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Liu F, Li T, Gong H, Tian F, Bai Y, Wang H, Yang C, Li Y, Guo F, Liu S, Chen Q. Structural insights into the molecular effects of the anthelmintics monepantel and betaine on the Caenorhabditis elegans acetylcholine receptor ACR-23. EMBO J 2024; 43:3787-3806. [PMID: 39009676 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintics are drugs used for controlling pathogenic helminths in animals and plants. The natural compound betaine and the recently developed synthetic compound monepantel are both anthelmintics that target the acetylcholine receptor ACR-23 and its homologs in nematodes. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of ACR-23 in apo, betaine-bound, and betaine- and monepantel-bound states. We show that ACR-23 forms a homo-pentameric channel, similar to some other pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). While betaine molecules are bound to the classical neurotransmitter sites in the inter-subunit interfaces in the extracellular domain, monepantel molecules are bound to allosteric sites formed in the inter-subunit interfaces in the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Although the pore remains closed in betaine-bound state, monepantel binding results in an open channel by wedging into the cleft between the transmembrane domains of two neighboring subunits, which causes dilation of the ion conduction pore. By combining structural analyses with site-directed mutagenesis, electrophysiology and in vivo locomotion assays, we provide insights into the mechanism of action of the anthelmintics monepantel and betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201204, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huihui Gong
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Haowei Wang
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Sheng Liu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518026, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518038, China.
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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Gunes Y, Blanco-Paniagua E, Anlas C, Sari AB, Bakirel T, Ustuner O, Merino G. Role of the Abcg2 transporter in plasma, milk, and tissue levels of the anthelmintic monepantel in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 398:111117. [PMID: 38906501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein/ATP-binding cassette subfamily G2 (BCRP/ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette efflux (ABC) transporter expressed in the apical membrane of cells in tissues, such as the liver, intestine, kidney, testis, brain, and mammary gland. It is involved in xenobiotic pharmacokinetics, potentially affecting the efficacy and toxicity of many drugs. In this study, the role of ABCG2 in parasiticide monepantel (MNP) and its primary metabolite, monepantel sulfone (MNPSO2)'s systemic distribution and excretion in milk, was tested using female and male wild-type and Abcg2-/- mice. Liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis in a 10-min run time using positive-mode atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization (ESI+) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning. For the primary metabolite tested, milk concentrations were 1.8-fold higher in wild-type mice than Abcg2-/- female lactating mice (P = 0.042) after intravenous administration of MNP. Finally, despite the lack of a difference between groups, we investigated potential differences in MNP and MNPSO2's plasma and tissue accumulation levels between wild-type and Abcg2-/- male mice. In this study, we demonstrated that MNPSO2 milk levels were affected by Abcg2, with potential pharmacological and toxicological consequences, contributing to the undesirable xenobiotic residues in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Gunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esther Blanco-Paniagua
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, Leon, Spain
| | - Ceren Anlas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ataman Bilge Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulay Bakirel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Ustuner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34500, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gracia Merino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, Leon, Spain
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3
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Ruatta SM, Prada Gori DN, Fló Díaz M, Lorenzelli F, Perelmuter K, Alberca LN, Bellera CL, Medeiros A, López GV, Ingold M, Porcal W, Dibello E, Ihnatenko I, Kunick C, Incerti M, Luzardo M, Colobbio M, Ramos JC, Manta E, Minini L, Lavaggi ML, Hernández P, Šarlauskas J, Huerta García CS, Castillo R, Hernández-Campos A, Ribaudo G, Zagotto G, Carlucci R, Medrán NS, Labadie GR, Martinez-Amezaga M, Delpiccolo CML, Mata EG, Scarone L, Posada L, Serra G, Calogeropoulou T, Prousis K, Detsi A, Cabrera M, Alvarez G, Aicardo A, Araújo V, Chavarría C, Mašič LP, Gantner ME, Llanos MA, Rodríguez S, Gavernet L, Park S, Heo J, Lee H, Paul Park KH, Bollati-Fogolín M, Pritsch O, Shum D, Talevi A, Comini MA. Garbage in, garbage out: how reliable training data improved a virtual screening approach against SARS-CoV-2 MPro. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1193282. [PMID: 37426813 PMCID: PMC10323144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1193282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The identification of chemical compounds that interfere with SARS-CoV-2 replication continues to be a priority in several academic and pharmaceutical laboratories. Computational tools and approaches have the power to integrate, process and analyze multiple data in a short time. However, these initiatives may yield unrealistic results if the applied models are not inferred from reliable data and the resulting predictions are not confirmed by experimental evidence. Methods: We undertook a drug discovery campaign against the essential major protease (MPro) from SARS-CoV-2, which relied on an in silico search strategy -performed in a large and diverse chemolibrary- complemented by experimental validation. The computational method comprises a recently reported ligand-based approach developed upon refinement/learning cycles, and structure-based approximations. Search models were applied to both retrospective (in silico) and prospective (experimentally confirmed) screening. Results: The first generation of ligand-based models were fed by data, which to a great extent, had not been published in peer-reviewed articles. The first screening campaign performed with 188 compounds (46 in silico hits and 100 analogues, and 40 unrelated compounds: flavonols and pyrazoles) yielded three hits against MPro (IC50 ≤ 25 μM): two analogues of in silico hits (one glycoside and one benzo-thiazol) and one flavonol. A second generation of ligand-based models was developed based on this negative information and newly published peer-reviewed data for MPro inhibitors. This led to 43 new hit candidates belonging to different chemical families. From 45 compounds (28 in silico hits and 17 related analogues) tested in the second screening campaign, eight inhibited MPro with IC50 = 0.12-20 μM and five of them also impaired the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells (EC50 7-45 μM). Discussion: Our study provides an example of a virtuous loop between computational and experimental approaches applied to target-focused drug discovery against a major and global pathogen, reaffirming the well-known "garbage in, garbage out" machine learning principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago M. Ruatta
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Denis N. Prada Gori
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Fló Díaz
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Franca Lorenzelli
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Karen Perelmuter
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucas N. Alberca
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina L. Bellera
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Medeiros
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gloria V. López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Vascular Biology and Drug Discovery Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Ingold
- Vascular Biology and Drug Discovery Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Williams Porcal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Vascular Biology and Drug Discovery Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estefanía Dibello
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Irina Ihnatenko
- PVZ—Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Conrad Kunick
- PVZ—Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcelo Incerti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Luzardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Maximiliano Colobbio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Facultad de Química, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Facultad de Química, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Manta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Facultad de Química, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Minini
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Lavaggi
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica Ambiental, Sede Rivera, Centro Universitario Regional Noreste, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paola Hernández
