥Department of Pharmacology, ⊥Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, #Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, and ▽Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Siu T, Kumarasinghe SE, Altman MD, Katcher M, Northrup A, White C, Rosenstein C, Mathur A, Xu L, Chan G, Bachman E, Bouthillette M, Dinsmore CJ, Marshall CG, Young JR. The discovery of reverse tricyclic pyridone JAK2 inhibitors. Part 2: lead optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1466-71. [PMID: 24582987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This communication discusses the discovery of novel reverse tricyclic pyridones as inhibitors of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). By using a kinase cross screening approach coupled with molecular modeling, a unique inhibitor-water interaction was discovered to impart excellent broad kinase selectivity. Improvements in intrinsic potency were achieved by utilizing a rapid library approach, while targeted structural changes to lower lipophilicity led to improved rat pharmacokinetics. This multi-pronged approach led to the identification of 31, which demonstrated encouraging rat pharmacokinetics, in vivo potency, and excellent off-target kinase selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Siu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | - Michael D Altman
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Katcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Northrup
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine White
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig Rosenstein
- Department of In Vitro Sciences, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anjili Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace Chan
- Department of In Vitro Sciences, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Bachman
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melaney Bouthillette
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher J Dinsmore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - C Gary Marshall
- Department of Oncology, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan R Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shen Y, Altman MD, Ali A, Nalam MNL, Cao H, Rana TM, Schiffer CA, Tidor B. Testing the substrate-envelope hypothesis with designed pairs of compounds. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2433-41. [PMID: 23952265 PMCID: PMC3833293 DOI: 10.1021/cb400468c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Acquired resistance to therapeutic
agents is a significant barrier to the development of clinically effective
treatments for diseases in which evolution occurs on clinical time
scales, frequently arising from target mutations. We previously reported
a general strategy to design effective inhibitors for rapidly mutating
enzyme targets, which we demonstrated for HIV-1 protease inhibition
[Altman et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6099–6113]. Specifically, we developed a computational inverse
design procedure with the added constraint that designed inhibitors
bind entirely inside the substrate envelope, a consensus volume occupied
by natural substrates. The rationale for the substrate-envelope constraint
is that it prevents designed inhibitors from making interactions beyond
those required by substrates and thus limits the availability of mutations
tolerated by substrates but not by designed inhibitors. The strategy
resulted in subnanomolar inhibitors that bind robustly across a clinically
derived panel of drug-resistant variants. To further test the substrate-envelope
hypothesis, here we have designed, synthesized, and assayed derivatives
of our original compounds that are larger and extend outside the substrate
envelope. Our designs resulted in pairs of compounds that are very
similar to one another, but one respects and one violates the substrate
envelope. The envelope-respecting inhibitor demonstrates robust binding
across a panel of drug-resistant protease variants, whereas the envelope-violating
one binds tightly to wild type but loses affinity to at least one
variant. This study provides strong support for the substrate-envelope
hypothesis as a design strategy for inhibitors that reduce susceptibility
to resistance mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tariq M. Rana
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nalam MN, Ali A, Reddy GKK, Cao H, Anjum SG, Altman MD, Yilmaz NK, Tidor B, Rana TM, Schiffer CA. Substrate envelope-designed potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors to avoid drug resistance. Chem Biol 2013; 20:1116-24. [PMID: 24012370 PMCID: PMC3934494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of HIV under selective drug pressure has led to multidrug resistant (MDR) strains that evade standard therapies. We designed highly potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) using the substrate envelope model, which confines inhibitors within the consensus volume of natural substrates, providing inhibitors less susceptible to resistance because a mutation affecting such inhibitors will simultaneously affect viral substrate processing. The designed PIs share a common chemical scaffold but utilize various moieties that optimally fill the substrate envelope, as confirmed by crystal structures. The designed PIs retain robust binding to MDR protease variants and display exceptional antiviral potencies against different clades of HIV as well as a panel of 12 drug-resistant viral strains. The substrate envelope model proves to be a powerful strategy to develop potent and robust inhibitors that avoid drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi N.L. Nalam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - G.S. Kiran Kumar Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Saima G. Anjum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Department of Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Bruce Tidor: Phone: +1 (617) 253-7258, , Tariq M. Rana: Phone: +1 (858)795-5325, , Celia A. Schiffer: Phone: +1 (508) 856-8008,
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Bruce Tidor: Phone: +1 (617) 253-7258, , Tariq M. Rana: Phone: +1 (858)795-5325, , Celia A. Schiffer: Phone: +1 (508) 856-8008,