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Life Sciences Centre, Department of Xenobiotic Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Rafael Castillo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Renzo Carlucci
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Noelia S. Medrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Guillermo R. Labadie
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maitena Martinez-Amezaga
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carina M. L. Delpiccolo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ernesto G. Mata
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR) UNR, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Laura Scarone
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Posada
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gloria Serra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Kyriakos Prousis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Detsi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mauricio Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Guzmán Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Adrián Aicardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Nutrición Clínica, Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verena Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Alimentos, Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Chavarría
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Melisa E. Gantner
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel A. Llanos
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Gavernet
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soonju Park
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Heo
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Honggun Lee
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Paul Park
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Otto Pritsch
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David Shum
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Alan Talevi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A. Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Zhang X, Sicalo Gianechini L, Li K, Kaplan RM, Witola WH. Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors for Conserved Unique Phosphoethanolamine Methyltransferases in Parasitic Nematodes Possess Anthelmintic Efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0000823. [PMID: 37212658 PMCID: PMC10269165 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00008-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, nematode infections are prevalent in developing countries, causing long-term ill health, particularly in children. Worldwide, nematode infections are prevalent in livestock and pets, affecting productivity and health. Anthelmintic drugs are the primary means of controlling nematodes, but there is now high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance, requiring urgent identification of new molecular targets for anthelmintics with novel mechanisms of action. Here, we identified orthologous genes for phosphoethanolamine methyltransferases (PMTs) in nematodes within the families Trichostrongylidae, Dictyocaulidae, Chabertiidae, Ancylostomatoidea, and Ascarididae. We characterized these putative PMTs and found that they possess bona fide PMT catalytic activities. By complementing a mutant yeast strain lacking the ability to synthesize phosphatidylcholine, the PMTs were validated to catalyze the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Using an in vitro phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase assay with PMTs as enzymes, we identified compounds with cross-inhibitory effects against the PMTs. Corroboratively, treatment of PMT-complemented yeast with the PMT inhibitors blocked growth of the yeast, underscoring the essential role of the PMTs in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Fifteen of the inhibitors with the highest activity against complemented yeast were tested against Haemonchus contortus using larval development and motility assays. Among them, four were found to possess potent anthelmintic activity against both multiple drug-resistant and susceptible isolates of H. contortus, with IC50 values (95% confidence interval) of 4.30 μM (2.15-8.28), 4.46 μM (3.22-6.16), 28.7 μM (17.3-49.5), and 0.65 μM (0.21-1.88). Taken together, we have validated a molecular target conserved in a broad range of nematodes and identified its inhibitors that possess potent in vitro anthelmintic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Kun Li
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ray M. Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Pathobiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - William H. Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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5
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Gravatt CS, Johannes JW, King ER, Ghosh A. Photoredox-Mediated, Nickel-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Iodides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8921-8927. [PMID: 35786936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While trifluoromethylthiolation of aryl halides has been extensively explored, the current methods require complex and/or air-sensitive catalysts. Reported here is a method employing a bench-stable Ni(II) salt and an iridium photocatalyst that can mediate the trifluoromethylthiolation of a wide range of electronically diverse aryl and heteroaryl iodides, likely via a Ni(I)/Ni(III) catalytic cycle. The reaction has broad functional group tolerance and potential for application in medicinal chemistry, as demonstrated by a late-stage functionalization approach to access (racemic)-Monepantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Gravatt
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Johannes
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Eric R King
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Avipsa Ghosh
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Jayawardene KLTD, Palombo EA, Boag PR. Natural Products Are a Promising Source for Anthelmintic Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1457. [PMID: 34680090 PMCID: PMC8533416 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes infect almost all forms of life. In the human context, parasites are one of the major causative factors for physical and intellectual growth retardation in the developing world. In the agricultural setting, parasites have a great economic impact through a reduction in livestock performance or control cost. The main method of controlling these devastating conditions is the use of anthelmintic drugs. Unfortunately, there are only a few anthelmintic drug classes available in the market and significant resistance has developed in most of the parasitic species of livestock. Therefore, development of new anthelmintics with different modes of action is critical for sustainable parasitic control in the future. The drug development pipeline is broadly limited to two types of molecules, namely synthetic compounds and natural plant products. Compared to synthetic compounds, natural products are highly diverse, and many have historically proven valuable in folk medicine to treat various gastrointestinal ailments. This review focus on the use of traditional knowledge-based plant extracts in the development of new therapeutic leads, the approaches used as screening techniques, and common bottlenecks and opportunities in plant-based anthelmintic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. T. Dilrukshi Jayawardene
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Enzo A. Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Peter R. Boag
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Drug Screening for Discovery of Broad-spectrum Agents for Soil-transmitted Nematodes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12347. [PMID: 31451730 PMCID: PMC6710243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted nematodes (STNs), namely hookworms, whipworms, and ascarids, are extremely common parasites, infecting 1-2 billion of the poorest people worldwide. Two benzimidazoles, albendazole and mebendazole, are currently used in STN mass drug administration, with many instances of low/reduced activity reported. New drugs against STNs are urgently needed. We tested various models for STN drug screening with the aim of identifying the most effective tactics for the discovery of potent, safe and broad-spectrum agents. We screened a 1280-compound library of approved drugs to completion against late larval/adult stages and egg/larval stages of both the human hookworm parasite Ancylostoma ceylanicum and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which is often used as a surrogate for STNs in screens. The quality of positives was further evaluated based on cheminformatics/data mining analyses and activity against evolutionarily distant Trichuris muris whipworm adults. From these data, two pairs of positives, sulconazole/econazole and pararosaniline/cetylpyridinium, predicted to target nematode CYP-450 and HSP-90 respectively, were prioritized for in vivo evaluation against A. ceylanicum infections in hamsters. One of these positives, pararosaniline, showed a significant impact on hookworm fecundity in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that anthelmintic screening with A. ceylanicum larval stages is superior to C. elegans based on both reduced false negative rate and superior overall quality of actives. Our results also highlight two potentially important targets for the discovery of broad-spectrum human STN drugs.
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Abongwa M, Marjanovic DS, Tipton JG, Zheng F, Martin RJ, Trailovic SM, Robertson AP. Monepantel is a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 8:36-42. [PMID: 29366967 PMCID: PMC5963102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Zolvix® is a recently introduced anthelmintic drench containing monepantel as the active ingredient. Monepantel is a positive allosteric modulator of DEG-3/DES-2 type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in several nematode species. The drug has been reported to produce hypercontraction of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus somatic muscle. We investigated the effects of monepantel on nAChRs from Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Using two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology, we studied the effects of monepantel on a nicotine preferring homomeric nAChR subtype from A. suum comprising of ACR-16; a pyrantel/tribendimidine preferring heteromeric subtype from O. dentatum comprising UNC-29, UNC-38 and UNC-63 subunits; and a levamisole preferring subtype (O. dentatum) comprising UNC-29, UNC-38, UNC-63 and ACR-8 subunits. For each subtype tested, monepantel applied in isolation produced no measurable currents thereby ruling out an agonist action. When monepantel was continuously applied, it reduced the amplitude of acetylcholine induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner. In all three subtypes, monepantel acted as a non-competitive antagonist on the expressed receptors. ACR-16 from A. suum was particularly sensitive to monepantel inhibition (IC50 values: 1.6 ± 3.1 nM and 0.2 ± 2.3 μM). We also investigated the effects of monepantel on muscle flaps isolated from adult A. suum. The drug did not significantly increase baseline tension when applied on its own. As with acetylcholine induced currents in the heterologously expressed receptors, contractions induced by acetylcholine were antagonized by monepantel. Further investigation revealed that the inhibition was a mixture of competitive and non-competitive antagonism. Our findings suggest that monepantel is active on multiple nAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Abongwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Djordje S Marjanovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James G Tipton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Fudan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sasa M Trailovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Abongwa M, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF ANTINEMATODAL DRUGS. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017; 67:137-152. [PMID: 29416226 DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintics are some of the most widely used drugs in veterinary medicine. Here we review the mechanism of action of these compounds on nematode parasites. Included are the older classes of compounds; the benzimidazoles, cholinergic agonists and macrocyclic lactones. We also consider newer anthelmintics, including emodepside, derquantel and tribendimidine. In the absence of vaccines for most parasite species, control of nematode parasites will continue to rely on anthelmintic drugs. As a consequence, vigilance in detecting drug resistance in parasite populations is required. Since resistance development appears almost inevitable, there is a continued and pressing need to fully understand the mode of action of these compounds. It is also necessary to identify new drug targets and drugs for the continued effective control of nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Abongwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
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11
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Hess J, Patra M, Rangasamy L, Konatschnig S, Blacque O, Jabbar A, Mac P, Jorgensen EM, Gasser RB, Gasser G. Organometallic Derivatization of the Nematocidal Drug Monepantel Leads to Promising Antiparasitic Drug Candidates. Chemistry 2016; 22:16602-16612. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Hess
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Loganathan Rangasamy
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sandro Konatschnig
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Patrick Mac
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0840 USA
| | - Erik M. Jorgensen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0840 USA
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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12
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Hess J, Patra M, Pierroz V, Spingler B, Jabbar A, Ferrari S, Gasser RB, Gasser G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Ferrocenyl Analogues of the Anthelmintic Drug Monepantel. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Hess
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute
of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty
of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute
of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty
of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Bartley DJ, Meslé M, Donegan H, Devin L, Morrison AA. Phenotypic assessment of the ovicidal activity of monepantel and monepantel sulfone on gastro-intestinal nematode eggs. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:87-92. [PMID: 26995727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro ovicidal activity of the amino acetonitrile derivative, monepantel (MPTL) and its active metabolite monepantel sulfone (MPTL-SO2) were assessed against a number of commercially important nematode species of ruminants, namely Teladorsagia circumcincta, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei. An egg hatch test (EHT) was used to make the assessment of both drug sensitive and drug resistant isolates. Both MPTL and MPTL-SO2 showed moderate ovicidal activity in vitro against all of the species examined, although species specific differences as measured by inhibitory concentration were observed. Analysis of the drug sensitive isolates showed H. contortus to be the most sensitive to both MPTL and MPTL-SO2 (ED50 1.7 and 2.7 μg/ml respectively) followed by T. circumcincta (ED50 2.1 and 2.7 μg/ml respectively) followed by T. axei (ED50 68.7 and 60.1 μg/ml respectively). Overall the EHT results would suggest no "global" in vitro discriminatory dose for detection of MPTL resistance is likely to be achievable, using the egg hatch test, due to large inherent variability observed between species. The test identified a dose dependent increase in MPTL and MPTL-SO2 sensitivity in two MPTL resistant T. circumcincta isolates and therefore offers to be a promising tool for the phenotypic characterisation of MPTL sensitivity, allowing exploration into the mechanisms involved in selection and development of MPTL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Bartley
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - M Meslé
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - H Donegan
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - L Devin
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - A A Morrison
- Department of Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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Hess J, Patra M, Jabbar A, Pierroz V, Konatschnig S, Spingler B, Ferrari S, Gasser RB, Gasser G. Assessment of the nematocidal activity of metallocenyl analogues of monepantel. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:17662-17671. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocenyl and ruthenocenyl analogues of the nematocidal drug monepantel show organometallic-dependent activity against Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Hess
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research
| | | | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research
- University of Zurich
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
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15
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Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is an important pathogen of small ruminants and is therefore a crucially important target for anthelmintic chemotherapy. Its large size and fecundity have been exploited for the development of in vitro screens for anthelmintic discovery that employ larval and adult stages in several formats. The ability of the parasite to develop to the young adult stage in Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) provides a useful small animal model that can be used to screen compounds prior to their evaluation in infected sheep. This chapter summarizes the use of H. contortus for anthelmintic discovery, offers a perspective on current strategies in this area and suggests research challenges that could lead to improvements in the anthelmintic discovery process.