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Bruce Tidor: Phone: +1 (617) 253-7258, , Tariq M. Rana: Phone: +1 (858)795-5325, , Celia A. Schiffer: Phone: +1 (508) 856-8008,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Northrup AB, Katcher MH, Altman MD, Chenard M, Daniels MH, Deshmukh SV, Falcone D, Guerin DJ, Hatch H, Li C, Lu W, Lutterbach B, Allison TJ, Patel SB, Reilly JF, Reutershan M, Rickert KW, Rosenstein C, Soisson SM, Szewczak AA, Walker D, Wilson K, Young JR, Pan BS, Dinsmore CJ. Discovery of 1-[3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-oxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanesulfonamide (MK-8033): A Specific c-Met/Ron dual kinase inhibitor with preferential affinity for the activated state of c-Met. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2294-310. [PMID: 23379595 DOI: 10.1021/jm301619u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This report documents the first example of a specific inhibitor of protein kinases with preferential binding to the activated kinase conformation: 5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-5-one 11r (MK-8033), a dual c-Met/Ron inhibitor under investigation as a treatment for cancer. The design of 11r was based on the desire to reduce time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 (TDI) by members of this structural class. A novel two-step protocol for the synthesis of benzylic sulfonamides was developed to access 11r and analogues. We provide a rationale for the observed selectivity based on X-ray crystallographic evidence and discuss selectivity trends with additional examples. Importantly, 11r provides full inhibition of tumor growth in a c-Met amplified (GTL-16) subcutaneous tumor xenograft model and may have an advantage over inactive form kinase inhibitors due to equal potency against a panel of oncogenic activating mutations of c-Met in contrast to c-Met inhibitors without preferential binding to the active kinase conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Northrup
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lim J, Taoka B, Otte RD, Spencer K, Dinsmore CJ, Altman MD, Chan G, Rosenstein C, Sharma S, Su HP, Szewczak AA, Xu L, Yin H, Zugay-Murphy J, Marshall CG, Young JR. Discovery of 1-amino-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-4-carboxamide inhibitors of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) for the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7334-49. [PMID: 21942426 DOI: 10.1021/jm200909u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The JAK-STAT pathway mediates signaling by cytokines, which control survival, proliferation, and differentiation of a variety of cells. In recent years, a single point mutation (V617F) in the tyrosine kinase JAK2 was found to be present with a high incidence in myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs). This mutation led to hyperactivation of JAK2, cytokine-independent signaling, and subsequent activation of downstream signaling networks. The genetic, biological, and physiological evidence suggests that JAK2 inhibitors could be effective in treating MPDs. De novo design efforts of new scaffolds identified 1-amino-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-4-carboxamides as a new viable lead series. Subsequent optimization of cell potency, metabolic stability, and off-target activities of the leads led to the discovery of 7-(2-aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-1-{[(1R)-1-cyclopropyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl]amino}-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-4-carboxamide (65). Compound 65 is a potent, orally active inhibitor of JAK2 with excellent selectivity, PK profile, and in vivo efficacy in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Katz JD, Jewell JP, Guerin DJ, Lim J, Dinsmore CJ, Deshmukh SV, Pan BS, Marshall CG, Lu W, Altman MD, Dahlberg WK, Davis L, Falcone D, Gabarda AE, Hang G, Hatch H, Holmes R, Kunii K, Lumb KJ, Lutterbach B, Mathvink R, Nazef N, Patel SB, Qu X, Reilly JF, Rickert KW, Rosenstein C, Soisson SM, Spencer KB, Szewczak AA, Walker D, Wang W, Young J, Zeng Q. Discovery of a 5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-5-one (MK-2461) inhibitor of c-Met kinase for the treatment of cancer. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4092-108. [PMID: 21608528 DOI: 10.1021/jm200112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
c-Met is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that mediates activation of several signaling pathways implicated in aggressive cancer phenotypes. In recent years, research into this area has highlighted c-Met as an attractive cancer drug target, triggering a number of approaches to disrupt aberrant c-Met signaling. Screening efforts identified a unique class of 5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-5-one kinase inhibitors, exemplified by 1. Subsequent SAR studies led to the development of 81 (MK-2461), a potent inhibitor of c-Met that was efficacious in preclinical animal models of tumor suppression. In addition, biochemical studies and X-ray analysis have revealed that this unique class of kinase inhibitors binds preferentially to the activated (phosphorylated) form of the kinase. This report details the development of 81 and provides a description of its unique biochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-2-114, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Siu T, Kozina ES, Jung J, Rosenstein C, Mathur A, Altman MD, Chan G, Xu L, Bachman E, Mo JR, Bouthillette M, Rush T, Dinsmore CJ, Marshall CG, Young JR. The discovery of tricyclic pyridone JAK2 inhibitors. Part 1: hit to lead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7421-5. [PMID: 21044843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the discovery and design of a novel class of JAK2 inhibitors. Furthermore, we detail the optimization of a screening hit using ligand binding efficiency and log D. These efforts led to the identification of compound 41, which demonstrates in vivo activity in our study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Siu
- Department of Chemistry, Merck & Co., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bardhan JP, Altman MD, Tidor B, White JK. “Reverse-Schur” Approach to Optimization with Linear PDE Constraints: Application to Biomolecule Analysis and Design. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:3260-3278. [DOI: 10.1021/ct9001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep P. Bardhan