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Stuchlíková L, Lecová L, Jirásko R, Lamka J, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Holčapek M, Skálová L. Comparison of biotransformation and efficacy of aminoacetonitrile anthelmintics in vitro. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:214-20. [PMID: 25922167 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro study was designed to test and compare anthelmintic activity, hepatotoxicity, and biotransformation of four selected aminoacetonitrile derivatives (AADs): monepantel (MOP, anthelmintic approved for the treatment), AAD-970, AAD-1154, and AAD-1336. Micro-agar larval development test, MTT test of cytotoxicity, and biotransformation study coupled with Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technique were used for this purpose. Larvae of two Haemonchus contortus strains (drug susceptible and multi-drug resistant) and primary cultures of rat and ovine hepatocytes served as model systems. All AADs (including MOP) exhibited significant larvicidal effect in H. contortus susceptible as well as multi-resistant strains, much higher than those of reference anthelmintics thiabendazole and flubendazole. AAD-1154 provides the best results for most tested parameters among all AADs in this study. The cytotoxicity test showed that all AADs can be considered as nontoxic for hepatocytes. In the biotransformation study, Phase I and Phase II metabolites of AADs were identified and schemes of possible metabolic pathways in ovine hepatocytes were proposed. Biotransformation of MOP was much more extensive than biotransformation of other AADs. Based on obtained results, AAD-1154 and AAD-1336 can be considered as promising candidates for further in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Lecová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lamka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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17
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Abstract
Monepantel (MOP), a new anthelmintic drug from a group of amino-acetonitrile derivatives, has been intensively studied during last years. Many authors examined this new drug from different perspectives, e.g. efficacy against different species and stages of parasites, mode of action, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, resistance, ecotoxicity, etc. MOP is an anthelmintic for livestock (currently only sheep and goats), with molecular mode of action which is different to all other anthelmintics. MOP has a broad-spectrum of activity against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, including adults and L4 larvae of the most important species. The key feature of MOP is its full effectiveness against strains of nematodes resistant to benzimidazoles, levamisole, macrocyclic lactones and closantel. After oral administration, MOP is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and quickly metabolized to MOP sulfone that has a similar efficacy as the parent molecule. Several other MOP metabolites formed in ovine hepatocytes were described. MOP and its metabolites are considered to be non-toxic to environment and its components, such as soil microflora, aquatic organisms, dung organisms, vegetation, etc. The aim of the presented review was not to collect all reported data but to bring an overview of various approaches in the study of MOP and to evaluate their principal results.
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18
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Couto M, Cabrera M, Echeverría GA, Piro OE, González M, Cerecetto H. A serendipitous one-step conversion of 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione to (E)-3-[1-(alkylthio)alkylidene]-3H-1,2-dithiole: an experimental and theoretical study. Mol Divers 2014; 18:285-94. [PMID: 24420794 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the course of our studies on 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione synthesis, a serendipitous reactivity with α-haloketones, in the presence of excess of potassium iodide, has been observed. Instead of the expected reaction of the nucleophile in a remote point of the molecule, we have obtained a product resulted from the electrophile character of the thiocarbonyl moiety on the 3-position of the 1,2-dithiole. In order to obtain an efficient protocol in terms of energy efficiency, this methodology was studied under conventional and microwave heating with similar or better results in the latter conditions. Simplicity and great efficiency in this one-step transformation are some of the advantages of this reaction. Moreover, the results can be explained according to the Pearson's hard and soft acid base theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Couto
- Grupo de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
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Kaminsky R, Rufener L, Bouvier J, Lizundia R, Schorderet Weber S, Sager H. Worms—A “license to kill”. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hu Y, Ellis BL, Yiu YY, Miller MM, Urban JF, Shi LZ, Aroian RV. An extensive comparison of the effect of anthelmintic classes on diverse nematodes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70702. [PMID: 23869246 PMCID: PMC3712009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths are parasitic nematodes that inhabit the human intestine. These parasites, which include two hookworm species, Ancylostomaduodenale and Necator americanus, the whipworm Trichuristrichiura, and the large roundworm Ascarislumbricoides, infect upwards of two billion people and are a major cause of disease burden in children and pregnant women. The challenge with treating these diseases is that poverty, safety, and inefficient public health policy have marginalized drug development and distribution to control infection in humans. Anthelmintics (anti-worm drugs) have historically been developed and tested for treatment of non-human parasitic nematodes that infect livestock and companion animals. Here we systematically compare the in vitro efficacy of all major anthelmintic classes currently used in human therapy (benzimidazoles, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, macrocyclic lactones, nitazoxanide) against species closely related to human parasitic nematodes-Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Trichurismuris, and Ascarissuum--- as well as a rodent parasitic nematode used in veterinary drug discovery, Heligmosomoidesbakeri, and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Extensive in vitro data is complemented with single-dose in vivo data in three rodent models of parasitic diseases. We find that the effects of the drugs in vitro and in vivo can vary greatly among these nematode species, e.g., the efficacy of albendazole is strong on A. ceylanicum but weak on H. bakeri. Nonetheless, certain commonalities of the in vitro effects of the drugs can be seen, e.g., nitazoxanide consistently shows an all-or-nothing response. Our in vitro data suggest that further optimization of the clinical efficacy of some of these anthelmintics could be achieved by altering the treatment routine and/or dosing. Most importantly, our in vitro and in vivo data indicate that the hookworm A. ceylanicum is a particularly sensitive and useful model for anthelmintic studies and should be incorporated early on in drug screens for broad-spectrum human soil-transmitted helminth therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Ellis
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Y. Yiu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Melanie M. Miller
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Linda Z. Shi
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raffi V. Aroian
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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McVeigh P, Atkinson L, Marks NJ, Mousley A, Dalzell JJ, Sluder A, Hammerland L, Maule AG. Parasite neuropeptide biology: Seeding rational drug target selection? Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2012; 2:76-91. [PMID: 24533265 PMCID: PMC3862435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The rationale for identifying drug targets within helminth neuromuscular signalling systems is based on the premise that adequate nerve and muscle function is essential for many of the key behavioural determinants of helminth parasitism, including sensory perception/host location, invasion, locomotion/orientation, attachment, feeding and reproduction. This premise is validated by the tendency of current anthelmintics to act on classical neurotransmitter-gated ion channels present on helminth nerve and/or muscle, yielding therapeutic endpoints associated with paralysis and/or death. Supplementary to classical neurotransmitters, helminth nervous systems are peptide-rich and encompass associated biosynthetic and signal transduction components - putative drug targets that remain to be exploited by anthelmintic chemotherapy. At this time, no neuropeptide system-targeting lead compounds have been reported, and given that our basic knowledge of neuropeptide biology in parasitic helminths remains inadequate, the short-term prospects for such drugs remain poor. Here, we review current knowledge of neuropeptide signalling in Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, and highlight a suite of 19 protein families that yield deleterious phenotypes in helminth reverse genetics screens. We suggest that orthologues of some of these peptidergic signalling components represent appealing therapeutic targets in parasitic helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McVeigh
- Molecular Biosciences–Parasitology, Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Louise Atkinson
- Molecular Biosciences–Parasitology, Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Nikki J. Marks
- Molecular Biosciences–Parasitology, Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Angela Mousley
- Molecular Biosciences–Parasitology, Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Johnathan J. Dalzell
- Molecular Biosciences–Parasitology, Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ann Sluder
- Scynexis Inc., P.O. Box 12878, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2878, USA
| | | | - Aaron G. Maule
- Molecular Biosciences–Parasitology, Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Stuchlíková L, Jirásko R, Vokřál I, Lamka J, Spulák M, Holčapek M, Szotáková B, Bártíková H, Pour M, Skálová L. Investigation of the metabolism of monepantel in ovine hepatocytes by UHPLC/MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23183590 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monepantel (MOP) belongs to a new class of anthelmintic drugs known as aminoacetonitrile derivatives. It was approved for use in veterinary practice in Czech Republic in 2011. So far, biotransformation and transport of MOP in target animals have been studied insufficiently, although the study of metabolic pathways of anthelmintics is very important for the efficacy of safety of therapy and evaluation of the risk of drug-drug interactions. The aim of this study was to identify MOP metabolites and to suggest the metabolic pathways of MOP in sheep. For this purpose, primary culture of ovine hepatocytes was used as a model in vitro system. After incubation, medium samples and homogenates of hepatocytes were extracted separately using solid-phase extraction. Analysis was performed using a hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight analyzer with respect to high mass accuracy measurements in full scan and tandem mass spectra for the confirmation of an elemental composition. The obtained results revealed S-oxidation to sulfoxide and sulfone and arene hydroxylation as MOP phase I biotransformations. From phase II metabolites, MOP glucuronides, sulfates, and acetylcysteine conjugates were found. Based on the obtained results, a scheme of the metabolic pathway of MOP in sheep has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Determination of the new anthelmintic monepantel and its sulfone metabolite in milk and muscle using a UHPLC-MS/MS and QuEChERS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3707-13. [PMID: 22041088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This is the first paper to report a method for the detection of the new anthelmintic monepantel and its sulfone metabolite in goat's milk and ovine muscle. Samples were extracted and purified using a modified QuEChERS method. A concentration step was included when analyzing in the low μg kg(-1) range. Analysis was carried out by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in a 13min run time using atmospheric pressure electrospray ionisation in the negative mode (ESI(-)) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning. Monepantel (m/z 472) and monepantel-sulfone (m/z 504) both had product ions at m/z 186 and m/z 166. The method has been single-laboratory validated according to the 2002/657/EC guidelines. The mean recovery in milk was 108 and 106% for monepantel and monepantel-sulfone, respectively. The mean recovery in muscle was 109 and 108% for monepantel and monepantel-sulfone, respectively. The coefficients of variation for the within laboratory repeatability and reproducibility were ≤6.4% in milk and ≤14.2% in muscle. The decision limits (CCα) in milk were 2.20 and 2.08 μg kg(-1) for monepantel and monepantel-sulfone, respectively. The decision limits (CCα) in muscle were 771 and 746 μg kg(-1) for monepantel and monepantel-sulfone, respectively.
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Little PR, Hodge A, Maeder SJ, Wirtherle NC, Nicholas DR, Cox GG, Conder GA. Efficacy of a combined oral formulation of derquantel–abamectin against the adult and larval stages of nematodes in sheep, including anthelmintic-resistant strains. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:180-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ali A, Cablewski T, Francis CL, Ganguly AK, Sargent RM, Sawutz DG, Winzenberg KN. 2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine derivatives highly active against Haemonchus contortus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4160-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Potential drug development candidates for human soil-transmitted helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1138. [PMID: 21695247 PMCID: PMC3111745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few drugs are available for soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH); the benzimidazoles albendazole and mebendazole are the only drugs being used for preventive chemotherapy as they can be given in one single dose with no weight adjustment. While generally safe and effective in reducing intensity of infection, they are contra-indicated in first-trimester pregnancy and have suboptimal efficacy against Trichuris trichiura. In addition, drug resistance is a threat. It is therefore important to find alternatives. Methodology We searched the literature and the animal health marketed products and pipeline for potential drug development candidates. Recently registered veterinary products offer advantages in that they have undergone extensive and rigorous animal testing, thus reducing the risk, cost and time to approval for human trials. For selected compounds, we retrieved and summarised publicly available information (through US Freedom of Information (FoI) statements, European Public Assessment Reports (EPAR) and published literature). Concomitantly, we developed a target product profile (TPP) against which the products were compared. Principal Findings The paper summarizes the general findings including various classes of compounds, and more specific information on two veterinary anthelmintics (monepantel, emodepside) and nitazoxanide, an antiprotozoal drug, compiled from the EMA EPAR and FDA registration files. Conclusions/Significance Few of the compounds already approved for use in human or animal medicine qualify for development track decision. Fast-tracking to approval for human studies may be possible for veterinary compounds like emodepside and monepantel, but additional information remains to be acquired before an informed decision can be made. There are few drugs - none ideal - for the treatment and control of gastrointestinal helminths (soil-transmitted nematodes) which, as chronic infections jeopardize children's growth, learning and ultimately individual, community and country development. Drugs for helminths are not attractive in human medicine, but are lucrative in animal health. Traditionally, investment in veterinary medicines has benefited humans for these diseases. With modern regulations an approved veterinary medicine can be tested in humans with little adaptation, reducing time and cost of development. We searched for products that could easily be transitioned into humans, having the necessary characteristics for use in communities exposed to these infections. A limited number of candidates met the main criteria for selection. We provide here a detailed analysis of two veterinary products, emodepside and monepantel, and nitazoxanide, which is approved for human use. In addition we include a less detailed analysis of all products examined, and the criteria on which the analysis was based. It is clear that the pipeline of easily obtainable human anthelminthics remains extremely limited, and further efforts are needed to find replacements for the inadequate number of products available today.