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D. Altman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - B. Tidor
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob K. White
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Computational molecular design is a useful tool in modern drug discovery. Virtual screening is an approach that docks and then scores individual members of compound libraries. In contrast to this forward approach, inverse approaches construct compounds from fragments, such that the computed affinity, or a combination of relevant properties, is optimized. We have recently developed a new inverse approach to drug design based on the dead-end elimination and A* algorithms employing a physical potential function. This approach has been applied to combinatorially constructed libraries of small-molecule ligands to design high-affinity HIV-1 protease inhibitors (Altman et al., J Am Chem Soc 2008;130:6099-6013). Here we have evaluated the new method using the well-studied W191G mutant of cytochrome c peroxidase. This mutant possesses a charged binding pocket and has been used to evaluate other design approaches. The results show that overall the new inverse approach does an excellent job of separating binders from nonbinders. For a few individual cases, scoring inaccuracies led to false positives. The majority of these involve erroneous solvation energy estimation for charged amines, anilinium ions, and phenols, which has been observed previously for a variety of scoring algorithms. Interestingly, although inverse approaches are generally expected to identify some but not all binders in a library, due to limited conformational searching, these results show excellent coverage of the known binders while still showing strong discrimination of the nonbinders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Huggins
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jorissen RN, Reddy GSKK, Ali A, Altman MD, Chellappan S, Anjum SG, Tidor B, Schiffer CA, Rana TM, Gilson MK. Additivity in the analysis and design of HIV protease inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:737-54. [PMID: 19193159 DOI: 10.1021/jm8009525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We explore the applicability of an additive treatment of substituent effects to the analysis and design of HIV protease inhibitors. Affinity data for a set of inhibitors with a common chemical framework were analyzed to provide estimates of the free energy contribution of each chemical substituent. These estimates were then used to design new inhibitors whose high affinities were confirmed by synthesis and experimental testing. Derivations of additive models by least-squares and ridge-regression methods were found to yield statistically similar results. The additivity approach was also compared with standard molecular descriptor-based QSAR; the latter was not found to provide superior predictions. Crystallographic studies of HIV protease-inhibitor complexes help explain the perhaps surprisingly high degree of substituent additivity in this system, and allow some of the additivity coefficients to be rationalized on a structural basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Jorissen
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, UMBI, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Janovick JA, Patny A, Mosley R, Goulet MT, Altman MD, Rush TS, Cornea A, Conn PM. Molecular mechanism of action of pharmacoperone rescue of misrouted GPCR mutants: the GnRH receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:157-68. [PMID: 19095769 PMCID: PMC2646616 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human GnRH receptor (hGnRHR), a G protein-coupled receptor, is a useful model for studying pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones), drugs that rescue misfolded and misrouted protein mutants and restore them to function. This technique forms the basis of a therapeutic approach of rescuing mutants associated with human disease and restoring them to function. The present study relies on computational modeling, followed by site-directed mutagenesis, assessment of ligand binding, effector activation, and confocal microscopy. Our results show that two different chemical classes of pharmacoperones act to stabilize hGnRHR mutants by bridging residues D(98) and K(121). This ligand-mediated bridge serves as a surrogate for a naturally occurring and highly conserved salt bridge (E(90)-K(121)) that stabilizes the relation between transmembranes 2 and 3, which is required for passage of the receptor through the cellular quality control system and to the plasma membrane. Our model was used to reveal important pharmacophoric features, and then identify a novel chemical ligand, which was able to rescue a D(98) mutant of the hGnRHR that could not be rescued as effectively by previously known pharmacoperones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann Janovick
- Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Altman MD, Bardhan JP, White JK, Tidor B. Accurate solution of multi-region continuum biomolecule electrostatic problems using the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation with curved boundary elements. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:132-53. [PMID: 18567005 PMCID: PMC3465726 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We present a boundary-element method (BEM) implementation for accurately solving problems in biomolecular electrostatics using the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Motivating this implementation is the desire to create a solver capable of precisely describing the geometries and topologies prevalent in continuum models of biological molecules. This implementation is enabled by the synthesis of four technologies developed or implemented specifically for this work. First, molecular and accessible surfaces used to describe dielectric and ion-exclusion boundaries were discretized with curved boundary elements that faithfully reproduce molecular geometries. Second, we avoided explicitly forming the dense BEM matrices and instead solved the linear systems with a preconditioned iterative method (GMRES), using a matrix compression algorithm (FFTSVD) to accelerate matrix-vector multiplication. Third, robust numerical integration methods were employed to accurately evaluate singular and near-singular integrals over the curved boundary elements. Fourth, we present a general boundary-integral approach capable of modeling an arbitrary number of embedded homogeneous dielectric regions with differing dielectric constants, possible salt treatment, and point charges. A comparison of the presented BEM implementation and standard finite-difference techniques demonstrates that for certain classes of electrostatic calculations, such as determining absolute electrostatic solvation and rigid-binding free energies, the improved convergence properties of the BEM approach can have a significant impact on computed energetics. We also demonstrate that the improved accuracy offered by the curved-element BEM is important when more sophisticated techniques, such as nonrigid-binding models, are used to compute the relative electrostatic effects of molecular modifications. In addition, we show that electrostatic calculations requiring multiple solves using the same molecular geometry, such as charge optimization or component analysis, can be computed to high accuracy using the presented BEM approach, in compute times comparable to traditional finite-difference methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Altman
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jaydeep P. Bardhan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jacob K. White
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Altman MD, Ali A, Reddy GSKK, Nalam MNL, Anjum SG, Cao H, Chellappan S, Kairys V, Fernandes MX, Gilson MK, Schiffer CA, Rana TM, Tidor B. HIV-1 protease inhibitors from inverse design in the substrate envelope exhibit subnanomolar binding to drug-resistant variants. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6099-113. [PMID: 18412349 PMCID: PMC3465729 DOI: 10.1021/ja076558p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of drug-resistant mutations by infectious pathogens remains a pressing health concern, and the development of strategies to combat this threat is a priority. Here we have applied a general strategy, inverse design using the substrate envelope, to develop inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Structure-based computation was used to design inhibitors predicted to stay within a consensus substrate volume in the binding site. Two rounds of design, synthesis, experimental testing, and structural analysis were carried out, resulting in a total of 51 compounds. Improvements in design methodology led to a roughly 1000-fold affinity enhancement to a wild-type protease for the best binders, from a Ki of 30-50 nM in round one to below 100 pM in round two. Crystal structures of a subset of complexes revealed a binding mode similar to each design that respected the substrate envelope in nearly all cases. All four best binders from round one exhibited broad specificity against a clinically relevant panel of drug-resistant HIV-1 protease variants, losing no more than 6-13-fold affinity relative to wild type. Testing a subset of second-round compounds against the panel of resistant variants revealed three classes of inhibitors: robust binders (maximum affinity loss of 14-16-fold), moderate binders (35-80-fold), and susceptible binders (greater than 100-fold). Although for especially high-affinity inhibitors additional factors may also be important, overall, these results suggest that designing inhibitors using the substrate envelope may be a useful strategy in the development of therapeutics with low susceptibility to resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Altman
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Akbar Ali
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachuetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - G. S. Kiran Kumar Reddy
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachuetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Madhavi N. L. Nalam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachuetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Saima Ghafoor Anjum
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachuetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hong Cao
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachuetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sripriya Chellappan
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Miguel X. Fernandes
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Michael K. Gilson
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachuetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachuetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Altman MD, Nalivaika EA, Prabu-Jeyabalan M, Schiffer CA, Tidor B. Computational design and experimental study of tighter binding peptides to an inactivated mutant of HIV-1 protease. Proteins 2008; 70:678-94. [PMID: 17729291 PMCID: PMC2802840 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance in HIV-1 protease, a barrier to effective treatment, is generally caused by mutations in the enzyme that disrupt inhibitor binding but still allow for substrate processing. Structural studies with mutant, inactive enzyme, have provided detailed information regarding how the substrates bind to the protease yet avoid resistance mutations; insights obtained inform the development of next generation therapeutics. Although structures have been obtained of complexes between substrate peptide and inactivated (D25N) protease, thermodynamic studies of peptide binding have been challenging due to low affinity. Peptides that bind tighter to the inactivated protease than the natural substrates would be valuable for thermodynamic studies as well as to explore whether the structural envelope observed for substrate peptides is a function of weak binding. Here, two computational methods-namely, charge optimization and protein design-were applied to identify peptide sequences predicted to have higher binding affinity to the inactivated protease, starting from an RT-RH derived substrate peptide. Of the candidate designed peptides, three were tested for binding with isothermal titration calorimetry, with one, containing a single threonine to valine substitution, measured to have more than a 10-fold improvement over the tightest binding natural substrate. Crystal structures were also obtained for the same three designed peptide complexes; they show good agreement with computational prediction. Thermodynamic studies show that binding is entropically driven, more so for designed affinity enhanced variants than for the starting substrate. Structural studies show strong similarities between natural and tighter-binding designed peptide complexes, which may have implications in understanding the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in HIV-1 protease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Altman