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Jones MD, Hunter RP, Dobson DP, Reymond N, Strehlau GA, Kubacki P, Tranchard ESN, Walters ME. European field study of the efficacy and safety of the novel anthelmintic monepantel in sheep. Vet Rec 2011; 167:610-3. [PMID: 21257441 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During 2007, a large-scale controlled, multicentre, blinded and randomised field study was conducted in Scotland, England and France to assess the efficacy and safety of monepantel, the first molecule to be developed from the recently discovered amino-acetonitrile derivatives class of anthelmintics, in sheep. Monepantel was administered orally, at a minimum dose of 2.5 mg/kg bodyweight, for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep maintained at pasture in a range of commercial production systems. Efficacy was measured by faecal egg count (FEC) reduction tests seven days after treatment and was demonstrated to be over 98 per cent against mixed-genus infections. The reduction in FEC of monepantel-treated sheep was statistically significantly greater than in untreated control sheep (P<0.0001). The efficacy of monepantel against mixed-genus natural field infections of the major gastrointestinal nematodes was in agreement with similar studies conducted in Australia and New Zealand. There were no treatment-related adverse events during the study, which included the use of a range of concomitant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Jones
- Novartis Animal Health, Frimley Business Park, Frimley, Camberley, Surrey GU16 7SR.
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Amnerkar ND, Bhusari KP. Synthesis of some thiazolyl aminobenzothiazole derivatives as potential antibacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:22-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903555258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil D. Amnerkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sharad Pawar College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishore P. Bhusari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sharad Pawar College of Pharmacy, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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The astacin metalloprotease moulting enzyme NAS-36 is required for normal cuticle ecdysis in free-living and parasitic nematodes. Parasitology 2010; 138:237-48. [PMID: 20800010 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes represent one of the most abundant and species-rich groups of animals on the planet, with parasitic species causing chronic, debilitating infections in both livestock and humans worldwide. The prevalence and success of the nematodes is a direct consequence of the exceptionally protective properties of their cuticle. The synthesis of this cuticle is a complex multi-step process, which is repeated 4 times from hatchling to adult and has been investigated in detail in the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. This process is known as moulting and involves numerous enzymes in the synthesis and degradation of the collagenous matrix. The nas-36 and nas-37 genes in C. elegans encode functionally conserved enzymes of the astacin metalloprotease family which, when mutated, result in a phenotype associated with the late-stage moulting defects, namely the inability to remove the preceding cuticle. Extensive genome searches in the gastrointestinal nematode of sheep, Haemonchus contortus, and in the filarial nematode of humans, Brugia malayi, identified NAS-36 but not NAS-37 homologues. Significantly, the nas-36 gene from B. malayi could successfully complement the moult defects associated with C. elegans nas-36, nas-37 and nas-36/nas-37 double mutants, suggesting a conserved function for NAS-36 between these diverse nematode species. This conservation between species was further indicated when the recombinant enzymes demonstrated a similar range of inhibitable metalloprotease activities.
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Little PR, Hodges A, Watson TG, Seed JA, Maeder SJ. Field efficacy and safety of an oral formulation of the novel combination anthelmintic, derquantel-abamectin, in sheep in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2010; 58:121-9. [PMID: 20514085 PMCID: PMC3082775 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.67513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the novel anthelmintic combination, derquantel-abamectin, against gastrointestinal nematode populations in sheep, under field-use conditions. METHODS: Controlled faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were conducted in New Zealand in 14 trials, covering a range of geographic locations, farming enterprises, breeds, nematode populations, and anthelmintic-resistance profiles. Enrolled animals were naturally infected with mixed populations of gastrointestinal nematodes. All trials included a group treated with derquantel-abamectin, and a negative control group. Nine trials included additional groups each treated with a single- or dual-active oral reference anthelmintic, selected from albendazole, levamisole, albendazole-levamisole, ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin. A total of 838 animals were enrolled across all trials, and were randomly allocated to treatment groups within blocks defined by faecal nematode egg counts (FEC) pre-treatment. On Day 0 derquantel-abamectin was administered orally at 1 ml/5 kg bodyweight (2 mg/kg derquantel, 0.2 mg/ kg abamectin), and each reference anthelmintic was given at the recommended label dose. Faecal samples were collected on Day 14 (± 1 day), to determine the percentage reduction in mean FEC for each anthelmintic tested. Larval differentiation was also performed post-treatment, to estimate efficacy at the genus level. Animals were weighed on or before Day 0, and on Day 14 (± 1 day) in 13 trials. RESULTS: The efficacy of derquantel-abamectin against mixed strongyle populations was ≥99.2%, based on the percentage reduction in geometric mean FEC. Nematodirus sp. was present in six trials at a level sufficient for efficacy calculations to be conducted; in all cases, the efficacy of derquantel-abamectin was 100%. In those trials where the efficacy of at least one reference anthelmintic was <95% against strongyles and/or Nematodirus sp., derquantel-abamectin was 100% effective. In five trials, the mean gain in bodyweight was significantly greater in the derquantel-abamectin group than the negative controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When administered orally at 1 ml/5 kg bodyweight, derquantel-abamectin is highly effective for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, including populations of strongyles and Nematodirus sp. with resistance to one or more single- or dual-active anthelmintics. Derquantel-abamectin presents sheep producers with a unique opportunity to introduce a new class of anthelmintic to their nematode control programmes, with the added benefits offered by a combination anthelmintic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Little
- Veterinary Medicine Research & Development, Pfizer Animal Health, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville 3052, Australia.