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ellen A. Nalivaika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Moses Prabu-Jeyabalan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
- Corresponding Authors: (CAS) and (BT)
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Chellappan S, Kiran Kumar Reddy GS, Ali A, Nalam MNL, Anjum SG, Cao H, Kairys V, Fernandes MX, Altman MD, Tidor B, Rana TM, Schiffer CA, Gilson MK. Design of mutation-resistant HIV protease inhibitors with the substrate envelope hypothesis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2007; 69:298-313. [PMID: 17539822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2007.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is a clinical need for HIV protease inhibitors that can evade resistance mutations. One possible approach to designing such inhibitors relies upon the crystallographic observation that the substrates of HIV protease occupy a rather constant region within the binding site. In particular, it has been hypothesized that inhibitors which lie within this region will tend to resist clinically relevant mutations. The present study offers the first prospective evaluation of this hypothesis, via computational design of inhibitors predicted to conform to the substrate envelope, followed by synthesis and evaluation against wild-type and mutant proteases, as well as structural studies of complexes of the designed inhibitors with HIV protease. The results support the utility of the substrate envelope hypothesis as a guide to the design of robust protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sripriya Chellappan
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, University of Maryland, Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bardhan JP, Altman MD, Willis DJ, Lippow SM, Tidor B, White JK. Numerical integration techniques for curved-element discretizations of molecule-solvent interfaces. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:014701. [PMID: 17627358 PMCID: PMC3495009 DOI: 10.1063/1.2743423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface formulations of biophysical modeling problems offer attractive theoretical and computational properties. Numerical simulations based on these formulations usually begin with discretization of the surface under consideration; often, the surface is curved, possessing complicated structure and possibly singularities. Numerical simulations commonly are based on approximate, rather than exact, discretizations of these surfaces. To assess the strength of the dependence of simulation accuracy on the fidelity of surface representation, here methods were developed to model several important surface formulations using exact surface discretizations. Following and refining Zauhar's work [J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Des. 9, 149 (1995)], two classes of curved elements were defined that can exactly discretize the van der Waals, solvent-accessible, and solvent-excluded (molecular) surfaces. Numerical integration techniques are presented that can accurately evaluate nonsingular and singular integrals over these curved surfaces. After validating the exactness of the surface discretizations and demonstrating the correctness of the presented integration methods, a set of calculations are presented that compare the accuracy of approximate, planar-triangle-based discretizations and exact, curved-element-based simulations of surface-generalized-Born (sGB), surface-continuum van der Waals (scvdW), and boundary-element method (BEM) electrostatics problems. Results demonstrate that continuum electrostatic calculations with BEM using curved elements, piecewise-constant basis functions, and centroid collocation are nearly ten times more accurate than planar-triangle BEM for basis sets of comparable size. The sGB and scvdW calculations give exceptional accuracy even for the coarsest obtainable discretized surfaces. The extra accuracy is attributed to the exact representation of the solute-solvent interface; in contrast, commonly used planar-triangle discretizations can only offer improved approximations with increasing discretization and associated increases in computational resources. The results clearly demonstrate that the methods for approximate integration on an exact geometry are far more accurate than exact integration on an approximate geometry. A MATLAB implementation of the presented integration methods and sample data files containing curved-element discretizations of several small molecules are available online as supplemental material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep P. Bardhan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Massachusetts Instead of Technology, USA
| | | | - David J. Willis
- Massachusetts Instead of Technology, USA
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
| | - Shaun M. Lippow
- Massachusetts Instead of Technology, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Massachusetts Instead of Technology, USA
- Biological Engineering Division
| | - Jacob K. White
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- Massachusetts Instead of Technology, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
A spectrofluorometric method of protein analysis using fluorescamine was shown to be a meaningful method of evaluating denture cleanser efficacy. This assay was useful in the presence of most currently used denture cleanser ingredients, materials which cause other protein assay methods to fail. The determination of dental plaque protein was shown to be an adequate measure of dental plaque dry weight.
Collapse
|