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Rufener L, Baur R, Kaminsky R, Mäser P, Sigel E. Monepantel allosterically activates DEG-3/DES-2 channels of the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:895-902. [PMID: 20679419 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.066498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monepantel is the first drug of a new family of anthelmintics, the amino acetonitrile derivatives (AAD), presently used to treat ruminants infected with gastrointestinal nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus. Monepantel shows an excellent tolerability in mammals and is active against multidrug-resistant parasites, indicating that its molecular target is absent or inaccessible in the host and is different from those of the classic anthelmintics. Genetic approaches with mutant nematodes have suggested acetylcholine receptors of the DEG-3 subfamily as the targets of AADs, an enigmatic clade of ligand-gated ion channels that is specific to nematodes and does not occur in mammals. Here we demonstrate direct interaction of monepantel, its major active metabolite monepantel sulfone, and other AADs with potential targets of the DEG-3 subfamily of acetylcholine receptors. H. contortus DEG-3/DES-2 receptors were functionally expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and were found to be preferentially activated by choline, to permeate monovalent cations, and to a smaller extent, calcium ions. Although monepantel and monepantel sulfone did not activate the channels by themselves, they substantially enhanced the late currents after activation of the channels with choline, indicating that these AADs are type II positive allosteric modulators of H. contortus DEG-3/DES-2 channels. It is noteworthy that the R-enantiomer of monepantel, which is inactive as an anthelmintic, inhibited the late currents after stimulation of H. contortus DEG-3/DES-2 receptors with choline. In summary, we present the first direct evidence for interaction of AADs with DEG-3-type acetylcholine receptors and discuss these findings in the context of anthelmintic action of AADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Rufener
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Hosking BC, Stein PA, Karadzovska D, House JK, Seewald W, Giraudel JM. Effect of route of administration on the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of an experimental formulation of the amino-acetonitrile derivative monepantel in sheep. Vet Rec 2010; 166:490-4. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Hosking
- Novartis Animal Health Australasia, Yarrandoo R&D Centre; 245 Western Road Kemps Creek New South Wales 2178 Australia
| | - P. A. Stein
- Novartis Animal Health Australasia, Yarrandoo R&D Centre; 245 Western Road Kemps Creek New South Wales 2178 Australia
| | - D. Karadzovska
- Novartis Animal Health Australasia, Yarrandoo R&D Centre; 245 Western Road Kemps Creek New South Wales 2178 Australia
| | - J. K. House
- Livestock Veterinary Teaching and Research Unit; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; 410 Werombi Road Camden New South Wales 2570 Australia
| | - W. Seewald
- Novartis Animal Health; Schwarzwaldallee 215 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - J. M. Giraudel
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Santé Animale; 1566 Saint-Aubin Switzerland
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Hosking BC, Griffiths TM, Woodgate RG, Besier RB, Le Feuvre AS, Nilon P, Trengove C, Vanhoff KJ, Kaye-Smith BG, Seewald W. Clinical field study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the amino-acetonitrile derivative, monepantel, compared with registered anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Australia. Aust Vet J 2010; 87:455-62. [PMID: 19857240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of monepantel, a developmental compound from the amino-acetonitrile derivative class of anthelmintics, against field infections of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. PROCEDURES Comparisons of efficacy (using standard faecal worm egg count reduction tests) and safety (on the basis of visual observations) were made in a large-scale field study in Australia, between groups of sheep treated with either an oral solution of monepantel or a registered anthelmintic. The sheep were naturally infected with the major gastrointestinal nematode genera present in Australia. RESULTS The post-treatment efficacy results for monepantel were: at 7 days (+/-1 day) efficacy was >98%; at 14 days (+/-1 day) it was generally close to or >99%; and at 21 days (+/-1 day) efficacy was consistently >99%. A high proportion of the targeted nematode populations were confirmed as being resistant to one or more of the currently available anthelmintic classes. CONCLUSIONS Monepantel when used under field conditions at a minimum dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg was highly effective against mixed-genus natural field infections of the major gastrointestinal nematode genera including Haemonchus, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia), Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Chabertia and Oesophagostomum. This result included efficacy against some populations resistant to the currently available broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Few Cooperia spp. were present to allow confirmation of efficacy against this genus. On no occasion after treatment did any commercial anthelmintic-treated groups have significantly lower faecal egg counts than the monepantel-treated groups. Monepantel was safe for the target animals and human operators when used in a field situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Hosking
- Novartis Animal Health Australasia Pty Limited, Yarrandoo R & D Centre, Kemps Creek, New South Wales 2178, Australia.
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KARADZOVSKA D, SEEWALD W, BROWNING A, SMAL M, BOUVIER J, GIRAUDEL JM. Pharmacokinetics of monepantel and its sulfone metabolite, monepantel sulfone, after intravenous and oral administration in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:359-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Malikides N, Spencer K, Mahoney R, Baker K, Vanhoff K, Hall C, Debenedetti R, Strehlau GA. Safety of an amino-acetonitrile derivative (AAD), monepantel, in ewes and their offspring following repeated oral administration. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:193-202. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hosking BC, Stein PA. Effect of fasting sheep for a short period on the efficacy and safety of monepantel. Vet Rec 2009; 165:50-2. [PMID: 19596676 DOI: 10.1136/vetrec.165.2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen, six- to seven-month-old lambs were infected experimentally with larvae of Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia curticei and Nematodirus spathiger, and allocated to three equal groups. The infections were timed to ensure that fourth-stage larvae were present when groups 1 and 2 were treated orally with monepantel. Group 1 was not fed for 24 hours before the treatment, group 2 was fed two hours before the treatment and group 3 was fed at the same time as group 2 but not treated with monepantel. All the sheep had access to water. Worm burdens were determined 15 days after the treatments. Fasting or feeding had no statistically significant effects on the efficacy of the monepantel solution against the nematodes, and the period of fasting had no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Hosking
- Novartis Animal Health Australasia, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, New South Wales 2178, Australia.
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Rufener L, Mäser P, Roditi I, Kaminsky R. Haemonchus contortus acetylcholine receptors of the DEG-3 subfamily and their role in sensitivity to monepantel. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000380. [PMID: 19360096 PMCID: PMC2662886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal nematodes in ruminants, especially Haemonchus contortus, are a global threat to sheep and cattle farming. The emergence of drug resistance, and even multi-drug resistance to the currently available classes of broad spectrum anthelmintics, further stresses the need for new drugs active against gastro-intestinal nematodes. A novel chemical class of synthetic anthelmintics, the Amino-Acetonitrile Derivatives (AADs), was recently discovered and the drug candidate AAD-1566 (monepantel) was chosen for further development. Studies with Caenorhabditis elegans suggested that the AADs act via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) of the nematode-specific DEG-3 subfamily. Here we identify nAChR genes of the DEG-3 subfamily from H. contortus and investigate their role in AAD sensitivity. Using a novel in vitro selection procedure, mutant H. contortus populations of reduced sensitivity to AAD-1566 were obtained. Sequencing of full-length nAChR coding sequences from AAD-susceptible H. contortus and their AAD-1566-mutant progeny revealed 2 genes to be affected. In the gene monepantel-1 (Hco-mptl-1, formerly named Hc-acr-23H), a panel of mutations was observed exclusively in the AAD-mutant nematodes, including deletions at intron-exon boundaries that result in mis-spliced transcripts and premature stop codons. In the gene Hco-des-2H, the same 135 bp insertion in the 5′ UTR created additional, out of frame start codons in 2 independent H. contortus AAD-mutants. Furthermore, the AAD mutants exhibited altered expression levels of the DEG-3 subfamily nAChR genes Hco-mptl-1, Hco-des-2H and Hco-deg-3H as quantified by real-time PCR. These results indicate that Hco-MPTL-1 and other nAChR subunits of the DEG-3 subfamily constitute a target for AAD action against H. contortus and that loss-of-function mutations in the corresponding genes may reduce the sensitivity to AADs. Worldwide, sheep and cattle farming are threatened by anthelmintic-resistant gastro-intestinal nematodes. A novel chemical class of synthetic anthelmintics was recently discovered, the Amino-Acetonitrile Derivatives (AADs), which exhibit excellent efficacy against various species of livestock-pathogenic nematodes and, more importantly, overcome existing resistances to the currently available anthelmintics. Haemonchus contortus, the largest nematode found in the abomasum of sheep and cattle, is a blood-feeding parasite that causes severe anemia that can lead to the sudden death of the infected animal; H. contortus is highly susceptible to AADs. In order to elucidate the mode of action of the AADs, we have developed 2 independent H. contortus mutants with reduced sensitivity to monepantel (AAD-1566). Both mutants were affected in their acetylcholine receptor (ACR) genes of the DEG-3 subfamily. In particular, we discovered a panel of mutations in the gene monepantel-1 (Hco-mptl-1) including deletions leading to mis-splicing, insertions and point mutations leading to premature termination of translation of the protein. These findings support the notion that Hco-MPTL-1 and other nAChR subunits of the DEG-3 subfamily are targets of the AADs. The fact that the DEG-3 subfamily of acetylcholine receptors is nematode-specific may explain the good therapeutic index of AADs in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Rufener
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Santé Animale, St. Aubin (FR), Switzerland
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Isabel Roditi
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Kaminsky
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Santé Animale, St. Aubin (FR), Switzerland
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Dose confirmation studies for monepantel, an amino-acetonitrile derivative, against fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. Vet Parasitol 2009; 160:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Malikides N, Helbig R, Mahoney R, George B, Baker K, Vanhoff K, Spencer K, Hall C, Debenedetti R, Strehlau GA. Reproductive safety of an amino-acetonitrile derivative (AAD), monepantel, in rams following repeated oral administration. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:16-21. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mason PC, Hosking BC, Nottingham RM, Cole DJW, Seewald W, McKay CH, Griffiths TM, Kaye-Smith BG, Chamberlain B. A large-scale clinical field study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an oral formulation of the amino-acetonitrile derivative (AAD), monepantel, in sheep in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:3-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Malikides N, Helbig R, Roth DR, Alexander A, Hosking BC, Strehlau GA. Safety of an amino-acetonitrile derivative (AAD), monepantel, in weaned lambs following repeated oral administration. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:10-5. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kaminsky R, Mosimann D, Sager H, Stein P, Hosking B. Determination of the effective dose rate for monepantel (AAD 1566) against adult gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:443-6. [PMID: 18950633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Monepantel (AAD 1566) is the first compound from the recently discovered amino-acetonitrile derivative (AAD) class of anthelmintics to be developed for use in sheep. Three dose determination studies were conducted in Australia and Europe to identify the therapeutic dose of monepantel, when formulated for the oral treatment of sheep, to control adult gastro-intestinal nematodes. In each study, sheep infected with various nematode species were treated with either 1.25, 2.5 or 5.0mg monepantel/kg bodyweight. Following euthanasia and worm counting, their worm burdens were compared with those from untreated control groups. At a dose rate of 1.25mg/kg, monepantel showed efficacy above 91.9% against all major nematode species, with the exception of Chabertia ovina and Oesophagostomum venulosum. Efficacy against these two species was 93.6% and 94.0%, respectively, at a dose of 2.5mg/kg. At this dose, efficacy was above 99.2% against nine other nematode species including Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Nematodirus spp. It was concluded that 2.5mg/kg would be a suitable dose rate for a commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Kaminsky
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Santé Animale SA, CH-1566 St-Aubin, Switzerland.
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Hosking B, Stein P, Mosimann D, Seewald W, Strehlau G, Kaminsky R. Dose determination studies for monepantel, an amino-acetonitrile derivative, against fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. Vet Parasitol 2008; 157:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kaminsky R, Gauvry N, Schorderet Weber S, Skripsky T, Bouvier J, Wenger A, Schroeder F, Desaules Y, Hotz R, Goebel T, Hosking BC, Pautrat F, Wieland-Berghausen S, Ducray P. Identification of the amino-acetonitrile derivative monepantel (AAD 1566) as a new anthelmintic drug development candidate. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:931-9. [PMID: 18594861 PMCID: PMC2491438 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance has become a global phenomenon in gastro-intestinal nematodes of farm animals, including multi-drug resistance against the three major classes of anthelmintics. There is an urgent need for an anthelmintic with a new mode of action. The recently discovered amino-acetonitrile derivatives (AADs) offer a new class of synthetic chemicals with anthelmintic activity. The evaluation of AADs was pursued applying in vitro assays and efficacy and tolerability studies in rodents, sheep, and cattle. Amongst various suitable compounds, AAD 1566 eliminated many tested pathogenic nematode species, both at larval and adult stages, at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg bodyweight in sheep and 5.0 mg/kg bodyweight in cattle. The same doses were sufficient to cure animals infected with resistant or multi-drug-resistant nematode isolates. These findings, complemented by the good tolerability and low toxicity to mammals, suggest that AAD 1566, monepantel, would be a suitable anthelmintic drug development candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaminsky
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Santé Animale, CH-1566 St. Aubin, Switzerland.
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